CN118040279A - Method for designing Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite - Google Patents
Method for designing Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a design method of a Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite, and belongs to the field of microwave device design. The method comprises the steps of selecting proper ferrite materials, and performing high-temperature sintering to prepare ferrite sheets. Then, a gold-silver alloy microstrip line is plated on the ferrite sheet. And then, the high-frequency structure simulation software HFSS and an improved turkey optimization algorithm are utilized to optimally design the microstrip line. The angle and the distance of the microstrip line are adjusted by combining the characteristics of ferrite and the theory of a Y-junction circulator so as to achieve the matching of circuits. And finally, performing performance test on the designed circulator to confirm that the performance indexes such as transmission loss, isolation and the like in the Ka frequency band of 32-36GHz meet the requirements. The design method can realize the accurate design of the Ka-band broadband small circulator, optimize the product performance and has good process feasibility and economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of microwave device design, and particularly relates to a Ka-band broadband small circulator design method based on ferrite.
Background
In microwave and radio frequency circuits, a circulator is a basic passive device that enables non-interactive transmission of signals. The circulator is mainly applied to multiple fields of radar, satellite communication, electronic warfare and the like. In the radar system, the circulator has the functions of isolating the energy transmission port from the energy receiving port, preventing the transmitted signal from interfering the received signal, and protecting the receiver from being damaged by high-power signals. In satellite communications, circulators are widely used in power amplifiers, microwave receivers, up-down converters, and the like.
However, conventional circulators are typically bulky, especially in Ka band frequency applications. The design process of the method needs complicated electromagnetic simulation and optimization, and takes a long time. Furthermore, the transmission loss and isolation performance of conventional circulators tend to be difficult to meet with increasing high frequency broadband application requirements.
In the miniaturizing design of circulators, an effective strategy is to use ferrite materials. Ferrite has excellent magnetic and electrical properties, can realize miniaturization of the circulator, and has high operating frequency and broadband. However, since the magnetic properties of ferrite are related to its polarization-changing characteristics, there is a difficulty in designing a ferrite circulator that meets high performance requirements.
The usual Ka band circulator devices tend to be bulky, which presents a challenge for integration and miniaturization of microwave and radio frequency circuits. In particular, in applications where the requirements for the volume and weight of the apparatus are strict, such as radar systems and satellite communications, these large circulators are not satisfactory.
Furthermore, conventional circulator design processes are often complex and time consuming, requiring multiple electromagnetic simulations and optimizations, which make the design less efficient. Moreover, the polarization-changing characteristics of ferrite are not well utilized in the circulator optimization process, and thus it is difficult to achieve excellent transmission performance under high-frequency broadband conditions.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a Ka-band broadband small circulator design method based on ferrite. The method adopts the iron paratitanate LSFO as a ferrite material and prepares the ferrite sheet with proper specification by using a high-temperature sintering method, thereby being beneficial to the miniaturization of circulator equipment.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme: the design method comprises the following steps:
S1, selecting a proper ferrite material, and preparing ferrite sheets with proper specifications by a high-temperature sintering method;
S2, plating a layer of gold-silver alloy on the ferrite sheet, and manufacturing a microstrip line according to a preset pattern by utilizing photoetching and etching processes;
s3, performing size optimization on the microstrip line by utilizing high-frequency structure simulation software HFSS and an intelligent optimization algorithm and adjusting the position, angle and length parameters of the microstrip line;
S4, adjusting the angle and the distance of the microstrip line by combining the variable polarization characteristic of the ferrite and the eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator to realize the matching of the circuit;
S5, performing performance test on the designed circulator, wherein the performance test comprises testing transmission loss and isolation performance indexes of the circulator in a Ka frequency band of 32-36GHz, and confirming that the performance of the circulator meets the design requirement.
In one embodiment, S1 is specifically as follows:
s101, selecting rare ferrite materials of iron paratitanate LSFO;
S102, uniformly mixing the selected ferrite powder with an organic binder for improving the mechanical property and fluidity of the powder in the forming process, wherein the weight ratio of the organic binder to the ferrite powder is 1-5%;
s103, placing the uniformly mixed powder into a die, and performing compression molding;
S104, sintering the formed body at a high temperature in an oxygen environment, and adopting a temperature gradient sintering method, so that the material migration speed in the sintering process can be slowed down, and the generation of pores and cracks of a product can be effectively prevented; the method comprises the following steps:
presintering the mixed ferrite powder, wherein the presintering temperature is set to be 800-900 ℃ and the presintering time is 2-4 hours; after the presintering is finished, high-temperature sintering is carried out, the sintering temperature is set to 1100-1300 ℃, and the sintering time is 2-4 hours.
In one scheme, in the step S2, electroplating is performed on the prepared ferrite sheet, a gold-silver alloy layer with the thickness of about 1-2 microns is plated, after the gold-silver alloy layer is manufactured, the microstrip line is manufactured in a photoetching mode, and the gold-silver alloy and the microstrip line on the gold-silver alloy are pressed together with the ferrite sheet in a hot pressing mode or a pressing mode.
In one scheme, the specific process of S3 is as follows:
S301, preliminary design: based on electromagnetic characteristics of ferrite and physical factors of microstrip lines, such as size and shape, a preliminary microstrip line model is built in HFSS software; this step usually applies microstrip line theory and empirical formulas to find the initial design parameters;
S302, simulation analysis: performing electromagnetic field simulation calculation by using HFSS, and obtaining the electromagnetic performance of the primary design through preset evaluation indexes such as loss and transmissivity;
S303, optimizing the design, and introducing an improved turkey optimization algorithm to further optimize the design; the improved turkey optimization algorithm simulates the behavior of turkeys to find food and avoid predators;
The behavior of turkeys looking for food can be mapped to looking for parameter combinations that can improve circulator performance, and the behavior of enemy avoidance can be mapped to parameter combinations that avoid performance degradation; therefore, the turkey optimization algorithm is applied to the optimization process of microstrip line parameters; and improves the turkey optimization algorithm:
Guiding a searching process by introducing gradient information, inspiring a searching direction by using a gradient descent method, and then carrying out parameter updating by combining a random searching strategy of a turkey optimization algorithm; the updated formula after improvement is:
；
Wherein, Representing a new search direction,/>Representing the current search direction,/>Representing the distance of turkey flock food,/>Representing the distance of the turkey enemy. rand (0, 1) is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and 1,/>Is the step size,/>Is the gradient of the current solution.
In one embodiment, the training process of the improved turkey optimization algorithm in the design optimization of S303 is as follows:
s3031, setting initial parameters of the microstrip line, and setting a step length alpha and iteration times N;
S3032, performing preliminary search by using an improved turkey optimization algorithm to obtain preliminary optimized parameters;
S3033, using a gradient descent method, and taking parameters obtained by a turkey optimization algorithm as initial values to perform local search to obtain new parameters;
S3034, judging whether a stopping condition is met, if the iteration times reach N, or if the difference value between the new parameter and the last parameter is smaller than a set threshold value, stopping iteration, otherwise, returning to S3033;
s3035, saving the optimized parameters for the design and performance test of the subsequent circulator.
In one embodiment, the S4 is specifically as follows:
s401, introducing the variable polarization characteristic of a ferrite material, and taking the influence of the variable polarization of the ferrite on the circuit performance into consideration by utilizing a theoretical model of a Y junction circulator;
s402, establishing a circulator model comprising microstrip line angles, distances and other related parameters by utilizing the existing microstrip line design from S3;
s403, combining ferrite polarization influence and an eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator, and performing performance analysis on the circulator by a simulation method to obtain the performance of the circulator under the current design;
S404, adjusting the angle and the space of the microstrip line according to the analysis result of S3, and if the simulation result shows that the performance is obviously improved after the angle or the space is changed, continuing to adjust in the direction; otherwise, trying to change other parameters of the microstrip line or trying to change the layout mode of the microstrip line;
And S405, continuously iterating S404, and summarizing the optimal angle and distance and the combination of related parameters so as to obtain the optimized circulator design.
In one embodiment, the S5 performance test is specifically as follows:
connecting the circulator to a network analyzer, setting the frequency range of the network analyzer to be 32-36GHz, exciting the circulator with a proper test level, and recording S parameters; calculating the transmission loss and isolation of the circulator at the working frequency of 32-36GHz according to the S parameter; the transmission loss is obtained through calculation of an S21 parameter read by the network analyzer, the isolation is obtained through calculation of an S12 parameter read by the network analyzer, the S21 parameter is a voltage ratio of signals transmitted from the port 1 to the port 2, and the S12 represents a reverse transmission coefficient and is a signal transmission condition from the port 2 to the port 1.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
The iron paratitanate LSFO is adopted as a ferrite material, and a ferrite sheet with proper specification is prepared by a high-temperature sintering method, so that the miniaturization of circulator equipment is facilitated.
Meanwhile, the invention effectively utilizes the polarization-changing characteristic of ferrite and improves the transmission performance of the circulator under the high-frequency broadband condition by electroplating a layer of gold-silver alloy on the ferrite sheet and carrying out the design and optimization of the microstrip line.
In addition, the high-frequency structure simulation software HFSS and the intelligent optimization algorithm are introduced, so that the position, angle, length and other parameters of the microstrip line are optimized, the design efficiency is greatly improved, and the design period is shortened.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a design method of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the preparation of ferrite sheets with proper specifications according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the size optimization of the microstrip line of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a flow chart of the present invention for implementing matching to a circuit.
Detailed Description
In order that the invention may be readily understood, a more complete description of the invention will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
Embodiment one:
As shown in FIG. 1, a design method of a Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite is provided. The method adopts the iron paratitanate LSFO as a ferrite material and prepares the ferrite sheet with proper specification by using a high-temperature sintering method, thereby being beneficial to the miniaturization of circulator equipment.
The design method comprises the following steps:
S1, selecting a proper ferrite material, and preparing ferrite sheets with proper specifications by a high-temperature sintering method;
as shown in fig. 2, S1 is specifically as follows:
S101, selecting a proper ferrite material and selecting a rare ferrite material of the iron paratitanate LSFO;
S102, uniformly mixing the selected ferrite powder with an organic binder for improving the mechanical property and fluidity of the powder in the forming process, wherein the weight ratio of the organic binder to the ferrite powder is 1-5%;
Organic binders include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). They can effectively improve the fluidity and mechanical properties of the powder in the molding process. Here, PVA was selected as the binder.
For the proportions, the weight ratio of binder to ferrite powder is generally between 1 and 5%. Too little binder may not allow the ferrite powder to bond effectively, while too much binder may affect the properties of the final product. Here, the weight ratio of ferrite powder to PVA was selected to be 4%, that is, for 100 grams of ferrite powder, 4 grams of PVA binder was required.
Mixing the iron paratitanate powder with the PVA adhesive, adding a proper amount of deionized water, and then fully and uniformly mixing, wherein the mixing can be generally performed through a planetary mixer, so that the powder and the adhesive are fully mixed. The PVA with the concentration of 4% is selected as the adhesive, so that the formability and the fluidity of ferrite powder can be ensured, and the microstructure and the performance of a sintered body are not excessively influenced.
S103, placing the uniformly mixed powder into a die, and performing compression molding;
S104, sintering the formed body at a high temperature in an oxygen environment, and adopting a temperature gradient sintering method, so that the material migration speed in the sintering process can be slowed down, and the generation of pores and cracks of a product can be effectively prevented; the method comprises the following steps:
First, the mixed ferrite powder is calcined. The burn-in temperature is usually set at 800 to 900 ℃ and the burn-in time is 2 to 4 hours. The purpose of the burn-in is to remove the organic binder. After the presintering is finished, high-temperature sintering is carried out. The sintering temperature is usually set at 1100 to 1300 ℃ and the sintering time is 2 to 4 hours.
The sintering temperature was set at 1250 ℃ and the sintering time was 3 hours, which was set for the properties of the iron-paratitanate LSFO material. This is because sintering of iron-by-titanate LSFO at this temperature can result in a material with large magnetization, uniform particle size, high density, low porosity, which will contribute to an improvement in the electromagnetic properties of the circulator. Meanwhile, compared with other materials, the iron paratitanate LSFO is sintered at the temperature, so that the creep is small, the strength and the hardness of the sintered body are good, and better mechanical properties can be provided.
If sintering temperatures of other materials are used, the ideal properties of the iron-by-titanate LSFO material cannot be obtained. If the sintering temperature is too high, the material can be excessively sintered, thereby causing grain growth and reduced magnetization; too low a sintering temperature may result in insufficient sintering of the material, thereby causing more voids and low density, which is detrimental to performance improvement.
And (3) sintering: in the presintering and high-temperature sintering processes, the heating, heat preservation and cooling speeds need to be controlled well so as to prevent cracks or pores of the product. The sectional constant temperature heating method can be used, namely the presintering and high temperature sintering process is divided into a plurality of sections, and the heating rate and the heat preservation time in each section are different, so that the sintering process of the product can be better controlled.
The iron paratitanate LSFO (LanthanumStrontiumFerriteOxide) is a rare ferrite material, and has the following advantages compared with the traditional ferrite material:
higher magnetic saturation: the iron-by-titanate LSFO has an extremely high saturation magnetization, which enables it to achieve a greater power transmission in high frequency applications.
Higher curie temperature: the higher curie temperature of the iron-by-titanate LSFO means that at higher temperatures it still maintains good magnetic properties, which is important for circulators operating in high temperature environments.
Better frequency stability: the magnetic parameters of the iron sub-titanate LSFO are less sensitive to frequency, which results in better stability of the circulator in wideband applications.
Lower conductivity: the conductivity of the iron sub-titanate LSFO is lower, which is helpful for reducing the resistance loss of the microstrip line and improving the efficiency of the circulator.
Based on the advantages, the design method of the application is just optimized for the characteristics of the iron paratitanate LSFO. For example, by using a specific high temperature sintering process, the high saturation magnetization and high curie temperature of the iron-by-titanate LSFO can be fully utilized; the stability of the circulator under a wide frequency band can be improved by introducing a turkey optimization algorithm to optimize microstrip line parameters; meanwhile, by precisely adjusting the angle and the pitch of the microstrip lines, the resistive loss due to the low conductivity of the iron-by-titanate LSFO can be reduced. Thus, the design method is optimized specifically for ferric paratitanate LSFO.
S2, plating a layer of gold-silver alloy on the ferrite sheet, and manufacturing a microstrip line according to a preset pattern by utilizing photoetching and etching processes;
And S2, electroplating the prepared ferrite sheet, plating a gold-silver alloy layer with the thickness of about 1-2 microns, manufacturing a microstrip line by a photoetching mode after manufacturing the gold-silver alloy layer, and pressing the gold-silver alloy and the microstrip line on the gold-silver alloy together with the ferrite sheet by hot pressing or pressing and other modes. The gold-silver alloy has good performance in the aspects of conductivity, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and the like, and the cost is lower than that of pure gold. Meanwhile, as gold-silver alloy is adopted for electroplating, compared with the traditional gold plating, the scheme has the advantages of conductivity, corrosion resistance, cost and the like.
S3, performing size optimization on the microstrip line by utilizing high-frequency structure simulation software HFSS and an intelligent optimization algorithm and adjusting the position, angle and length parameters of the microstrip line;
as shown in fig. 3, the specific process of S3 is as follows:
S301, preliminary design: based on electromagnetic characteristics of ferrite and physical factors of microstrip lines, such as size and shape, a preliminary microstrip line model is built in HFSS software; this step usually applies microstrip line theory and empirical formulas to find the initial design parameters;
S302, simulation analysis: performing electromagnetic field simulation calculation by using HFSS, and obtaining the electromagnetic performance of the primary design through preset evaluation indexes such as loss and transmissivity;
S303, optimizing the design, and introducing a turkey optimization algorithm to further optimize the design; the turkey optimization algorithm simulates the behavior of turkeys to find food and avoid predators;
The behavior of turkeys looking for food can be mapped to looking for parameter combinations that can improve circulator performance, and the behavior of enemy avoidance can be mapped to parameter combinations that avoid performance degradation; therefore, the turkey optimization algorithm is applied to the optimization process of microstrip line parameters; and improves the turkey optimization algorithm:
The Turkey optimization algorithm (Turkey-inspiredOptimization) is a model of the behavior of turkeys to find food and avoid predators. The mathematical formula is as follows:
；
Guiding a searching process by introducing gradient information, inspiring a searching direction by using a gradient descent method, and then carrying out parameter updating by combining a random searching strategy of a turkey optimization algorithm; the updated formula after improvement is:
；
Wherein, Representing a new search direction,/>Representing the current search direction,/>Representing the distance of turkey flock food,/>Representing the distance of the turkey enemy. rand (0, 1) is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and 1,/>Is the step size,/>Is the gradient of the current solution.
The training process of the improved turkey optimization algorithm in the S303 design optimization is as follows:
s3031, first, initial parameters of the microstrip line are set, and these parameters include the width, thickness, length, etc. of the microstrip line. At the same time, the step size α of the algorithm is set, which is a parameter controlling the search process. The maximum number of iterations N of the algorithm is then set, which is a parameter that controls the algorithm run time.
S3032, performing preliminary searching by using an improved turkey optimization algorithm. During the search, the algorithm will look for a combination of parameters that can improve circulator performance based on the behavior pattern of turkeys looking for food. Meanwhile, the algorithm can avoid selecting parameter combinations which can cause performance degradation according to the behavior mode of the turkeys for avoiding enemies. The preliminary optimization parameters can be obtained through preliminary searching.
S3033, using a gradient descent method, and using parameters obtained by a turkey optimization algorithm as initial values to perform local search. It searches along the gradient descent direction according to the gradient information of the function. Through local search, new and better parameters can be obtained.
S3034, it is determined whether the search process should be stopped. If the algorithm has been iterated N times or the difference between the new parameter and the last parameter is less than a set threshold, the search process stops. If these conditions are not satisfied, the process returns to S3033, where the local search is continued.
S3035, saving the optimized parameters for the design and performance test of the subsequent circulator.
Through the process, the circulator with excellent performance and meeting the design requirement can be designed. By adopting a turkey optimization algorithm and a gradient descent method, optimal design parameters can be efficiently found, and the design speed and efficiency are greatly improved. Meanwhile, the method can also ensure that the designed circulator has good performance and meets the requirements of practical application.
The turkey optimization algorithm provides a search strategy capable of searching an optimal solution in a larger range by simulating the behaviors of turkeys in natural environments for searching food and avoiding natural enemies, and the global optimal solution is found more effectively than other traditional algorithms. Other optimization algorithms often have strict requirements on problem constraint conditions, and turkey optimization algorithms can handle various nonlinear and non-convex optimization problems, and have strong adaptability.
The improved turkey optimization algorithm fully considers the combination of global search and local search in the microstrip line parameter optimization process, which is a brand new idea. The original turkey optimization algorithm mainly considers the problem of global search, but ignores the importance of utilizing local information to guide the search process. In many practical problems, the locally optimal solution may be the globally optimal solution, or the globally optimal solution may be in the vicinity of the locally optimal solution.
By introducing the gradient descent method, the global information is considered in the searching process, and the local information can be fully utilized. The method has the advantages that the algorithm is more efficient in the process of searching the optimal solution, meanwhile, the method can also effectively avoid sinking into the local optimal solution, and the searching accuracy is improved. Moreover, the algorithm achieves a good effect in optimization of microstrip line parameters, so that the designed circulator has better performance and meets the requirements of practical application.
S4, adjusting the angle and the distance of the microstrip line by combining the variable polarization characteristic of the ferrite and the eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator to realize the matching of the circuit;
And S3, optimizing the size of the microstrip line, and searching the optimal microstrip line design parameters by using high-frequency structure simulation software HFSS and an optimization algorithm. This step is repeated to find microstrip line parameters that optimize the circulator performance. Its work focuses on finding the best possible solution in the global scope.
S4, combining the variable polarization characteristic of ferrite and the eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator, and further matching the circuit by adjusting the angle and the spacing of the microstrip lines. The step is to adapt the application environment and the actual working condition based on the parameters obtained by the optimization in the previous step, so that the performance of the device is optimal. The step is mainly local tuning work, and the solution obtained in the step S3 is fine-tuned to meet specific actual requirements.
As shown in fig. 4, the S4 is specifically as follows:
s401, introducing the variable polarization characteristic of a ferrite material, and taking the influence of the variable polarization of the ferrite on the circuit performance into consideration by utilizing a theoretical model of a Y junction circulator;
The eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator mainly refers to a behavior model established by the Y-junction circulator based on the microwave network characteristics of the Y-junction circulator. This architecture is a three-port active or passive network system. According to its widely accepted theory, in an ideal case, any power applied to a certain port can be evenly distributed between the other two ports, and has good isolation performance.
The Y-junction circulator is formed by combining a three-port circular waveguide assembly and a four-port gyratory waveguide assembly. Under ideal conditions, one of the input signals will be evenly distributed to two output ports, with good isolation between the two output ports, but no direct power output to the third port. Adjustments and optimizations based on this theory and factors such as the specific construction, materials, etc. of the circulator are required to achieve higher performance for a particular circulator product.
S402, establishing a model by utilizing the existing microstrip line design from S3 or initial design, and establishing a circulator model containing microstrip line angles, distances and other related parameters;
s403, combining ferrite polarization influence and an eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator, and performing performance analysis on the circulator by a simulation method to obtain the performance of the circulator under the current design;
S404, adjusting the angle and the space of the microstrip line according to the analysis result of S3, and if the simulation result shows that the performance is obviously improved after the angle or the space is changed, continuing to adjust in the direction; otherwise, an attempt is made to change other parameters of the microstrip line or to change the layout of the microstrip line.
And S405, continuously iterating S404, and summarizing the optimal angle and distance and the combination of related parameters so as to obtain the optimized circulator design.
S5, performing performance test on the designed circulator, wherein the performance test comprises testing transmission loss and isolation performance indexes of the circulator in a Ka frequency band of 32-36GHz, and confirming that the performance of the circulator meets the design requirement.
The S5 performance test is specifically as follows:
connecting the circulator to a network analyzer, setting the frequency range of the network analyzer to be 32-36GHz, exciting the circulator with a proper test level, and recording S parameters; calculating the transmission loss and isolation of the circulator at the working frequency of 32-36GHz according to the S parameter; the transmission loss is obtained through calculation of an S21 parameter read by the network analyzer, the isolation is obtained through calculation of an S12 parameter read by the network analyzer, the S21 parameter is a voltage ratio of signals transmitted from the port 1 to the port 2, and the S12 represents a reverse transmission coefficient and is a signal transmission condition from the port 2 to the port 1.
The S21 parameter is a concept used in radio frequency and microwave circuits, belonging to one of the scattering parameters (SCATTERINGPARAMETERS or SPARAMETERS).
In a two port network, the S21 parameter is a voltage ratio that measures the signal transmitted from port 1 to port 2. In other words, if you input a signal at port 1 of a circuit, the S21 parameter describes the ratio of the signal size output at port 2 to the signal size input at port 1 after the signal is transmitted through the circuit.
Specifically, the S21 parameter represents a pass loss or gain. If the value of the S21 parameter is greater than 1, it indicates that the signal is amplified during transmission, and if it is less than 1, it indicates that the signal is lossy during transmission. S21 is typically measured in decibels (dB).
Embodiment two:
it is assumed that a Ka-band broadband small circulator needs to be designed, the transmission loss needs to be less than 1dB and the isolation needs to be more than 20dB in the frequency band of 32-36 GHz.
First, iron paratitanate LSFO was selected as a ferrite material in step S1, and an organic binder was added in a proportion of 4%. And then presintering the ferrite powder which is uniformly mixed, wherein the presintering temperature is set at 850 ℃, and the presintering time is 3 hours. After the presintering is completed, high-temperature sintering is carried out, the sintering temperature is set at 1250 ℃, and the sintering time is 3 hours.
Then in the step S2, electroplating is carried out on the sintered ferrite sheet, and a gold-silver alloy layer with the thickness of 1.5 microns is plated. After the gold-silver alloy layer is made, the micro-strip line is manufactured by photoetching.
Next, in step S3, a preliminary microstrip line model is first built in HFSS software, and then simulation analysis is performed. The preliminary electromagnetic performance obtained according to the loss and the transmissivity is assumed to be further optimized, so that an improved turkey optimization algorithm is introduced to perform optimization design, and initial parameters are set to be 1, the step length alpha is set to be 0.1, and the iteration number N is set to be 1000 times. According to the result of the algorithm, the optimal design parameter of the microstrip line is 30 degrees and 200 microns in length.
Then, in step S4, the microstrip line design is incorporated into a Y-junction circulator model, and the optimum angle of the microstrip line is determined to be 32 degrees and the pitch is 50 micrometers through multiple simulation and adjustment.
Finally, in step S5, the designed circulator is connected to a network analyzer for performance testing. The test result shows that the transmission loss of the circulator at the working frequency of 32-36GHz is 0.8dB, and the isolation is 22dB, thereby meeting the design requirements.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that implementing all or part of the above-described methods in accordance with the embodiments may be accomplished by way of a computer program stored on a computer readable storage medium, which when executed may comprise the steps of the embodiments of the methods described above. The storage medium may be a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory (ReadOnlyMemory, ROM), a random access memory (RandomABBessMemory, RAM), or the like.
It should be understood that the detailed description of the technical solution of the present invention, given by way of preferred embodiments, is illustrative and not restrictive. Modifications of the technical solutions described in the embodiments or equivalent substitutions of some technical features thereof may be performed by those skilled in the art on the basis of the present description; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A design method of a Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite is characterized by comprising the following steps: the design method comprises the following steps:
S1, selecting a ferrite material, and preparing a ferrite sheet by a high-temperature sintering method;
S2, plating a layer of gold-silver alloy on the ferrite sheet, and manufacturing a microstrip line according to a preset pattern by utilizing photoetching and etching processes;
s3, utilizing high-frequency structure simulation software HFSS and an optimization algorithm, and optimizing the size of the microstrip line by adjusting the position, angle and length parameters of the microstrip line;
S4, adjusting the angle and the distance of the microstrip line by combining the variable polarization characteristic of the ferrite and the eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator to realize the matching of the circuit;
S5, performing performance test on the designed circulator, wherein the performance test comprises testing transmission loss and isolation performance indexes of the circulator in a Ka frequency band of 32-36GHz, and confirming that the performance of the circulator meets the design requirement.
2. The method for designing a ferrite-based Ka-band broadband mini circulator according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the S1 is specifically as follows:
s101, selecting rare ferrite materials of iron paratitanate LSFO;
S102, uniformly mixing the selected ferrite powder with an organic binder for improving the mechanical property and fluidity of the powder in the forming process, wherein the weight ratio of the organic binder to the ferrite powder is 1-5%;
s103, placing the uniformly mixed powder into a die, and performing compression molding;
S104, sintering the formed body at a high temperature in an oxygen environment, and adopting a temperature gradient sintering method, so that the material migration speed in the sintering process can be slowed down, and the generation of pores and cracks of a product can be effectively prevented; the method comprises the following steps:
presintering the mixed ferrite powder, wherein the presintering temperature is set to be 800-900 ℃ and the presintering time is 2-4 hours; after the presintering is finished, high-temperature sintering is carried out, the sintering temperature is set to 1100-1300 ℃, and the sintering time is 2-4 hours.
3. The method for designing a ferrite-based Ka-band broadband mini circulator according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and S2, electroplating the prepared ferrite sheet, plating a gold-silver alloy layer with the thickness of 1-2 microns, manufacturing a microstrip line by a photoetching mode after manufacturing the gold-silver alloy layer, and pressing the gold-silver alloy and the microstrip line on the gold-silver alloy together with the ferrite sheet by a hot pressing or pressing mode.
4. The method for designing a ferrite-based Ka-band broadband mini circulator according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the specific process of the S3 is as follows:
s301, preliminary design: based on electromagnetic characteristics of ferrite and physical factors of a microstrip line, establishing a preliminary microstrip line model in HFSS software; searching initial design parameters by using microstrip line theory and empirical formula;
s302, simulation analysis: performing electromagnetic field simulation calculation by using HFSS, and obtaining the electromagnetic performance of the primary design through evaluation indexes;
S303, optimizing the design, and introducing an improved turkey optimization algorithm to further optimize the design; the improved turkey optimization algorithm simulates the behavior of turkeys to find food and avoid predators;
The behavior of turkeys for finding food is mapped to find parameter combinations capable of improving the performance of the circulator, and the behavior of avoiding enemy is mapped to parameter combinations capable of avoiding performance degradation; therefore, the turkey optimization algorithm is applied to the optimization process of microstrip line parameters; and improves the turkey optimization algorithm:
Guiding a searching process by introducing gradient information, inspiring a searching direction by using a gradient descent method, and then carrying out parameter updating by combining a random searching strategy of a turkey optimization algorithm; the updated formula after improvement is:
；
Wherein, Representing a new search direction,/>Representing the current search direction,/>Indicating the distance of the turkey flock food,Representing the distance of turkey enemies; rand (0, 1) is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and 1,/>Is the step size of the step,Is the gradient of the current solution.
5. The method for designing a ferrite-based Ka-band broadband mini-circulator according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step S303 of design optimization, the training process of the improved turkey optimization algorithm is as follows:
s3031, setting initial parameters of the microstrip line, and setting a step length alpha and iteration times N;
S3032, performing preliminary search by using an improved turkey optimization algorithm to obtain preliminary optimized parameters;
S3033, using a gradient descent method, and taking parameters obtained by a turkey optimization algorithm as initial values to perform local search to obtain new parameters;
S3034, judging whether a stopping condition is met, if the iteration times reach N, or if the difference value between the new parameter and the last parameter is smaller than a set threshold value, stopping iteration, otherwise, returning to S3033;
s3035, saving the optimized parameters for the design and performance test of the subsequent circulator.
6. The method for designing a ferrite-based Ka-band broadband mini circulator according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the S4 is specifically as follows:
s401, introducing the variable polarization characteristic of a ferrite material, and taking the influence of the variable polarization of the ferrite on the circuit performance into consideration by utilizing a theoretical model of a Y junction circulator;
s402, establishing a circulator model comprising microstrip line angles, distances and other related parameters by utilizing the existing microstrip line design from S3;
s403, combining ferrite polarization influence and an eigenmode theory of the Y-junction circulator, and performing performance analysis on the circulator by a simulation method to obtain the performance of the circulator under the current design;
S404, adjusting the angle and the space of the microstrip line according to the analysis result of S3, and if the simulation result shows that the performance is obviously improved after the angle or the space is changed, continuing to adjust in the direction; otherwise, trying to change other parameters of the microstrip line or trying to change the layout mode of the microstrip line;
And S405, continuously iterating S404, and summarizing the optimal angle and distance and the combination of related parameters so as to obtain the optimized circulator design.
7. The method for designing a ferrite-based Ka-band broadband mini circulator according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the S5 performance test is specifically as follows:
connecting the circulator to a network analyzer, setting the frequency range of the network analyzer to be 32-36GHz, exciting the circulator with a proper test level, and recording S parameters; calculating the transmission loss and isolation of the circulator at the working frequency of 32-36GHz according to the S parameter; the transmission loss is obtained through calculation of an S21 parameter read by the network analyzer, the isolation is obtained through calculation of an S12 parameter read by the network analyzer, the S21 parameter is a voltage ratio of signals transmitted from the port 1 to the port 2, and the S12 represents a reverse transmission coefficient and is a signal transmission condition from the port 2 to the port 1.
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