CN1205403C - Method for creating secondary sidetracks in a well system - Google Patents
Method for creating secondary sidetracks in a well system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1205403C CN1205403C CN00803358.7A CN00803358A CN1205403C CN 1205403 C CN1205403 C CN 1205403C CN 00803358 A CN00803358 A CN 00803358A CN 1205403 C CN1205403 C CN 1205403C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- lining
- secondary branch
- main
- well
- main split
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100136092 Drosophila melanogaster peng gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
- E21B41/0035—Apparatus or methods for multilateral well technology, e.g. for the completion of or workover on wells with one or more lateral branches
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
- E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
- E21B43/103—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells of expandable casings, screens, liners, or the like
Landscapes
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Portable Outdoor Equipment (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Abstract
A method is disclosed for creating one or more secondary sidetracks in an oil and/or gas well assembly which comprises a primary wellbore (2) and one or more primary sidetracks (6) so that a root-like multilateral well structure is created. The method makes use of an expandable well liner (9) in the primary sidetracks (6) so as to create a liner having a sufficient internal width to allow sidetracking equipment to be inserted and operated in the primary sidetrack to drill and complete the secondary sidetracks (7).
Description
Invention field
The present invention relates to a kind of method that generates secondary branch in a well system, well system comprises a main wellbore, and one or more main splits enter in the main wellbore.
Background technology
Such well is known from International Patent Application WO 98/49424.
For such well is that a difficulty that produces is that conventional well has compression property, this derives from the different phase of drilling process and insert a sleeve pipe in main shaft, and the casing section that after this inserts need have the external diameter more less than the casing section of previous installation, and the lining that inserts subsequently in the main split need have one at the branch point external diameter more much smaller than the internal diameter of the sleeve pipe of main wellbore, so that lining can insert the main split smoothly from main wellbore.
The lining of main split has a less diameter as a result, and it is just impracticable and unactual economically to drill through secondary branch away from main split like this.
Phase 1 day the 57th July in 1997 No. 7 (Vol.57 from magazine " Offshore ", No.7) article on " how the multiple-limb well exerts an influence to last take-back strategy " as can be known, by secondary branch being finished be for perforate completion (completions) produces the multilateral well with secondary branch, wherein, secondary branch is connected with main shaft branch.The branch point lining that tubular liner and Y shape also described in this piece article can be inserted in the multilateral well, but not open how these linings being inserted in the well.Phase 1 day the 69th October in 1996 No. 10 (Vol.69 of magazine " Petroleum Engineer International ", No.10) multilateral well system described in the article on " expandable trough of belt pipe provides advantage for the design of well " can be with expandable trough of belt pipe lining stablizing wellhole, and make the size minimum of well.The shortcoming of using expandable trough of belt pipe is that they do not provide fluid tight seal between wellhole inside and outside.
An object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method that in a well system, generates one or more secondary branch in effective and economic mode.
Summary of the invention
According to the present invention, provide a kind of and be used for a method from a secondary branch of well system generation of an exploitation of hydrocarbon fluid, described well is to comprise a main wellbore and a main split that enters in the main wellbore, described method comprises:
-unexpanded inflatable lining of insertion in main split;
-expanded radially lining, thus the lining that expands provides the steel pit shaft;
-opening of generation on the jacket wall that expands; And
-in the stratum of hydrocarbon, drill through a secondary branch by described opening.
Best expandable lining is a steel sleeve, makes it pass through the lining described lining that expands by pressing or draw an axle that is provided with a taper wear-resistant outer surface and/or roller.
The lining that expands has an enough big internal diameter, make and drill through and/or separation equipment can insert in the main split, be used to drill through one or more secondary branch, secondary branch also has an enough big inner width, thereby play a well branch, hydrocarbon fluid can flow in the well system by secondary branch.
Therefore method of the present invention can form the well system of a root shape, thereby also provides one to discharge hydrocarbon fluid best from the stratum of being rich in hydrocarbon even the stratum has lower permeability.
In an attractive embodiment of the inventive method, expandable lining is formed by a pipe crimping, drilling fluid is given to a downhole drill assembly pump by pipe crimping, and the downhole drill assembly is used to drill through main split, and has drilled through the described pipe crimping expanded radially in back in main split.
And can use a pipe crimping to drill through secondary branch, pipe crimping expands and forms the lining of an expansion after finishing drilling operation.
Perhaps secondary branch can use one expandablely to have the slot liner cover to set off, and the groove of lining is staggered and open the hole that becomes diamond-shaped when expanded liner.Such one expandablely has the slot liner cover from United States Patent (USP) 5,366, known in 012.Such one has the slot liner cover to be centered on by an expandable sand sieve in the inflow region of secondary branch, and such sand sieve is for example open in International Patent Application PCT/EP96/04887.
In a suitable storage stratum, secondary branch can be the hole that does not add sleeve pipe of an opening, if and the storage stratum is very unstable, secondary branch does not have groove in the time of can being lined with a beginning expansion or unexpanded lining use a known PUNCH GUN to penetrate perforation in lining.
The invention still further relates to a root shape well system that produces according to the present invention, this well system comprises a main wellbore, the one or more main splits that comprise the inflatable lining of expansion enter in main wellbore, wherein this lining provides the steel pit shaft, this well system also comprises one or more secondary branch, and secondary branch enters in the main split by the one or more openings on the jacket wall that expands.
Be appreciated that and in multi-branched well system, use expandable pipe fitting can make in main or the female well and the pipe fitting in advocate peace secondary branch or the well branch has essentially identical inner width, form a single hole multi-branched well like this.In such single hole multi-branched well, can drill through the 3rd branch away from secondary branch, can repeat this formation ramifying, make to produce a real root shape multi-branched well system.
Description of drawings
Preferred embodiment to method and system of the present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the schematic cross sectional views of a well system of the present invention; And
Fig. 2 is that well of the present invention is a schematic cross sectional views, well system comprise one wherein two secondary branch enter wherein main split.
The specific embodiment
Below with reference to Fig. 1, well of the present invention is shown in it, and well system comprises a vertical main shaft 2, and main shaft 2 is from being positioned at or stretching into a subsurface formations 5 near a well head 3 on the ground 4.Three main splits 6 enter in the main wellbore 2.Secondary branch 7 enters each main split 6 by the opening 8 of the wall of an inflatable steel sleeve 9 that is arranged in expansion, and the section in each opening 8 zone only is shown among the figure.
Use the lining that expands to enlarge the inner width of lining 9.Like this, if the wellhole of each branch has the width of about 10cm, then the lining of Peng Zhanging can have about 7-8 centimetre inner width.
Such inner width is a requirement that the drilling well assembly can insert the minimum in the main split 6, the drilling well assembly can be used for drilling through the secondary branch 7 with sufficient width, and such width must make hydrocarbon flow in the main split by secondary branch 7 with the amount of abundance.
Preferably main wellbore 2 also is with an expandable steel sleeve, and steel sleeve covers mode similar on the wellhole of main split 6 with a kind of and expandable lining 9 and covers on the wellhole in expansion process.
Can further increase the inner width of lining 9 and secondary branch 7 like this.
The secondary branch of advocating peace 6 and 7 all stretches in the stratum 10 of being rich in hydrocarbon, and this represents with hacures in the drawings.
Below with reference to Fig. 2, from then on vertical main wellbore 20 shown in the figure leaves main wellbore at a horizontal plane and drills through a main split 21.
After finishing drilling well, pipe crimping is expanded also plays the wellhole steel sleeve of a main split 21 subsequently so that cover on the wellhole.
The boots seat 22 of one 4.5 inches (about 12cm) and a connector 23 are installed in lining 22 near the top 24 of main split 21 then.
Then a finder 25 inserts and is anchored in the lining 22, and inner width hanging stick 26 of being about 7cm inserts the inner width that expands and is about in the lining 22 of 10cm.Drilling well assembly (not shown) passes hanging stick 26 and by finder 25 guiding opening of processing in lining 22 then, and is rich at a hydrocarbon subsequently and drills through a secondary branch 30 in the stratum.
In an example shown, the steel sleeve of a routine 31 inserts in the secondary branch 30, and secondary branch 30 has the external diameter of an about 7cm, and is penetrated during well stream goes into to distinguish by a PUNCH GUN (not shown).
After forming first secondary branch 30, another finder 32 inserts and is anchored in the lining 22 of expansion near the horizontal end of main split 21, thus drill through another secondary branch 33 and with finish with reference to the described identical mode of first secondary branch.
After in second secondary branch, inserting a steel sleeve 34, perhaps drill through an opening (not shown) by the wall of lining 34 and by finder 34, perhaps the fluid passage in fluid passage that has existed in finder and the hanging stick 35 is used for making hydrocarbon fluid to flow through and flow into main wellbores 20 by main split 21 from first secondary branch 30.
Claims (13)
1. one kind is used in the method that produces secondary branch from the well system (1) of hydrocarbon stratum (31) exploitation of hydrocarbon fluid, described well system (1) comprises a main wellbore (2,20) and one enter main wellbore (2,20) main split in (6), described method comprises: insert a unexpanded inflatable lining (9,22) in main split (6); And expanded radially lining (9,22), it is characterized in that: the lining of described expansion (9,22) provides a steel pit shaft; Produce an opening (8) on the wall of the lining of the expansion in main split in (6) (9,22); In the stratum of being rich in hydrocarbon (31), drill through a secondary branch (7,30,33) by described opening.
2. method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described main wellbore (2,20) and main split (6) all comprise the expansion bushing (9 that the steel pit shaft is provided, 22), this steel pit shaft coats against wellhole by pushing away or draw a built-up mandrel, and this built-up mandrel has the wear-resistant outer surface of taper and/or passes wherein roller.
3. method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: expandable lining (9,22) form by a pipe crimping, drilling fluid is given to a downhole drill assembly pump by pipe crimping, this downhole drill assembly is used to drill through main split (6), and has drilled through the described pipe crimping expanded radially in back in main split (6).
4. according to claim 1 or 3 described methods, it is characterized in that: secondary branch (7,30,33) drilled through by a drilling well assembly, this drilling well assembly is connected on the pipe crimping, is drilling through secondary branch (7,30,33) the back pipe crimping expands to form lining in secondary branch.
5. according to claim 1 or 3 described methods, it is characterized in that: secondary branch (7,30,33) along its at least partial-length by an expandable lining (31 that has groove, 34) set off, this lining (31,34) expands in the inside of secondary branch, thereby makes a series of staggered grooves open the hole that becomes diamond-shaped in lining.
6. method according to claim 5 is characterized in that: an expandable sand sieve is arranged in the zone of hydrocarbon fluid inflow well system around the expandable lining (31,34) that has groove.
7. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: a nondistensible lining (31,34) is inserted in the secondary branch (30,33), and this lining (31,34) flows into the regional middle punch of well system at hydrocarbon.
8. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: secondary branch (30,33) edge its partial-length does not at least add sleeve pipe.
9. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: a plurality of main splits (6) enter in the main wellbore (2), and a plurality of secondary branch (30,33) enter at least one main split (6).
10. a well system comprises at least one main split (6) and at least one secondary branch (30,33), wherein main split (6) comprises the inflatable lining (9) of an expansion, and this lining (9) provides a steel pit shaft, and comprises an opening, secondary branch (30,33) enters into this opening.
11. well according to claim 10 is that it is characterized in that: the lining (9) of the expansion in the main split (6) has an inner width that equals the inner width of a sleeve pipe in the main wellbore (2,20) substantially.
12. well according to claim 11 is that it is characterized in that: one or more the 3rd branches enter at least one secondary branch (7,30,33), thereby form a root shape multi-branched well system.
13. well according to claim 10 is that it is characterized in that: main wellbore (2,20) and main split all comprise the expansion bushing (9,22) that the steel pit shaft is provided, and this steel pit shaft coats against wellhole.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99300717 | 1999-02-01 | ||
| EP99300717.8 | 1999-02-01 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1339083A CN1339083A (en) | 2002-03-06 |
| CN1205403C true CN1205403C (en) | 2005-06-08 |
Family
ID=8241204
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN00803358.7A Expired - Lifetime CN1205403C (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2000-02-01 | Method for creating secondary sidetracks in a well system |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1149225B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1205403C (en) |
| AR (1) | AR022692A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE264451T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU764042B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0007696B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2357719C (en) |
| CO (1) | CO5211015A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60009861T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK1149225T3 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA002465B1 (en) |
| EG (1) | EG22061A (en) |
| GC (1) | GC0000090A (en) |
| ID (1) | ID29532A (en) |
| MY (1) | MY121129A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO331427B1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ512774A (en) |
| OA (1) | OA11826A (en) |
| TR (1) | TR200102201T2 (en) |
| UA (1) | UA73296C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000046484A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GC0000136A (en) | 1999-08-09 | 2005-06-29 | Shell Int Research | Multilateral wellbore system. |
| GB0109993D0 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2001-06-13 | E Tech Ltd | Method |
| EP1483475A2 (en) | 2002-03-08 | 2004-12-08 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Steerable soil penetration system |
| US7886831B2 (en) | 2003-01-22 | 2011-02-15 | Enventure Global Technology, L.L.C. | Apparatus for radially expanding and plastically deforming a tubular member |
| USRE42877E1 (en) | 2003-02-07 | 2011-11-01 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for wellbore construction and completion |
| GB2436484B (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2007-11-07 | Weatherford Lamb | Full bore lined wellbores |
| WO2004079150A2 (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2004-09-16 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Full bore lined wellbores |
| US7712522B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2010-05-11 | Enventure Global Technology, Llc | Expansion cone and system |
| WO2006020960A2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2006-02-23 | Enventure Global Technology, Llc | Expandable tubular |
| CN101835953B (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2015-04-22 | 普拉德研究及开发股份有限公司 | Well construction using small laterals |
| CN102182403B (en) * | 2011-04-28 | 2016-06-29 | 王萍萍 | Drilling type well completion technology for fishbone branch borehole |
| CN103615224B (en) * | 2013-11-08 | 2016-02-10 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for exploiting heavy oil reservoir by improving steam assisted gravity drainage through solvent and well pattern structure |
| EP2884042A1 (en) | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-17 | Welltec A/S | Downhole completion system and method |
| US9714558B2 (en) | 2014-02-07 | 2017-07-25 | Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc | Open hole expandable junction |
| CN104265261B (en) * | 2014-08-11 | 2017-06-13 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Fishbone type branch horizontal well structure |
| WO2016023864A1 (en) | 2014-08-13 | 2016-02-18 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Assembly and method for creating an expanded tubular element in a borehole |
| CA2977373A1 (en) * | 2015-02-27 | 2016-09-01 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Vertical drilling and fracturing methodology |
| US10422198B2 (en) | 2016-05-09 | 2019-09-24 | Scientific Drilling International, Inc. | Magnetic ranging from behind a magnetic shield |
| WO2018049367A1 (en) | 2016-09-12 | 2018-03-15 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Attaining access to compromised fractured production regions at an oilfield |
| MX2019008125A (en) | 2017-01-04 | 2019-12-02 | Schlumberger Technology Bv | Reservoir stimulation comprising hydraulic fracturing through extnded tunnels. |
| US11203901B2 (en) | 2017-07-10 | 2021-12-21 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Radial drilling link transmission and flex shaft protective cover |
| WO2019014161A1 (en) | 2017-07-10 | 2019-01-17 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Controlled release of hose |
| US11193332B2 (en) | 2018-09-13 | 2021-12-07 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Slider compensated flexible shaft drilling system |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4807704A (en) * | 1987-09-28 | 1989-02-28 | Atlantic Richfield Company | System and method for providing multiple wells from a single wellbore |
| MY108743A (en) * | 1992-06-09 | 1996-11-30 | Shell Int Research | Method of greating a wellbore in an underground formation |
| US5435400B1 (en) * | 1994-05-25 | 1999-06-01 | Atlantic Richfield Co | Lateral well drilling |
| MY121223A (en) * | 1995-01-16 | 2006-01-28 | Shell Int Research | Method of creating a casing in a borehole |
| MY116920A (en) * | 1996-07-01 | 2004-04-30 | Shell Int Research | Expansion of tubings |
| MY119637A (en) * | 1997-04-28 | 2005-06-30 | Shell Int Research | Expandable well screen. |
-
1999
- 1999-12-23 MY MYPI99005688A patent/MY121129A/en unknown
- 1999-12-28 EG EG166799A patent/EG22061A/en active
- 1999-12-28 GC GCP1999471 patent/GC0000090A/en active
- 1999-12-29 CO CO99081402A patent/CO5211015A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-29 AR ARP990106822A patent/AR022692A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2000
- 2000-01-02 UA UA2001086033A patent/UA73296C2/en unknown
- 2000-02-01 WO PCT/EP2000/000791 patent/WO2000046484A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-02-01 AT AT00910636T patent/ATE264451T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-02-01 CA CA002357719A patent/CA2357719C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-02-01 DE DE60009861T patent/DE60009861T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-02-01 AU AU32781/00A patent/AU764042B2/en not_active Expired
- 2000-02-01 ID IDW00200101663A patent/ID29532A/en unknown
- 2000-02-01 DK DK00910636T patent/DK1149225T3/en active
- 2000-02-01 EP EP00910636A patent/EP1149225B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-02-01 TR TR2001/02201T patent/TR200102201T2/en unknown
- 2000-02-01 OA OA1200100201A patent/OA11826A/en unknown
- 2000-02-01 BR BRPI0007696-1A patent/BR0007696B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-02-01 NZ NZ512774A patent/NZ512774A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-02-01 EA EA200100849A patent/EA002465B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-02-01 CN CN00803358.7A patent/CN1205403C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-07-31 NO NO20013754A patent/NO331427B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MY121129A (en) | 2005-12-30 |
| UA73296C2 (en) | 2005-07-15 |
| DE60009861T2 (en) | 2004-09-02 |
| ID29532A (en) | 2001-09-06 |
| NZ512774A (en) | 2003-07-25 |
| AU764042B2 (en) | 2003-08-07 |
| OA11826A (en) | 2005-08-17 |
| CA2357719C (en) | 2009-06-02 |
| BR0007696B1 (en) | 2008-11-18 |
| AR022692A1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
| BR0007696A (en) | 2001-11-06 |
| EA002465B1 (en) | 2002-04-25 |
| NO20013754D0 (en) | 2001-07-31 |
| CN1339083A (en) | 2002-03-06 |
| DK1149225T3 (en) | 2004-05-10 |
| EG22061A (en) | 2002-06-30 |
| CA2357719A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
| GC0000090A (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| EP1149225A1 (en) | 2001-10-31 |
| CO5211015A1 (en) | 2002-10-30 |
| EP1149225B1 (en) | 2004-04-14 |
| AU3278100A (en) | 2000-08-25 |
| TR200102201T2 (en) | 2001-12-21 |
| EA200100849A1 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
| WO2000046484A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
| DE60009861D1 (en) | 2004-05-19 |
| NO331427B1 (en) | 2011-12-27 |
| NO20013754L (en) | 2001-09-28 |
| ATE264451T1 (en) | 2004-04-15 |
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