CN1205204A - 用于到达派亚氏淋巴结的口服生物活性剂的制法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制成供动物口服且能够将生物活性剂释放至所述动物的派亚氏淋巴结的组合物的方法。该方法包括将活性剂在一种或多种可生物降解和生物相容的聚合物或共聚物赋形剂中胶囊化以形成微胶囊。这种微胶囊能够不受影响地通过胃肠道且被派亚氏淋巴结所吸收。
Description
本申请是申请号为88102219.5,申请日为1988年4月9日、发明名称为“用于到达派亚氏淋巴结的口服生物活性剂的制法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本发明有关口服生物活性剂的制法和配方。生物活性剂是在一种或多种可生物降解和生物相容的聚合物或共聚物赋形剂中被胶囊化。这种胶囊可使活性剂在不受影响下到达毛囊状的淋巴结亦即动物的派亚氏淋巴结且被此淋巴结所吸收。
利用微胶囊化防止敏感的生物活性剂降解已经众所周知。典型地,生物活性剂是在一种保护膜的物料里被胶囊化。这物料的种类通常是聚合物。胶囊化生物活性剂的方法可以是在活性剂外包上一单层的聚合物物料,或是将活性剂均匀地分散入一聚合物的模型中。微胶囊中的活性剂剂量可以依所需加以改变,范围可从微量到占95%微胶囊的成份。微胶囊的直径也可依所需加以改变,范围由小于1微米至大到3毫米或更多。
派亚氏淋巴结是淋巴小结的聚形体。它位于回肠或肠子下半部,是身体防卫外来细菌感染的重要部位。抗原是促进抗体形成的物质,它包含外来蛋白质或组织。所有抗体属于免疫球蛋白类。当一个抗体和抗原结合时,他们会变成一种无活性的复合物,因此中和了抗原。
派亚氏淋巴结拥有免疫球蛋白A前体B细胞。这些细胞殖生于胃肠道的固有层区和上呼吸道,并且能分化已成熟的免疫球蛋白A合成性血浆细胞。这些血浆细胞有效地分泌抗体分子。Heremans和Bazin的研究中,测量口服抗原小鼠体内免疫球蛋白A的滋长,结果显示有一系列的独特抗原免疫球蛋白A血浆细胞出现。刚开始时出现在肠系膜的淋巴小结,接着出现在腺,最后出现在胃肠道的固有层区域。(Bazin,H,Levi,G.,和Doria,G.,免疫球蛋白A形成抗体细胞对于免疫反应的主要作用,此免疫反应是在口服接触抗原无菌小鼠的外胃肠淋巴组织中测定。J.Immunol.105∶1049∶1970和Crabbe,PA.,Nash,D.R.,Bazin,H.Eyssen,H.,和Heremans,J.F.口服免疫或用铁蛋白非经肠免疫法的无菌小鼠的肠血浆细胞内的免疫球蛋白A抗体。J.Exp.Med.130∶723;1969)。因此派亚氏淋巴结很明显的是前体免疫球蛋白A细胞的来源,而它在受了抗原体敏感刺激下,沿着迂回移动通道释放的免疫球蛋白A在远距离的粘膜表面出现。这种迂回方式提供一常见粘膜免疫系统,即通过持续运送受敏感化的B细胞到粘膜区域,以反应肠子附近区域的抗原和潜在的病原。
本发明的特殊重要性是在于有以口服免疫法诱导保护性抗体的能力。动物将抗原消化,导致独特抗原sIgA抗体出现在支气管或鼻液中已是众所周知。例如,在用人类作实验的研究显示,口服流行性感冒疫苗的效力是在鼻分泌物中诱导分泌抗流行性感冒抗体。
明显地,涉及口服活性剂的任何方法或配方,都有保护活性剂在通过胃肠道时避免降解的设计。如果没有经过特殊设计,口服剂会以不恰当的量或失效的情况下到达派亚氏淋巴结。在没受到保护的形式下,大量的生物活性剂必须先被消化成一特定有效量才能到达派亚氏淋巴结,结果是一大部分的活性剂不能被吸收。并且,为了增加运送活性剂到派亚氏淋巴结,多次数的口服是必须的。像这样多次数口服高剂量活性剂既浪费又不方便。
因此,有必要找出一口服疫苗,能够有效地刺激粘膜的免疫系统,且能克服生物活性剂在穿过胃肠道到达派亚氏淋巴结时降解的问题。更特别的需要是找出一方法即运送不会降解的抗体到达派亚氏淋巴结。
本发明是有关利用口服方式运送生物活性剂到动物的派亚氏淋巴结的方法和配方。生物活性剂在可生物降解的和生物相容的聚合物或共聚物中被胶囊化。胶囊可使生物活性剂在没降解或仅受少量降解的情况下通过胃肠道,使活性剂在到达派亚氏淋巴结时没受到改变且还保持有效量。术语生物相容的定义是:一种聚合物物料不会毒害身体,不会致癌且不会诱发身体组织发炎,该物料应该是可生物降解的意思是,能被生理上的过程降解成能被身体轻易清理掉的物质,并且不会累积在身体中。本微胶囊同时也具有可被派亚氏淋巴结选择性吸收的大小。因此,如何让生物活性剂到达派亚氏淋巴结且被其吸收的问题解决了。
本发明的目的是提供一种动物口服生物活性剂的方法,使生物活性剂能到达派亚氏淋巴结且被其吸收。活性剂能在不失去效能下通过动物胃肠道,刺激粘膜免疫系统。
本发明更进一步的目的是提供一个配方,包括生物活性剂的中心部份和一种具可生物降解及生物相容特性的并且胶囊化于聚合物或共聚物赋形剂,以及它们能如上所述以口服方式应用。
解说执行本发明实施例方法。也就是指,延长对小鼠运送胶囊化在50∶50聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯)中的抗原三硝基苯基钥孔血蓝蛋白。
但是必须注意的是除了聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯)之外,其他聚合物也可用。以下举例但不限于此,如:聚乙醇酸,DL-丙交酯和乙交酯混合的共聚物,共聚草酸盐,聚己内酯,聚(丙交酯共己内酯),聚酯酰胺,聚原酸酯及聚β-羟基丁酸。
还有,其他生物活性剂也可采用。以下举例但不限于所举抗原,如接种抗滤过性病毒的抗原,细菌抗原,原虫抗原,真菌疾病如流行性感冒旁系病毒的抗原,嗜血杆菌属抗原,球杆菌百日咳抗原,奈瑟氏球菌属抗原,淋原抗原,肺炎链球菌抗原,镰状疟虫抗原或致病微生物诱发疾病的抗原,或接种对抗由微生物如驱虫病原所引发疾病的抗体。
Ⅰ.微胶囊(A)为派亚氏淋巴结穿透研究制备染料装填微胶囊
香豆素,一非水溶性染料与聚苯乙烯及一种非生物降解聚合物一起微胶囊化。目的是提供可以用来跟随微胶囊穿透入派亚氏淋巴结的彩色微胶囊。制备此微胶囊的方法如下:第一,制备一种聚合物溶液,方法是将4.95克的聚苯乙烯(型号685d,Dow ChemicalCompany,Mildand MI)溶解在29.5克二氯甲烷(Reagent Grade,EastmanKodak.,Rochester NY)。然后将0.05克的香豆素(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA)加进调好的聚合物溶液中,并且用一支有磁性的搅拌棒搅拌使香豆素溶解。
在另一容器里,准备10%(重量)的聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液。制备此加工介质的方法是将40克的PVA(VINOL 205c,Air Products andChemicals,Allenton,PA)溶解入360克的去离子水中。在制备好的PVA溶液中,加进6克二氯甲烷溶液饱和。接着将PVA溶液倒入一个装备有一支truebore搅拌轴和一个2.5英寸特氟隆涡轮推进器的1L树脂锅(Ace Glass,Inc.,Vineland,NJ)再用Fisher stedi速度马达以每分钟380转搅拌。
然后,将聚苯乙烯/香豆素混合物加入含有PVA加工介质的树脂锅。该方法是利用其7mm内径长颈漏斗来引导混合物进入树脂锅。产生稳定的水包油乳液,在大气压下搅拌约30分钟以产生适当大小的油微滴。接着封闭树脂锅,用一个接有气压计和放水阀的水抽吸器将树脂锅内压逐渐减低到520mm Hg。锅内物质在减压下搅拌约24小时,使所有二氯甲烷蒸发。在所有二氯甲烷蒸发后,离心收集硬化的微胶囊,并且在室温的真空室内干燥72小时。
(B)制备带有抗原的微胶囊
将三硝基苯基钥孔血蓝蛋白(TNP-KLH),水溶性抗原胶囊化在一种可生物相容的,可生物降解的聚酯聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯)中。制备微胶囊的程序如下:
首先将0.5克的50∶50聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯)溶入4.0克的二氯甲烷中制备聚合物溶液。然后将300微升TNP-KLH以水溶液(46mg TNP-KLH/ml;在分解后),均匀分散入聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯)溶液中。分散期间必须用Vortex-Genie 2(Scientific Industries,Inc.,Bohemia,NY)旋转混合物。
在另一容器中将4.8克PVA溶于55.2克去离子水中制备8%的PVA水溶液。PVA溶解后,将其加入一个100mL树脂锅(KontesGlass,Inc.,Vineland,NJ)。此锅备有一trubebore搅拌器和1.5英寸聚四氟乙烯涡轮旋转混合器。将调好的聚合物溶液经由一7mm内径漏斗倒入含PVA配制介质的树脂锅中。倒入过程中,须以每分钟650旋转搅拌PVA溶液。在搅拌锅中形成的水包油乳液约10分钟后,将树脂锅中的物质转移到其中装有3.5L去离子水的4L烧杯。再用一支2英寸不锈钢旋转混合器以每分钟800旋转数搅拌,搅拌去离子水中形成的微胶囊约30分钟,离心收集,再用去离子水冲洗2次以除去任何残余的PVA,再用冷冻干燥法收集。该微胶囊是由直径大小约1到10微米的球状微粒组成。
测定带有抗原微胶囊中TNP-KLH成份(即微胶囊内装填料)的方法如下:在12mL离心管内秤出10mg带有抗原的微胶囊。加3.0mL二氯甲烷到管内,并旋涡动以溶解聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯),然后再加3.0mL去离子水到管内并且剧烈地旋涡动1分钟,离心分离离心管中的成份,分出有机层和水层。
将水层转移到一10mL容积定量烧瓶,再将去离子水加入烧瓶直到记号处。TNP-KLH在烧瓶中的数量和TNP-KLH在微胶囊内的数量,可用蛋白质检定算出。依照重量计算,微胶囊含有0.2%TNP-KLH。
Ⅱ.生物性研究
(A)小鼠
BALB/C小鼠,8到12周龄,采用于本研究中。
(B)三硝基苯基钥孔血蓝蛋白
钥孔Megathura Crenulata血蓝蛋白(KLH)购于Calbio chem(San Diego,CA)。依照Rittenburg和Amkraut的程序(Rittenburg,M.B.和Amkraut,A.A.三硝基苯基血蓝蛋白的免疫性:生产初级和次级抗半抗原沉淀素,J.Immunol.97∶421;1966)。置换率是分光光度测定为TNP861-KLH,这是在350nm波长下使用15400莫耳消光系数,并对在这波长下的KLH释放采用30%校正(Rittenburg,M.B.和Amkraut,A.A.三硝基苯基血蓝蛋白的免疫性:生产初级和次级抗半抗原沉淀素,J.Immunol.97∶421;1966)。
(C)免疫
微胶囊和非微胶囊TNP-KLH以10μg/mL抗原浓度悬浮在8份过滤灭菌的自来水和2份碳酸氢钠(7.5%溶液)。先将受试的老鼠禁食一整夜,再以插管针经由胃部插管法灌入0.5mL的混悬液(Babb,J.L.,Kiyono,H.,Michalek,S.M.和McGhee,J.R.LPS免疫反应规则:抑制口服T-依赖性抗原的免疫反应,J.Immunol.127∶1052;1981)。
(D)生物液的收集
1.血清
在穿刺后眼眶丛后,以核校用的毛细吸量管收集血液。血块形成后,集中血清并用离心机除去红血球和血小板,用热使失去活力,并保存在-70℃直到检定时。
2.肠分泌物
在每15分钟的间隔将小鼠灌上4滴(0.5mL)灌洗液(25mM氯化钠,40mM硫酸钠,10mM氯化钾,20mM碳酸氢钠和48.5mM聚乙烯乙二醇,530mosM渗透性)(Elson,C.O.,Ealding,W.and Lefkowitz,J.,一种灌洗技术允许在老鼠肠分泌物中重复测量免疫球蛋白A抗体,J.Immunol.Meth.67∶101;1984)。在灌入最后一滴灌洗液的15分钟后,老鼠已被麻醉。再过15分钟肌肉注射0.1mg毛果芸香素。注射后10到20分钟,刺激肠内含物排泄。将此排泄物收集在装有3mL溶液的陪替氏皿中,该皿中含有O.1mg/mL大豆胰蛋白酶抑制(Sigma,st Louis,MO)在50mM EDTA的溶液。剧烈地旋转陪替氏皿离心分离移出悬浮物,将悬浮物转移到一圆底的聚碳酸离心管中。在采用高速离心沉淀作澄清作用以前,必须加入30μL苯甲基磺酰氟化物(PMSF,Sigma)。澄清后,再加进20μL苯甲基磺酰氟化物和20μL 1%叠氮钠,使在胎牛血清(FCS)中形成10%溶液以提供对任何维持蛋白质酶的替代物。
3.唾液
与肠排泄物的同时有大量的唾液分泌。用毛细管作用将0.25mL唾液收集到巴斯德吸管,在澄清以前必须加入大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂,苯甲基磺酰氟化物,叠氮化钠和FCS,每种各20μL。
(E)免疫化学试剂
特异于鼠IgM,IgG和IgA固态吸收和亲合纯化的多克隆羊IgG抗体是市售的(Southem Biotechnology Associates,Birmingham,AL)。根据他们恰当的结合单克隆抗体和骨髓细胞瘤蛋白质的能力,可测出他们在放射免疫测定的独特性。
(F)固相放射免疫测定
使用氯胺T方法将纯化抗体标上不含载体的Na125I(Amersham)。(Hunter,W.M.放射性免疫测定In:Handbook ofExperimental Immunology,M.Weir(编者)。Blackwell ScientificPublishing,Oxford.p.14.1;1978)。在Immulon Removawell测定条上(Dynatech)涂TNP(三硝基苯),此三硝基苯与牛血清蛋白(BSA)在BBS中过夜在4℃下以每mL lμg比例结合。对照条不涂上任何东西,但所有条子都在BBS中用1%BSA在室温下隔离2小时。BSA是用来作所有样本和标记125I试剂的稀释剂。将生物样品液稀释到含有1至1000ng/mL异型独特抗原的抗体,再将生物液样本加入3次往返洗过的管中,然后在室温下培养6小时,洗后将1,000,000cpm标记125I独特异型的抗免疫球蛋白加入每个管中,并且在4℃中培养过夜。水洗除去未结合的125I抗体后,管在γ-5500的分光计中计数(Beckman Instruments,Inc.,San Ramon,CA)。使用二倍连续稀释标准血清(Miles Scientific,Naperville,IL)放在覆有1μg/管独特异型抗体的管上进行校准。此标准血清含有已知免疫球蛋白数量。校准曲线和未知的补入是通过电脑获得,电脑程序是采用“Logit-log”或“FourParameter Logistic”BASIC程序(RIA001及RIA004)。本程序在Biomedical Computing Technology Center中有(Vanderbilt MedicalCenter,Nashville,TN)。
(G)结果
1.制备的染料装填微胶囊穿入派亚氏淋巴结
调查微胶囊进入与肠有关的淋巴网状组织的数量和穿透时受到的大小限制,是让小鼠口服带有萤光染料香豆素的聚苯乙烯微胶囊。在没有麻醉且断过食的BALB/C小鼠,用一喂食针,送进0.5mL的100mg/mL混悬液入老鼠胃中。此混悬液是各式各样大小的萤光胶囊(直径小于5μm或8到50μm)泡在自来水中制成。老鼠在服用的不同时间(0.5,1和2小时后)会死掉,然后将小肠切除并分离出1厘米含有分散好派亚氏淋巴结的肠子。冲洗腔管部分,翻出并且快速冷冻。
制备冷冻部份,用萤光显微镜查验由肠腔管吸收入派亚氏淋巴结的微胶囊数目,地点和大小。虽然微胶囊夹陷在绒毛中,避免了胶囊被冲洗掉,除了派亚氏淋巴结外在任何点都没有看见有穿入组织的现象。在口服半小时后,观察到微胶囊在近侧的派亚氏淋巴结,而非远侧。当时间加长,微胶囊会被蠕动动作运送,2小时内他们通过胃肠道,并出现在回肠的派亚氏淋巴结。微胶囊主要是周边式的存在。远离派亚氏淋巴结圆顶中心。这种情形给人一种印象,就是蠕动时夹陷在圆顶和邻近毛绒帮助了胶囊被吸收。虽然在派亚氏淋巴结中看到了一些直径达到10μm的粒子,被吸收最多的还是直径小于5μm的微胶囊,而且在查验的期间中,它们还是所发现最深入派亚氏淋巴结的胶囊。本结果说明,直径在1到5μm的微胶囊被快速地且选择性地由肠腔管吸收入派亚氏淋巴结。这建议由生物降解膜物质组成的微胶囊可当作是一个有效方法以运送抗原到肠有关的淋巴组织诱发粘膜表面的免疫性。
2.用带抗原可生物降解微胶囊作口服疫苗
用聚(DL-丙交酯共乙交酯)共聚物作外围物料来制造含有半抗原蛋白质抗原(TNP-KLH)。依大小分开微胶囊并将直径在1到5μm范围内的胶囊选出来作评估。这些显微胶囊依重量计含有0.2%抗原。胶囊在被消化时能成为有效抗原运送系统,其方式是将0.5mL的l0mg/mL混悬液(10μg抗原)在碳酸氢钠缓冲的无菌自来水中经胃培养4天。为了作比较,另一组小鼠也同样的采用口服免疫方法服进0.5mL没有胶囊的TNP-KLH溶液(20μg/mL)。对照组小鼠群只口服稀释物。
在最后一次免疫的第14天和第28天,血清,唾液和肠分泌物从每一组断食的5只老鼠获得。这些样品用独特异型放射免疫检定法来测定独特TNP的级数和所有免疫球蛋白M,免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白A的异型抗原的抗体(见表1)。唾液和肠分泌物样品含有抗原几乎都是免疫球蛋白A级。本结果与过去研究一致且提供证据,证明用来收集分泌液的程序中没有造成血清的污染。没有任何一种免疫纪录导致所有各级免疫球蛋白在目前所测试液体中有明显改变。微量但可测出的自然发生IgM和IgG异构型抗-TNP抗体,被侦测到存在血清中,血清中的IgA异构型,和受免疫对照组老鼠的肠分泌物中。然而使用相同剂量的30μg微胶囊化TNP-KLH连续超过3天会造成独特抗原IgA抗体出现在对照组小鼠的分泌物和血清中所有的异构型在免疫后的第14天(见表一中最后一栏)。在免疫后第28天抗体会增加更高。相反的口服相同数量无胶囊化抗原,在任何种测验过的液体中,不具有诱导任何异型独特抗体效力。
(H)显著性
本研究结果在几方面值得注意。第一,显著的独特抗原IgA抗体被诱发出现在血清和粘膜分泌物中。这种反应在一般使用的免疫法中少见或根本没有。因此本免疫方法应会促使免疫性显著的强化在粘膜肛门入口处或在针对一些细菌和病毒病原的病理区。第二,微胶囊化抗原的制备是一种在口服时有效的免疫原;相反地当口服相同数量无胶囊抗原体,则缺乏有效免疫原。因此,微胶囊会惊人的增进效用,这点可由派亚氏淋巴结增加吸收的量来推定。第三,免疫反应的诱导期似乎是耐久的。当在没有赋形剂时,蛋白质抗原系统免疫法的特征是在7天到14天内是抗体顶峰;而口服含抗原微胶囊,第28天所诱发的反应高于第14天。这说明壁膜物料的生物腐蚀和抗原释放发生于延长期间内,也因此诱发更耐久的反应。
表1 以胶囊化的口服免疫法诱发独特抗体出现在小鼠的
血清和粘膜分泌物中
免疫原 | 免疫后时间 | 生物的样品 | 免疫球蛋白 M | 免疫球蛋白mg/ml免疫球蛋白 G | 样品免疫球蛋白 A | |||
总数 | 抗-TNP | 总数 | 抗TNP | 总数 | 抗-TNP | |||
对照组非胶囊化TNP-KLH微胶囊化TNP-KLH非胶囊化TNP-KLH微胶囊化TNP-KLH | 14 天14 天14 天28 天28 天 | 肠分泌物睡液血清肠分泌物唾液血清肠分泌物唾液血清肠分泌物唾液血清肠分泌物唾液血清 | <1<40445,114<40298,7333<40360,987<1<40301,2234<40320,192 | <1<10611011<1<101,461<1<1021<1<101,904 | 62<405,503,726131<406,000,203130<405,788,81394<405,788,813122<405,901,503 | <1<1037<1<1029<1<10572<1<10672<102,219 | 79,3552,6511,470,55364,9851,3541,321,98695,3681,4611,411,31288,6611,2781,375,33282,8691,6281,277,505 | 25<103217<1021222881,07764<10634221301,198 |
Claims (7)
1.将生物活性剂微胶囊化在聚合物或共聚物赋形剂中制成微胶囊化产品的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
a.将有效量的包括但不限于抗原或药物的所述生物活性剂分散于含有已溶解的壁形成材料的溶剂中,形成一种分散液;
b.将所述分散液和有效量的包括但不限于聚乙烯醇水溶液的连续加工介质合并,形成一种乳液,其中含有所述加工介质和微滴,微滴中含有所述生物活性剂、所述溶剂和所述壁形成材料;
c.将所述乳液迅速加入到有效量的包括但不限于水的提取介质中,以便从所述微滴中提取所述溶剂,以形成所述微胶囊化产品。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微胶囊化产品的直径小于10μm。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述生物活性剂在分散在所述溶剂中之前是在一种溶液中。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述溶剂是二氯甲烷。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,该方法进一步包括下述步骤:在将所述分散液加到所述连续加工介质中之前,将所述加工介质用所述溶剂饱和。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,该方法进一步包括下述步骤:从所述提取介质中分离出所述微胶囊化产品。
7.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微胶囊化产品的直径为1μm-10μm。
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