CN116738854A - Design method of broadband ferrite circulator - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application provides a design method of a broadband ferrite circulator, which aims at urgent demands of broadband and miniaturization of a radio frequency front end, and starts from the variable polarization characteristic of ferrite and the eigenmode theory of a Y-junction circulator, and by referring to actual performance indexes, HFSS simulation software is used for building a model, an intelligent optimization algorithm is combined, the shape of ferrite materials is iterated, the structure of a matching circuit is improved, and the combination of the simulation software and the optimization algorithm can search for an optimal value in a solution space well, so that the degree of freedom of design is greatly increased, and the design time is shortened. The result is accurately evaluated through simulation analysis, so that the integration level of the passive device is improved, the power capacity is increased, and the frequency bandwidth is expanded.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of ferrite circulators, in particular to a design method of a broadband ferrite circulator.
Background
In electronics countermeasure technology, the circulator is required to have ultra-wideband. After more than three octaves, the design difficulty increases. The circulator realized in the form of an integrated circuit adopts a large number of micro devices such as gold wire bonding, chip inductance and the like, and can be used for imaging a multi-port complex linear network. The fine errors of processing and assembly appear in millimeter wave bands, which often cause mismatch of port signals, increase of group delay fluctuation and crosstalk of signals, and nonlinear effects can be generated under high power conditions due to local temperature steep rise, which is a multi-physical field problem comprising an electromagnetic field, a temperature field and a stress field.
When the Ka-band broadband ferrite circulator is designed, as the Ka-band is very wide, two factors are required to be considered in the design of a matching circuit of the Ka-band broadband ferrite circulator: on one hand, indexes such as normalized saturation magnetization intensity of ferrite materials in a broadband can change, so that the central section parameters are changed, and the design of a connection matching circuit is affected; on the other hand, the broadband matching circuit is not designed by taking the central frequency as the optimal matching point, but needs to match each section of frequency by adopting a proper gradual change structure. It is difficult to meet the requirements for circulator power capacity and bandwidth with conventional manual sizing to obtain good targets and with blindness results in lower efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to at least solve one of the technical problems that the circulator design method in the prior art is difficult to meet the requirements on the power capacity and the frequency bandwidth of the circulator and has low efficiency due to blindness.
Therefore, the application provides a design method of a broadband ferrite circulator.
The application provides a design method of a broadband ferrite circulator, which comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring initial structural size parameters of a plurality of groups of ferrite circulators, and determining target microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulators;
s2, establishing an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator by using simulation software according to the structural design of the ferrite circulator and each group of structural dimension parameters;
s3, performing full-wave simulation on the established accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator to obtain the microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator under the current structural size parameters;
s4, judging whether the current microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator meet target microwave performance parameters or not; if yes, taking the current structural dimension parameter as an output result; if not, carrying out the next step;
s5, establishing a Pareto optimal solution function related to microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator, wherein the solution of the Pareto optimal solution function is a set of structural dimension parameters, and calculating to obtain a current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function;
s6, forming a parent population according to the current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function, forming a child population from the parent population by utilizing a genetic algorithm, and reestablishing an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator according to the structural dimension parameters of each group of ferrite circulator in the child population;
s7, performing full-wave simulation on the established accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator to obtain the microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator under the current structural size parameters;
s8, judging whether the current microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator meet target microwave performance parameters or not; if yes, taking the current structural dimension parameter as an output result; if not, carrying out the next step;
s9, merging the parent population and the offspring population, trimming to form a new population, and returning to S2.
According to the technical scheme, the design method of the broadband ferrite circulator can also have the following additional technical characteristics:
in the above technical solution, the microwave performance parameters include return loss, insertion loss and isolation.
In the above technical solution, in step S2, an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator is built by using the VBscript provided by HFSS simulation software.
In the above technical solution, the set of the initial structural dimension parameters of the multiple groups of ferrite circulators obtained in S1 is defined as an initial population, and step S4 and/or step S8 include:
evaluating the fitness of individuals in the current population, judging whether the fitness of the current individuals meets the requirement of the target microwave performance parameters, and if so, taking the current structural size parameters as output results; if not, the next step is performed.
In the above technical solution, in step S5, the Pareto optimal solution function is:
Min(y)＝F(x)＝a 1 f 1 (x)+a 2 f 2 (x)+a 3 f 3 (x)
wherein x is a column vector of each set of structural dimension parameters; f (f) 1 (x) Representing return loss; f (f) 2 (x) Representing insertion loss; f (f) 3 (x) Represents isolation; a, a 1 ,a 2 ,a 3 Is the weight and is 1.
In the above technical solution, in step S6, the current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function is a non-dominant solution set; the forming of the offspring population from the parent population using the genetic algorithm includes:
s61, sorting non-dominant solutions in the non-dominant solution sets and calculating crowding distances so as to sort individuals in the parent population;
s62, selecting a certain number of individuals as male parents to carry out intersection and mutation according to the sequencing result;
s63, generating a offspring population.
In the above technical solution, in step S6, reestablishing the accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator according to the structural dimension parameter of each group of ferrite circulator in the child population includes:
and calling a device expert model library according to the structural size parameters of each group of ferrite circulators in the offspring population, and correcting the accurate physical model established in the step S2.
In the above technical solution, step S9 includes:
s91, merging the parent population and the offspring population in the S6 to be used as a new parent population;
s92, performing non-dominant ranking and crowding distance calculation on the new parent population so as to rank individuals in the parent population;
s93, trimming the sorting result to form a new population;
s94, taking the new population as input of S2.
In any of the above solutions, the ferrite circulator includes a center conductor including a center section, a matching line, and a matching stub; the center joint is arranged at the center position of the center conductor; the three match lines are arranged along the circumference of the central section in a Y-shaped structure, the match lines are provided with output match sections extending towards two sides of the match lines, the match branches are arranged along the radial direction of the central section, and a plurality of match branches are arranged along the circumference of the central section.
In the above technical solution, the structural dimension parameters include: the diameter of the central section, the diameter of a circle circumscribed by a plurality of the matching branches, the width and the number of the matching branches, and the length and the width of the output matching section.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical characteristics, the application has the beneficial effects that:
aiming at the urgent demands of broadband and miniaturization of the radio frequency front end, the HFSS simulation software is used for building a model by referring to actual performance indexes based on the variable polarization characteristics of ferrite and the eigenmode theory of a Y-junction circulator, the shape of ferrite materials is iterated by combining an intelligent optimization algorithm, the structure of a matching circuit is improved, and the combination of the simulation software and the optimization algorithm can search for an optimal value in a solution space well, so that the freedom degree of design is greatly increased, and the design time is shortened.
The result is accurately evaluated through simulation analysis, so that the integration level of the passive device is improved, the power capacity is increased, and the frequency bandwidth is expanded.
Additional aspects and advantages of the application will be set forth in part in the description which follows, or may be learned by practice of the application.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or additional aspects and advantages of the application will become apparent and may be better understood from the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a ferrite ring of one embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of structural dimension parameters to be adjusted for a wideband ferrite circulator in a method of designing a circulator according to an embodiment of the application;
fig. 3 is a flow chart of a method of designing a wideband ferrite circulator according to an embodiment of the application.
The correspondence between the reference numerals and the component names in fig. 1 to 3 is:
1. a center section; 2. matching lines; 3. matching branches; 4. and outputting the matching section.
Detailed Description
In order that the above-recited objects, features and advantages of the present application will be more clearly understood, a more particular description of the application will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings and appended detailed description. It should be noted that, without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and features in the embodiments may be combined with each other.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present application, however, the present application may be practiced otherwise than as described herein, and therefore the scope of the present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.
A method of designing a wideband ferrite circulator according to some embodiments of the application is described below with reference to fig. 1-3.
Some embodiments of the present application provide a wideband ferrite circulator design method.
Fig. 1 shows the structure of a ferrite circulator comprising a central conductor comprising a central section 1, a matching wire 2 and a matching stub 3; the central section 1 is circular and is arranged at the central position of the central conductor; the three matching lines 2 are arranged along the circumferential direction of the central section 1 in a Y-shaped structure, and specifically, the three matching lines 2 are spaced by 120 degrees from one another; the matching line 2 is provided with output matching sections 4 extending to two sides of the matching line 2, in some embodiments, the output matching sections 4 are long-strip-shaped, the matching branches 3 are arranged perpendicular to the matching line 2 along the radial direction of the central section 1, and a plurality of the matching branches 3 are arranged along the circumferential direction of the central section 1; in some embodiments, the number of matching knots 3 is 3; in other embodiments, the number of the matching branches 3 may be 5, 9, 18, etc., and the plurality of matching branches 3 are uniformly arranged along the circumferential direction of the central section 1, and the bandwidth can be increased by adopting the matching structure of the plurality of branches, so that the performance of the circulator is improved. It will be appreciated that the above-described circulator structure is only an example given by the present application, and the design method provided in this embodiment may be applied to other circulator structures requiring adjustment of structural parameters.
Taking the above structure as an example, the matching structure of a plurality of branches can increase the bandwidth and improve the performance of the circulator, the geometry, the iteration number and the physical size of the structure are uncertain, and each time different circulators are designed, the manual debugging and optimization are needed, so that the operation is complicated, the efficiency is low, and the optimal structure is not easy to find; electromagnetic simulation and optimization algorithms can be combined, freeing up repetitive parameter adjustments. As shown in fig. 2, the structural dimension parameters that need to be dynamically adjusted include: the diameter D of the central node, the diameter D of a circle circumscribed by a plurality of the matching branches, the width s and the number n of the matching branches, and the length w and the width a of the output matching section.
As shown in fig. 3, the design method specifically includes the following steps:
s1, acquiring initial structural size parameters of a plurality of groups of ferrite circulators, and determining target microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulators; the microwave performance parameters include return loss, insertion loss, and isolation. The initial structure size parameter can be set manually, a theoretical calculation value can be obtained through theoretical calculation, a plurality of data points are obtained around the theoretical calculation value, and the data points of different parameters are combined. In a specific embodiment, in order to ensure that the ferrite circulator maintains good microwave performance at 32-36GHz of Ka frequency band, the target microwave performance parameter is set to be more than 12dB in return loss, less than 2dB in insertion loss and better than 15dB in isolation.
S2, establishing an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator by using simulation software according to the structural design of the ferrite circulator and each group of structural dimension parameters;
in step S2, an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator is built by using the VBscript provided by HFSS simulation software.
S3, performing full-wave simulation on the established accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator to obtain the microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator under the current structural size parameters;
s4, judging whether the current microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator meet target microwave performance parameters or not; if yes, taking the current structural dimension parameter as an output result; if not, carrying out the next step;
specifically, the set of initial structural dimension parameters of the multiple groups of ferrite circulators obtained in the step S1 is defined as an initial population, each group of structural dimension parameters corresponds to one individual in the population, and the step S4 includes:
evaluating the fitness of individuals in the initial population, judging whether the fitness of the current individuals meets the requirement of the target microwave performance parameters, and if so, taking the current structural size parameters as output results; if not, the next step is performed. The method for judging whether the current individual fitness meets the requirement of the target microwave performance parameter can adopt a direct comparison method, the fitness of each individual can be calculated through a fitness function, when the individual fitness meets the requirement of a set value, the fitness of the current population is considered to meet the termination condition, and the algorithm is ended.
S5, establishing a Pareto optimal solution function related to microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator, wherein the solution of the Pareto optimal solution function is a set of structural dimension parameters, and calculating to obtain a current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function;
s6, forming a parent population according to the current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function, forming a child population from the parent population by utilizing a genetic algorithm, and reestablishing an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator according to the structural dimension parameters of each group of ferrite circulator in the child population;
in step S5, the Pareto optimal solution function is:
Min(y)＝F(x)＝a 1 f 1 (x)+a 2 f 2 (x)+a 3 f 3 (x)
wherein x is a column vector of each set of structural dimension parameters; f (f) 1 (x) Representing return loss; f (f) 2 (x) Representing insertion loss; f (f) 3 (x) Represents isolation; a, a 1 ,a 2 ,a 3 Is the weight and is 1.
The Pareto optimal solution is:
F(x*)＝opt F(x)
the vector function projects the decision space x to the vector space x, so that the Pareto optimal solution is not only one, but is an optimal solution set, the current optimal solution of one evolution space is a non-dominant solution, and the set of all non-dominant solutions is called a non-dominant set and is enabled to continuously approach to a real optimal solution set.
In step S6, the current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function is a non-dominant solution set; in some embodiments, the forming a offspring population from the parent population using the genetic algorithm comprises:
s61, sorting non-dominant solutions in the non-dominant solution sets and calculating crowding distances so as to sort individuals in the parent population;
s62, selecting a certain number of individuals as male parents to carry out intersection and mutation according to the sequencing result; wherein, when ordering from high to low according to fitness, a fixed number of individuals in the front are selected as male parents, and the specifically selected number can be manually specified and modified. Crossing operation in the interdigital genetic algorithm, namely the operation of replacing partial gene structures of two male parents to generate a new individual; variation refers to the variation of gene values at certain loci of individual strings in a population.
S63, generating a offspring population.
In some embodiments, in step S6, reestablishing the precise physical model of the ferrite ring based on the structural dimensional parameters of each set of ferrite rings in the child population comprises:
and calling a device expert model library according to the structural size parameters of each group of ferrite circulators in the offspring population, and correcting the accurate physical model established in the step S2.
S7, performing full-wave simulation on the established accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator to obtain the microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator under the current structural size parameters;
s8, judging whether the current microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator meet target microwave performance parameters or not; if yes, taking the current structural dimension parameter as an output result; if not, carrying out the next step;
specifically, evaluating the fitness of individuals in the offspring population obtained in the step S6, judging whether the fitness of the current individuals meets the requirement of the target microwave performance parameters, and if so, taking the current structural size parameters as output results; if not, the next step is performed. The method for judging whether the current individual fitness meets the requirement of the target microwave performance parameter can adopt a direct comparison method, the fitness of each individual can be calculated through a fitness function, when the individual fitness meets the requirement of a set value, the fitness of the current population is considered to meet the termination condition, and the algorithm is ended.
S9, merging the parent population and the offspring population, trimming to form a new population, and returning to S2.
Step S9 includes:
s91, merging the parent population and the offspring population in the S6 to be used as a new parent population;
s92, performing non-dominant ranking and crowding distance calculation on the new parent population so as to rank individuals in the parent population;
s93, trimming the sorting result to form a new population;
s94, taking the new population as the input of S2, and circulating the above processes until the algorithm is terminated.
In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. The design method of the broadband ferrite circulator is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, acquiring initial structural size parameters of a plurality of groups of ferrite circulators, and determining target microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulators;
s2, establishing an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator by using simulation software according to the structural design of the ferrite circulator and each group of structural dimension parameters;
s3, performing full-wave simulation on the established accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator to obtain the microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator under the current structural size parameters;
s4, judging whether the current microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator meet target microwave performance parameters or not; if yes, taking the current structural dimension parameter as an output result; if not, carrying out the next step;
s5, establishing a Pareto optimal solution function related to microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator, wherein the solution of the Pareto optimal solution function is a set of structural dimension parameters, and calculating to obtain a current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function;
s6, forming a parent population according to the current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function, forming a child population from the parent population by utilizing a genetic algorithm, and reestablishing an accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator according to the structural dimension parameters of each group of ferrite circulator in the child population;
s7, performing full-wave simulation on the established accurate physical model of the ferrite circulator to obtain the microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator under the current structural size parameters;
s8, judging whether the current microwave performance parameters of the ferrite circulator meet target microwave performance parameters or not; if yes, taking the current structural dimension parameter as an output result; if not, carrying out the next step;
s9, merging the parent population and the offspring population, trimming to form a new population, and returning to S2.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the microwave performance parameters include return loss, insertion loss, and isolation.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the exact physical model of the ferrite circulator is built by using VBscript provided by HFSS simulation software.
4. The method for designing a broadband ferrite circulator according to claim 1, wherein the set of initial structural dimension parameters of the plurality of sets of ferrite circulators acquired in S1 is defined as an initial population, and step S4 and/or step S8 include:
evaluating the fitness of individuals in the current population, judging whether the fitness of the current individuals meets the requirement of the target microwave performance parameters, and if so, taking the current structural size parameters as output results; if not, the next step is performed.
5. The method for designing a broadband ferrite circulator according to claim 1, wherein in step S5, the Pareto optimal solution function is:
Min(y)＝F(x)＝a 1 f 1 (x)+a 2 f 2 (x)+a 3 f 3 (x)
wherein x is a column vector of each set of structural dimension parameters; f (f) 1 (x) Representing return loss; f (f) 2 (x) Representing insertion loss; f (f) 3 (x) Represents isolation; a, a 1 ,a 2 ,a 3 Is the weight and is 1.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S6, the current optimal solution set of the Pareto optimal solution function is a non-dominant solution set; the forming of the offspring population from the parent population using the genetic algorithm includes:
s61, sorting non-dominant solutions in the non-dominant solution sets and calculating crowding distances so as to sort individuals in the parent population;
s62, selecting a certain number of individuals as male parents to carry out intersection and mutation according to the sequencing result;
s63, generating a offspring population.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S6, reestablishing the exact physical model of the ferrite ring based on the structural dimensional parameters of each ferrite ring in the sub-population comprises:
and calling a device expert model library according to the structural size parameters of each group of ferrite circulators in the offspring population, and correcting the accurate physical model established in the step S2.
8. The method of designing a broadband ferrite circulator of claim 1, wherein step S9 includes:
s91, merging the parent population and the offspring population in the S6 to be used as a new parent population;
s92, performing non-dominant ranking and crowding distance calculation on the new parent population so as to rank individuals in the parent population;
s93, trimming the sorting result to form a new population;
s94, taking the new population as input of S2.
9. The broadband ferrite circulator design method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the ferrite circulator comprises a center conductor, the center conductor comprising a center section, a matching line, and a matching stub; the center joint is arranged at the center position of the center conductor; the three match lines are arranged along the circumference of the central section in a Y-shaped structure, the match lines are provided with output match sections extending towards two sides of the match lines, the match branches are arranged along the radial direction of the central section, and a plurality of match branches are arranged along the circumference of the central section.
10. The method of designing a wideband ferrite circulator of claim 9, wherein the structural dimensional parameters include: the diameter of the central section, the diameter of a circle circumscribed by a plurality of the matching branches, the width and the number of the matching branches, and the length and the width of the output matching section.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN118040279A (en) * | 2024-04-11 | 2024-05-14 | 四川航天职业技术学院(四川航天高级技工学校) | Method for designing Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN118040279A (en) * | 2024-04-11 | 2024-05-14 | 四川航天职业技术学院(四川航天高级技工学校) | Method for designing Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite |
| CN118040279B (en) * | 2024-04-11 | 2024-06-25 | 四川航天职业技术学院(四川航天高级技工学校) | Method for designing Ka-band broadband small circulator based on ferrite |
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