CN1213311A - 采用鸸鹋油和它的活性馏份作为驱虫剂的方法 - Google Patents

采用鸸鹋油和它的活性馏份作为驱虫剂的方法 Download PDF

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CN1213311A
CN1213311A CN97193074A CN97193074A CN1213311A CN 1213311 A CN1213311 A CN 1213311A CN 97193074 A CN97193074 A CN 97193074A CN 97193074 A CN97193074 A CN 97193074A CN 1213311 A CN1213311 A CN 1213311A
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D·C·曼克
P·G·马罗恩
S·朱德
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Abstract

本发明提供一种驱赶叮咬昆虫(如蚊子)的方法,通过在一个对象的皮肤上局部施用鸸鹋油,闪极色谱得到的鸸鹋油的馏份或者包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物。同时提供了局部施用鸸鹋油稀释馏份以驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法。本发明也提供了一种用于驱赶叮咬昆虫的化合物,图3为它的NMR图谱,这种化合物对紫外线是敏感的,并且对香草醛/硫酸呈反应性。同时提供另一种用于驱赶叮咬昆虫的化合物,图4为它的NMR图谱,但它对紫外线不敏感,也不与香草醛/硫酸反应。进一步提供了驱赶叮咬昆虫的包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物。

Description

采用鸸鹋油和它的活性馏份作为驱虫剂的方法
                          技术领域
本发明涉及局部昆虫驱赶剂领域,更具体地说,提供了含鸸鹋油,鸸鹋油的活性馏份的有效,天然以及安全的驱蚊剂以及含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物。
                          技术背景
本发明涉及一种驱赶昆虫的方法,尤其涉及一种采用天然成份,鸸鹋油和它的活性馏份以驱赶蚊子的方法。
已知能驱赶昆虫的天然油有rotundial(从Vitex rotundifolia的叶子得到,Watanabe K et al(1995),生物技术和生物化学(Biotech Biochem)59(10):1979-1980);香茅油(U.S.专利5,346,922);桉树油(Watanabe etal.(1993)农业食品化学杂志(J.Agric.Food Chem.)41:2164-2166);印度楝树油(Sharma VP et al(1993)美国防蚊会志(J.American MosquitoControl Associaton)9(3)359-360);Hedeoma pulgioides油,茴香油和菊花油(U.S.专利5,208,209)。
广泛用于局部施用的昆虫驱赶剂的化合物是N,N-二乙基-间甲苯酰胺(DEET)。当施用在孩子皮肤上,DEET可能会导致痉挛。也已知DEET可与某些塑料和合成橡胶反应,并引起皮肤过敏症(Watanabe等(1993)supra)。由于这些问题和其他副作用,纽约州已经禁止100%DEET的产品。
天然的昆虫驱赶剂的活性馏份大部分尚未清楚。将杂相化合物分离成化学物质的方法为大家所熟悉。例如,硅胶闪极色谱(flashchromatography)能实现快速有机化合物的分离(见U.S.专利4,293,422)。分离后,洗脱的馏份可以被回收,然后对感兴趣的活性进行测试。
因此,仍需要一种天然,安全的物质,局部施用在皮肤上以驱赶叮咬昆虫。这种物质的活性馏份也是需要的。
                       本发明综述
本发明提供一种驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法,它包括将鸸鹋油,鸸鹋油活性馏份或包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物局部施用在一对象的皮肤上的步骤。
                     附图的简单说明
图1显示以2.5分钟为时间间隔,出现在经水,蔗糖或蔗糖和稀释的鸸鹋油(样品776)处理的滤纸上的蚊子数目,实心三角是水处理滤纸对照物,空心方格是蔗糖处理滤纸,实心方格是涂有未稀释样品776的蔗糖处理滤纸,空心三角为涂有样品776 50%稀释液的蔗糖处理滤纸,空心圆是涂有样品776 25%稀释液的蔗糖处理滤纸。
图2显示以5分钟为时间间隔,出现在经水,蔗糖或蔗糖和样品776的馏分处理的滤纸上的蚊子数目,实心方格是水处理滤纸,空心方格是蔗糖处理滤纸涂覆,实心三角是涂有样品776的蔗糖处理滤纸,空心三角为涂有馏分F1的蔗糖处理滤纸,实心圆是涂有馏分F2的蔗糖处理滤纸。
图3为鸸鹋油F1馏份的1H NMR图谱。
图4为鸸鹋油F2馏份的1H NMR图谱。
图5为以10分钟为时间间隔叮咬测试躯体蚊子的平均数目。
                    实施本发明的最好方式
在本申请中,各种出版物,专利和公开的专利申请都将以标识引用进行参考。这些出版物,专利和公开的专利申请的公开在这儿将以参考文献形式被引入本申请中,以更加完整地说明所相关的技术。
本发明提供了采用鸸鹋油驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法,鸸鹋油是一种天然而安全的物质。在优选的实施方案中,将纯鸸鹋油施用在皮肤上,在另一优选实施方案中,局部施用稀释的鸸鹋油,另一种优选实施方案中,将鸸鹋油的活性馏分施用在皮肤上。在另外一种优选实施方案中,将包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物施用在皮肤上。
介绍以下实施例是给本领域普通技术实施者作为示范指导,而不能认为本发明只局限于这些方式。
                          实施例实施例1鸸鹋油对蚊子停留和叮咬频率的影响
为了确定鸸鹋油是否是一种有效的驱蚊剂,将纯鸸鹋油(Zoogen Inv.,Davis,Ca)施用在一自愿者的一只手上。而另一只手未经施用。将每只手放入装有蚊子(Aedes aegypti)的尼龙网,记录在三十秒里停留和/或叮咬蚊子的数目。重复实验。实验结果平均并总结在表1。
                           表1
    施用鸸鹋油手(停留/叮咬)     未经处理的手(停留/叮咬)
    测试1         0/0        11/11
    测试2         1/0        26/26
这些结果显示了局部施用的鸸鹋油是有效的蚊子驱赶剂。它大大地减少了停留蚊子的数目,以及完全消除了蚊子叮咬。实施例2鸸鹋油作为蚊子驱赶剂有效性随时间关系
为了确定局部施用鸸鹋油作为蚊子驱赶剂有效性能维持多久。将处理的手分别在施用后15,30和60分钟伸入蚊子笼里。在每个时间点上蚊子的停留和叮咬数目与未经处理的手进行比较。对重复实验的结果平均并列在表2中。
                           表2
擦涂后时间 施用鸸鹋油手上停留数目     未经处理手上停留的数目
    15        4         18
    30        2         12
    60        10         12
这些结果显示鸸鹋油作为蚊子驱赶剂的有效性至少能维持30分钟。实施例3鸸鹋油稀释液的有效性
为了确定鸸鹋油稀释液的有效性,鸸鹋油用醋酸乙酯稀释至一定的比例,施用在一只手上,伸入蚊子笼里。记录停留蚊子的数目。每个稀释比例都进行重复实验。表3为结果。
                      表3
鸸鹋油百分比  停留数目实验1 停留数目实验2  平均停留数目
    0     10     9     9.5
    0.50     10     10     10
    1.0     5     5     5
    5.0     6     4     5
    10.0     4     5     4.5
    25.0     2     1     1.5
    50.0     1     1     1
    75.0     1     1     1
    100.0     0     0     0
这些结果显示鸸鹋油稀释液能有效地驱赶蚊子。在稀释液低至1%时,鸸鹋油减少了一半停留蚊子的数目。鸸鹋油为25%时,蚊子停留的数目降低到未经施用手的十分之一。因此,鸸鹋油在1%浓度或更高时是一种有效的昆虫驱赶剂。实施例4鸸鹋油分离以及各馏份的有效性
汽馏鸸鹋油850mg样品(776),再采用二氧化硅闪极色谱(Flashchromatography)分离(Baker硅胶,40μm),基本上如同Still等在(1978)有机化学杂志(J.Organic Chem.)43:2923中描述的。样品的两种主要成份用100%己烷和25%醋酸乙酯/己烷从柱中洗脱得到。馏份通过薄层色谱(TLC)在由50%己烷/醋酸乙酯展开的硅胶板上进行分析。将板暴露至紫外线下(显示紫外发色团)和用香草醛/硫酸喷射硅胶板(显示有高级醇类,甾醇类,苯酚类或香精油类的存在),可以观察到TLC上的成份。430mg透明油,称为F2,发现它对紫外线是活性的并且可与香草醛/硫酸反应。第二组份,380mg浅黄色油称为F1,对紫外线没有活性,不能被香草醛着色。F1和F2馏份通过NMR氢谱(300MHz,CDCl3)分析,如图3和图4所示。
通过涂有等份粗样品776,F1或F2的楔形蔗糖处理滤纸进行蚊子驱赶剂的生物试验。水处理或蔗糖处理滤纸作为对照物。样品F1和F2以纯物形式或以50%或25%玉米油稀释液形式进行测试。在固定的时间间隔里,记录停留在锲型滤纸上或在上面取食的蚊子数目。结果示于图1和2中。
如图1所示,甚至稀释至25%浓度,粗样品(776)大大地减少了停留在蔗糖纸的蚊子数目。而且,图2表明了样品776的F1和F2馏份以纯物形式或以稀释成25%或50%浓度,与蔗糖处理对照物相比,均有效地驱赶蚊子。实施例5鸸鹋油作为扁虱驱赶剂的效果
为了确定鸸鹋油是否是一种有效的扁虱驱赶剂,测试对象的手施用鸸鹋油,而手指未经施用。作为一个正面对照物,Ultrathon(3M,Minneapolis,MN)施用在手上,而手指未经施用。未经任何处理的手作为反面对照物。未经饲养若虫期的西方黑脚虱(Western Black-legged tick)放在手的手指上,观察它们爬向手上施用和未经施用的皮肤。穿过施用的皮肤的虱子记为“穿越(Crossing)”,未穿越的虱子则记为“被驱赶”。得到一个简单的记录后除去虱子。根据其中虱子被驱赶的所有实验的比例计算驱赶率,例如,10次实验,8次被驱赶则驱赶率为80%。在这项研究中,每个测试对象测试一虱子时间为2小时15分钟,以15分钟为时间间隔。结果如下:
反面对照物-未处理的皮肤  0%驱赶率
正面对照物-Ultrathon(3M) 70%驱赶率
鸸鹋油                   40%驱赶率
在超过2小时的测试过程中,没有迹象表明驱赶率随之下降。实施例6鸸鹋油和香茅组合物对蚊子叮咬频率的影响
为了确定香茅是否能提高鸸鹋油驱赶蚊子的效率,单独的鸸鹋油和包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物(30滴100%香茅油/25ml纯鸸鹋油)的驱赶活性与一个正面对照物Ultrathon(3M,Minneapolis,MN,大约31%DEET)进行对比,香茅油,Cymbopagon nardus,产自Aura Cacia,Weaverville,CA.
测试在Florida Keys进行,即Big Pine Key和Little Pine Key。测试期间,空气温度为24~26℃,天气晴朗,有微风,Aedes taeniorhynchus占那些接近或袭击对象蚊子中的99%以上。
在第一个研究中,三个对象施用纯鸸鹋油,一个对象施用Ultrathon,二个对象作为反面对照物。在第二个研究中,将香茅油加到鸸鹋油中,三个对象施用包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物,二个对象施用Ultrathon,二个对象作为反面对照物。六个参与者来自佛罗里达州蒙县防蚊服务社(Monroe County,Florida,Mosquito Control Service)的雇员。施用面均匀分散在腿和手臂表面。每个对象在施用之前,施用表面的面积经过计算,测试物质以大约3ml/650平方厘米表面积的剂量进行施用。
测试对象计数并记录在一系列10分钟内被叮咬的次数,数字记录在表格上。第一次研究中,测试时间为2小时,连续12个10分钟记录时间。在第二次研究中,测试在2次短暂的刮风期间中断需要移到在测试地内出现更多蚊子的地方(也就是,叮咬几率更大的地方)。结果,测试时间(含中断)总共2小时25分钟。
环境叮咬几率通过研究具有未经处理的对照四肢的对象进行测量,在两次测试研究中的平均环境叮咬几率已是足够,在10分钟时间间隔中在17~70次之间变化(平均=38.5,见图5)。
鸸鹋油和正面对照物Ultrathon在测试期间段都能驱赶蚊子。包含鸸鹋油和香茅油的组合物作为驱赶剂特别有效(见图5),单独鸸鹋油的驱赶性质10分钟叮咬次数减至平均5.7次,包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物与正面对照物Ultrathon接近,鸸鹋油/香茅组合物每10分钟0.8次,Ultrathion每10分钟0.2次。在测试时间段内,鸸鹋油,包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物以及Ultrathion都大大地减少了Aedes taeniorhynchus的叮咬几率。包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物比单独鸸鹋油更加有效,其提供的保护可与被美国环保局注册的蚊子驱赶剂相比。对鸸鹋油和香茅,没有观察到驱赶率随时间减少的迹象。
现在已详尽地说明了本发明,专业人员会理解到,只要不偏离本发明的精神和本发明范围,无需过多的实验,同样可在很广泛的等量参数、浓度和条件下实施本发明。虽然本发明与具体实施方案联系在一起进行说明,但可以理解本发明能够进一步改进。本申请意欲包括一切本发明的变化,用途或改进形式,其大致上遵循本发明原理,包括如来自与本发明相关的现有技术里已知或传统的实践以及可能适用于在附录权利要求范围内的前述基本特征的偏离本公开的变化、用途、改进。

Claims (10)

1.驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法,它包括将鸸鹋油局部施用在一对象皮肤上的步骤。
2.驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法,它包括将鸸鹋油的一馏份局部施用在一对象皮肤上的步骤,其中鸸鹋油的该馏份通过闪极色谱得到,具有图3的核磁共振图谱(NMR),它对紫外线是活性的,对香草醛/硫酸呈反应性。
3.如权利要求2的方法,其中鸸鹋油馏份被稀释。
4.驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法,它包括将鸸鹋油的一馏份局部施用在一对象皮肤上的步骤,其中鸸鹋油的该馏份通过闪极色谱得到,具有图4的核磁共振图谱(NMR),它对紫外线没有活性,也不与香草醛/硫酸反应。
5.权利要求4中的方法,其中鸸鹋油馏份被稀释。
6.一种化合物,其由一种鸸鹋油的闪极色谱馏份组成,图3为它的NMR图谱,它对紫外线是活性的,并对香草醛/硫酸呈反应性。
7.一种化合物,其由一种鸸鹋油的闪极色谱馏份组成,图4为它的NMR图谱,它对紫外线没有活性,也不与香草醛/硫酸反应。
8.用于驱赶叮咬昆虫的组合物,它包含鸸鹋油和香茅。
9.权利要求8的组合物,其中,组合物包含每25ml纯鸸鹋油约30滴100%香茅油。
10.驱赶叮咬昆虫的方法,它包括将包含鸸鹋油和香茅的组合物局部施用在一对象皮肤上的步骤。
CN97193074A 1996-03-15 1997-03-13 采用鸸鹋油和它的活性馏份作为驱虫剂的方法 Pending CN1213311A (zh)

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