CN118268530A - Aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts - Google Patents
Aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts Download PDFInfo
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- CN118268530A CN118268530A CN202410420195.9A CN202410420195A CN118268530A CN 118268530 A CN118268530 A CN 118268530A CN 202410420195 A CN202410420195 A CN 202410420195A CN 118268530 A CN118268530 A CN 118268530A
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- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention relates to an aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for auto parts, which is applied to the technical field of die casting, and is characterized in that a circulating water channel for cooling is detected before material is injected into a die cavity, and the difference between the temperature difference of inlet and outlet liquid and the standard temperature difference of a comparison group and the difference between the temperature difference between the inside and outside of each inflection point of the circulating water channel and the standard temperature difference can be known in time through the cooperation of an external temperature comparison module and an internal temperature comparison module, so that the actual condition of the circulating water channel can be known in time conveniently, and compared with the actual condition, the heat exchange efficiency of the circulating water channel is effectively ensured to be in a normal state, the heat transfer efficiency is effectively prevented from being reduced due to scaling or other conditions, the condition that the cooling speed of a target casting is deteriorated is further effectively ensured, and the die casting efficiency and the quality of a finished product are further effectively ensured.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method, in particular to an aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts, which is applied to the technical field of die casting.
Background
Die casting and injection molding are similar in that a molten material is injected into a mold, and after cooling, the molten material is solidified and demolded to obtain a target product, but injection molding is performed to obtain a plastic part, and die casting is performed to obtain a metal part generally.
The die casting die is generally provided with a circulating cooling system, heat dissipation is realized through a medium circulating in the die casting die, and scale generated on the pipe wall of a heat exchanger (a water cooler, a condenser and the like) in the circulating cooling water system can obstruct heat transfer of the heat exchanger, so that the cooling effect is reduced; the scale generated in the pipeline for conveying the cooling water can reduce the sectional area of the pipeline, reduce the flow rate of the cooling water, even block the cold cooling water channel, reduce the cooling efficiency, and further influence the overall production efficiency of the cooled die casting.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the invention aims to solve the technical problem that the production efficiency of the die casting is affected after the scale of the circulating water channel is formed.
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides an aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts, which comprises the following steps:
S1, designing a corresponding die-casting die according to a target casting, wherein the die-casting die comprises an upper die and a lower die, a die cavity is formed after the upper die and the lower die are clamped, circulating waterways are arranged in the upper die and the lower die, and the circulating waterways are arranged around the die cavity;
S2, detecting a circulating water path used for cooling the die on the die-casting die, and then preheating the die through the circulating water path;
the circulating waterway is provided with an external temperature comparison module and an internal temperature comparison module, and the specific steps of detecting the circulating waterway are as follows:
S21, firstly taking an unused die as a comparison group, introducing cooling water along a water inlet of a circulating water channel in the comparison group at a fixed speed, discharging the cooling water from a water outlet, comparing the temperature difference between the water inlet and the water outlet of the circulating water channel through an external temperature comparison module, and recording the temperature difference between the inside and the outside at each inflection point of the circulating water channel through an internal temperature comparison module and recording;
S22, repeating the steps, comparing the temperature difference between water inlet and outlet of the die casting die and the temperature difference data of each inflection point with the temperature difference data of a comparison group, and when the temperature difference data of the corresponding part is too large, indicating that the heat exchange efficiency of the circulating waterway is problematic, otherwise, the heat exchange efficiency is normal;
s3, throwing the aluminum-magnesium alloy material into a smelting furnace for high-temperature melting, and pouring the melted aluminum-magnesium alloy material into a die cavity of a die subjected to preheating treatment;
s4, cooling the molten aluminum-magnesium alloy material after solidification, and performing demolding treatment to obtain the target casting.
In the aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for the auto parts, the circulating water channel for cooling is detected before the material is injected into the die cavity, so that the heat exchange efficiency is effectively ensured to be in a normal state, the heat transfer efficiency is effectively prevented from being reduced due to scaling or other conditions, the cooling speed of the target casting is reduced, and the die casting efficiency and the quality of a finished product of the casting are further effectively ensured.
As a further improvement of the application, when the temperature difference of each point is detected, the water inlet speed, the water inlet temperature and the detection time node are kept consistent with the control group.
As a further improvement of the application, the circulating waterway comprises a plurality of rectangular pipes and offset inclined pipes fixedly connected to the water outlet side end parts of the rectangular pipes, the water inlet side end parts of the rectangular pipes and the end parts of the offset inclined pipes are respectively fixedly connected with a liquid inlet pipe and a liquid outlet pipe, the liquid inlet pipe and the liquid outlet pipe fixedly extend out of the movable die or the fixed die, the mouthparts of the liquid inlet pipe and the liquid outlet pipe are respectively provided with an external temperature sensor, and the two external temperature sensors form an external temperature comparison module.
As a further improvement of the application, the offset inclined tube is obliquely arranged, and the water inlet side end part of the rectangular tube and the water outlet side end part of the offset inclined tube are staggered and crossed.
As a further improvement of the application, the inflection points of the rectangular pipe are fixedly connected with the diameter-expanding bent pipe, the inner side of the diameter-expanding bent pipe protrudes towards one side of the die cavity, and the inner temperature sensors are arranged on the inner wall and the outer wall of the protruding part of the diameter-expanding bent pipe.
As a further improvement of the application, the space section in the middle of the diameter-expanded bent pipe is 2-5 times of the rectangular pipe section, and the two internal temperature sensors are used as internal temperature ratio modules.
As a further improvement of the application, a scale receiving detection module is also arranged at the expanded elbow, the scale receiving detection module comprises a scale receiving strip fixedly connected at the inner wall of the expanded elbow far away from the die cavity, a tension sensor is arranged between the middle part of the scale receiving strip and the inner wall of the expanded elbow, a pull rope is fixedly connected between the tension sensor and the middle part of the scale receiving strip, and the convex outer wall of the expanded elbow is electrically connected with an electromagnetic sheet.
As a further improvement supplement of the application, the scale connecting strip comprises two positioning sheets fixed with the inner walls of the two sides of the expanded elbow respectively and a magnetic patch fixedly connected between the two positioning sheets, a plurality of evenly-distributed bottom penetrating holes are cut on the magnetic patch, the magnetic patch is of an elastic structure, and the magnetic patch and the inner wall of the expanded elbow are mutually attached.
In summary, detect the circulation water route that is used for the cooling before annotating the material in the die cavity earlier, through the cooperation of outer temperature module and interior temperature module, can in time know the difference of import and export liquid difference in temperature and contrast group standard difference in temperature, and the difference of inside and outside difference in temperature and standard difference in temperature of each inflection point department of circulation water route, be convenient for in time know the actual conditions of circulation water route, compare, effectively ensure that its heat exchange efficiency is in normal condition, effectively avoid leading to heat transfer efficiency to decline because of scale deposit or other circumstances, make the circumstances emergence to the cooling rate variation of target foundry goods, and then effectively guarantee die casting efficiency and the finished product quality of foundry goods.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a first embodiment of the present application;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of a die casting die according to a first embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of the upper die according to the first embodiment of the present application;
Fig. 4 is a perspective view of a circulation waterway according to a first embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 5 is a front view of the first embodiment of the present application after installing an internal temperature control module in the circulation water path;
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of main detection of a circulating water channel according to a first embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a scale receiving detection module portion according to a second embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a second embodiment of a scale receiving bar according to the present application;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a scale receiving detection module according to a second embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of the surface of a scale receiving strip after scaling on the inner wall of an expanded elbow in accordance with a second embodiment of the present application.
The reference numerals in the figures illustrate:
101 liquid inlet pipe, 102 liquid outlet pipe, 11 rectangular pipe, 12 offset inclined pipe, 13 expanded bend pipe, 21 outer temperature sensor, 22 inner temperature sensor, 3 electromagnetic sheet, 4 scale receiving strip, 41 locating sheet, 42 magnetic patch, 401 bottom penetrating hole, 5 tension sensor and 6 pull rope.
Detailed Description
Two embodiments of the present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
First embodiment:
1-2 show an aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts, wherein a represents an upper die, b represents a lower die and c represents a melting furnace, comprising the following steps:
S1, designing a corresponding die-casting die according to a target casting, wherein the die-casting die comprises an upper die and a lower die, a die cavity is formed after the upper die and the lower die are clamped, circulating waterways are arranged in the upper die and the lower die, and the circulating waterways are arranged around the die cavity;
S2, detecting a circulating water path used for cooling the die on the die-casting die, and then preheating the die through the circulating water path;
the circulating waterway is provided with an external temperature comparison module and an internal temperature comparison module, and the specific steps of detecting the circulating waterway are as follows:
S21, firstly taking an unused die as a comparison group, introducing cooling water along a water inlet of a circulating water channel in the comparison group at a fixed speed, discharging the cooling water from a water outlet, comparing the temperature difference between the water inlet and the water outlet of the circulating water channel through an external temperature comparison module, and recording the temperature difference between the inside and the outside at each inflection point of the circulating water channel through an internal temperature comparison module and recording;
S22, repeating the steps, comparing the temperature difference between water inlet and outlet of the die casting die and the temperature difference data of each inflection point with the temperature difference data of a comparison group, and when the temperature difference data of the corresponding part is too large, indicating that the heat exchange efficiency of the circulating waterway is problematic, otherwise, the heat exchange efficiency is normal;
s3, throwing the aluminum-magnesium alloy material into a smelting furnace for high-temperature melting, and pouring the melted aluminum-magnesium alloy material into a die cavity of a die subjected to preheating treatment;
s4, cooling the molten aluminum-magnesium alloy material after solidification, and performing demolding treatment to obtain the target casting.
When the temperature difference of each point is detected, the water inlet speed, the water inlet temperature and the detection time node are kept consistent with the control group, so that the detection effect on the heat exchange efficiency of the circulating waterway is more accurate, and the error is effectively reduced.
As shown in fig. 3-4, the circulation waterway comprises a plurality of rectangular pipes 11 and offset inclined pipes 12 fixedly connected to the ends of the water outlet sides of the rectangular pipes 11, the ends of the water inlet sides of the rectangular pipes 11 and the ends of the offset inclined pipes 12 are fixedly connected with a liquid inlet pipe 101 and a liquid outlet pipe 102 respectively, the liquid inlet pipe 101 and the liquid outlet pipe 102 fixedly extend out of a movable die or a fixed die, external temperature sensors 21 are installed at the mouths of the liquid inlet pipe 101 and the liquid outlet pipe 102, two external temperature sensors 21 form an external temperature comparison module, the offset inclined pipes 12 are obliquely arranged, and the ends of the water inlet sides of the rectangular pipes 11 and the ends of the water outlet sides of the offset inclined pipes 12 are staggered and crossed with each other, so that obvious blank areas are not easy to exist in the water inlet and the water outlet positions of the circulation waterway, and the situation that the temperature is too high due to partial cooling is effectively avoided.
As shown in fig. 5, the inflection points of the rectangular pipe 11 are fixedly connected with the diameter-expanding bent pipe 13, the inner side of the diameter-expanding bent pipe 13 protrudes towards one side of the die cavity, the inner and outer walls of the protruding portions of the diameter-expanding bent pipe 13 are respectively provided with an inner temperature sensor 22, the diameter-expanding bent pipe 13 and the two inner temperature sensors 22 form an inner temperature comparison module, the temperature difference between the inner and outer sides of the corner of the circulating waterway can be effectively judged according to the size of temperature difference data, whether the water scale is formed at the corner is large or not, the heat exchange efficiency is influenced, the corresponding cleaning and maintenance of workers are facilitated in time, the influence on the quality and the die casting efficiency of die castings is reduced, the space section in the middle of the diameter-expanding bent pipe 13 is 2-5 times that of the section of the rectangular pipe 11 is easy to form scale at the corner of the pipeline, and the influence on the heat exchange efficiency of the circulating waterway due to the fact that the water flow is reduced due to scale formation can be effectively reduced by the larger section.
In conclusion, detect the circulation water route that is used for the cooling before annotating the material in the die cavity earlier, through the cooperation of outer temperature module and interior temperature module, can in time know the difference of import and export liquid difference in temperature and contrast group standard difference in temperature to the difference of the inside and outside difference in temperature and the standard difference in temperature of each inflection point department of circulation water route, be convenient for in time know the actual conditions of circulation water route, compare, effectively ensure that its heat exchange efficiency is in normal condition, effectively avoid leading to heat transfer efficiency to decline because of scale deposit or other circumstances, make the condition emergence to the cooling rate variation of target foundry goods, and then effectively guarantee die casting efficiency and the finished product quality of foundry goods.
Second embodiment:
in this embodiment, the scale-attached detection module is newly added to the first embodiment, and the remaining part is identical to the first embodiment.
As shown in fig. 7 and 9, the scale receiving detection module is further installed at the expanded elbow 13, the scale receiving detection module comprises a scale receiving strip 4 fixedly connected to the expanded elbow 13 and far away from the inner wall of the die cavity, a tension sensor 5 is installed between the middle part of the scale receiving strip 4 and the inner wall of the expanded elbow 13, a pull rope 6 is fixedly connected between the tension sensor 5 and the middle part of the scale receiving strip 4, an electromagnetic sheet 3 is electrically connected to the convex outer wall of the expanded elbow 13, after the temperature inside and outside the inflection point is detected by the internal temperature comparison module, after the temperature difference at the inflection point is obviously different from the standard temperature difference, scale detection is continuously performed by the scale receiving detection module, and then the accuracy of the detection result of whether scale is formed is improved, the die control center directly controls the electromagnetic sheet 3 to be electrified, so that the scale receiving strip 4 generates adsorption force, the tension sensor 5 is deformed towards the electromagnetic sheet 3, and then generates tension force on the tension sensor 5, under the condition that the scale is not formed, the tension data received by the tension sensor 5 is relatively large, and after the scale formation, the tension of the scale receiving strip 4 generates reverse resistance, the tension data generated on the tension sensor 5 is corresponding, when the temperature difference at the inflection point is obviously different from the standard temperature difference, the temperature difference at the inflection point is effectively reduced, the time, the quality of the scale can be effectively cooled by the pressure die casting is effectively and the pressure casting is effectively cooled, and the quality of the scale can be effectively cooled, and the quality of the scale can be effectively cooled by the die casting is guaranteed, and the quality can be effectively cooled by the die casting and the quality is guaranteed at the quality of the die casting is guaranteed.
As shown in fig. 9, the scale receiving strip 4 includes two positioning sheets 41 fixed to inner walls of two sides of the expanded elbow 13 respectively, and a magnetic patch 42 fixedly connected between the two positioning sheets 41, wherein a plurality of bottom penetrating holes 401 uniformly distributed are cut on the magnetic patch 42, the magnetic patch 42 is of an elastic structure, the magnetic patch 42 and the inner walls of the expanded elbow 13 are attached to each other, after the circulating water path carries out circulating cooling operation for a long time, scale can be condensed on the inner walls of the rectangular pipe 11 and the expanded elbow 13, especially the expanded elbow 13 is positioned at a corner, and scale is condensed more, as shown in fig. 10, due to the arrangement of the plurality of bottom penetrating holes 401, the scale can be on the inner walls of the expanded elbow 13 and the surfaces of the magnetic patch 42, so that the magnetic patch 42 and the expanded elbow 13 can be temporarily fixed and limited, and at the moment, when in detection, larger resistance can be generated, so that stress data formed at the position of the tension sensor 5 can be reduced under the same force of the electromagnetic patch 3, and the effect of judging whether scale is formed or not is changed according to the change of the data is realized.
The present application is not limited to the above-described embodiments, which are adopted in connection with the actual demands, and various changes made by the person skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present application are still within the scope of the present application.
Claims (8)
1. An aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
S1, designing a corresponding die-casting die according to a target casting, wherein the die-casting die comprises an upper die and a lower die, a die cavity is formed after the upper die and the lower die are clamped, and circulating waterways are arranged in the upper die and the lower die and surround the die cavity;
S2, detecting a circulating water path used for cooling the die on the die-casting die, and then preheating the die through the circulating water path;
the circulating waterway is provided with an external temperature comparison module and an internal temperature comparison module, and the specific steps of detecting the circulating waterway are as follows:
S21, firstly taking an unused die as a comparison group, introducing cooling water along a water inlet of a circulating water channel in the comparison group at a fixed speed, discharging the cooling water from a water outlet, comparing the temperature difference between the water inlet and the water outlet of the circulating water channel through an external temperature comparison module, and recording the temperature difference between the inside and the outside at each inflection point of the circulating water channel through an internal temperature comparison module and recording;
S22, repeating the steps, comparing the temperature difference between water inlet and outlet of the die casting die and the temperature difference data of each inflection point with the temperature difference data of a comparison group, and when the temperature difference data of the corresponding part is too large, indicating that the heat exchange efficiency of the circulating waterway is problematic, otherwise, the heat exchange efficiency is normal;
s3, throwing the aluminum-magnesium alloy material into a smelting furnace for high-temperature melting, and pouring the melted aluminum-magnesium alloy material into a die cavity of a die subjected to preheating treatment;
s4, cooling the molten aluminum-magnesium alloy material after solidification, and performing demolding treatment to obtain the target casting.
2. The aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts according to claim 1, wherein: and when the temperature difference of each point is detected, the water inlet speed, the water inlet temperature and the detection time node are kept consistent with the control group.
3. The aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts according to claim 1, wherein: the circulating waterway comprises a plurality of rectangular pipes (11) and an offset inclined pipe (12) fixedly connected to the end part of the water outlet side of the rectangular pipes (11), wherein the end part of the water inlet side of the rectangular pipes (11) and the end part of the offset inclined pipe (12) are fixedly connected with a liquid inlet pipe (101) and a liquid discharge pipe (102) respectively, the liquid inlet pipe (101) and the liquid discharge pipe (102) are fixedly extended to the outside of a movable die or a fixed die, the mouthparts of the liquid inlet pipe (101) and the liquid discharge pipe (102) are provided with external temperature sensors (21), and the two external temperature sensors (21) form an external temperature module.
4. A method of die casting an aluminum magnesium alloy for automotive parts according to claim 3, wherein: the offset inclined tube (12) is obliquely arranged, and the water inlet side end part of the rectangular tube (11) and the water outlet side end part of the offset inclined tube (12) are staggered and crossed.
5. A method of die casting an aluminum magnesium alloy for automotive parts according to claim 3, wherein: the rectangular pipe (11) is characterized in that each inflection point of the rectangular pipe (11) is fixedly connected with an expanded elbow pipe (13), the inner side of the expanded elbow pipe (13) protrudes towards one side of the die cavity, and inner temperature sensors (22) are respectively arranged on the inner wall and the outer wall of the protruding portion of the expanded elbow pipe (13).
6. The aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts according to claim 5, wherein: the diameter-expanding elbow pipe (13) and the two internal temperature sensors (22) form an internal temperature comparison module, and the space section in the middle of the diameter-expanding elbow pipe (13) is 2-5 times of the section of the rectangular pipe (11).
7. The aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts according to claim 5, wherein: the device is characterized in that a scale receiving detection module is further arranged at the position of the diameter-expanding elbow pipe (13), the scale receiving detection module comprises a scale receiving strip (4) fixedly connected to the position, far away from the inner wall of the die cavity, of the diameter-expanding elbow pipe (13), a tension sensor (5) is arranged between the middle part of the scale receiving strip (4) and the inner wall of the diameter-expanding elbow pipe (13), a pull rope (6) is fixedly connected between the tension sensor (5) and the middle part of the scale receiving strip (4), and an electromagnetic sheet (3) is electrically connected to the protruding outer wall of the diameter-expanding elbow pipe (13).
8. The aluminum magnesium alloy die casting method for automobile parts according to claim 7, wherein: the scale connecting strip (4) comprises two positioning sheets (41) which are respectively fixed with the inner walls of two sides of the diameter-expanding bent pipe (13), and a magnetic patch (42) which is fixedly connected between the two positioning sheets (41), wherein a plurality of bottom penetrating holes (401) which are uniformly distributed are cut on the magnetic patch (42), the magnetic patch (42) is of an elastic structure, and the magnetic patch (42) and the inner walls of the diameter-expanding bent pipe (13) are mutually attached.
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CN109312430A (en) * | 2016-06-10 | 2019-02-05 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | The acieral containing magnesium for thin-section casting |
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CN115356783A (en) * | 2022-06-28 | 2022-11-18 | 江苏科诚节能科技有限公司 | Evaporator heat exchange tube dirt detection method and descaling device |
CN116765355A (en) * | 2023-06-26 | 2023-09-19 | 南京合一智造汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司 | Manufacturing process of die-casting structural part product |
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2024
- 2024-04-09 CN CN202410420195.9A patent/CN118268530A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2009202169A (en) * | 2008-02-26 | 2009-09-10 | Toyota Motor Corp | Die cooling control method and die cooling control device |
CN109312430A (en) * | 2016-06-10 | 2019-02-05 | 通用汽车环球科技运作有限责任公司 | The acieral containing magnesium for thin-section casting |
CN208019389U (en) * | 2018-01-30 | 2018-10-30 | 中山市诚联压铸制品有限公司 | Die-casting die for aluminum alloy motor casing |
CN110014092A (en) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-07-16 | 江苏理工学院 | A kind of mold cooling system and cleaning method |
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