CN118139642A - 治疗癌症的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
治疗癌症的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
预防和治疗癌症和疾病的组合物,所述癌症例如结肠直肠癌,所述疾病与β‑1,4‑半乳糖基转移酶‑V(β‑1,4‑GalT‑V)水平异常相关,包括至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请主张2021年8月10日提交的美国专利临时申请号63/231,694的权益,其通过引用以其整体并入本文。
技术领域
实施方案关于抑制鞘糖脂合成的组合物及其在治疗癌症(例如结肠直肠癌)的用途。
政府权利的声明
本发明在美国国家卫生研究院授予的政府支持(项目号HL107153)下完成。政府拥有本发明的某些权利。
背景技术
结肠直肠癌(结肠直肠癌)影响超过140万人,导致全球超过690,000人死亡(P.Favoriti,等人等人,Worldwide burden of colorectal cancer:a review,UpdatesSurg.68(1)(2016)7-11.doi.org/10.1007/s13304-016-0359-y.H.Brenner,等人,Colorectal cancer,Lancet.383(9927)(2014)1490-1502.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61649-9.Ferlay,I.等人,Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide:sources,methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012,Int.J.Cancer.136(5)(2015)E359-E386.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210.M.Arnold,等人,Global patterns and trends incolorectal cancer incidence and mortality,Gut.66(4)(2017)683-691.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310912),且在所有癌症类型中的患病率排名第三(H.Brenner,C.Stock,M.Hoffmeister,Colorectal cancer screening:the time to act is now,BMCMed.13(2015)262.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0498-x)。现有的结肠直肠癌早期检测方法受到可用性有限、患者依从性差和测试特异性差的挑战(T.Tanaka,等人,Biomarkersfor colorectal cancer,Int.J.Mol.Sci.11(9)(2010)3209-3225.doi.org/10.3390/ijms11093209.S.Hundt,U.Haug,H.Brenner,Blood markers for early detection ofcolorectal cancer:a systematic review,Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev.16(10)(2007)1935-1953.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0994.K.Simon,V.Balchen,Colorectal cancer development and advances in screening.Clin.Interv.Aging.11(2016)967-976.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S109285.T.F.Imperiale,等人,Multitargetstool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening,N.Engl.J.Med.370(2014)1287-1297.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311194)。
发明内容
本发明的实施方案关于包含鞘糖脂合成抑制剂的组合物及其使用方法。
在第一方面,提供能特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基的人源化抗体。
本发明的人源化抗体于治疗癌症特别有用,特别是过度表达GalT-V的癌症,诸如结肠直肠癌、肾癌和神经母细胞瘤。
在第二方面,治疗癌症的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用组合物,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的:抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或(ii)与以下具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)。优选地,亦向受试者施用治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
在第三方面,治疗癌症的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用组合物,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的:抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少83、84、85、86或87%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或(ii)与以下具有至少83、84、85、86或87%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)。优选地,亦向受试者施用治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
在第四方面,治疗癌症的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用组合物,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的:抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少90或95%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或(ii)与以下具有至少90或95%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)。优选地,亦向受试者施用治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:3所示氨基酸序列的重链可变区序列。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:3所示氨基酸序列的轻链可变区序列。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含一种或多种第二治疗剂。在某些实施方案中,所述一种或多种第二治疗剂包含:化疗剂、抗发炎剂、降胆固醇剂、胰岛素、抗体、肽、酶、佐剂或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含将所述抗体结合可检测剂、放射治疗剂、毒素、放射性剂、染料、肽、多核苷酸或纳米脂质体。在某些实施方案中,所述纳米脂质体包含一种或多种治疗剂。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含与IGAQVYEQVLRSAYAKRNSSVND(SEQ ID NO:5)具有至少90%序列同一性的肽。
在第五方面,药物组合物包含治疗有效量的:(i)抗体,其包含(a)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和(b)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少90%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列;和/或,(ii)合成肽,其包含与SEQ IDNO:5具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物亦可包含一种或多种佐剂和/或一种或多种药学上可接受的载体。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含(a)包含SEQ ID NO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(b)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列;和/或,包含SEQ ID NO:5的合成肽氨基酸序列。
在第六方面,药物组合物包含治疗有效量的:(a)抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或(ii)与以下具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)。在某些优选方面,所述药物组合物亦可包含治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:3所示氨基酸序列的重链可变区序列。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:4所示氨基酸序列的轻链可变区序列。在某些实施方案中,所述至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂包含:未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)、(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3-二氢-苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖、1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、神经酰胺或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的(BPD)中的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)。在某些实施方案中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。在某些实施方案中,与本文所揭露的抗体、D-PDMP肽耦联的聚乙二胺树枝状大分子基的纳米平台可用于癌症检测及靶向治疗。
在第七方面,特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基的抗体是人源化的。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或(ii)与以下具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)。
在第八方面,药物组合物包含治疗有效量的合成肽和优选地至少一种佐剂或至少一种其他药学上可接受的载体,其中所述合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。在某些实施方案中,合成肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。
在第九方面,表达载体包含与以下具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列:
gaagttcagctggagcagtctggggctgaactggctagacctggggcttcagtgaagttg
tcctgtaggacttctggctacacctttacaaactactggatgcagtggattaaacagagg
cctggacagggtctggaatggattggggctatgcatcctggacgtgcgtatattaggtac
aaccagaagttccagggcaaggccacattgactgcagataaatcctccagcacagcttac
atgcaactcaacagcttggcatctgaggactctgcggtctattactgtgcaagatggagtgactacgactactggggtcaaggcaccactctcacagtctcctca(SEQ ID NO:
1)。在某些实施方案中,载体包含SEQ ID NO:1所示的核酸序列。
在第十方面,表达载体包含与以下具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列:
gatgttgtgatgacccagactccactcactttgtcggttaccattggacaaccagcctcc
atctcttgcaagtcaagtcagagcctcttagatagtgatggaaagacatatttgaattgg
ttgttacagaggccaggccagtctccaaagcgcctaatctatctggtgtctaaactgggc
tctggagtccctgacaggttcactggcagtggatcagggacagatttcacactgaaaatc
agcagagtggaggctgaggatttgggagtttattattgctggcaaggtacacattttcctcggacgttcggtggaggcaccaagctggaaatcaaacgg(SEQ ID NO:2)。在某些实施方案中,载体包含SEQ IDNO:2所示的核酸序列。
在第十一方面,表达载体包含(i)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(ii)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
在第十二方面,表达载体包含(i)包含SEQ ID NO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和(ii)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列。
在第十三方面,合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。在某些实施方案中,所述合成肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。
在第十四方面,在有需要的受试者中产生抗β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)的免疫应答的方法,包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽,其包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列;和优选地,佐剂或药学上可接受的载体。
在第十五方面,治疗结肠直肠癌的方法包含向受试者施用包含抗体的药物组合物,所述抗体包含(a)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列(b)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含(a)包含SEQ ID NO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和(b)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列。在某些实施方案中,所述方法还包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽和优选地至少一种佐剂或药学上可接受的载体,所述合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%、85%、90%或95%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。在某些实施方案中,合成肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。在某些实施方案中,所述方法还包含施用抗癌剂,诸如化疗剂、放射治疗、毒素或其组合。在某些实施方案中,抗癌剂是化疗剂或生长抑制剂、靶向治疗剂、表达嵌合抗原受体的T细胞、抗体或其抗原结合片段、抗体-药物结合物、血管生成抑制剂、抗肿瘤剂、癌症疫苗、佐剂及其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述抗癌剂是化疗剂或生长抑制剂。例如,化疗剂或生长抑制剂可包括烷化剂、蒽环类药物、抗荷尔蒙剂、芳香化酶抑制剂、抗雄激素、蛋白激酶抑制剂、脂质激酶抑制剂、酪氨酸蛋白激酶抑制剂、Src家族酪氨酸蛋白激酶、VEGF-R1 R2抑制剂、EGF-R抑制剂、GSK-α激酶抑制剂、反义寡核苷酸、核酶、代谢拮抗物、拓朴异构酶抑制剂、细胞毒剂或抗肿瘤抗生素、蛋白酶体抑制剂、抗微管剂、EGFR拮抗剂、类维生素A、酪胺酸激酶抑制剂、组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂及其组合。
在某些实施方案中,抗癌剂是佐剂。增强抗癌免疫应答(例如抗癌症相关抗原)或帮助将癌抗原呈现给免疫系统的成分的任何物质皆可视为本揭露的抗癌佐剂。在某些实施方案中,所述方法还包含施用至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂,其包含:未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)、(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3'-二氢-苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖、1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、神经酰胺或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP),包括与生物可降解聚合物混合的D-PDMP,例如未封装或封装在生物可降解聚合物(BPD)中。在某些实施方案中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。
在第十六方面,治疗糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、肥胖症、自身免疫疾病或与β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)水平异常相关的疾病(诸如系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、肾癌、肺癌、黑色素瘤、神经母细胞瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、肝癌)的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用本文所包含的药物组合物;本文所包含的表达载体;本文所包含的合成肽;或其组合。
在第十七方面,一种诊断和治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含测量受试者生物样本中β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)和/或鞘糖脂的水平,其中与健康受试者相比,β-1,4-GalT-V和/或鞘糖脂(GSL)水平升高,其中β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平升高为结肠直肠癌诊断特征;向诊断患有结肠直肠癌的受试者施用本文所包含的药物组合物;本文所包含的表达载体;本文所包含的合成肽;或其组合,从而治疗结肠直肠癌。在某些实施方案中,所述方法还包含测量结肠直肠癌肿瘤标志物的水平与β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平的组合。在某些实施方案中,结肠直肠癌肿瘤标志物包含:NMT-1、APC、p53、NOTCH-1、B-连环蛋白及其组合。
在第十八方面,使用标记的GalT-V抗体监测肿瘤进展(包括直肠或结肠直肠肿瘤或癌症)的方法,所述抗体包括荧光标记的GalT-V抗体或放射性同位素(诸如[125碘]、[89锆]和其他伽玛放射同位素)、或CF-750标记的GATT-V抗体。
在受试者的结肠直肠癌治疗中,治疗可包含向诊断患有结肠直肠癌的受试者施用本文所揭露的药物组合物;本文所包含的表达载体;本文所包含的合成肽;或其组合、测量受试者生物样本中β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)和/或鞘糖脂的水平,其中与基线相比,β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平降低(例如使用荧光标记的鞘糖脂抗体)表示结肠直肠癌细胞减少和结肠直肠癌的治疗。在某些实施方案中,基于结肠直肠癌的进展来调节施用于受试者的组合物的剂量。
在某些实施方案中,治疗或监测的所述癌症是Dukes B(II期)或Dukes C(III期)结肠直肠癌。
在又进一步的方面,提供治疗患有或易患黄斑变性的患者的方法,包含向受试者施用有效量的一种或多种如本文所揭露的药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体,包括其组合。在某些方面,受试者可经鉴定为患有黄斑变性,并将本文所揭露的所述一种或多种药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体施用于所述受试者。在某些优选实施方案中,受试者是人。
在另外的方面,提供治疗患有或易患阿尔兹海默病的患者的方法,包含向受试者施用有效量的一种或多种如本文所揭露的药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体,包括其组合。在某些方面,受试者可经鉴定为患有阿尔兹海默病,并将本文所揭露的所述一种或多种药物组合物、肽或表达载体施用于所述受试者。在某些优选实施方案中,受试者是人。
在进一步的方面,提供治疗患有或易患偏头痛或偏头风的患者的方法,包含向受试者施用有效量的一种或多种如本文所揭露的药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体,包括其组合。在某些方面,受试者可经鉴定为患有偏头痛或偏头风,并将本文所揭露的一种或多种药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体施用于所述受试者。在某些优选实施方案中,受试者是人。
在又另外的方面,提供治疗患有或易患代谢综合症的患者的方法,包含向受试者施用有效量的一种或多种如本文所揭露的药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体,包括其组合。在某些方面,受试者可经鉴定为患有代谢综合症,并将本文所揭露的一种或多种药物组合物、肽和/或表达载体施用于所述受试者。在某些优选实施方案中,受试者是人。
其他方面于下文描述。
定义
本文所使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施方案的目的,并不旨在限制本发明。如本文所用,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“所述”亦旨在包括复数形式,除非上下文又有清楚说明。此外,就详细描述和/或权利要求中使用的术语“包括”、“含有”、“具有”、“具”、“有”或其变体而言,此类术语旨在包含性地类似于术语“包含”的方式。
术语“约”或“大约”是指在由本领域普通技术人员测定的特定值的可接受误差范围内,该部分取决于所述值是如何测量或测定的,即,测量系统的极限。例如,根据本领域的实践,“约”可指在1个标准差内或多于1个标准差。或者,“约”可指给定值或范围的最多20%、最多10%、最多5%或最多1%的范围。或者,特别是对于生物系统或工艺,所述术语可指在数值的5倍以内、亦可在2倍以内的量级内。当在说明书和权利要求中描述特定值时,除非另有说明,否则应假定术语“约”指在特定值的可接受误差范围内。
术语“佐剂”在疫苗技术领域中具有其通常含义,即,一种物质或物质组合物,其1)本身不会针对疫苗的免疫原产生特异性免疫应答,但2)然而其会增强针对免疫原的免疫应答。或换句话说,单独使用佐剂进行疫苗接种不会提供针对免疫原的免疫应答,使用免疫原进行疫苗接种可能会或可能不会引起针对免疫原的免疫应答,但使用免疫原和佐剂的合并疫苗接种会诱发免疫应答,其较单独由免疫原诱发的应答更强。
如本文所用,术语“施用”是指转移、递送、引入或运输治疗剂至需要用此类试剂治疗的受试者的任何模式。此类模式包括但不限于口服、局部、静脉注射、腹膜内、肌肉内、皮内、鼻内和皮下施用。
如本文所用,术语"试剂"意在涵盖能调节β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)表达或活性的任何分子、化学实体、组合物、药物、治疗剂、化疗剂或生物剂。所述术语包括小分子化合物、反义寡核苷酸、siRNA试剂、抗体、带有抗原决定基识别位点的抗体片段,诸如Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2片段、Fv片段、单链抗体、抗体模拟物(诸如DARPin、亲和体分子、affilin蛋白、affitin蛋白、anticalin蛋白、亲和力多聚体、fynomer蛋白、Kunitz结构域肽和monobody型蛋白)、类肽、核酸适配体;酶、肽有机或无机分子、天然或合成化合物等。可在临床试验期间、预试验测试期间或FDA批准之后的任何阶段根据本发明的方法测定试剂。
如本文所用,术语“抗体”包括所有物种,包括人类和人源化抗体,而靶抗原可来自任何物种。因此,例如,与抗原“X”结合的抗体可为小鼠抗人X、人抗人X;人源化抗人X、羊抗人X;羊抗小鼠X;大鼠抗人X;小鼠抗大鼠X等。特定物种产生的针对靶抗原的抗体组合是无限的,且所有物种都包含在本发明中,其中靶抗原例如“X”,来自另一物种,或在某些情况下相同物种(例如,在自身免疫或发炎应答中)。术语“抗体”以最广泛的含义使用,包括完全组装的抗体、单克隆抗体(包括人类、人源化或嵌合抗体)、多克隆抗体、多特异性抗体(例如双特异性抗体)、和可结合抗原的抗体片段(诸如Fab'、F'(ab)2、Fv、单链抗体、双链抗体),包含上述的互补决定区(CDR),只要其表现出所需的生物活性。双特异性抗体的实例包括GalT-V抗体与另一抗体的组合,另一抗体例如乳糖神经酰胺、酪氨酸蛋白激酶抑制剂、Src家族酪氨酸蛋白激酶、VEGF-R1、R2、EGF-R GSK-α激酶。
“反义寡核苷酸”或“反义化合物”指与另一RNA或DNA(靶RNA、DNA)结合的RNA或DNA分子。例如,若其为RNA寡核苷酸,其通过RNA-RNA相互作用与另一靶RNA结合并改变靶RNA的活性。反义寡核苷酸可上调或下调特定多核苷酸的表达和/或功能。此定义意在包括从治疗、诊断或其他角度有用的任何外源RNA或DNA分子。此类分子包括例如反义RNA或DNA分子、干扰RNA(RNAi)、微小RNA、诱饵RNA分子、siRNA、酶RNA、短发夹RNA(shRNA)、治疗性编辑RNA及激动剂和拮抗剂RNA、反义低聚化合物、反义寡核苷酸、外部引导序列(EGS)寡核苷酸、选择性剪接子、引物、探针和与至少一部分靶核酸杂交的其他低聚化合物。因此,此类化合物可以单链、双链、部分单链或环状低聚化合物的形式引入。
如本说明书和所附权利要求书中所用,术语“或”通常以其包括“和/或”的含义使用,除非内容另有明确规定。
如本文所用,术语“化疗剂”与其在本领域中的使用一致,是指已知或具有已知可治疗或有助于治疗癌症的特征的一种或多种试剂。特别地,化疗剂包括促凋亡剂、细胞抑制剂和/或细胞毒剂。在一些实施方案中,化疗剂可为或包括烷化剂、蒽环类药物、细胞骨架破坏剂(例如,微管靶向部分,诸如紫杉烷、美登素(maytansine)及其类似物)、埃博霉素(epothilone)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDAC)、拓朴异构酶抑制剂(例如拓朴异构酶I和/或拓朴异构酶II抑制剂)、激酶抑制剂、核苷酸类似物或核苷酸前体类似物、肽类抗生素、铂类药物、类维生素A、长春花生物碱(vinca alkaloid)和/或具有相关抗增殖活性的类似物。在一些实施方案中,化疗剂可为或包括放线菌霉素(actinomycin)、全反式维A酸、奥利他汀(Auiristatin)、阿扎胞苷(Azacitidine)、硫唑嘌呤(Azathioprine)、博来霉素(Bleomycin)、硼替佐米(Bortezomib)、卡铂(Carboplatin)、卡培他滨(Capecitabine)、顺铂(Cisplatin)、氯芥苯丁酸(Chlorambucil)、环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide)、姜黄素(Curcumin)、阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine)、道诺霉素(Daunorubicin)、欧洲紫杉醇(Docetaxel)、去氧氟尿苷(Doxifluridine)、艾霉素(Doxorubicin)、泛艾霉素(Epirubicin)、埃博霉素(Epothilone)、依托泊苷(Etoposide)、氟脲嘧啶(Fluorouracil)、吉西他滨(Gemcitabine)、羟基脲(Hydroxyurea)、艾达霉素(Idarubicin)、伊马替尼(Imatinib)、伊立替康(Irinotecan)、美登素(Maytansine)和/或其类似物(例如DMl)、氮芥(Mechlorethamine)、巯嘌呤(Mercaptopurine)、胺甲喋呤(Methotrexate)、米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone)、美登素衍生物(Maytansinoid)、奥沙利铂(Oxaliplatin)、紫杉醇(Paclitaxel)、培美曲塞(Pemetrexed)、替尼泊苷(Teniposide)、硫鸟嘌呤(Tioguanine)、拓朴替康(Topotecan)、戊柔比星(Valrubicin)、长春花碱(Vinblastine)、长春花新碱(Vincristine)、长春地辛(Vindesine)、温诺平(Vinorelbine)或其组合。在一些实施方案中,化疗剂可在抗体-药物结合物的背景下使用。在一些实施方案中,化疗剂是存在于选自由hLL1-艾霉素(hLL1-doxorubicin)、hRS7-SN-38、hMN-14-SN-38、hLL2-SN-38、hA20-SN-38、hPAM4-SN-38、hLL1-SN-38、hRS7-Pro-2-P-Dox、hMN-14-Pro-2-P-Dox、hLL2-Pro-2-P-Dox、hA20-Pro-2-P-Dox、hPAM4-Pro-2-P-Dox、hLL1-Pro-2-P-Dox、P4/D10-艾霉素(P4/D10-doxorubicin)、吉妥珠单抗奥唑米星(gemtuzumab ozogamicin)、维布妥昔单抗(brentuximab vedotin)、曲妥珠单抗美坦新(trastuzumab emtansine)、奥加伊妥珠单抗(inotuzumab ozogamicin)、格来莫单抗凡酯(glembatumomab vedotin)、SAR3419、SAR566658、BIIB015、BT062、SGN-75、SGN-CD19A、AMG-172、AMG-595、BAY-94-9343、ASG-SME、ASG-22ME、ASG-16M8F、MDX-1203、MLN-0264、抗PSMA ADC、RG-7450、RG-7458、RG-7593、RG-7596、RG-7598、RG-7599、RG-7600、RG-7636、ABT-414、IMGN-853、IMGN-529、玛汀沃瑟妥珠单抗(vorsetuzumab mafodotin)和莫星洛沃妥珠单抗(lorvotuzumab mertansine)组成的群组的抗体-药物结合物。
如本文所用,术语“联合治疗”是指其中以重迭方案施用两种或多种不同药剂,使受试者同时暴露于两种试剂的那类情况。当用于联合治疗时,可同时或单独施用两种或多种不同的试剂。此类联合施用可包括以相同剂型同时施用两种或多种试剂、以单独剂型同时施用和单独施用。意即,两种或多种试剂可一起配制在同一剂型中并同时施用。或者,可同时施用两种或多种试剂,其中所述试剂存在于单独制剂中。在另一替代方案中,可施用第一试剂,随后施用一种或多种附加试剂。在单独施用方案中,两种或多种试剂可间隔几分钟、或间隔几小时、或间隔几天施用。
如本文所用,关于物品、组合物、设备、方法、工艺、系统等的定义或描述的元素的术语“包含”、“包括”或“含”及其变体意在包括在内或开放式,允许附加元素,从而表明所定义或描述的物品、组合物、设备、方法、工艺、系统等包括那类特定的元素——或在适当的情况下,其等同物——而其他元素可包括在内且仍落入所定义的物品、组合物、设备、方法、工艺、系统等的范围/定义内。
如本文所用,术语“诊断”是指测定受试者是否患有或将患上疾病、失调、病症或病态和/或其定量概率的定性。例如,在癌症的诊断中,诊断可包括测定关于癌症的风险、类型、分期、恶性肿瘤或其他分类。在某些实例中,例如,如本文所示,诊断可为或包括测定有关预后和/或对一种或多种一般或特定治疗剂或方案的可能应答。
“疾病”是动物不能维持体内平衡的动物健康状态,且其中若疾病未改善则动物的健康状况继续恶化。反之,动物的“失调”是动物能维持体内平衡的健康状态,但动物的健康状态不如无疾病时的健康状态。若不及时治疗,失调未必会导致动物的健康状况进一步下降。若疾病或失调症状的严重性、患者经历此类症状的频率或两者皆降低,则疾病或失调“减轻”。
本文所用的术语“给药方案”(或“治疗方案”)是一组单位剂量(通常多于一个),其单独施用于受试者,通常间隔一段时间施用。在一些实施方案中,给定的治疗剂具有建议的给药方案,其可涉及一次或多次剂量。在一些实施方案中,给药方案包含多个剂量,各剂量彼此间隔相同长度的时间段;在一些实施方案中,给药方案包含多个剂量,至少两个不同的时间段间隔各剂量。在一些实施方案中,当在患者群体中施用时,给药方案与期望的治疗结果相关或已与其相关。如本文所用,“控释剂量制剂"是指以特定的可控速率提供延迟释放的药物制剂。
“有效量”是指相对于未治疗的患者改善疾病症状所需的量。用于实施本发明以治疗处理疾病的活性化合物的有效量根据施用方式、受试者的年龄、体重和一般健康状况而变化。最终,主治医师或兽医将决定适当的量和剂量方案。此量称为“有效"量。测定治疗有效量及与向本发明的受试者有效施用本发明的化合物相关的其他因素(包括剂型、施用途径和给药频率)可能取决于遇到的特定情况,包括所治疗或解决的受试者和病症、特定受试者病症的严重程度、所采用的特定化合物、采用的特定施用途径、给药频率及采用的特定制剂。测定对本发明的受试者治疗有效的治疗方案在医学或兽医领域的普通技术水平内。在临床使用中,有效量可为美国食品药物管理局或国外同等机构建议的量。可与载体材料组合以产生单一剂型的活性成分的量根据所治疗的受试者和特定的施用模式而变化。
抗体的“高亲和力”是指对于靶抗原具有1×10-7M以下,更优选5×10-8M以下,又更优选1×10-8M以下,又更优选5×10-9M以下,又更优选1×10-9M以下的KD的抗体。然而,“高亲和力”结合对其他抗体同种型可能有所不同。例如,对于IgM同种型的“高亲和力"结合是指具有10-6M以下、10-7M以下、或10-8M以下的KD的抗体。
术语“增强”、“提高”、“增加”或“改善”是指特定参数的增加(诸如增加至少约1.1倍、1.25倍、1.5倍、2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍、6倍、8倍、10倍、12倍或甚至15倍以上)和/或特定活性增加至少约5%、10%、25%、35%、40%、50%、60%、75%、80%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
如本文所用,术语“组合”在向受试者施用治疗的上下文中是指为治疗益处使用多于一种治疗。术语“组合”在施用的上下文中亦可指当与至少一种附加治疗一起使用时,对受试者预防性使用治疗。术语“组合”的使用不限制向受试者施用治疗(例如,第一治疗和第二治疗)的顺序。可在对患有、已患或易患癌症的受试者施用第二治疗之前(诸如1分钟、5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周、8周或12周之前)、同时或之后(诸如1分钟、5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、1小时、2小时、4小时、6小时、12小时、24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时、1周、2周、3周、4周、5周、6周、8周或12周之后)施用治疗。将治疗依序并在一定时间间隔内施用于受试者,使治疗可一起发挥作用。在特定实施方案中,依序并在一定的时间间隔内向受试者施用治疗,使其较以其他方式施用时提供增加的益处。任何附加治疗可以任何顺序与其他附加治疗一起施用。
如本文所用,鞘糖脂合成或葡糖神经酰胺合成“抑制剂”抑制此类分子(包括与合成循环相关的那类分子)的合成。此类分子合成的抑制可通过任何标准测定来测量。例如,参阅以下实例章节的方法。
如本文所用,“抑制”或“降低”β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V使细胞中β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V的量减少大于约20%、40%、60%、80%、85%、90%、95%或100%。β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V的量可通过熟悉的方法测定,包括但不限于光密度计、荧光计、放射线照相术、化学发光仪、基于抗体的方法和活性测量。
术语“抑制”、“减低”、“减少”或“抑止”是指特定参数的降低(诸如降低至少约1.1倍、1.25倍、1.5倍、2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍、6倍、8倍、10倍、12倍或甚至15倍以上)和/或特定活性的减少至少约5%、10%、25%、35%、40%、50%、60%、75%、80%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%。此类术语旨在关于参考或对照。
本文所用的术语“Kassoc”或“Ka”意指特定抗体-抗原相互作用的缔合率,而本文所用的术语“Kdis”或“Kd”意指特定抗体-抗原相互作用的解离率。本文所用的术语“KD”意指解离常数,其由Kd与Ka的比率(即Kd/Ka)获得并表示为摩尔浓度(M)。抗体的KD值可使用本领域充分建立的方法来测定。用于测定抗体KD的优选方法是通过使用表面等离子体共振,例如使用生物传感器系统(例如BIACORETM系统)。
如本文所用,“调节”、“调整”或“调制”是指增强(例如增加)或抑制(诸如减低、减少或抑止)特定活性或水平(诸如mRNA的量、蛋白的量、标志物的表达、GSL的量等)。相对于对照水平,待测定的水平可为增加的水平。如本文所用,关于水平(例如蛋白或mRNA水平)的术语“增加”是指增加高于对照水平的任何%。在各种实施方案中,增加的水平可为相对于对照水平增加至少或约5%、增加至少或约10%、增加至少或约15%、增加至少或约20%、增加至少或约25%、增加至少或约30%、增加至少或约35%、增加至少或约40%、增加至少或约45%、增加至少或约50%、增加至少或约55%、增加至少或约60%、增加至少或约65%、增加至少或约70%、增加至少或约75%、增加至少或约80%、增加至少或约85%、增加至少或约90%、增加至少或约95%。相对于对照水平,待测定的水平可为降低的水平。如本文所用,关于水平(例如蛋白或mRNA水平)的术语“降低”是指降低低于对照水平的任何%。在各种实施方案中,降低的水平可为相对于对照水平降低至少或约5%、降低至少或约10%、降低至少或约15%、降低至少或约20%、降低至少或约25%的降低、降低至少或约30%、降低至少或约35%、降低至少或约40%、降低至少或约45%、降低至少或约50%、降低至少或约55%、降低至少或约60%、降低至少或约65%、降低至少或约70%、降低至少或约75%、降低至少或约80%、降低至少或约85%、降低至少或约90%、降低至少或约95%。
本文所用的术语“预防”和“防止”与疾病、失调或病症的发生有关,是指减少疾病、失调或病症的风险;延迟疾病、失调或病症的发作;延迟疾病、失调或病症的一种或多种特征或症状的发生;和/或减少疾病、失调或病症的一种或多种特征或症状的频率和/或严重性。预防可指对特定受试者的预防或对受试者群体的统计影响。当疾病、失调或病症的发作延迟了预定的时间段时,可视为预防已完成。
如本文所用,术语“预后”是指测定至少一种可能的未来结果或事件的定量概率的定性。如本文所用,预后可为测定受试者中疾病、失调或病症(例如癌症)的可能进程,测定关于受试者的预期寿命,或测定关于对治疗(例如对特定治疗)的应答。
如本文所用,术语“预后信息”是指对提供预后有用的信息。预后信息可包括但不限于生物标志物状态信息。
本文所用的术语“样本”是指为体外评估的目的而获得的生物样本。在实施方案中,样本可包含体液。在一些实施方案中,体液包括但不限于从受试者获得的全血、血浆、血清、淋巴液、母乳、唾液、粘液、精液、细胞提取物、炎性液、脑脊髓液、玻璃状液、泪液、玻璃体液、房水或尿液。在一些方面,样本是两种或多种体液的复合组。在示例性方面,样本包含血液或其部分(诸如血浆、血清或通过白细胞分离术获得的部分)。
本文所用的术语“预防”、“防止”和“阻止”在向受试者施用治疗的上下文中是指藉由施用治疗(例如预防剂)或治疗组合(例如预防剂的组合),导致预防或抑制在受试者中疾病或失调或其症状的复发、发作和/或发展。
“减少”是指与参考相比至少10%、25%、50%、75%或100%的负改变。
“参考”是指标准或对照条件。
如本文所用,"特异性结合”肽或抗原决定基的抗体意指以1×10-7M以下,或5×10-8M以下,或3×10-8M以下,更优选1×10-8M以下,或5×10-9M以下的KD结合肽或抗原决定基的抗体。因此,当用于蛋白与抗体或替代蛋白支架或类肽或核酸适配体的相互作用时,术语“特异性结合”或“特异结合”指所述相互作用依赖于蛋白上的特定结构(即,抗原决定簇或抗原决定基)的存在;换言之,抗体识别并结合特定蛋白结构,而非一般的蛋白。因此,“特异性结合”或“特异于”特定肽或特定肽上的抗原决定基的抗体是结合所述特定肽或特定肽上的抗原决定基而基本上不结合任何其他肽或肽抗原决定基的抗体。
如本文所用,“缓释剂量制剂”是设计为以预定速率释放药物以便在特定时间内维持恒定药物浓度且副作用最小的药物制剂。可选地,所述时间段是30分钟以上,例如2-4小时以上,例如3-8小时以上,例如4-24小时以上,例如1-3天以上,例如2-7天以上,例如4-14天以上,例如7天以上,例如14天至一个月以上。
如本文所用,病症、疾病或失调或与病症、疾病或失调相关的症状的“治疗”或“处理”是指获得有益或期望的结果(包括临床结果)的方法。有益或期望的临床结果可包括但不限于减轻或改善一种或多种症状或病症,减低病症、疾病或失调的程度,稳定病症、疾病或失调的状态,预防病症、疾病或失调的发展,预防病症、疾病或失调的传播,延迟或延缓病症、疾病或失调的进展,延迟或延缓病症、疾病或失调的发作,改善或缓和病症、疾病或失调状态,和缓解(无论部分或全部缓解)。“治疗”亦可指抑制病症、疾病或失调的进展,暂缓病症、疾病或失调的进展,尽管在某些情况下,其涉及永久停止病症、疾病或失调的进展。
本文提供的范围应理解为所述范围内所有值的缩写。例如,1至50的范围理解为包括选自由1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49或50,及前述整数之间的所有中间十进制值,诸如1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4、1.5、1.6、1.7、1.8和1.9组成的群组的任何数字、数字的组合或子范围。关于子范围,特别考虑从所述范围的任一端点延伸的“嵌套子范围"。例如,示例性范围1至50的嵌套子范围可包含沿一方向的1至10、1至20、1至30和1至40,或沿另一方向的50至40、50至30、50至20和50至10。
本文提供的任何组合物或方法可组合一种或多种本文提供的任何其他组合物和方法。
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图1A至图1I是一系列免疫染色和图,证实结肠直肠癌组织对抗β-1,4-GalT-V抗体强烈免疫应答,且显示增加的LCS活性和B4GALT5表达。图1A:正常结肠2分(20X放大倍率)。图1B:内皮细胞质染色(20X)。图1C:结肠癌病例1分(20X)。图1D:结肠癌病例2分(20X)。图1E:结肠癌病例3分(20X)。图1F:结肠直肠癌组织过度表达β-1,4-GalT-V。将可视地正常组织和结肠直肠癌组织(各50mg)在RIPA缓冲液中均质并以1000rpm离心。上清液用于通过ELISA测量β-1,4-GalT-V质量。然后对正常样本和肿瘤样本进行三次重复测定,N=10。显示平均值±SEm值,*P=0.0340。使用未配对t检验来测定统计显著性。图1G:结肠直肠肿瘤中LCS活性增加。平均值±SEm值,**P=0.0052。图1H:与正常样本相比,APC、NMT1和TP53基因在肿瘤中显示出表达增加。图1I:B4GALT5特别显示表达增加,而B4GALT6和UGCG相对则无。平均值±SEM值,患者正常样本和肿瘤样本的N≥4。使用普通单因素方差分析进行统计分析。
图2A至图2G是一系列证实结肠直肠癌组织中LacCer质量增加的图。在有内部鞘脂标准品的情况下,将可视地正常组织和结肠直肠癌组织(各50mg)在氯仿-甲醇(2:1)中均质。然后对脂质提取物进行LC-MS以研究结肠直肠癌或正常组织中鞘脂类水平的变化,其中图2A:Cer、图2B:DHCer、图2C:GalCer和GlcCer、图2D:二氢GalCer/二氢GlcCer、图2E:LacCer、和图2F:DHLacCer。在所研究的GSL中,只有LacCer(图2E)水平在结肠直肠肿瘤中统计上显著增加(*P=0.0112)。而Cer和二氢GalCer/二氢GlcCer,N=9(正常)和N=10(肿瘤);DHCer,N=9(正常)和N=10(肿瘤);GalCer和GlcCer、LacCer和DHLacCer,N=10(正常和肿瘤)。图2G:通过LC-MS评估正常组织和肿瘤组织的鞘磷脂和DHSM水平。并未发现正常和肿瘤鞘磷脂值的统计上显著差异。反之,与正常样本相比,肿瘤样本显示DHSM值显著提高(**P=0.0059)。而鞘磷脂,N=10(正常)和N=6(肿瘤);DHSM,N=10(正常和肿瘤)。使用平均值±SEm值和未配对t检验来测定统计显著性。
图3A至图3H是一系列图和荧光染色,证实GSL合成的药理抑制剂量依赖性地降低增殖,并减少HCT-116中的β-1,4-GalT-V蛋白表达。与对照组相比,D-PDMP在24(图3A)和96(图3B)小时的HCT-116细胞增殖中发挥剂量和时间依赖性降低作用,最大有效剂量为20μM。*P≤0.05,**P≤0.01,***P≤0.001。与24小时对照组(图3C)相比,并未发现D-PDMP治疗的细胞(图3D)中的UGCG免疫荧光差异。然而,与未治疗的对照组(分别为E和G)相比,在24(图3F)和96(图3H)小时的D-PDMP治疗减少了GalT-V荧光。
图4A至图4H是一系列证实D-PDMP治疗降低HCT-116中几种鞘脂水平的图。将HCT-116细胞(105)接种至装有10mL培养基的灭菌(100-mm2)塑料培养皿中,培养24小时。然后将培养基更换为含2%血清的培养基,含或不含D-PDMP(10μM)。24小时后,移除培养基,并在鞘脂内标存在下使用己烷-异丙醇(3:2体积比)提取总脂质,并进行MS.D-PDMP治疗(在x轴中指定为D10),与对照值(在x轴中指定为C)相比,其降低Cer(图4A)、DHCer(图4B)、单己糖神经酰胺(图4C)、二氢Glc/gal神经酰胺(图4D)、二己糖神经酰胺(图4E)、DHLacCer(图4F)的水平,但鞘磷脂(图4G)或DHSM,10μM(图4H)则无。数据代表对照组和10μM D-PDMP的平均值±SEm,N=3生物重复(图4A至图4H),并使用未配对t检验进行统计分析。*P≤0.05,**P≤0.01。
图5A至5D是一系列免疫染色,证实结肠直肠癌组织对抗-β-1,4-GalT-V抗体强烈免疫应答。
图6显示以GalT-V抗体免疫染色的结肠癌切片。
图7是显示鞘脂合成途径的示意图。
图8是证实以抗GalT-V的GalT-V抗体治疗剂量依赖性地降低HCT-116细胞增殖的图。将HCT-116细胞接种(1x104个细胞/孔)至96孔托盘中,并在补充10%胎牛血清的培养基中生长。24小时后,加入含有3H-胸苷(5μCi/ml)及不同稀释度的GalT-V单克隆抗体的新鲜培养基。以D-PDMP(5μM)治疗作为阳性对照。孵育24小时后,通过闪烁光谱测定法测量掺入DNA中的放射性。GalT-V抗体剂量依赖性地降低HCT-116细胞增殖P**≤0.01,P***≤0.001和P****≤0.0001(N=5)。
图9是证实以抗GalT-V的GalT-V抗体治疗剂量依赖性地降低小鼠结肠直肠癌细胞增殖的图。将小鼠结肠直肠癌细胞接种(1x104个细胞/孔)至96孔托盘中,并在补充10%胎牛血清的最低必需培养基中生长,并以如上图8中所述进行治疗。须注意,GalT-V抗体剂量依赖性地降低MC-38细胞增殖(N=5)。
图10A至10I是一系列相片图像和图,证实抗β-GalT-V抗体和乳糖神经酰胺抗体减缓VEGF诱导的管形成。将人类脐静脉内皮细胞与不同稀释度的β-GalT-V抗体或LacCer抗体一起培养1小时,然后用VEGF治疗6小时。然后进行管形成测定。图(图10I)治疗轴上的字母代表图10A至10H所示的治疗。
图11A至11D是一系列相片,证实用β-1,4GalT-V抗体或生物聚合物封装的D-PDMP治疗可防止正常雌性小鼠的肿瘤生长。将32周龄的正常雌性小鼠(C57BL6)剃毛。用酒精棉和100μL结肠直肠癌细胞清洁背部区域;注射HCT-116(4x106)悬浮液。一周后,每天将100μL抗B-1,4GalT-V的单克隆抗体注射至肿瘤细胞注射部位(图11A,11B)或β-1,4GalT-V抑制剂(5mpk的生物聚合物封装的D-PDMP)(图11C、11D),进行三周。当毛长回来并对小鼠拍照后,再次用Nair剃毛背部区域。须注意,在治疗的小鼠中未观察到肿瘤生长(图11A至图11D)。
图12是描绘β-半乳糖基转移酶(β-GalT-V)如何可能导致结肠直肠癌的应答概述及本文中预防结肠直肠癌的新方法的示意图。
图13是实施例4中GalT-V抗体治疗模型的示意图。
图14所示结果显示用GalT-V抗体治疗并未改变NOD-SCID小鼠的体重。
图15(包括图15A和图15B)显示用GalT-V抗体治疗在接种HCT-116细胞的NOD-SCID小鼠中剂量依赖性地减少肿瘤体积。
图16(包括图16A和图16C)显示携带HCT-116直肠原位肿瘤的小鼠的光学成像。
图17显示结肠直肠癌小鼠中B4GALT-V、CEA和NMT-1基因表达的q-RT-PCR分析。
图18(包括图18A和图18B)在图18A显示ELISA测定证实用GalT-V抗体治疗减少血浆中GalT-V的质量,而图18B HPTLC和光密度分析证实,与安慰剂相比,以GalT-V抗体治疗减少肿瘤组织中LacCer的质量。
图19显示通过共聚焦显微镜测定的GalT-V抗体的细胞表面定位(实施例5)。
图20显示通过共聚焦显微镜测定的GalT-V抗体内化(37℃)。
图21显示[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)和人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的结合。
图22显示[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)和人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的结合。
图23显示D-PDMP抑制锆标记的GalT-V抗体在人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的结合。
图24显示[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的结合和内化的特异性。
图25显示[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的时间依赖性结合和内化。
图26和27显示携带人类结肠直肠癌肿瘤的小鼠在特定时间段的体内xenogen荧光图。
图28(包括图28A至图28C)显示CF-750GalT-V抗体荧光在带有皮下/异种移植肿瘤的小鼠个别组织中的分布。
具体实施方式
本发明部分基于以下发现:β-半乳糖基转移酶(β-GalT-V)在人类结肠直肠癌中发挥作用,且其抑制亦减缓肿瘤细胞增殖。发现结肠直肠癌受试者的样本对β-1,4-GalT-V抗体有免疫应答。此外,评估了β-1,4-GalT-V质量、mRNA表达、酶活性和GSL最终产物水平。检查GSL糖基转移酶抑制剂对人类结肠直肠癌细胞系的影响。实施例章节详细描述的此类结果提供对结肠直肠癌发病机制的新见解,并揭示有前途的结肠直肠癌检测/预后生物标志物。应用包括对筛检癌症有用的生物标志物,特别是结肠直肠癌和结肠直肠癌的前体肿瘤(例如进展性腺瘤)。亦描述用于治疗癌症例如结肠直肠癌等的组合物。
结肠直肠癌包括但不限于结肠癌、直肠癌及其组合。结肠直肠癌包括转移性结肠直肠癌和非转移性结肠直肠癌。结肠直肠癌包括位于结肠近端部分的癌症和位于结肠远端部分的癌症。结肠直肠癌包括本领域已知的任何各种可能分期的结肠直肠癌,包括诸如I期、II期、III期和IV期结肠直肠癌(诸如0期、I期、IIA期、IIB期、IIC期、IIIA期、IIIB期、IIIC期、IVA期、IVB期和IVC期)。结肠直肠癌包括肿瘤/淋巴结/转移(TNM)分期系统的所有分期。就结肠直肠癌而言,T可指肿瘤是否生长到结肠壁或直肠壁,若是的话,生长至多少层;N可指肿瘤是否已扩散至淋巴结,若是的话,有多少个淋巴结及其所在的位置;M可指癌症是否已扩散至身体的其他部位,若是的话,扩散至哪些部位及扩散至什么程度。T、N和M的具体分期是本领域已知的。T分期可包括TX、T0、Tis、T1、T2、T3、T4a和T4b;N分期可包括NX、N0、N1a、N1b、N1c、N2a和N2b;M分期可包括M0、M1a和M1b。此外,结肠直肠癌的分期可包括GX、G1、G2、G3和G4。对癌症,特别是结肠直肠癌进行分期的各种方法是本领域众所周知的,例如cancer.net/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/stages。
在某些实施方案中,本揭露包括早期结肠直肠癌的筛检。早期结肠直肠癌可包括例如位于受试者体内的结肠直肠癌,例如,因其尚未扩散至受试者的淋巴结,例如靠近癌症的淋巴结(NO期),且尚未扩散至远距离位置(M0期)。早期癌症包括对应于例如0至IIC期的结肠直肠癌。
因此,结肠直肠癌尤其包括恶化前的结肠直肠癌(例如进展性腺瘤)和恶性结肠直肠癌。本揭露的方法和组合物对筛检所有形式和分期的结肠直肠癌是有用的,所述结肠直肠癌包括但不限于本文指定的或本领域其他已知的癌及其所有子集。因此,本领域技术人员将领会,本文提供的对结肠直肠癌的所有提及包括但不限于所有形式和分期的结肠直肠癌,包括但不限于本文指定的或本领域其他已知的癌及其所有子集。
因此,在某些实施方案中,用于预防和治疗癌症(例如结肠直肠癌)的药物组合物包含向有需要的受试者施用鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
在某些实施方案中,治疗癌症的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用组合物,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的:(a)抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和(ii)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4),和(b)治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:3所示氨基酸序列的重链可变区序列。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:4所示氨基酸序列的轻链可变区序列。
在某些实施方案中,药物组合物包含治疗有效量的:(i)抗体,其包含(a)与SEQ IDNO:3具有至少90%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和(b)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少90%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列;(ii)合成肽,其包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列;和(iii)佐剂。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含(a)包含SEQID NO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和(b)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列;和包含SEQ ID NO:5的合成肽氨基酸序列。
在某些实施方案中,药物组合物包含治疗有效量的:(a)抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和(ii)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4),和(b)治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:3所示氨基酸序列的重链可变区序列。在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:4所示氨基酸序列的轻链可变区序列。
在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂,其包含:未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)、(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3-二氢-苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖、1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、神经酰胺或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是未封装或封装在生物可降解聚合物(BPD)中的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)。在某些实施方案中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。
在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含一种或多种第二治疗剂。在某些实施方案中,所述一种或多种第二治疗剂包含:化疗剂、抗发炎剂、降胆固醇剂、胰岛素、抗体、肽、酶、佐剂或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含将所述抗体结合可检测剂、放射治疗剂、毒素、放射性剂、染料、肽、多核苷酸或纳米脂质体。在某些实施方案中,所述纳米脂质体包含一种或多种治疗剂。
在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含与
IGAQVYEQVLRSAYAKRNSSVND(SEQ ID NO:5)具有至少90%序列同一性的肽。
在某些实施方案中,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂和/或治疗有效量的特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)、其同工型或肽的抗体。
在某些实施方案中,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂和/或治疗有效量的调节β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)、其同工型或肽的表达或活性的试剂。在某些实施方案中,所述试剂抑制β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)、其同工型或肽的表达或活性。
脂质的实例包括但不限于脂肪酸、游离脂肪酸、胆固醇、甾醇酯、甘油三酯、二甘油酯、甘油酯、酯化蜡、角鲨烯、神经酰胺、脂质、磷脂质、糖脂、亚麻酸或其组合。
在其他实施方案中,治疗癌症的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用治疗有效量的鞘糖脂合成抑制剂、脂质或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是未封装的、未结合的或封装在生物可降解聚合物(BPD)中的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)。在某些实施方案中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。
联合治疗
在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物包括抗癌剂,诸如化疗剂、放射治疗、毒素或其组合。
在某些实施方案中,所述抗癌剂是化疗剂或生长抑制剂、靶向治疗剂、表达嵌合抗原受体的T细胞、抗体或其抗原结合片段、抗体-药物结合物、血管生成抑制剂、抗肿瘤剂、癌症疫苗、佐剂及其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述抗癌剂是化疗剂或生长抑制剂。例如,化疗剂或生长抑制剂可包括烷化剂、蒽环类药物、抗荷尔蒙剂、芳香化酶抑制剂、抗雄激素、蛋白激酶抑制剂、脂质激酶抑制剂、反义寡核苷酸、核酶、代谢拮抗物、拓朴异构酶抑制剂、细胞毒性剂或抗肿瘤抗生素、蛋白酶体抑制剂、抗微管剂、EGFR拮抗剂、类维生素A、酪胺酸激酶抑制剂、组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂及其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述抗癌剂是佐剂。增强抗癌免疫应答(例如抗癌症相关抗原)或帮助将癌抗原呈现给免疫系统的成分的任何物质皆可视为本揭露的抗癌佐剂。
化疗:癌症治疗一般亦包括各种以化学和放射治疗为基础的联合治疗。联合化疗包括诸如顺铂(cisplatin)(CDDP)、卡铂(carboplatin)、甲基芐肼(procarbazine)、氮芥(mechlorethamine)、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、喜树碱(camptothecin)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、氮芥苯丙胺酸(melphalan)、氯芥苯丁酸(chlorambucil)、白消安(busulfan)、亚硝基脲(nitrosurea)、放线菌素D(dactinomycin)、道诺霉素(daunorubicin)、艾霉素(doxorubicin)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、普卡霉素(plicomycin)、丝裂霉素(mitomycin)、依托泊苷(etoposide)(VP16)、泰莫西芬(tamoxifen)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、雌激素受体结合剂、紫杉醇、吉西他滨(gemcitabien)、法尼基(farnesyl)蛋白转移酶抑制剂、反铂(transplatinum)、5-氟脲嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)、长春花新碱(vincristine)、长春花碱(vinblastine)和甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)、替莫唑胺(Temazolomide)(DTIC的水性形式)或前述物质的任何类似物或衍生变体。化疗与生物治疗的结合称为生物化疗。所述化疗亦可以低、连续剂量施用,称为节拍化疗。
又进一步的联合化疗包括,例如烷化剂,诸如噻替哌(thiotepa)和环磷酰胺(cyclosphosphamide);烷基磺酸盐,诸如白消安(busulfan)、英丙舒凡(improsulfan)和哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);氮环丙烷,诸如苯多巴(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美托多巴(meturedopa)和尤利多巴(uredopa);伸乙亚胺(ethylenimine)和甲基三聚氰胺(methylamelamine),包括六甲三聚氰胺(altretamine)、三亚乙基三聚氰胺(triethylenemelamine)、三伸乙基磷酰胺(triethylenephosphoramide)、三伸乙基硫代磷酰胺(triethiylenethiophosphoramide)和三羟甲基三聚氰胺(trimethylolomelamine);乙酰生合成物(acetogenins)(尤系布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));喜树碱(camptothecin)(包括合成类似物拓朴替康(topotecan));苔藓虫素(bryostatin);卡利他汀(callystatin);CC-1065(包括其阿多来新(adozelesin)、卡折来新(carzelesin)和比折来新(bizelesin)合成类似物);隐藻素(特别系隐藻素1和隐藻素8);尾海兔素(dolastatin);倍癌霉素(包括合成类似物KW-2189和CB1-TM1);五加素(eleutherobin);水鬼蕉碱(pancratistatin);匍枝珊瑚醇A(sarcodictyin A);海绵抑素(spongistatin);氮芥,诸如氯芥苯丁酸(chlorambucil)、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、氯磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌二醇氮芥(estramustine)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、甲基二(氯乙基)胺(mechlorethamine)、二氯甲基二乙胺氧化物盐酸盐(mechlorethamine oxidehydrochloride)、氮芥苯丙胺酸(melphalan)、新氮芥(novembichin)、苯芥胆固醇(phenesterine)、泼尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、曲磷酰胺(trofosfamide)、乌拉莫司汀(uracil mustard);亚硝基脲,诸如双氯乙基亚硝脲(carmustine)、氯脲霉素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)和雷莫司汀(ranimustine);抗生素,诸如烯二炔抗生素(例如卡奇霉素(calicheamicin),特别是卡奇霉素γll(calicheamicin gammall)和卡奇霉素ωll(calicheamicinomegall);达内霉素(dynemicin),包括达内霉素A(dynemicin A);双磷酸盐,例如氯膦酸(clodronate);埃斯培拉霉素(esperamicin);和新抑癌素发色团(neocarzinostatinchromophore)和相关的色素蛋白烯二炔抗生素发色团(chromoprotein enediyneantibiotic chromophores)、阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysins)、放线菌霉素(actinomycin)、阿奇霉素(authrarnycin)、重氮丝氨酸(azaserine)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、放线菌素C(cactinomycin)、卡柔比星(carabicin)、洋红霉素(carminomycin)、嗜癌霉素(carzinophilin)、色霉素(chromomycin)、放线菌素D(dactinomycin)、道诺霉素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin),6-重氮-5-侧氧-L-正白胺酸(6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine)、艾霉素(doxorubicin)(包括吗啉阿霉素(morpholino-doxorubicin)、氰基吗啉阿霉素(cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin)、2-吡咯阿霉素(2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin)、和去氧阿霉素(deoxydoxorubicin))、泛艾霉素(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、艾达霉素(idarubicin)、马尔切洛霉素(marcellomycin)、丝裂霉素(mitomycin),如丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C)、霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、诺拉霉素(nogalarnycin)、橄榄霉素(olivomycin)、培洛霉素(peplomycin)、泊非霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素(puromycin)、三铁阿霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星(rodorubicin)、链霉黑素(streptonigrin)、链脲佐菌素(streptozocin)、杀结核菌素(tubercidin)、乌苯美司(ubenimex)、净司他汀(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);代谢拮抗物,例如胺甲喋呤(methotrexate)和5-氟脲嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物,诸如二甲叶酸(denopterin)、喋罗呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤类似物,诸如氟达拉滨(fludarabine)、6-巯嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine)、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶类似物,诸如安西他滨(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-硫唑脲嘧啶(6-azauridine)、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、双去氧尿苷(dideoxyuridine)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依诺他滨(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine);雄性激素,诸如卡鲁睪酮(calusterone)、屈他雄酮丙酸酯(dromostanolone propionate)、环硫雄醇(epitiostanol)、美雄烷(mepitiostane)、睪内酯(testolactone);抗肾上腺,如米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛斯坦(trilostane);叶酸补充剂,例如叶酸;乙酰葡二内酯(aceglatone);醛膦酰胺糖苷(aldophosphamide glycoside);胺基乙酰丙酸(aminolevulinic acid);恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);百垂布西(bestrabucil);比生群(bisantrene);依达曲沙(edatraxate);地磷酰胺(defofamine);秋水仙碱(demecolcine);亚丝醌(diaziquone);依弗米新(elformithine);依利醋铵(elliptinium acetate);埃博霉素(epothilone);依托格鲁(etoglucid);硝酸镓;羟基脲;蘑菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼达明(lonidainine);美登素衍生物(maytansinoid),诸如美登素(maytansine)和安丝菌素(ansamitocin);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌达醇(mopidanmol);二胺硝吖啶(nitraerine);喷司他丁(pentostatin);蛋胺氮芥(phenamet);毕拉鲁比辛(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);鬼臼酸(podophyllinic acid);2-乙基酰肼(2-ethylhydrazide);甲基芐肼(procarbazine);PSK多糖体复合物;雷佐生(razoxane);根瘤素(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);锗螺胺(spirogermanium);细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone);2,2',2”-三氯三乙胺(triethylamine);新月毒素(trichothecene)(特别是T-2毒素、粘液霉素A(verracurin A)、杆孢菌素A(roridin A)和蛇形菌素(anguidine));胺甲酸乙酯(urethan);长春地辛(vindesine);达卡巴仁(dacarbazine);甘露醇氮芥(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);加西托辛(gacytosine);阿糖胞苷(arabinoside)("Ara-C");环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide);紫杉烷(taxoid),诸如紫杉醇和欧洲紫杉醇(docetaxel)吉西他滨(gemcitabine);6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine);巯嘌呤(mercaptopurine);铂配位复合物,诸如顺铂(cisplatin)、奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)和卡铂(carboplatin);长春花碱(vinblastine);铂;依托泊苷(etoposide)(VP-16);异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);长春花新碱(vincristine);温诺平(vinorelbine);能灭瘤(novantrone);替尼泊苷(teniposide);依达曲沙(edatrexate);道诺霉素(daunomycin);胺蝶呤(aminopterin);希罗达(xeloda);伊班膦酸盐(ibandronate);抗癌妥(irinotecan)(例如CPT-11);拓朴异构酶抑制剂RFS2000;二氟甲基鸟胺酸(DMFO);类视黄醇(retinoid),例如视网酸(retinoic acid);卡培他滨(capecitabine);卡铂(carboplatin)、甲基芐肼(procarbazine)、普卡霉素(plicomycin)、吉西他滨(gemcitabien)、法尼基(farnesyl)蛋白转移酶抑制剂、反铂(transplatinum);及任何上述试剂的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。在某些实施方案中,一种或多种化疗剂可组合本文提供的组合物使用。
放射治疗:导致DNA损伤并广泛用于癌症治疗的其他因素包括俗称的γ射线、X射线和/或直接向肿瘤细胞递送放射性同位素。其他形式的DNA损伤因素亦为已知的,诸如微波和紫外线照射。所有此类因素很可能对DNA、DNA前体、DNA的复制和修复及染色体的组装和维持产生广泛的损伤。X光的剂量范围从长期(3至4周)50至200伦琴的每日剂量,到2000至6000伦琴的单次剂量。放射性同位素的剂量范围差异很大,取决于同位素的半衰期、放射的辐射的强度和类型及肿瘤细胞的吸收。
免疫治疗:免疫治疗通常依赖使用免疫效应细胞和分子来靶向和破坏癌细胞。所述免疫效应物可为例如对肿瘤细胞表面上的某些标志物具有特异性的抗体。所述抗体本身可作为治疗的效应物,或其可招募其他细胞来实际实现细胞杀伤。所述抗体亦可结合至药物或毒素(化疗剂、放射性核素、蓖麻毒蛋白A链、霍乱毒素、百日咳毒素等)并仅用作靶向剂。或者,效应物可为携带表面分子的淋巴细胞,其直接或间接与肿瘤细胞靶相互作用。各种效应细胞包括细胞毒性T细胞和NK细胞,及经修饰以表达嵌合抗原受体的此类细胞类型的基因工程变体。
所述免疫治疗可为癌症疫苗,包含一种或多种癌抗原,特别是蛋白或其免疫原性片段、编码所述癌抗原,特别是蛋白或其免疫原性片段的DNA或RNA、癌细胞裂解物、和/或肿瘤细胞蛋白制剂。如本文所用,癌抗原是存在于癌细胞中的抗原物质。原则上,癌细胞中产生的任何因突变而具有异常结构的蛋白都可用作癌抗原。原则上,癌抗原可为突变癌基因和抑癌基因的产物、其他突变基因的产物、过度表达或异常表达的细胞蛋白、致癌病毒产生的癌抗原、癌胚抗原、改变的细胞表面糖脂和糖蛋白或细胞型-特异性分化抗原。癌抗原的实例包括ras和p53基因的异常产物。其他实例包括组织分化抗原、突变蛋白抗原、致癌病毒抗原、癌-睪丸抗原和血管或基质特异性抗原。组织分化抗原是对特定组织类型特异性的抗原。突变蛋白抗原很可能对癌细胞更具特异性,因为正常细胞不应含有此类蛋白。正常细胞将在其MHC分子上显露正常的蛋白抗原,而癌细胞将显露突变版本蛋白抗原。有些病毒蛋白与癌症的形成有关,有些病毒抗原亦为癌抗原。
在某些实施方案中,所述治疗癌症的方法包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽和至少一种佐剂,所述合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。在某些实施方案中,所述合成肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。施用治疗有效量的SEQ ID NO:5产生抗β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)的免疫应答。在某些实施方案中,亦向受试者施用佐剂。
在某些实施方案中,免疫治疗可为抗体,例如多克隆抗体制剂的一部分,或可为单克隆抗体。所述抗体可为人源化抗体、嵌合抗体、抗体片段、双特异性抗体或单链抗体。本文所揭露的抗体包括抗体片段,诸如但不限于Fab、Fab'和F(ab')2、Fd、单链Fv(scFv)、单链抗体、二硫连接的Fv(sdfv)和包括VL或VH结构域的片段。
在某些实施方案中,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和(ii)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)。
在某些实施方案中,将一种或多种抗体作为联合治疗施用于有需要的受试者。可组合本文提供的组合物使用的单克隆抗体的实例包括但不限于曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)(抗HER2/neu抗体);帕妥珠单抗(Pertuzumab)(抗HER2单抗);西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)(表皮生长因子受体EGFR嵌合单克隆抗体);帕尼单抗(panitumumab)(抗EGFR抗体);尼妥珠单抗(nimotuzumab)(抗EGFR抗体);扎鲁木单抗(Zalutumumab)(抗EGFR单抗);耐昔妥珠单抗(Necitumumab)(抗EGFR单抗);MDX-210(人源化抗HER-2双特异性抗体);MDX-210(人源化抗HER-2双特异性抗体);MDX-447(人源化抗EGF受体双特异性抗体);利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)(嵌合鼠/人抗CD20单抗);阿托珠单抗(Obinutuzumab)(抗CD20单抗);奥法木单抗(Ofatumumab)(抗CD20单抗);托西莫单抗碘131(Tositumumab-I131)(抗CD20单抗);替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab tiuxetan)(抗CD20单抗);贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)(抗VEGF单抗);雷莫芦单抗(Ramucirumab)(抗VEGFR2单抗);兰尼单抗(ranibizumab)(抗VEGF单抗);阿柏西普(Aflibercept)(与IgG1 Fc融合的VEGFR1和VEGFR2的胞外结构域);AMG386(与IgG1 Fc融合的血管生成素-1和-2结合肽);达罗托组单抗(Dalotuzumab)(抗IGF-1R单抗);吉妥珠单抗奥唑米星(Gemtuzumab ozogamicin)(抗CD33单抗);阿仑单抗(Alemtuzumab)(抗Campath-1/CD52单抗);维布妥昔单抗(Brentuximab vedotin)(抗CD30单抗);卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)(靶向上皮细胞粘附分子和CD3的双特异性单抗);那普妥莫(Naptumomab)(抗5T4单抗);吉伦妥昔单抗(Girentuximab)(抗碳酸酐酶ix);或法妥珠单抗(Farletuzumab)(抗叶酸受体)。其他实例包括抗体,诸如PanorexTM(17-1A)(鼠单克隆抗体);Panorex(17-1A)(嵌合鼠单克隆抗体);BEC2(模拟GD抗原决定基的抗独特型单抗)(与BCG一起);安可莱(Oncolym)(Lym-1单克隆抗体);SMART M195抗体、人源化13'1LYM-1(安可莱(Oncolym))、(B43.13、抗独特型小鼠单抗);与腺癌上的EGP40(17-1A)泛癌抗原结合的3622W94单抗;(SMART抗Tac(IL-2受体);SMART M195抗体,人源化抗体,人源化的);NovoMAb-G2(泛癌特异性抗体);TNT(组蛋白抗原嵌合单抗);Gliomab-H(单克隆-人源化抗体);GNI-250单抗;EMD-72000(嵌合-EGF拮抗剂);(人源化IL.L.2抗体);靶向GD-2、ANA抗体、SMART IDIO抗体、SMART ABL 364抗体或ImmuRAIT-CEA的MDX-260双特异性抗体。抗体的实例包括在美国专利号5,736,167、美国专利号7,060,808和美国专利号5,821,337中公开的实例。
被动免疫治疗:存在许多不同的癌症被动免疫治疗方法。其可大致分为以下几类:单独注射抗体;注射与毒素或化疗剂耦联的抗体;注射与放射性同位素耦联的抗体;注射抗独特型抗体;最终,清除骨髓中的肿瘤细胞。
因此,在某些实施方案中,治疗癌症的方法包含向有需要的受试者施用组合物,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的:(a)抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和(ii)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4),和一种或多种第二治疗剂。在某些实施方案中,所述一种或多种第二治疗剂包含:化疗剂、抗发炎剂、降胆固醇剂、胰岛素、抗体、肽、酶、佐剂或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述药物组合物还包含将所述抗体结合可检测剂、放射治疗剂、毒素、放射性剂、染料、肽、多核苷酸或纳米脂质体。在某些实施方案中,所述纳米脂质体包含治疗剂。
其他试剂:预期其他试剂可组合本文提供的组合物使用以提高治疗的功效。此类另外的试剂包括免疫调节剂、影响细胞表面受体和GAP连接上调的试剂、细胞抑制剂和分化剂、细胞粘附抑制剂、或增加过度增殖细胞对凋亡诱导剂的敏感性的试剂。免疫调节剂包括肿瘤坏死因子;干扰素α、β和γ;IL-2和其他细胞激素;F42K和其他细胞激素类似物;或MIP-1、MIP-1β、MCP-1、RANTES和其他趋化因子。还预期细胞表面受体或其配体诸如Fas/Fas配体、DR4或DR5/TRAIL的上调将通过建立对过度增殖细胞的自分泌或旁分泌效应以增强本文提供的组合物的细胞凋亡诱导能力。通过增加GAP连接的数量以增加细胞间信号传导将增加对邻近过度增殖细胞群的抗过度增殖作用。在其他实施方案中,细胞抑制剂或分化剂可组合本文提供的组合物使用以提高治疗的抗过度增殖功效。预期细胞粘附抑制剂可提高本发明的功效。细胞粘附抑制剂的实例为粘着斑激酶(FAK)抑制剂和洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)。还预期增加过度增殖细胞对细胞凋亡的敏感性的其他试剂(例如抗体c225)可组合本文提供的组合物使用以改善治疗功效。
在进一步的实施方案中,其他试剂可为一种或多种溶瘤病毒,例如经工程改造以表达除p53和/或IL24之外的基因(例如细胞激素)的溶瘤病毒。溶瘤病毒的实例包括腺病毒、腺相关病毒、反转录病毒、慢病毒、疱疹病毒、痘病毒、牛痘病毒、水泡性口炎病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、新城疫病毒、EB病毒、流感病毒和呼肠孤病毒。
在某些实施方案中,激素治疗亦可结合本实施方案使用或组合前述的任何其他癌症治疗使用。使用激素可用于降低某些激素的水平或阻断某些激素的作用。此类治疗通常作为一种治疗选择或降低转移风险,与至少一种其他癌症治疗组合使用。
在某些方面,另外的抗癌剂为蛋白激酶抑制剂或抑制参与蛋白激酶或生长因子信号传导途径的受体的单克隆抗体,诸如EGFR、VEGFR、AKT、Erb1、Erb2、ErbB、Syk、Bcr-Abl、JAK、Src、GSK-3、PI3K、Ras、Raf、MAPK、MAPKK、mTOR、c-Kit、eph受体或BRAF抑制剂。蛋白激酶或生长因子信号传导途径抑制剂的非限制性实例包括阿法替尼(Afatinib)、阿昔替尼(Axitinib)、贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)、博舒替尼(Bosutinib)、西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)、克唑替尼(Crizotinib)、达沙替尼(Dasatinib)、厄洛替尼(Erlotinib)、福坦替尼(Fostamatinib)、吉非替尼(Gefitinib)、伊马替尼(Imatinib)、拉帕替尼(Lapatinib)、乐伐替尼(Lenvatinib)、木利替尼(Mubritinib)、尼洛替尼(Nilotinib)、帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)、帕唑帕尼(Pazopanib)、哌加他尼(Pegaptanib)、兰尼单抗(Ranibizumab)、鲁索利替尼(Ruxolitinib)、塞卡替尼(Saracatinib)、索拉非尼(Sorafenib)、舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)、曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab)、凡德他尼(Vandetanib)、AP23451、维莫非尼(Vemurafenib)、MK-2206、GSK690693、A-443654、VQD-002、米替福新(Miltefosine)、哌立福辛(Perifosine)、CAL101、PX-866、LY294002、雷帕霉素(rapamycin)、替西罗莫司(temsirolimus)、依维莫司(everolimus)、地磷莫司(ridaforolimus)、阿伏西地(Alvocidib)、染料木素(Genistein)、司美替尼(Selumetinib)、AZD-6244、瓦他拉尼(Vatalanib)、P1446A-05、AG-024322、ZD1839、P276-00、GW572016或其混合物。
预期另外的癌症治疗可包含抗体、肽、多肽、小分子抑制剂、siRNA、miRNA或靶向例如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR、EGFR1、ErbB-1、HER1)、ErbB-2(HER2/neu)、ErbB-3/HER3、ErbB-4/HER4、EGFR配体家族的基因治疗;胰岛素样生长因子受体(IGFR)家族、IGF结合蛋白(IGFBP)、IGFR配体家族(IGF-1R);血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)家族、PDGFR配体家族;成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)家族、FGFR配体家族、血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)家族、VEGF家族;HGF受体家族;TRK受体家族;肝配蛋白(EPH)受体家族;AXL受体家族;白细胞氨酸激酶(LTK)受体家族;TIE受体家族,血管生成素1、2;受体酪氨酸激酶样孤儿受体(ROR)受体家族;盘状结构域受体(DDR)家族;RET受体家族;KLG受体家族;RYK受体家族;MuSK受体家族;转化生长因子α(TGF-α)、TGF-α受体;转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、TGF-β受体;白细胞介素13受体α2链(1L13Rα2)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、1L-6受体、白细胞介素4、IL-4受体、细胞激素受体、I型(血细胞生成素家族)和II型(干扰素/1L-10家族)受体、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族、TNF-α、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)受体超家族(TNTRSF)、死亡受体家族、TRAIL-受体;癌-睪丸(CT)抗原、谱系特异性抗原、分化抗原、α-肌动蛋白-4、ARTC1、裂点簇区-Abelson(Bcr-abl)融合产物、B-RAF、半胱天冬酶-5(CASP-5)、半胱天冬酶-8(CASP-8)、β-连环蛋白(CTNNB1)、细胞分裂周期27(CDC27)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4(CDK4)、CDKN2A、COA-1、dek-can融合蛋白、EFTUD-2、延伸因子2(ELF2)、Ets变异基因6/急性髓细胞性白血病1基因ETS(ETC6-AML1)融合蛋白、纤连蛋白(FN)、GPNMB、低密度脂质受体/GDP-L岩藻糖:β-D半乳糖2-α-L岩藻糖基转移酶(LDLR/FUT)融合蛋白、HLA-A2、HLA-A2基因中α2-结构域的α螺旋残基170处的精氨酸与异亮氨酸交换(HLA-A*201-R170I)、MLA-A11、热休克蛋白70-2突变(HSP70-2M)、KIAA0205、MART2、黑色素瘤遍在突变1、2、3(MUM-1、2、3)、前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP)、neo-PAP、肌球蛋白1类、NFYC、OGT、OS-9、pml-RARα融合蛋白、PRDXS、PTPRK、K-ras(KRAS2)、N-ras(NRAS)、HRAS、RBAF600、SIRT2、SNRPD1、SYT-SSX1或-SSX2融合蛋白、磷酸丙糖异构酶、BAGE、BAGE-1、BAGE-2、3、4、5、GAGE-1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、GnT-V(异常N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶V,MGATS)、HERV-K-MEL、KK-LC、KM-HN-1、LAGE、LAGE-1、黑色素瘤上的CTL识别抗原(CAMEL)、MAGE-A1(MAGE-1)、MAGE-A2、MAGE-A3、MAGE-A4、MAGE-AS、MAGE-A6、MAGE-A8、MAGE-A9、MAGE-A10、MAGE-A11、MAGE-A12、MAGE-3、MAGE-B1、MAGE-B2、MAGE-B5、MAGE-B6、MAGE-C1、MAGE-C2、粘蛋白1(MUC1)、MART-1/Melan-A(MLANA)、gp100、gp100/Pme117(S1LV)、酪氨酸酶(TYR)、TRP-1、HAGE、NA-88、NY-ESO-1、NY-ESO-1/LAGE-2、SAGE、Sp17、SSX-1、2、3、4、TRP2-1NT2、癌胚抗原(CEA)、激肽释放酶4、mammaglobin-A、OA1、前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、前列腺特异膜抗原、TRP-1/gp75、TRP-2、脂肪分化相关蛋白(adipophilin)、nielanorna 2中缺失的干扰素诱导蛋白(AIM-2)、BING-4、CPSF、细胞周期蛋白D1、上皮细胞粘附分子(Ep-CAM)、EpbA3、成纤维细胞生长因子-5(FGF-5)、糖蛋白250(gp250肠羧基酯酶(iCE)、α胎蛋白(AFP)、M-CSF、mdm-2、MUCI、p53(TP53)、PBF、FRAME、PSMA、RAGE-1、RNF43、RU2AS、SOX10、STEAP11、生存素(BIRCS)、人类粒酶反转录酶(hTERT)、端粒酶、肾母细胞瘤(Wilms'tumor)基因(WT1)、SYCP1、BRDT、SPANX、XAGE、ADAM2、PAGE-5、LIP1、CTAGE-1、CSAGE、MMA1、CAGE、BORIS、HOM-TES-85、AF15q14、HCA66I、LDHC、MORC、SGY-1、SPO11、TPX1、NY-SAR-35、FTHLI7、NXF2 TDRD1、TEX 15、FATE、TPTE、免疫球蛋白独特型、本周氏(Bence-Jones)蛋白、雌激素受体(ER)、雄激素受体(AR)、CD40、CD30、CD20、CD19、CD33、CD4、CD25、CD3、癌抗原72-4(CA 72-4)、癌抗原15-3(CA 15-3)、癌抗原27-29(CA 27-29)、癌抗原125(CA 125)、癌抗原19-9(CA 19-9)、β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素、1-2微球蛋白、鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原、神经元特异性烯醇化酶、热休克蛋白gp96、GM2、沙格司亭(sargramostim)、CTLA-4、707丙氨酸脯氨酸(707-AP)、T细胞识别的腺癌抗原4(ART-4)、癌胚抗原肽-1(CAP-1)、钙激活氯离子通道-2(CLCA2)、亲环蛋白B(Cyp-B)、人印戒肿瘤-2(HST-2)、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)蛋白(HPV-E6、HPV-E7、主要或次要衣壳抗原、其他)、EB病毒(EBV)蛋白(EBV潜伏膜蛋白-LMP1、LMP2;其他)、乙型或丙型肝炎病毒蛋白合HIV蛋白。
鞘糖脂合成抑制剂:在某些实施方案中,所述方法进一步包含施用至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂,其包含:未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)、(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3'-二氢-苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖、1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、神经酰胺或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP),包括可与生物可降解聚合物混合的D-PDMP,例如未封装或封装在生物可降解聚合物(BPD)中。在某些实施方案中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。
在某些实施方案中,组合物包含鞘糖脂合成抑制剂、葡糖神经酰胺合成酶抑制剂或其组合。在某些实施方案中,抑制葡糖神经酰胺合成的化合物是酰亚胺糖。在另一实施方案中,所述酰亚胺糖是N-丁基脱氧野尻霉素、N-丁基脱氧半乳糖野尻霉素(NB-DGJ)或N-壬基脱氧野尻霉素。在另一实施方案中,所述葡糖神经酰胺合成抑制剂是1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇及其结构相关类似物。在另一实施方案中,所述葡糖神经酰胺合成抑制剂是1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)及其结构相关类似物。在某些实施方案中,所述组合物包含D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)、(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3'-二氢苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖,1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、由生物可降解聚合物封装的神经酰胺或其组合。
药物制剂
在某些实施方案中,本文所采用的药物组合物经配制以用于全身施用,例如全身性施用(诸如口服、静脉注射、肌肉注射等)包含治疗有效量的鞘糖脂合成抑制剂,例如治疗有效量的:(a)抗体,其中所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:(i)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和(ii)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4),和/或包含SEQ IDNO:5的肽和/或例如D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP),包括可与生物可降解聚合物混合的D-PDMP,例如未封装或封装在生物可降解聚合物(BPD)中的D-PDMP,或其组合。
所述药物组合物可包含药学上可接受的载体。术语"药学上可接受的"是指经联邦或州政府监管机构批准或在美国药典或其他普遍认可的药典中列出的用于动物,且更特别是用于人类的。术语"载体"是指与治疗剂一起施用的稀释剂、佐剂、赋形剂或媒介物。此类药物载体可为无菌液体,诸如水和油,包括石油、动物、植物或合成来源的油,诸如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、芝麻油、橄榄油、凝胶(例如水凝胶)等。当施用药物组合物于静脉时,盐水是优选的载体。盐水溶液和葡萄糖水溶液和甘油溶液亦可用作液体载体,特别是用于注射溶液。
适当的药物赋形剂包括淀粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、米、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、滑石粉、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉、甘油、丙烯、乙二醇、水、乙醇等。若需要,组合物亦可含有少量的润湿剂或乳化剂、或pH缓冲剂。此类组合物可采取溶液、悬浮液、乳液、片剂、丸剂、胶囊、粉末、缓释制剂等形式。口服制剂可包括标准载体,诸如医药级的甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、纤维素、碳酸镁等。适当的药物载体的实例描述于E.W.Martin的"Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences"中,其通过引用以其整体并入本文。此类组合物通常含有纯化形式的治疗有效量的药剂和/或治疗化合物(例如,生物聚合物封装的D-PDMP)及适量的载体,以提供适当施用于患者的形式。制剂应适合施用方式。
在实施方案中,所述药剂和/或治疗化合物作为立即释放或控释组合物局部施用,例如通过活性物质的溶解和/或扩散控制。通过将活性物质掺入适当的基质中可实现溶解或扩散控释。控释基质可包括生物聚合物、紫胶、蜂蜡、甘蜡、蓖麻蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、硬脂醇、单硬脂酸甘油酯、二硬脂酸甘油酯、棕榈酸硬脂酸甘油酯、乙基纤维素、丙烯酸树脂、dl-聚乳酸、乙酸丁酸纤维素、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-羟基甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯水凝胶、1,3-丁二醇、乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯和/或聚乙二醇和/或癸二酸中的一种或多种。在控释基质制剂中,所述基质材料亦可包括诸如水合甲基纤维素、巴西棕榈蜡和硬脂醇、卡波姆934、硅胶、三硬脂酸甘油酯、丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯和/或卤化碳氟化合物。在某些实施方案中,所述控释组合物是通过透皮贴片来实现。
所述控释基质亦可为水凝胶:能吸收大量水的三维亲水性或两亲性聚合物网络。所述网络可由均聚物或共聚物组成,由于共价化学或物理(诸如离子、疏水相互作用、纠缠)交联的存在,其为不溶的。所述交联提供网路结构和物理完整性。水凝胶表现出与水的热力学相容性,使其能在水介质中膨胀。网路的链以存在孔隙的方式连接,而孔隙的大部分尺寸在1nm至1000nm之间。
水凝胶可通过交联亲水性生物聚合物或合成聚合物来制备。由亲水性生物聚合物物理或化学交联形成的水凝胶的实例包括但不限于透明质酸、壳聚糖、藻酸盐、胶原蛋白、葡聚糖、果胶、卡拉胶、聚赖氨酸、明胶、琼脂糖、(甲基)丙烯酸酯-低聚丙交酯-PEO-低聚丙交酯-(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)(PEO)、聚(丙二醇)(PPO)、PEO-PPO-PEO共聚物(普兰尼克(Pluronics))、聚(磷腈)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)、聚(N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)、PL(G)A-PEO-PL(G)A共聚物、聚(乙烯亚胺)等。参见Hennink and van Nostrum,Adv.Drug Del.Rev.54:13-36(2002);Hoffman,Adv.Drug Del.Rev.43:3-12(2002);Cadee等人,J Control.Release78:1-13(2002);Surini等人,J.Control.Release 90:291-301(2003);和美国专利号7,968,085,其各篇皆通过引用以其整体并入本文。此类材料由直链或支链多糖或多肽制成的高分子量主链组成。
可通过标准临床技术测定有效治疗或预防动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的本发明药物组合物的量。此外,可选地采用体外试验来帮助测定最佳剂量范围。制剂中所采用的精确剂量亦可能取决于施用途径和疾病的严重程度,且应根据执业医生的判断和各患者的情况来决定。有效剂量可从源自本文所述或本领域技术人员已知的体外或动物模型测试系统的量效曲线推断。
给药和施用方案
所述药剂和/或治疗化合物或包含此类试剂/化合物的组合物可以与给药制剂相容的方式施用,并以可具治疗效果、保护性和免疫原性的量施用。
所述试剂和/或组合物可通过不同途径施用,包括但不限于口服、经口强迫喂食、非消化道、脸颊和舌下、直肠、喷雾剂、经鼻、肌肉内、皮下、皮内、骨内、真皮和局部施用。本文所用的术语非消化道包括诸如眼内、皮下、腹膜内、皮内、静脉内、肌肉内、关节内、动脉内、滑膜内、胸骨内、鞘内、病灶内和颅内注射或其他输液技术。
在实施方案中,根据本发明配制的所述药剂和/或治疗化合物以唤起全身应答的方式配制和递送。因此,在实施方案中,通过将活性成分均匀且紧密地引入液体载体来制备制剂。适合施用的制剂包括水性和非水性无菌溶液,其可含有抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂和使制剂与预定接受者的血液等渗的溶质,及水性和非水性无菌悬浮液,其可包括悬浮剂及增稠剂。制剂可存在于单位剂量或多剂量容器中,例如密封的安瓿和小瓶,且可储存在冷冻干燥(冻干)条件下,仅需在使用前立即添加无菌液体载体(例如水)。即时溶液和悬浮液可由本领域普通技术人员常用的无菌粉末、颗粒和片剂制备。
所述试剂和/或组合物可以不同的形式施用,包括但不限于溶液、乳液和悬浮液、微球、颗粒、微粒、纳米颗粒、脂质体等。
所述药剂和/或治疗化合物可以与给药制剂相容的方式并以治疗有效、免疫原性和保护性的量施用。施用的量取决于待治疗的受试者,包括例如疾病的分期。需要施用的活性成分的精确量取决于执业医生的判断。然而,适当的剂量范围可由本领域技术人员容易地确定且可为每剂量微克至毫克活性成分的量级。剂量还可取决于施用途径并可根据宿主的大小而变化。
所述药剂和/或治疗化合物应以有效改善、治疗和/或预防疾病的量施用于受试者。对于任何特定受试者的特定剂量和治疗方案可能取决于多种因素,包括采用特定化合物的活性、年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别、饮食、施用时间、排泄率、药物组合、疾病的严重程度和病程(包括肿瘤大小)、病症或症状、受试者对疾病、病症或症状的倾向、施用方法、治疗医生的判断。本领域普通技术人员可轻松确定实际剂量。
示例性的单位剂量制剂是含有所施用成分的剂量或单位、或其适当部分。应理解,除了本文所提及的成分之外,本发明的制剂可包括本领域普通技术人员常用的其他试剂。
在某些实施方案中,特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)、其同工型或肽的所述抗体以全身或通过内窥镜检查或肛门内施用。
在某些实施方案中,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂和/或治疗有效量的调节β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)、其同工型或肽的表达或活性的试剂以全身或局部施用。
在某些实施方案中,所述组合物包含治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂和/或治疗有效量的调节β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(BGA)、其同工型或肽的表达或活性的试剂共同施用于受试者。术语"共同施用"是指两种活性剂同时存在于个体的血液中。共同施用的活性剂可同时或依序递送。
通常,在常规的全身性施用治疗中,治疗有效剂量应产生约0.1ng/ml至约50至100μg/ml的化合物血清浓度。所述药物组合物通常提供每天每公斤体重约0.001mg至约2000mg化合物的剂量。例如,用于人类患者全身施用的剂量范围可为1至10μg/kg、20至80μg/kg、5至50μg/kg、75至150μg/kg、100至500μg/kg、250至750μg/kg、500至1000μg/kg、1至10mg/kg、5至50mg/kg、25至75mg/kg、50至100mg/kg、100至250mg/kg、50至100mg/kg、250至500mg/kg、500至750mg/kg、750至1000mg/kg、1000至1500mg/kg、1500至2000mg/kg、5mg/kg、20mg/kg、50mg/kg、100mg/kg、500mg/kg、1000mg/kg、1500mg/kg或2000mg/kg。在示范性实施方案中,体重200kg的人的口服剂量为约200mg/天。制备药物剂量单位形式以提供每剂量单位形式约1mg至约5000mg,例如约100mg至约2500mg的化合物或基本成分的组合。
尽管本发明可考虑所述剂量范围的例外情况,一般而言,剂型中本发明化合物患者的治疗有效量通常为略小于约0.025mg/kg/天至约2.5g/kg/天,优选为约0.1mg/kg/天至约100mg/kg/天或大更多,取决于所使用的化合物、所治疗的病症或感染及施用途径。应理解,本发明可用于人和兽医用途。
所述试剂和/或组合物根据需要以一种或多种剂量施用以实现期望的效果。因此,试剂和/或组合物可以1、2、至3、4、5或更多剂量施用。此外,剂量可间隔任何时间段,诸如小时、天、周、月和年。
所述试剂和/或组合物可配制为液体或干粉,或微球的形式。
所述试剂和/或组合物可在约-100℃至约25℃的温度储存,其取决于储存的持续时间。所述试剂和/或组合物亦可在不同温度(包括室温)以冻干状态储存。可通过本领域普通技术人员已知的常规手段对所述试剂和/或组合物进行灭菌。此类手段包括但不限于过滤。所述组合物亦可组合其他抗动脉粥样硬化治疗剂。
可与载体材料组合以产生单一剂型的活性成分的量可根据所治疗的宿主和特定的施用模式而变化。在实施方案中,制剂可含有约0.1%至约95%(w/w)的活性化合物、约20%至约80%的活性化合物、或其间的任何百分比。
在实施方案中,可用药学上可接受的酸、碱或缓冲剂调节制剂的pH以增强配制的化合物或其递送形式的稳定性。
在实施方案中,所述药物载体可为无菌液体制剂的形式,例如无菌水性或油性悬浮液。可采用的可接受的媒介物和溶剂为甘露醇、水、林格氏溶液和等渗氯化钠溶液。
此外,无菌的固定油通常用作溶剂或悬浮介质。为此目的,可使用任何温和的固定油,包括合成的甘油单酯或甘油二酯。脂肪酸(例如油酸及其甘油酯衍生物)于制备注射剂是有用的,天然药学上可接受的油,诸如橄榄油或蓖麻油,特别是其聚氧乙烯化形式亦同。此类油溶液或悬浮液亦可含有长链醇稀释剂或分散剂,或羧甲基纤维素或通常用于配制药学上可接受的剂型(诸如乳液和/或悬浮液)的类似分散剂。
其它常用的表面活性剂诸如TWEENTM或SPANTM和/或通常用于制造药学上可接受的固体、液体或其它剂型的其它类似乳化剂或生物利用度增强剂亦可用于配制的目的。
在实施方案中,所述试剂和/或组合物可在外泌体递送系统中递送。外泌体是小膜囊泡,在多泡体与细胞质膜融合过程中释放至细胞外环境。外泌体由多种细胞类型分泌,包括造血细胞、正常上皮细胞,甚至一些肿瘤细胞。
在某些实施方案中,封装所述D-PDMP的所述生物聚合物包含聚乙二醇(PEG)和癸二酸(SA)。PEG和SA皆已获得FDA批准。聚乙二醇-癸二酸(PEG-SA)共聚物可如前述方法(FuJ,等人Biomaterials.2002;23:4425-4433)制备。通过改良单乳液溶剂蒸发法制备PEG-SA共聚物封装的D-PDMP微粒。为了对生物聚合物进行闪烁追踪,PEG聚合物以45mCi(810kBq)的(125碘)NaI进行放射性碘化。然后将放射性标记的PEG掺入PEG-SA生物聚合物中。PEG-SA共聚物可依照Fu和同事(Id.)所公开的文献程序来制备。简而言之,癸二酸预聚物的制备方法是将癸二酸(SA)在乙酸酐中回流,然后在高真空下干燥(蒸发),从无水甲苯中结晶,用1:1无水乙醚-石油醚洗涤,最后风干。PEG预聚物的制备方法是将聚氧乙烯二羧酸在乙酸酐中回流,在真空下移除挥发性溶剂。将固体物质用无水乙醚提取并风干。然后以熔融缩聚法合成聚(PEG-SA)嵌段共聚物并以质子NMR进行表征。须注意,此共聚物的组成和结构特性已广泛表征(Aich U,等人Glycoconjugate journal.2010;27:445-459)。
将D-PDMP封装在聚(PEG-SA)中(以制备聚合物封装的药物,下称BPD),然后用上述SA和PEG预聚物的熔融缩聚法,惟包括D-PDMP,聚(PEG-SA)与D-PDMP的起始重量比为70:30。随后,使用单乳液溶剂蒸发法制备微粒。简而言之,将D-PDMP和PEG-SA溶解在氯仿(50mg/mL)中,并在保持温度低于25℃的超音波条件下乳化成1.0%w/w聚(乙烯醇)水溶液。使氯仿在室温蒸发同时搅拌12小时来硬化颗粒。通过2,600xg离心(30分钟)收集颗粒并用双蒸水洗涤3次,在准备使用前冻干48小时。
在某些实施方案中,所述D-PDMP封装在包含脂双层之间的共价交联的多层脂质囊泡中,其中多层脂质囊泡中的至少两个脂双层通过硫醇化生物聚合物彼此共价交联。在某些实施方案中,脂双层通过官能化脂质交联。在某些实施方案中,所述一种或多种脂质包括DOTAP、DOPE、DOBAQ、DOPC或其组合。在某些实施方案中,所述脂质是马来酰亚胺官能化的或用二苯并环辛炔(DBCO)修饰的。在某些实施方案中,所述硫醇化生物聚合物选自由壳聚糖、聚谷氨酸、聚磷腈、聚乙烯亚胺、聚烷基丙烯酸(诸如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚(乙基丙烯酸)、聚(丙基丙烯酸)或聚(丁基丙烯酸))、HA、聚乙二醇化迭氮化物修饰的聚乙烯亚胺、支链聚乙烯亚胺和二迭氮化物组成的群组。在某些实施方案中,所述硫醇化生物聚合物包含多个巯基部分。
本发明亦考虑使用纳米颗粒递送药剂和/或治疗化合物。例如,本文提供的所述试剂和/或组合物可含有纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒具有至少一种或多种试剂与其连接,例如连接至纳米颗粒表面。组合物通常包括许多纳米粒子,各纳米粒子具有至少一种或多种试剂与其连接。纳米颗粒可为胶体金属。胶体金属包括分散在液态水中的任何不溶于水的金属颗粒或金属化合物。通常,胶体金属是金属颗粒在水溶液中的悬浮液。可使用任何可制成胶体形式的金属,包括金、银、铜、镍、铝、锌、钙、铂、钯和铁。在某些情况下,使用金纳米颗粒,例如由HAuCl4制备的金纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒可为任何形状且尺寸范围可为约1nm至约10nm,例如约2nm至约8nm、约4nm至约6nm、或约5nm。用于制备胶体金属纳米颗粒(包括由HAuCl4制备的金胶体纳米颗粒)的方法是本领域普通技术人员已知的。例如,本文所述的方法及其他地方所述的方法(诸如美国专利公开号2001/005581;2003/0118657;和2003/0053983,其通过引用并入本文)是制备纳米颗粒的有用指导。
在某些情况下,纳米颗粒可具有与其表面连接的两种、三种、四种、五种、六种或多种活性剂。通常,许多活性剂分子在许多位置连接至纳米颗粒表面。因此,当描述纳米颗粒为具有例如两种与其连接的活性剂时,所述纳米颗粒具有两种与其表面连接的活性剂,各活性剂具有自己独特的分子结构。在某些情况下,活性剂的一个分子可通过单附着位点或多附着位点连接至纳米颗粒。
活性剂可直接或间接连接至纳米颗粒表面。例如,活性剂可直接连接至纳米颗粒表面或通过插入的连接子间接连接至纳米颗粒表面。
任何类型的分子都可用作连接子。例如,连接子可为包括至少两个碳原子(诸如3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10或多个碳原子)的脂链,且可由一个或多个官能团取代,包括酮、醚、酯、酰胺、醇、胺、尿素、硫脲、亚砜、砜、磺胺和二硫化物等官能团。在纳米颗粒包括金的情况下,连接子可为任何含硫醇的分子。硫醇基团与金反应生成共价硫(--S--)键。连接子的设计和合成是本领域众所周知的。
在实施方案中,所述纳米颗粒连接至靶向剂/部分。靶向功能可使纳米颗粒以高于在其他组织的浓度积聚在靶处。一般而言,靶向分子可为结合对的一员,其对结合对的第二员表现出亲和力和特异性。例如,抗体或抗体片段治疗剂可将纳米颗粒靶向身体的特定区域或分子(例如抗体特异性的区域或分子),同时亦执行治疗功能。在某些情况下,受体或受体片段可将纳米颗粒靶向身体的特定区域,例如其结合对员的位置。其他治疗剂例如小分子可类似地将纳米颗粒靶向至对治疗剂具有亲和力的受体、蛋白或其他结合位点。
当本发明的组合物包含一种或多种另外的治疗剂或预防剂时,所述治疗剂和另外的试剂应以单一治疗方案通常施用剂量的约0.1%至100%之间,或约5%至95%之间的剂量水平存在。另外的试剂可作为多剂量方案的一部分与本发明的试剂分开施用。或者,此类另外的试剂可为单一剂型的一部分,与本发明的试剂一起混合在单一组合物中。
本发明的药剂和/或治疗化合物的施用引发例如抗癌应答。通常,可基于诸如受试者的年龄、受试者的健康和身体状况、受试者的免疫系统产生免疫应答的能力、受试者的体重、受试者的性别、饮食、施用时间、所需的保护程度及其他临床因素在此范围内调整剂量。当配制本发明的试剂和/或组合物时,本领域技术人员亦可轻松解决诸如生物半衰期、生物利用度、施用途径和毒性等参数。
实施例
实施例1:乳糖神经酰胺合成酶β-1,4-GalT-V:人类结肠直肠癌诊断和治疗的新目标
据推测,β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)可能在人类结肠直肠癌中发挥作用,其抑制亦可能减缓肿瘤细胞增殖。为检验此推测,我们从去识别化的癌症患者身上取得结肠直肠组织样本,并评估其对β-1,4-GalT-V抗体的免疫反应性。此外,评估β-1,4-GalT-V质量、mRNA表达、酶活性和GSL最终产物水平。最后,亦检查GSL糖基转移酶抑制剂对人类结肠直肠癌细胞系中的影响。此类结果提供对结肠直肠癌发病机制的新见解,并揭示有前途的结肠直肠癌检测/预后生物标志物。此外,此类发现证实未来结肠直肠癌治疗的可行目标。
材料和方法
免疫组织化学(IHC)定位人类结肠直肠癌组织中的β-1,4-GalT-V
经人体受试者研究机构审查委员会批准后,对约翰斯霍普金斯大学病理学系的组织存档进行IHC。组织存档是从福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋的选自2至3年的材料的结肠癌病例块中切下的。切割四微米厚的切片并染色以进行IHC分析。使用标准IHC法在自动化仪器上进行β-1,4-GalT-V染色。简而言之,将切片脱蜡、水合并准备染色。
将切片与抗GalT-V合成肽IGAQVYEQVLRSAYAKRNSSVND(SEQ ID NO:5)(1:600稀释)产生的β-1,4-GalT-V小鼠单克隆抗体一起孵育30分钟。使用抗兔HRP的二抗,并使用DAB色原检测(货号DS9800,Leica Biosystems)显示棕色信号。然后用苏木精复染玻片、洗涤、脱水并覆上盖玻片。由盲法病理学家进行IHC染色评估。根据染色强度和肿瘤染色面积对染色进行评分。
H评分测定人类结肠直肠癌组织
肿瘤组织由团队中两位病理学家(RM和MA)独立检查。从约翰斯霍普金斯医院档案资料中选取21例结肠腺癌病例。本研究仅包括原发性结肠癌病例。对于病例选择,根据解剖病理学家的报告检查和选择档案病例。从石蜡块中获得未染色的切片,并按照方法章节所述以GalT-V抗体进行IHC。产生0-3的评分系统后评估结果,其中0=无染色,1=非常弱的染色,2=中等染色,及3=强染色。亦评估肿瘤上的阳性染色面积,其用于计算H评分。
分析基因表达
患者正常组织和结肠直肠癌组织是通过与Bert Vogelstein博士(JHU)合作提供的。依照制造商的说明,使用RNAqueous-4PCR试剂盒(Life Technologies)从组织样本中分离总RNA。使用TaqMan基因表达检测(Applied Biosystems)测定腺瘤性息肉病(APC,Hs01568269)、N-肉荳蔻酰转移酶-1(NMT1,Hs00221506)、肿瘤蛋白p53(TP53,Hs01034249)、UDP-Gal:βGlcNAc,β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶,多肽5(β-1,4-GalT-V,Hs00191142)、UDP-Gal:βGlcNAc,β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶,多肽6(β-1,4GalT-VI,Hs00191135)和UDP-葡萄糖神经酰胺葡萄糖基转移酶(UGCG,Hs00234293)的表达水平。依照制造商的方案,使用高容量cDNA反转录试剂盒(Life Technologies 4374966)从分离的RNA合成cDNA。TaqMan基因表达测定在遗传资源核心设施(约翰斯霍普金斯医疗机构)通过7900HT实时荧光定量PCR进行。
测量乳糖神经酰胺合成酶(LCS)的活性
根据发明者先前发表的方法(20、21)测量可视地正常组织和癌组织中的LCS活性。所有测定皆对10个正常样本和10个肿瘤样本进行三次,以平均值±测量标准误差(SEm)表示,并进行未配对t检验以测定统计显著性。
测量结肠直肠癌组织中β-1,4-GalT-V的质量
将约10mg组织在放射免疫沉淀测定(RIPA)缓冲液中均质并以10,000rpm离心。如先前发表(22)所述,使用ELISA测量上清液中的GalT-V质量。
液相色谱-质谱联用仪(LC-MS)
如先前(23)所述,通过LC-MS测量人类结肠直肠癌组织和人类培养的结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)中的鞘脂水平。在鞘脂内标存在的情况下,将可视地正常组织和结肠直肠癌组织(50mg)在氯仿-甲醇(2:1)中均质。105个HCT-116细胞在100mm2无菌塑料培养皿中生长。如所述(24、25),对脂质提取物进行LC-MS分析。
测定D-PDMP对人类结肠直肠癌细胞中糖基转移酶IHC定位的影响
将HCT-116细胞接种(104)至无菌玻璃盖玻片上,然后将其置于6孔无菌塑料托盘中并在完全培养基中生长24小时。接着,将培养基更换为2mL 2%含血清培养基,加10μM D-PDMP。孵育24和96小时后,移除培养基,用乙醇固定细胞,洗涤,与抗β-1,4-GalT-V或UGCG抗体一起孵育,并拍照。
测定D-PDMP对细胞增殖的影响
将HCT-116细胞接种(104/孔)至96孔无菌塑料板中,并在含有10%胎牛血清的完全培养基中生长24小时。然后将培养基更换为2%含血清培养基(100μL)加3H-胸苷(5μCi/mL),其可含或不含D-PDMP。再孵育24小时后,通过闪烁光谱测定法测量掺入DNA中的3H-胸苷。
结果
人类结肠直肠癌组织对β-1,4-GalT-V抗体表现出强阳性免疫应答
首先,使用单克隆抗体检查24例人类结肠直肠癌样本中的β-1,4-GalT-V免疫反应性。正常结肠组织显示β-1,4-GalT-V的细胞质定位及大血管和小血管中强阳性免疫染色的内皮细胞(图1B)。在结肠腺癌(图1C),发现约50%的病变细胞表达轻度细胞质β-1,4-GalT-V免疫反应性。H评分分析在某些情况下产生总分100,但在某些情况下(图1D)达到200且在其他情况下(图1E)达到300(表1)。其他研究显示核周区域有很强的免疫反应性,与抗原定位至高尔基体、细胞质及细胞表面内部(相关程度较小)有关。
表1:肿瘤组织的β-1,4-GalT-V免疫组织化学染色
表1显示正常和结肠直肠癌组织切片的β-1,4-GalT-V免疫组织化学染色的评估。GalT-V免疫染色检查揭示肿瘤细胞有不同程度的阳性:1+(15%;3/20)、2+(65%;13/20)和3+(20%;4/20)。染色主要于肿瘤的细胞质中观察到,偶尔于肿瘤细胞的细胞核中观察到。若可观察到,79%的病例(15/19)在邻近的正常结肠粘膜中亦观察到弱(1+)至中等(2+)水平的细胞质染色。在多数情况下正常结肠粘膜亦呈现轻至中等水平染色。H评分以%肿瘤强度分x肿瘤总面积计算。
结肠直肠癌组织的蛋白质量、活性(乳糖神经酰胺的合成)和β-1,4-GalT-V的基因表达增加
ELISA显示,与来自相同组织样本的可视地正常区域(即"邻近正常区域")相比,结肠直肠癌组织中的β-1,4-GalT-V显著增加(约6.5倍)(图1F)。与正常结肠上皮相比,在结肠直肠癌样本中观察到乳糖神经酰胺合成酶活性增加2.25倍(**P=0.0052,图1G)。定量RT-PCR还揭示与正常样本相比,与结肠直肠癌先前相关的几个基因的表达升高,例如腺瘤性息肉病(APC)(26)、N-肉荳蔻酰转移酶1(NMT1)和肿瘤蛋白p53(TP53)(图1H)。此外,β-1,4-GalT-V(B4GALT5)特别地表显示出表达增加,而β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶、多肽6(B4GALT6)和UDP-葡萄糖-神经酰胺β-1,4-葡萄糖基转移酶(UGCG)则无(图1I)。LC-MS揭示与正常结肠样本相比,肿瘤中的神经酰胺(Cer)(图2A)、二氢神经酰胺(DHCer)(图2B)、单糖神经酰胺(即半乳糖神经酰胺(GalCer)和葡糖神经酰胺(GlcCer),图2C)、二氢GalCer/二氢GlcCer(图2D)和二氢乳糖神经酰胺(DHLacCer)(图2F)的水平不显著但适度升高。然而,在研究的GSL中,只有乳糖神经酰胺(LacCer)水平在结肠直肠癌组织中统计上显著增加(图2E,*P=0.0112)。与正常组织相比,结肠直肠癌样本亦显示二氢鞘磷脂(DHSM)升高(图2G,**P=0.0059),且鞘磷脂水平类似。
抑制GSL合成可剂量依赖性地降低人类结肠直肠癌细胞增殖
HCT-116细胞以UDP-葡萄糖-cer:葡萄糖基转移酶和LCS/3-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶(GalT-V)活性的有效抑制剂D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP,图3A)治疗(27、28、29)。发现与对照组细胞相比,在结肠直肠癌细胞中,D-PDMP在细胞增值中发挥剂量和时间依赖性降低作用(图3A、3B),其最大有效剂量为20μM。
D-PDMP治疗可减少人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的β-1,4-GalT-V蛋白表达和活性(即鞘脂合成)
与对照组(图3C)相比,24小时时D-PDMP治疗的细胞(图3D)中的UGCG免疫荧光并未发现差异。然而,与对照组相比,D-PDMP治疗24小时(图3F)和96小时(图3H)减少了GalT-V荧光(分别为图3E和3G)。与对照组相比,源自HCT-116细胞(经和未经D-PDMP(10μM)治疗)的GSL的LC-MS分析揭示Cer(图4A)、DHCer(图4B)、单己糖神经酰胺(图4C)、二氢GalCer/二氢GlcCer(图4D)、二己糖神经酰胺(图4E)、DHLacCer(图4F)的含量降低,但鞘磷脂(图4G)和DHSM(图4H)则无。
讨论
此研究得出几项主要发现。首先,观察到与可视地正常组织相比,人类结肠直肠癌组织中的β-1,4-GalT-V表达、蛋白质量和IHC染色皆显著增加。其次,与对照组组织相比,人类结肠直肠癌肿瘤中β-1,4-GalT-V(即乳糖神经酰胺的合成)的活性在统计上显著较高。第三,抑制鞘糖脂合成可降低β-1,4-GalT-V的免疫染色,进而降低培养的人类结肠直肠癌(HCT-116)细胞的细胞增生。第四,注意到在肿瘤组织中增强的二氢鞘脂代谢(图2G),导致与可视地正常组织相比二氢鞘磷脂水平显著增加。
使用β-1,4-GalT-V抗体的免疫染色亦使病理学家可清楚区分正常上皮细胞(图1A)和癌上皮细胞(图1C至图1E)。染色后,评估组织的肿瘤是否足够,并选择有足够肿瘤组织的20例进行评估。GalT-V免疫染色检查揭示肿瘤细胞有不同程度的阳性(表1):1+(15%;3/20)、2+(65%;13/20)和3+(20%;4/20)。染色主要于肿瘤的细胞质中观察到,偶尔于肿瘤细胞的细胞核中观察到。若可观察到,79%的病例(15/19)在邻近的正常结肠粘膜中亦观察到弱(1+)至中等(2+)水平的细胞质染色。此外,对20个此类组织的计算机化(Asperion程序)分析提供免疫染色指数的定量估计,产生100至300的实质H评分(从0到300的范围)(21)。此观察结果证实β-1,4-GalT-V免疫染色确实可作为结肠直肠癌进展的新型生物标志物。亦观察到毛细血管内皮细胞的强β-1,4-GalT-V免疫染色,与发明人先前的研究一致(30、31)。在鳞状上皮细胞内,在核周区域观察到强烈的免疫染色,意味着抗原在高尔基体内富集(数据未显示)。
对照组和结肠直肠癌肿瘤组织中细胞质的β-1,4-GalT-V免疫染色证实β-1,4-GalT-V必须以膜结合及可溶形式存在。溶解度使各种体液中此类抗原能通过无创或微创程序测量。由于结肠上皮细胞中的刷状缘膜亦对抗体产生阳性反应,其证实在结肠直肠组织中,GalT-V可能在外泌体中脱落。
先前的研究显示β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶具有共同的茎区。由于β-1,4-GalT-1(乳糖胺合成酶)的茎区较短;大多数酶定位于高尔基体、细胞质,相对较少定位于质膜(32)。此外,已有构成茎区的羟基化氨基酸的数量支配β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶的定位的提议,尽管其他因素亦可能决定此蛋白的定位。需要进一步的研究来检查茎区的改变是否使β-1,4-GalT-V的质膜定位。
此外,通过IHC观察到的β-1,4-GalT-V富集通过β-1,4-GalT-V蛋白质量的定量测量进一步证实。在结肠直肠癌组织中,与对照组组织相比,β-1,4-GalT-V质量统计上显著增加(图1F)。与对照组相比,结肠直肠癌组织中乳糖神经酰胺合成酶的活性(且因此,乳糖神经酰胺质量)亦显著较高(图1G)。反之,肿瘤组织与对照组组织中其他鞘脂水平的差异不具统计显著性(图2A至图2G)。
本研究另一个令人兴奋的发现是二氢鞘脂途径(图7)在肿瘤组织中显著活跃(图2G)。例如,在肿瘤组织中,观察到二氢神经酰胺、二氢GlcCer/二氢GalCer和二氢LacCer的质量皆适度升高(但不显著)。然而,肿瘤组织和可视地正常组织之间最显著的差异是肿瘤组织中二氢鞘磷脂的水平显著增加(图2G)。近期的研究表明,二氢鞘脂(例如二氢神经酰胺)在细胞自噬中发挥重要作用(33、34)。然而,二氢鞘磷脂在人类结肠直肠癌中的作用仍需探究。
本文的定量RT-PCR研究揭示肿瘤组织中B4GALT5基因表达增加,但其同工型B4GALT6或同源物UGCG相对则无(图1I)。此观察结果使用基因表达技术的系列分析(30),证实先前报告的结肠直肠癌肿瘤中β-1,4-GalT-V特别地增加,但β-1,4-GalT-VI则无。因此,β-1,4-GalT-V基因和蛋白表达的增加是结肠直肠癌组织特异性的,且很可能作为诊断此类疾病和测量药物应答的生物标志物。先前,已有将其他几个基因作为结肠直肠癌生物标记物(包括NMT1、APC和TP53)的建议(35、36、37)。因此,分析此类基因的表达,并在结肠直肠癌肿瘤与正常组织中观察到三个基因都上调(图1H)。因此,β-1,4-GalT-V上调可实际添加至三生物标志物组中,从而提高结肠直肠癌诊断的预测价值。
在HCT-116细胞中,在质膜内层和细胞质中亦观察到β-1,4-GalT-V免疫染色。此外,随着细胞从24小时生长至96小时,免疫反应性增加(图3A至图3H),其与β-1,4-GalT-V的表达增加有关。反之,用D-PDMP抑制鞘糖脂合成显著减低HCT-116细胞中的GalT-V免疫反应性(图3A至图3H),从而证实治疗可降低β-1,4-GalT-V蛋白质量和此类细胞中的二氢糖基神经酰胺/LacCer水平,进而降低细胞增殖(图3A至图3H)。
对HCT-116细胞中的UGCG进行免疫染色。相似地发现此抗原/酶定位于核周区域和细胞质。然而,使用D-PDMP治疗并未降低抗UGCG抗体的免疫反应性。因此,治疗可通过抑制酶活性来降低HCT-116细胞中的葡糖神经酰胺水平。
研究发现,除人类结肠直肠癌肿瘤外,HCT-116细胞亦具有活跃的二氢鞘脂途径。在我们的研究中,使用D-PDMP治疗可降低所有二氢鞘脂类的水平,但二氢鞘磷脂除外。需要进行额外的机制研究来进一步解决此观察。亦发现D-PDMP治疗的最终结果为HCT-116细胞增殖呈剂量依赖性地下降。
总之,本研究显示在人类结肠直肠癌中,β-1,4-GalT-V的基因表达、蛋白水平和酶活性特别地增加,同时乳糖神经酰胺质量增加。此类分子和生化数据得到IHC和病理学研究的进一步证实。此类发现证实人体液体活检样本中的β-1,4-GalT-V和乳糖神经酰胺水平可补足目前使用的其他生物标志物(诸如NMT1、APC和TP53),从而提高结肠直肠癌的阳性预测价值。最后,抑制鞘糖脂合成可能是治疗人类结肠直肠癌及其他类型癌症的新方法。
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据推测,β-1,4GalT-V在人类结肠直肠癌中发挥重要作用,操纵此酶可通过抑制血管生成来很好地减缓肿瘤细胞增殖和转移。为检验此推测,制备抗β-1,4GalT-V的小鼠单克隆抗体,并测定其对人类和小鼠结肠直肠癌细胞、人类脐静脉内皮细胞和人类结肠直肠癌小鼠异种移植模型的增殖和血管生成的影响。
材料和方法
制备具有氨基酸序列(IGAQVYEQVLRSAYAKRNSSVND,SEQ ID NO:5)的抗β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶(GalT-V)肽的单克隆抗体并表征其效价,并用于小鼠和人体组织的ELISA、蛋白免疫印迹测定和免疫沉淀。人类结肠直肠癌细胞系(HCT-116)由机构比较医学系已故的David Huso博士赠与。小鼠结肠直肠癌细胞系MC-38和小鼠结肠直肠癌的薄组织切片由机构肿瘤系Cindy Sears博士赠与。人类脐静脉内皮细胞购自Clonetics并在适当的生长培养基中培养。人类微血管内皮细胞由科系Stephanie Brindal女士赠与。血管内皮生长因子购自R and D Inc.Matrigel,所有其他试剂皆购自Sigma-Aldrich。如(6)所述制备生物聚合物封装的D-PDMP。
细胞增殖试验
将1x104 HCT-116细胞和MC-38细胞接种至96孔无菌塑料托盘中,并在5% CO2空气加湿培养箱中的100μL含有10%胎牛血清的Dulbecco最低必需培养基中,于37℃生长24小时。将培养基更换为补充2%血清和5μCi/mL(3H)胸苷的新鲜培养基。将增加稀释度的β-1,4GalT-V抗体加入孔中。在此实验中,人类IgG或小鼠IgG作为阴性对照,D-PDMP(10μM)或1uMBPD作为阳性对照。孵育24小时后,终止实验并通过闪烁光谱测定法测量掺入DNA中的(3H)胸苷。
血管生成试验。
使用来自Chemicon Inc.(7)的可商购得的试剂盒进行血管生成试验。
测量β-1,4GalT-V的活性。
如前(14)所述,在经和未经β-1,4GalT-V抗体治疗的细胞中测量β-1,4GalT-V的活性。
测量鞘糖脂
如(9)所述通过定量HPTLC测量GSL的质量。
预防肿瘤细胞生长
正常雄性和雌性小鼠(C57 BL-6)购自杰克逊实验室,并喂食常规鼠粮。收成HCT-116细胞的半汇合培养物,并将细胞团块重悬于补充Matrigel基质胶的培养基中,(体积)比例为70:30。使用Nair脱毛剂(Church and Dwight Co.)去除小鼠的背毛,并用酒精棉清洁无毛的皮肤区域。接着,皮下注射4x106 HCT细胞悬浮液。一周后,在肿瘤细胞注射部位每天皮下注射100μl GalT-V抗体或100μL BPD(1mg/kg体重),持续3周。由于剃毛区域的毛重新长回来,因此使用Nair除毛以暴露皮肤区域,并对小鼠进行拍照和记录。
免疫组织化学
如前(8)所述,从小鼠结肠直肠癌肿瘤组织中切下薄组织切片,并以β-1,4GalT-V抗体进行免疫组织化学染色。简而言之,将切片脱蜡、水合,并与β-1,4GalT-V抗体(1:600稀释)一起孵育30分钟。使用抗兔HRP的二抗,并使用DAB色原检测(Leica Biosystems)显示棕色信号。然后用苏木精复染玻片、洗涤、脱水、覆上盖玻片并拍照(8)。
结果内皮细胞和HCT-116细胞以时间依赖性方式摄取GalT-V抗体
在人类微血管内皮细胞中,荧光标记的GalT-V在4℃吸收。当温度变换至37℃时,观察到细胞质和代表高尔基体的核周区域对GalT-V抗体的摄取呈时间依赖性增加。用过量的GalT-V肽预孵育细胞。类似地,HCT-116细胞亦以类似的温度和时间依赖性方式摄取荧光标记的β-1,4GalT-V抗体。此类研究表明,抗体人类内皮细胞和HCT-116细胞以时间和温度依赖性方式摄取和内化β-1,4GalT-V。
GalT-V抗体可抑制人类和小鼠结肠直肠癌细胞增殖
3H胸苷摄取研究揭示在人类结肠直肠癌细胞中,GalT-V抗体剂量依赖性地降低细胞增殖,且此抑制在以β-1,4GalT-V、D-PDMP药理学抑制剂观察到的抑制范围内。
类似地,β-1,4GalT-V抗体亦剂量依赖性地抑制小鼠结肠直肠细胞增殖(图8);MC-38(图9)。当细胞与小鼠IgG一起孵育时,未观察到细胞增殖的抑制。
GalT-V抗体可抑制人类脐静脉内皮细胞中VEGF诱导的血管生成
图10A至图10H显示HUVEC中血管形成/血管生成的相片。图10I显示血管生成的相应定量。与对照组(图10A)相比,将HUVEC与VEGF/FGF孵育显著增加血管形成/血管生成(图10B)。以β-1,4GalT-V抗体治疗对HUVEC中VEGF诱导的血管生成发挥剂量依赖性降低作用(图10C10-F),但兔IgG则无(图10G)。
GalT-V抗体可预防小鼠肿瘤生长
小鼠注射HCT-16细胞7天后,每天经或未经β-1,4GalT-V抗体进行治疗,持续三周。与其并行,另一组小鼠在肿瘤细胞注射部位每天经BPD(5mpk)治疗,持续三周。据观察,以β-1,4GalT-V抗体(图11A和图11B)或BPD(图11C和图11D)治疗完全阻止肿瘤生长和进展。
讨论
本研究得出以下结论。(i)以β-1,4Gal T-V抗体治疗可剂量依赖性地降低培养的人类结肠直肠癌细胞和小鼠结肠直肠癌细胞增殖。(ii)在人类脐静脉内皮细胞中,以β-1,4GalT-V抗体治疗可剂量依赖性地降低VEGF诱导的血管生成。(iii)在小鼠结肠直肠癌异种移植模型中,以β-1,4GalT-V抗体和BPD治疗可阻止肿瘤生长。
β-1,4GalT-V是半乳糖基转移酶大家族的成员,其功能是将半乳糖从UDP-半乳糖转为葡糖神经酰胺,形成乳糖神经酰胺(1)。其亦将半乳糖转为高度支化N聚糖的GlcNAcβ-1,6甘露糖基,其为肿瘤细胞的特征(2、3)。在此类产物中,LC已证明可作为独立的有丝分裂剂、血管生成剂,并参与细胞迁移、细胞凋亡和细胞粘附(4)。最重要的是,LC可作为介导生长因子作用的替代物,所述生长因子诸如VEGF、FGF、PDGF、EGF和促炎性细胞因子TNF取决于细胞类型(4),会导致上述表型。重要的是,此类生长因子和TNFα诱导的表型可通过使用药剂BPD和D-PDMP(6、9)及体外(7)和体内(15)GalT-V基因操作来减缓(图12)。此为第一份显示β-1,4GalT-V免疫治疗可有效减少结肠直肠癌生长和增殖的报告。本文的研究显示在人类结肠直肠癌组织内皮细胞中,细胞β-1,4GalT-V mRNA水平特别地增加,因此β-1,4GalT-V蛋白的质量亦以癌症分期依赖性方式增加。在正常结肠细胞中,β-1,4GalT-V主要于细胞质/高尔基体中发现,而在结肠直肠癌中,其还存在于上皮细胞的刷状缘膜中,并在一定程度上存在于人类结肠直肠癌细胞的细胞膜中(8)。其使β-1,4GalT-V抗体能与GalT-V蛋白结合。在37℃,观察到荧光标记的β-1,4GalT-V抗体在正常人类内皮细胞和HCT-116细胞细胞质中大规模与抗原结合(8)。由于大剂量的未标记抗体竞争性抑制标记抗体的摄取,意味着β-1,4GalT-V抗体的结合和摄取在培养的结肠直肠细胞中具有特异性(数据未显示)。
发明人先前的研究显示LC的产生是由于生长因子诱导的β-1,4GalT-V的激活,激活NAD(P)H氧化酶以产生活性氧簇,其作为有丝分裂原激活蛋白酶/c-fos途径中的信号传导中间体导致细胞增生(4)。在本研究中,观察到以β-1,4GalT-V抗体治疗可减少β-1,4GalT-V酶活性和LC质量,从而减缓HCT-116细胞中的细胞增殖。
单克隆抗体是一种治疗用的特定类型的抗体/蛋白。此类抗体可用于靶向治疗以阻断癌细胞中的异常蛋白。单克隆抗体可用于免疫治疗,因为其中一些抗体特异性附着于表达所述蛋白的癌细胞上。因此,通过识别癌细胞使免疫系统攻击并将其摧毁。另一类型的抗体会释放免疫系统的煞车来影响癌生长,从而摧毁癌细胞。研究显示,程序性细胞死亡(PD1)/程序性细胞死亡配体(PDL-1)、CTLA-4途径对于免疫系统控制癌症生长的能力至关重要。此类途径称为"免疫检查点"。几类癌症合理地利用此类途径来逃避免疫系统。反之,免疫检查点抑制剂例如penbrolizumab(帕博利珠单抗)(Keytruda)等于识别PD-L1蛋白的阻断作用是有用的,其在癌细胞中扮演保护盾的角色。近期,FDA批准将penbrolizumab(帕博利珠单抗)用于肿瘤治疗——化疗无法治疗的转移性癌症,及由梅克尔(Merkel)多瘤病毒感染引起的梅克尔皮肤癌。因此,此检查点抑制剂可针对体内的任何肿瘤,因此称为泛肿瘤疾病治疗。Nivolumab(纳武单抗)是一种批准在化疗失败后以M91-H或dMMR治疗结肠直肠癌患者的药物。干扰素和白细胞介素亦已用于对抗癌症并开发免疫系统以产生消灭癌症的细胞。IV期淋巴瘤患者的免疫治疗2年成功率最高(82%),而IV期结肠直肠癌患者的成功率仅38%。β-1,4GalT-V单克隆抗体为IgG型,可很好地用于靶向治疗,以阻断人类结肠直肠癌组织中发现的过量β-1,4GalT-V蛋白并装饰细胞内部内皮细胞膜和培养的人类结肠直肠癌细胞的细胞质(8)。单独使用人源化β-1,4GalT-V单克隆抗体或与BPD和/或其他结肠直肠癌药物(例如Nivolumab(纳武单抗)很可能成为未来的研究方向,以促进我们减缓结肠直肠癌的治疗工作。由于β-1,4GalT-V蛋白在肾癌中亦会过度表达(9),因此此类免疫治疗方法可能有多种用途。
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实施例3:β-1,4GalT-V单克隆抗体减缓II型糖尿病小鼠(db/db)的动脉粥样硬化和体重减少。
11周龄雄性II型糖尿病小鼠(db/db)购自杰克逊实验室。其以普通鼠粮和水饲养。30周龄时,小鼠分为两组。第一组小鼠(安慰剂)每天以腹膜内注射给予盐水(100μL),持续6周。第二组小鼠以GalT-V抗体(1mg/kg体重)治疗相同的时间。在36周龄结束时,将小鼠称重并收集各种组织并冷冻直至进一步分析。接着,为了提取总脂质,切下约10mg的肝组织(添加C12神经酰胺和C12鞘磷脂的内标以检查回收率)并在乙腈中均质并以1000rpm离心1分钟。保留澄清的上清液并重复提取球粒。合并的上清液在N2中干燥并在氯仿-甲醇(2:1v/v)中重构。将脂质提取物的合适等分试样加载至高性能薄层析板上。亦加载由胆固醇酯、甘油三酯和胆固醇组成的标准中性脂质的错误判读以校准板。使用作为溶剂的庚烷:乙醚和乙酸(65:16:1v/v)对板进行显影。通过将板暴露于碘蒸气并拍照来鉴定脂质。使用各脂质的标准曲线并使用双尾参数t检验通过光密度分析来进行脂质质量的定量。
结果证实,与安慰剂组小鼠相比,以GalT-V单克隆抗体治疗的糖尿病小鼠胆固醇水平显著减少。与安慰剂组小鼠相比,治疗亦显著减少甘油三酯(中性脂肪)水平。此外,治疗使小鼠体重减少约20%。
实施例4:
我们已证明,在培养的人类结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)中,GalT-V抗体治疗可剂量依赖性地减缓细胞增殖和血管生成[1]。此外,我们已证明CF-750标记的GalT-V抗体在结肠直肠癌NOD-SCID小鼠模型的异种移植肿瘤中富集。
我们进一步希望测定GalT-V抗体治疗是否会影响小鼠直肠原位肿瘤的肿瘤生长和转移。
方法:
通过注射活人结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)(在50uL McCoy培养基中的1x106个细胞),在NOD-SCID/免疫功能低下的小鼠中诱导直肠癌。治疗组小鼠接受尾静脉注射50uLPBS(安慰剂)、20ug/kg GalT-V抗体和200ug/kg GalT-V抗体。
图13总结在直肠癌小鼠模型中研究GalT-V抗体治疗效果所遵循的方案。简而言之,将HCT-116细胞在组织培养中生长至约75%合流。用胰蛋白酶收成细胞,离心并进行细胞计数。将悬浮在无血清McCoy培养基中的1x106细胞注射至雄性NOD SCID小鼠(约10周龄)的直肠中。两周后,当可见和量化直肠肿瘤时,开始治疗。将小鼠分为三组:A安慰剂,B 20ugGalT-V抗体/kg体重,和C 200ug GalT-V抗体/kg体重。每隔一日以尾静脉注射治疗,并记录体重和肿瘤大小。治疗4周后,将小鼠分为两组:1少数小鼠用于对肿瘤进行成像,2将其余小鼠安乐死,抽血以制备血浆并收成各种组织。将一半肿瘤组织保存在福尔马林溶液中,并用于脂质分析和免疫组织化学研究。将另一半肿瘤组织快速冷冻并用于分子研究。
结果:
在NOD-SCID小鼠结肠直肠癌原位模型中,以GalT抗体治疗可剂量依赖性地减少直肠肿瘤体积。
在4周的时间内,无论治疗如何,小鼠的体重都未改变(图14)。以GalT-V抗体治疗具有剂量和时间依赖性的肿瘤体积减少。例如,治疗两周后,我们注意到在接受20ug/kg和200ug/kg抗体的小鼠中,肿瘤体积减少约38-41%(图15A)。治疗四周后,与安慰剂组携带直肠肿瘤的小鼠相比,以20和200ug/kg抗体治疗的小鼠肿瘤体积分别降低32%和41%(图15B)。
肿瘤体积减少的分子成像:
治疗四周后,将小鼠注射50uL CF-750标记的癌胚抗原(CEA),其为一种已确定的肿瘤生物标志物。两小时后,对整只小鼠进行成像,如图16A所示。
在图16中,显示携带HCT-116直肠原位肿瘤的小鼠的光学成像:依顺时针顺序显示肝脏(1)、大肠(2)、血液(3)、脑(4)、肿瘤(5)(由黑色箭头指出)、小肠(6)、脾(7)、心(8)、肺(9)、盲肠(10)、胃(11)、肾(12)。
将HCT-116人类结肠直肠癌肿瘤细胞(1x106)植入NOD-SCID雄性小鼠(10周)的直肠中。两周后开始治疗,每隔一日静脉注射,持续4周。在递送抗癌胚抗原(CEA)的CF-750-抗体后2小时,使用Forager成像机对小鼠进行成像(图16A):对照组为无CEA抗体的小鼠、M1为以200ug GalT-V抗体/Kg体重治疗的小鼠、M2为接受安慰剂的小鼠、M3为以20ug GalT-V抗体/Kg体重治疗的小鼠。二十四小时后,收成小鼠组织,置于培养皿上并拍照(图16B)并最终成像(图16C)。
成像研究涉及制备抗人CEA的CF-750标记抗体,并通过尾静脉注射将其递送。如图16A所示,给予安慰剂(图16A中的M2)的整个小鼠身体成像揭示标记广泛定位/集中于直肠(绿色)、肝脏(蓝色)和头部(蓝色)中。在给予20ug GalT-V抗体(图16A中的M3)的小鼠中发现与此类组织相关的标记相对较少。然而,在以200ug GalT-V抗体治疗后,大部分标记集中于直肠肿瘤(蓝色)中(图16A中的M1)。
图16B显示成像前和注射CF-750-CEA抗体后24小时成像(图16C)的各小鼠组织的照片。安慰剂组肿瘤(图16C中的M2)的标记(红色)占最高水平。与GalT-V抗体治疗组相比,安慰剂组肝脏中的染色强度最高(图16C中的M2)。在肺、肾和血液(红色)中发现一些标记。我们亦注意到在以20(图4C中的M3)和200ug GalT-V抗体/kg(图16C中的M1)治疗后,肿瘤组织(红色)中的染色强度呈剂量依赖性降低。由于我们使用完整的CEA抗体(IgG1),其通过门脉循环进入肝,及肾和肺。此观察结果与先前的报告一致。将来我们计划只使用CEA抗体的CF-750-Fab片段,因为肿瘤组织与肝脏以>10:1的比例将其摄取。
以GalT-V抗体治疗及肿瘤标志物基因表达:
通过反转录聚合酶炼反应(RT-PCR)对基因表达进行定量分析显示,安慰剂组和治疗组(ns)中CEA和NMT-1的mRNA水平类似。然而,与对照组相比,20U/kg组的B4GALT-V表达降低,且在200U/kg组中不显著。参见图17。
以GalT-V抗体治疗减少GalT-V的血液水平和乳糖神经酰胺的肿瘤水平
我们先前对人类结肠直肠癌组织的研究揭示,与来自同一结肠直肠癌患者的可视地正常组织相比,GalT-V质量和LacCer水平皆增加。我们亦显示以D-PDMP治疗;GalT-V抑制剂减少HCT-116细胞中GalT-V水平和LacCer质量,并减少细胞增殖。在人类内皮细胞中,以D-PDMP和GalT-V抗体治疗可减少血管生成。最后,在肾癌小鼠模型中,以D-PDMP治疗可显著减少肿瘤体积和GalT-V质量[2]。因此,我们测量血浆中GalT-V质量和肿瘤组织中LacCer水平。如图18A所示,以GalT-V抗体治疗显著减少血浆中GalT-V浓度。且在GalT-V治疗组的小鼠肿瘤组织中有LacCer水平降低的趋势(图18B)。
总结:
1.在接种活HCT-116细胞的直肠癌原位小鼠模型中,6周内肿瘤体积显著增加。
2.以GalT-V抗体治疗,在给予20ug/kg GalT-V抗体2-4周的小鼠中,肿瘤体积随时间依赖性减少约32%-38%。
3.与安慰剂组相比,以较高剂量的GalT-V抗体治疗使肿瘤体积减少41%。
4.此观察结果的生化和分子基础得到了解释,因我们观察到治疗通过减少其在血液中的质量来靶向抗原GalT-V,并至少在小鼠中以20ug GalT-V抗体/kg治疗时通过减少GalT-V基因表达来靶向肿瘤组织中的产物LacCer。
5.成像研究概括了上述观察结果。此外,成像研究揭示,在安慰剂组小鼠中,接种后6周,肿瘤发生转移至其他组织,诸如肝、肾和肺-血液循环的主要组织。当以低或高剂量GalT-V抗体治疗小鼠时,此情况显著减缓,而以较高剂量的GalT-V抗体治疗的小鼠则显著减低。
使用GalT-V抗体的免疫治疗是预防或抑制直肠肿瘤生长和转移的有效治疗。
实施例5:
测定GalT-V的定位及与细胞表面蛋白和高尔基体的细胞器特异性生物标志物在人类结肠直肠癌细胞中的共定位。
拍摄HCT-116细胞的体外共焦荧光图(参见图19)。在4℃孵育1小时后观察到标记的小鼠单克隆抗体(mAb)的细胞表面定位抗人GalT-V(红色,罗丹明,Sigma Aldrich),及小鼠产生的单克隆抗小窝蛋白-1抗体(绿色,Alexa Fluor 488NHS酯,ThermoFisherScientific),及当图合并时,GalT-V和小窝蛋白的共定位(黄色,由白色箭头注记)。当合并相应图时,在4℃未观察到与单克隆抗高尔基体58k蛋白(绿色,Alexa Fluor 488NHS酯,ThermoFisher Scientific)的共定位。
抗人GalT-V的小鼠单克隆抗体(mAb)以罗丹明标记。Caveolin-1抗体和高尔基体抗体亦以吲哚菁绿标记。然后,使用此类抗体以共聚焦显微镜测定GalT-V的定位(遵循方DOI:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00457)。我们亦以与DNA(蓝色)结合的DAPI染剂(ThermoFisher Scientific)染色细胞核。如图19(上方图组)所示,在4℃GalT-V(红色染色)和小窝蛋白(绿色染色)抗体与人类结肠直肠癌细胞系HCT-116的细胞表面强结合。当图合并时(上方图组最右侧),我们观察到GalT-V和小窝蛋白免疫染色重迭,表现出颜色变为黄色(由白色箭头指出)。当细胞与甲基环糊精(一种内化阻断剂)一起孵育时,大部分GalT-V免疫染色与细胞表面相关。反之,当用抗高尔基体的抗体治疗细胞时,观察到免疫染色非常少(若有的话)(图19下方图组)。共聚焦显微镜图是在Zeiss LSM700上使用20倍放大倍率拍摄的,并在Image-J上进行处理。
实施例6:
HCT-116细胞的体外共聚焦荧光图,有抗GalT-V(红色)、小窝蛋白(绿色)和高尔基体(绿色)的荧光标记抗体。参见图20。37℃孵育2小时后,观察到GalT-V抗体(红色)和小窝蛋白(绿色)抗体的细胞内化。当图合并时,观察到GalT-V和小窝蛋白抗体的共定位有限。
接着,将细胞升温至37℃2小时,然后进行共聚焦显微镜检查。如图20上方图组所示,GalT-V抗体(红色染色)已内化细胞并与细胞质结合。由于包被小窝内含有的小窝蛋白已知会内化并返回细胞表面,因此我们观察到细胞质和细胞表面免疫染色(绿色染色)。在下方图组中观察到微弱的高尔基体抗体免疫染色(绿色染色)。
实施例7:[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类冠状动脉内皮细胞(HAEC)和人类结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)的结合和内化
将细胞培养物与浓度逐渐增加的[89锆]GalT-V抗体一起孵育,洗涤并在自动伽玛计数器(1282Compu-gamma CS,Pharmacia/LKB Nuclear,Inc.)中测量放射性。须注意,与HCAEC细胞相比,HCT-116细胞结合的GalT-V抗体量显著较多(n=3,p****(5ug/mL)=0.000053,p***(10ug/mL)=0.000805)。
图21显示在4℃孵育1小时后,在人类冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)和人结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)中的[89锆]GalT-V抗体结合。
实施例8:[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)和人类结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)的结合
将细胞培养物与浓度逐渐增加的[89锆]GalT-V抗体一起孵育,洗涤并在伽玛计数器中测量放射性。须注意,与HCAEC细胞相比,HCT-116细胞结合并内化的GalT-V抗体量显著较多(n=3,p***(10ug/mL)=0.000124)。结果如图22所揭示,其显示在37℃孵育2小时后,[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类冠状动脉内皮细胞(HCAEC)和人类结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)的结合。
实施例9:
将细胞与或不与GalT-V抑制剂D-PDMP(20uM)一起预孵育,然后测量[89锆]GalT-V抗体的结合和内化。由于D-PDMP减少GalT-V的质量,因此亦减少[89锆]GalT-V抗体的结合和内化(n=3,p**=0.0079)。结果如图23所示,其显示D-PDMP抑制锆标记的GalT-V抗体在人类结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)的结合。
实施例10:
在过量未标记(冷的,50ug/mL)GalT-V抗体及[89锆]GalT-V抗体存在的情况下孵育细胞。须注意,未标记抗体的存在显著减低治疗的HCT-116细胞中[89锆]的结合和内化。(n=3,p****=<0.0001)。结果如图24所示,其描绘[89锆]GalT-V抗体在人类结肠直肠癌细胞(HCT-116)中的结合和内化的特异性。
实施例11:
GalT-V抗体以[89锆]进行放射性标记,因为其为强伽玛放射体,于小鼠体外研究及体内研究是有用的。如图21所示,在4℃测量的[89锆]GalT-V抗体与HCAEC细胞(蓝色)和HCT-116细胞(红色)的结合是浓度依赖性地。此外,在4℃(图21)和37℃(图22),与HCAEC细胞相比,GalT-V抗体与HCT-116细胞的结合在统计上皆显著较高。与未治疗的细胞相比,已知能抑制HCT-116细胞中的GalT-V活性和质量的D-PDMP,其亦结合较少的GalT-V抗体(图23)。通过将HCT细胞与过量的GalT-V抗体一起孵育来评估[89锆]GalT-V抗体结合的特异性,所述抗体可与放射性标记的抗体竞争。如图24所示,与以热的放射性GalT-V抗体(红色条)孵育的细胞相比,以50ug/mL冷的、未标记的GalT-V孵育的HCT-116细胞结合显著减低(蓝色条)。[89锆]GalT-V抗体与HCT-116细胞结合的时间进程的研究(图25)显示在HCT-116细胞中从30分钟到2小时几乎呈线性结合。
实施例12:携带人类结肠直肠癌肿瘤的小鼠的体内异种荧光成像
拍摄携带人类结肠直肠癌肿瘤的小鼠的体内异种荧光成像。注射CF-750-GalT-V抗体5小时后描绘皮下/异种结肠直肠癌肿瘤(用黑色箭头指出),如图26所示。
注射荧光标记的GalT-V抗体48小时后描绘图27中的异种结肠直肠癌肿瘤(由黑色箭头指出)。须注意,在携带异种结肠直肠癌肿瘤的小鼠中,CF-750-GalT-V抗体的强度从注射5小时后到注射48小时后(蓝点)显著增加。
如图26所示,我们在注射CF-750-GalT-V抗体5小时内对小鼠的异种结肠直肠癌肿瘤进行成像(由黑色箭头指出)。右侧的条表示荧光强度。深蓝色和红色分别代表非常高和非常低的GalT-V抗体荧光强度。由于小鼠的皮毛具有自发荧光,因此我们无法在麻醉后对完整动物的其他内脏器官(诸如肝脏、脾脏等)进行非侵入性成像。我们观察到异种肿瘤中荧光的时间依赖性富集,如颜色从绿色到蓝色的变化所示(比较注射荧光标记的GalT-V抗体后5小时的图26和48小时的图27)。
实施例13:携带异种肿瘤的小鼠中CF-750荧光GalT-V抗体的组织分布
图28A、图28B和图28C显示CF-750GalT-V抗体荧光在来自带有皮下/异种移植肿瘤的小鼠的个别组织中的分布。肝脏(1)、结肠(2)、脑(3)、肿瘤(4)、乙状结肠(5)、大肠(6)、脾脏(7)、心脏(8)、肺(9)、小肠(10)、盲肠(11)、胃(12)、肾(13)、肌肉(14)和血液(15)。
在注射CF-750-GalT-V抗体后72小时,将三只携带异种肿瘤的小鼠(M1、M2、M3)安乐死,切除各器官并拍照(图28A、图28B和图28C)。首先,将各器官拍照(左图组28A、图28B和图28C),然后拍异种图。须注意,肝脏、脾脏和肾吸收显著的荧光。但肿瘤组织(白色箭头所示)累积的荧光量最多。
总之,我们的体内研究揭示,GalT-V抗体的荧光标记是一种对小鼠结肠直肠癌肿瘤进行非侵入性成像的有价值的试剂。随着时间推移,CF-750-GalT-V抗体主要集中在肿瘤组织中。由于肝脏、肾和肺参与抗体的代谢和随后的排泄,因此在此类组织中亦观察到显著的荧光。此额外信息可能有助于测定GalT-V抗体在减缓结肠直肠癌以外的肾癌和肝癌方面的治疗效果。此外,CF-750-GalT-V抗体可用作人类结肠直肠癌和其他可能发生GalT-V富集的癌症组织的诊断工具。
统计分析:使用GraphPad Prism 9软体进行单/多个未配对t检验以统计分析数据。
结论:
1.免疫组织化学研究显示,在人类HCT-116细胞中,GalT-V与小窝蛋白共定位于细胞表面。
2.当孵育温度从4℃变为37℃时,细胞表面结合的GalT-V内化并驻留在细胞质中。由于丰度低,弱免疫染色与高尔基体有关。
3.使用[89锆]GalT-V抗体的结合和内化研究显示与HCT-116细胞和HCAEC细胞的浓度依赖性和时间依赖性结合。
4.结合对GalT-V抗原具特异性。
5.结合取决于GalT-V的细胞水平:a.与HCAEC相比,HCT-116细胞显著结合更多的GalT-V抗体。b.D-PDMP治疗的HCT-116细胞结合量少于未治疗的细胞。我们先前的研究显示D-PDMP减少GalT-V质量。
在人类结肠直肠细胞中,GalT-V定位于细胞表面,允许相应的[89锆]GalT-V抗体结合并随后内化。
其他实施方案
从前述显而易见,可对本文所述的本发明进行变更和修改以将其应用于各种用途和条件。此类实施方案亦在所附权利要求的范围内。
本说明书中对序列、专利和出版物的所有引用接通过引用并入本文,其程度如同具体且单独地表明各独立专利和出版物通过引用并入一样。
Claims (70)
1.一种药物组合物,其包含:治疗有效量的抗体,其中,所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:
与
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列,和/或
与
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列。
2.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的抗体,其中,所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:
与
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少85%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列,和/或
与
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)具有至少85%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列。
3.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的抗体,其中,所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:
与
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRY NQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列,和/或
与
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLG SGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4)具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ IDNO:3所示氨基酸序列的重链可变区序列。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ IDNO:4所示氨基酸序列的轻链可变区序列。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的药物组合物,还包含一种或多种第二治疗剂。
7.根据权利要求5所述的药物组合物,其中,所述一种或多种第二治疗剂包含:化疗剂、抗发炎剂、降胆固醇剂、胰岛素、抗体、肽、酶、佐剂或其组合。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的药物组合物,还包含将所述抗体与可检测剂、放射治疗剂、毒素、放射性剂、染料、肽、多核苷酸或纳米脂质体结合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的药物组合物,其中,所述药物组合物包含纳米脂质体,其包含一种或多种治疗剂。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的药物组合物,还包含与IGAQVYEQVLRSAYAKRNSSVND(SEQ ID NO:5)具有至少80%序列同一性的肽。
11.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的药物组合物,还包含与IGAQVYEQVLRSAYAKRNSSVND(SEQ ID NO:5)具有至少90%序列同一性的肽。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗体经人源化。
13.一种人源化抗体,可特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基。
14.一种权利要求13的药物组合物,包含根据权利要求13所述的人源化抗体。
15.一种表达载体,包含与
gaagttcagctggagcagtctggggctgaactggctagacctggggcttcagtgaagttgtcctgtaggacttctggctacacctttacaaactactggatgcagtggattaaacagaggcctggacagggtctggaatggattggggctatgcatcctggacgtgcgtatattaggtacaaccagaagttccagggcaaggccacattgactgcagataaatcctccagcacagcttacatgcaactcaacagcttggcatctgaggactctgcggtctattactgtgcaagatggagtgactacgactactggggtcaaggcaccactctcacagtctcctca(SEQ ID NO:1)具有至少80%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列。
16.一种表达载体,包含与
gaagttcagctggagcagtctggggctgaactggctagacctggggcttcagtgaagttgtcctgtaggacttctggctacacctttacaaactactggatgcagtggattaaacagaggcctggacagggtctggaatggattggggctatgcatcctggacgtgcgtatattaggtacaaccagaagttccagggcaaggccacattgactgcagataaatcctccagcacagcttacatgcaactcaacagcttggcatctgaggactctgcggtctattactgtgcaagatggagtgactacgactactggggtcaaggcaccactctcacagtctcctca(SEQ ID NO:1)具有至少90%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的表达载体,其中,所述载体包含SEQ ID NO:1所示的核酸序列。
18.一种表达载体,包含
gatgttgtgatgacccagactccactcactttgtcggttaccattggacaaccagcctccatctcttgcaagtcaagtcagagcctcttagatagtgatggaaagacatatttgaattggttgttacagaggccaggccagtctccaaagcgcctaatctatctggtgtctaaactgggctctggagtccctgacaggttcactggcagtggatcagggacagatttcacactgaaaatcagcagagtggaggctgaggatttgggagtttattattgctggcaaggtacacattttcctcggacgttcggtggaggcaccaagctggaaatcaaacgg(SEQ ID NO:2)与以下具有至少80%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
19.一种表达载体,包含与
gatgttgtgatgacccagactccactcactttgtcggttaccattggacaaccagcctccatctcttgcaagtcaagtcagagcctcttagatagtgatggaaagacatatttgaattggttgttacagaggccaggccagtctccaaagcgcctaatctatctggtgtctaaactgggctctggagtccctgacaggttcactggcagtggatcagggacagatttcacactgaaaatcagcagagtggaggctgaggatttgggagtttattattgctggcaaggtacacattttcctcggacgttcggtggaggcaccaagctggaaatcaaacgg(SEQ ID NO:2)具有至少90%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
20.根据权利要求19所述的表达载体,其中,所述载体包含SEQ ID NO:2所示的核酸序列。
21.一种表达载体,包含(i)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和(ii)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少80%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
22.一种表达载体,包含(i)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少90%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和(ii)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少90%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
23.一种表达载体,包含(i)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少95%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和(ii)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少95%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
24.根据权利要求23所述的表达载体,包含(i)包含SEQ ID NO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和(ii)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列。
25.一种合成肽,包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
26.一种合成肽,包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
27.根据权利要求26所述的合成肽,其中,所述肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。
28.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的合成肽和至少一种佐剂,所述合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
29.根据权利要求28所述的药物组合物,其中,所述合成肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。
30.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的:
(i)抗体,包含(a)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(b)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少80%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列;
(ii)合成肽,包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列;
(iii)佐剂或药学上可接受的载体。
31.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的:
(i)抗体,包含(a)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少90%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(b)与SEQ ID NO:2具有至少90%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列;
(ii)合成肽,包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列;
(iii)佐剂或药学上可接受的载体。
32.根据权利要求31所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗体包含(a)包含SEQ ID NO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和(b)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列;及包含SEQ ID NO:5的合成肽氨基酸序列。
33.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的:
(a)抗体,其中,所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:
(i)与以下具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRYNQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或
(ii)与以下具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLGSGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4),和
(b)治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
34.一种药物组合物,包含治疗有效量的:
(a)抗体,其中,所述抗体特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基,所述抗体包含:
(i)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的重链可变区序列:
EVQLEQSGAELARPGASVKLSCRTSGYTFTNYWMQWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAMHPGRAYIRYNQKFQGKATLTADKSSSTAYMQLNSLASEDSAVYYCARWSDYDYWGQGTTLTVSS(SEQ ID NO:3),和/或
(ii)与以下具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的轻链可变区
序列:
DVVMTQTPPTLSVTIGQPASISCKSSQSLLDSDGKTYLNWLLQRPGQSPKRLIYLVSKLGSGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCWQGTHFPRTFGGGTKLEIKR(SEQ ID NO:4),和
(b)治疗有效量的至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂。
35.根据权利要求33或34所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ ID NO:3所示氨基酸序列的重链可变区序列。
36.根据权利要求33至35中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中,所述抗体包含具有SEQ IDNO:4所示氨基酸序列的轻链可变区序列。
37.根据权利要求33至36中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中,所述至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂包含:未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP),(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3'-二氢-苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖、1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、神经酰胺或其组合。
38.根据权利要求33至36中任一项所述的药物组合物,其中,所述鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)。
39.根据权利要求37或38所述的药物组合物,其中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。
40.一种在有需要的受试者中产生抗β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)的免疫应答的方法,包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽,其包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列;和佐剂。
41.一种在有需要的受试者中产生抗β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)的免疫应答的方法,包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽,其包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列;和佐剂。
42.一种治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含施用特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基的抗体于患有或易患结肠直肠癌的受试者。
43.一种治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含施用特异性结合β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)抗原决定基的人源化抗体于患有或易患结肠直肠癌的受试者。
44.一种治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含施用根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽于患有或易患结肠直肠癌的受试者。
45.一种治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含施用包含抗体的药物组合物于受试者,所述抗体包含(a)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少80%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(b)与SEQID NO:2具有至少80%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
46.一种治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含施用包含抗体的药物组合物于受试者,所述抗体包含(a)与SEQ ID NO:3具有至少90%序列同一性的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(b)与SEQID NO:2具有至少90%序列同一性的轻链可变区核酸序列。
47.根据权利要求41至46中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述受试者经鉴定为患有结肠直肠癌并施用所述药物组合物、表达载体或肽于所述受试者。
48.根据权利要求41至47中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述抗体包含(a)包含SEQ IDNO:3的重链可变区核酸序列,和/或(b)包含SEQ ID NO:2的轻链可变区核酸序列。
49.根据权利要求41至48中任一项所述的方法,还包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽和至少一种佐剂,所述合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少80%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
50.根据权利要求41至49中任一项所述的方法,还包含施用治疗有效量的合成肽和至少一种佐剂,所述合成肽包含与SEQ ID NO:5具有至少90%氨基酸序列同一性的氨基酸序列。
51.根据权利要求50所述的方法,其中,所述合成肽包含SEQ ID NO:5。
52.根据权利要求41至51中任一项所述的方法,还包含施用化疗剂、放射治疗、毒素或其组合。
53.根据权利要求41至52中任一项所述的方法,还包含施用至少一种鞘糖脂合成抑制剂,其包含:未封装或经生物可降解聚合物封装的D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰基氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP),(1R,2R)-壬酸(2-(2',3'-二氢-苯并(1,4)二恶英-6'-基)-2-羟基-1-吡咯烷-1-基甲基-乙基)-酰胺-L-酒石酸盐(Genz-123346)、酰亚胺糖、1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(DMP)、1-苯基-2-棕榈酰基-氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(PPMP)、脂质、神经酰胺或其组合。
54.根据权利要求53所述的方法,其中,施用的鞘糖脂合成抑制剂是D-苏型-1-苯基-2-癸酰氨基-3-吗啉-1-丙醇(D-PDMP)。
55.根据权利要求53或54所述的方法,其中,所述生物可降解聚合物由聚乙二醇和癸二酸组成。
56.一种治疗糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、肥胖症、自身免疫疾病或与β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)水平异常相关的疾病的方法,其包含施用根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于有需要的受试者。
57.一种诊断和治疗结肠直肠癌的方法,包含:
测量受试者生物样本中β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)和/或鞘糖脂的水平,其中,与健康受试者相比,β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平升高,其中,β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平升高为结肠直肠癌诊断特征;
施用根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于经诊断患有结肠直肠癌的受试者,从而,
治疗结肠直肠癌。
58.根据权利要求57所述的方法,还包含测量结肠直肠癌肿瘤标志物的水平与β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平的组合。
59.根据权利要求57所述的方法,其中,结肠直肠癌肿瘤标志物包含:NMT-1、APC、p53及其组合。
60.一种监测受试者结肠直肠癌进展和治疗的方法,其包含:
施用根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于经诊断患有结肠直肠癌的受试者。
测量受试者生物样本中β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶-V(β-1,4-GalT-V)和/或鞘糖脂的水平,其中,与基线相比,β-1,4-GalT-V和/或GSL水平降低表示结肠直肠癌细胞减少和结肠直肠癌的治疗,
从而监测结肠直肠癌的进展和治疗。
61.根据权利要求60所述的方法,其中,基于结肠直肠癌的进展来调节施用于所述受试者的所述组合物的剂量。
62.一种治疗患有或易患黄斑变性的受试者的方法,包含施用有效量的根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于所述受试者。
63.根据权利要求62所述的方法,其中,所述受试者经鉴定为患有黄斑变性,并施用所述药物组合物、肽或表达载体或其组合于所述受试者。
64.一种治疗患有或易患阿兹海默病的受试者的方法,包含施用有效量的根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于所述受试者。
65.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中,所述受试者经鉴定为患有阿兹海默病,并施用所述药物组合物、肽或表达载体或其组合于所述受试者。
66.一种治疗患有或易患偏头痛或偏头风的受试者的方法,包含施用有效量的根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于所述受试者。
67.根据权利要求66所述的方法,其中,所述受试者经鉴定为患有偏头痛或偏头风,并施用所述药物组合物、肽或表达载体或其组合于所述受试者。
68.一种治疗患有或易患代谢综合症的受试者的方法,包含施用有效量的根据权利要求1至39中任一项所述的药物组合物、抗体、表达载体或肽或其组合于所述受试者。
69.根据权利要求68所述的方法,其中,所述受试者经鉴定为患有代谢综合症,并施用所述药物组合物、肽或表达载体或其组合于所述受试者。
70.根据权利要求40至69中任一项所述的方法,其中,所述受试者是人。
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