CN117986704A - Robot cable material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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- CN117986704A CN117986704A CN202211339724.XA CN202211339724A CN117986704A CN 117986704 A CN117986704 A CN 117986704A CN 202211339724 A CN202211339724 A CN 202211339724A CN 117986704 A CN117986704 A CN 117986704A
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000005065 High vinyl polybutadiene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- BMFMTNROJASFBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(furan-2-ylmethylsulfinyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CS(=O)CC1=CC=CO1 BMFMTNROJASFBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003712 anti-aging effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- OKKRPWIIYQTPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC(CC)(COC(=O)C(C)=C)COC(=O)C(C)=C OKKRPWIIYQTPQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- DMWVYCCGCQPJEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)CCC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C DMWVYCCGCQPJEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZSDPJPHNMOTSQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxy propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OO ZSDPJPHNMOTSQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 235000013873 oxidized polyethylene wax Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004209 oxidized polyethylene wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010057 rubber processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDGNCLDCOVTOCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C KDGNCLDCOVTOCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Landscapes
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
A robot cable material and a preparation method thereof belong to the technical field of cable material rubber, and in particular relate to a cable material rubber composition and a preparation method thereof. When the ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber material moves for a long time at high frequency, the cable can generate thermal oxidation aging due to friction fatigue and self-generated heat release. The invention comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of matrix rubber, 14-18 parts of white carbon black, 3.0-3.5 parts of zinc methacrylate, 0.6-0.7 part of zinc acetylacetonate, 4.4-5 parts of cross-linking agent and 1.1-1.7 parts of polyethylene wax; the base rubber consists of 60-70 parts of high vinyl polybutadiene rubber and 30-40 parts of ethylene-octene copolymer. Overcomes the defects of HVPBR that the positive vulcanization time is long and the processability is poor, fully exerts the performance advantages of HVPBR that the self-lubricating performance is good, the self-heating of the cable with long periodic movement is low and the ageing resistance is good.
Description
Technical Field
A robot cable material and a preparation method thereof belong to the technical field of cable material rubber, and in particular relate to a cable material rubber composition and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The robot cable is a "blood vessel" and a "nerve" of the robot, and the demand for the robot cable is increasing in recent years. The flexible cable for the robot arm is generally required to have the following functions of good flexibility, bending fatigue resistance, electromagnetic interference resistance, oil resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, water resistance, high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, radiation resistance and the like. Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber has incomparable advantages of other rubber materials in the aspects of flexibility, heat resistance, weather resistance, water resistance, price and the like, and becomes the first choice of flexible cables for common robot arms. However, practical experience shows that the performance of the ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber material in the bending fatigue resistance aspect is still insufficient, and because the flexible cables of the robot arm are usually combined into a plurality of strands of wire harnesses, the heat dissipation space is narrow, when the robot arm moves for a long time at high frequency, the cables can generate thermal oxidation aging due to friction fatigue and self-generated heat release, so that the mechanical performance of the cable at the elbow of the robot arm is reduced to be damaged, and the service life of the robot is influenced.
The High Vinyl Polybutadiene (HVPBR) rubber has a plurality of excellent performances, excellent physical and mechanical properties, good wet skid resistance, low heat generation, excellent ageing resistance and the like due to a large amount of vinyl groups on the main chain, and the application technology in the field of automobile tires is widely mature. However, HVPBR has the defects that the processability is poor due to the molecular structural characteristics, the banburying rotor is slippery when common rubber processing equipment is used for processing HVPBR rubber, the banburying rotor is not easy to melt and agglomerate, and HVPBR has the defect of difficult plasticization, and the common rubber processing equipment cannot process the pure HVPBR rubber. Another characteristic is that the time of normal vulcanization (Tg) is longer than that of common rubber types such as BR, SBR, NBR, because the main chain double bonds are more prone to cross-linking reaction than the side chain double bonds, the double bonds of common rubber types such as BR, SBR, NBR are mainly distributed on the main chain, and the double bonds of HVPBR are mainly distributed on the side chains.
Therefore, HVPBR rubber cannot be fully applied to the technical field of cable materials, in particular to the technical field of robot cable materials at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are as follows: overcomes the defects of the prior art, and provides a robot cable material with low heat generation, thermal-oxidative aging resistance and easy processing and a preparation method thereof.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows: the utility model provides a robot cable material which characterized in that: the raw materials comprise the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of matrix rubber, 14-18 parts of white carbon black, 3.0-3.5 parts of zinc methacrylate, 0.6-0.7 part of zinc acetylacetonate, 4.4-5 parts of cross-linking agent and 1.1-1.7 parts of polyethylene wax;
The base rubber consists of, by weight, 60-70 parts of high-vinyl polybutadiene rubber (HVPBR) and 30-40 parts of ethylene-octene copolymer (POE).
POE is used as a polyolefin elastomer, and after being compounded with HVPBR, the integral plasticizing capacity of rubber can be obviously improved, the vulcanization speed is obviously accelerated, moreover, the POE with excellent compatibility with HVPBR is adopted to improve the processing flow property of HVPBR, the POE has no low molecular precipitation phenomenon after long-term use, the precipitation problem possibly caused by adopting a low molecular weight plasticizer is avoided, the rubber is prevented from becoming crisp in use, and the service life is ensured; under the matched use condition, the zinc methacrylate and the zinc acetylacetonate are matched with POE, so that the vulcanization speed of HVPBR rubber can be further improved, the vulcanization time is shortened, the processability of HVPBR is further improved, and the industrial production of HVPBR rubber is finally realized.
The white carbon black is used as a framework component, so that the wear resistance and scratch resistance of the cable material are ensured, the polyethylene wax can provide lubrication and plasticizing effects for POE, the plasticizing efficiency in the mixing process of POE and HVPBR rubber is ensured, and simultaneously, the lubrication performance can be provided during extrusion.
Preferably, the molecular weight of the high vinyl polybutadiene rubber is 50-60 ten thousand.
Preferably, the vinyl content (weight content) of the high-vinyl polybutadiene rubber is 65-85%.
If the vinyl content is too high, the self-lubricating effect of the material may be increased, plasticizing performance may be affected to a certain extent, the banburying rubber may be poor in plasticizing and low in homogenization degree, so that the surface of the basic robot cable material is rough.
Preferably, the zinc methacrylate is used in an amount of 3.2 parts.
Preferably, the zinc acetylacetonate is used in an amount of 0.65 parts.
The preferred accelerator zinc methacrylate and zinc acetylacetonate can have sufficient plasticizing modification and vulcanization modification effects on the matrix rubber and save raw materials.
Preferably, the base rubber consists of 65 parts of high vinyl polybutadiene rubber and 35 parts of ethylene-octene copolymer.
Under the preferable proportion relation, HVPBR can fully exert the self-lubricating performance and the ageing resistance, and meanwhile, the matrix rubber has higher vulcanization speed and processability.
Preferably, the cross-linking agent comprises 2.6-3.0 parts of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA), 1.5-1.6 parts of isopropyl tert-butyl peroxycarbonate and 0.3-0.4 part of 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-bis (tert-butylperoxy) hexane according to parts by weight.
POE can show better dynamic crosslinking effect under the action of peroxide ester crosslinking agent, and better crosslinking effect is combined with HVPBR rubber, so that the system is more stable and uniform, and the service life of the cable material is prolonged.
Preferably, the polyethylene wax comprises 0.6-1.0 part of polyethylene wax 6A and 0.5-0.7 part of polyethylene wax 316A.
The inventors have found in experiments that polyethylene wax 6A and oxidized polyethylene wax 316A produced by the company holmivir provide higher plasticizing and lubricating properties.
Preferably, the anti-aging agent is further included, and the anti-aging agent comprises 1.0-1.4 parts of anti-aging agent RD and 1.4-1.8 parts of anti-aging agent 4020.
The preparation method of the robot cable material is characterized by comprising the following steps of: comprises mixing, banburying, rubber discharging, double-pull feeding and extrusion granulation; wherein, the mixing banburying adopts a 6-edge VCMT synchronous rotor banburying machine, the rotating speed of the banburying machine is 40-50 rpm, the upper ram pressure is 0.40-0.45 mpa, the mixing banburying time is 500-600 s, and the glue discharging temperature is 134-138 ℃.
Because the banburying rotor is slipped when HVPBR rubber is processed, in order to reduce the slipping probability, the design characteristics of a 6-edge VCMT (Various Clearance Mixing Technology) tangential rotor and a 6-edge VCMT rotor are adopted: each long edge has three distinct rotor tip widths and rotor tip clearances with the mill chamber walls. One third of the long edges are gaps between the small top end width and the wall of the banburying chamber, the other third of the long edges are gaps between the medium top end width and the wall of the banburying chamber, and the remaining third of the long edges are gaps between the large top end width and the wall of the banburying chamber. The width of each tip is fixed to the wall gap of the mixing chamber. However, one of the ribs has a small tip width and a small mill space, another is a medium tip width and a medium mill space, and a third is a large tip width and a large mill space. 6. The function characteristics of the prism VCMT rotor: the small top end and the small gap reduce dead zones of the internal mixer in the internal mixing process, and improve the cooling capacity. The shearing force provided by the gap between the top end of the small rotor and the banburying wall is maximum, the dispersivity of the compounding agent is excellent, and the mixing period of the sizing material is shorter. The large tip-mill wall gap allows for greater movement of the compound during mixing, which reduces the heat of abrasion and improves the thermal uniformity of the entire batch. The intermediate tip-mill wall gap is not very prominent for both of these purposes. The medium tip has a larger shear force than the large tip gap, helping dispersion, but the applied shear force is small compared to the small tip gap, helping an even distribution of shear heat. 6. And strong meshing shearing action is also provided between the two rotors of the arris VCMT, so that uniform mixing and dispersion between the high polymer materials and the low polymer auxiliary agent are facilitated.
Preferably, the extrusion granulation adopts single screw extrusion granulation, the length-diameter ratio of a single screw extruder is 17:1, and the temperature of each area of single screw granulation is 120-130-120 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the defects of long normal vulcanization time (Tg) and poor processability of HVPBR are overcome, and the prepared flexible cable for the robot arm taking High Vinyl Polybutadiene (HVPBR) rubber as a base material fully exerts the performance advantages of good HVPBR self-lubricating performance, low self-heating of the cable due to long-period motion and good thermal-oxidative aging resistance after being used for replacing ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, so that the service life of the flexible cable for the robot arm is prolonged by 37 percent compared with that of the ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber material.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, and example 5 is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In the following examples and comparative examples, both polymeric grade polyethylene wax 6A and polymeric grade oxidized polyethylene wax 316A were purchased from Honiveal, white carbon oil absorption: 4.5ml/g, and a specific surface area of 225m 2/g. In the following examples and comparative examples, the raw materials mentioned in the formulation are used in kg, unless otherwise specified.
Examples 1 to 6
The formula of each embodiment of the robot cable material is shown in the following table 1, wherein stearic acid (Hst) is added as an auxiliary crosslinking agent, and the use of 2-5 parts by weight of the auxiliary crosslinking agent to produce a rubber composition is common knowledge of a person skilled in the art, and is used for ensuring that each inorganic component is fully combined in an organic component; wherein the vinyl content is the weight content.
Table 1 example raw materials
。
The preparation method of the robot cable material sequentially comprises mixing banburying, glue discharging, double-roll feeding and extrusion granulation, and the robot cable material is obtained, wherein 6-edge VCMT synchronous rotor banburying machines are adopted in the mixing banburying, the rotating speed of the banburying machines is 40-50 rpm, the bolt pressing pressure is 0.40-0.45 mpa, the mixing banburying time is 500-600 s, and the glue discharging temperature is 134-138 ℃. The extrusion granulation adopts single screw extrusion granulation, the length-diameter ratio of a single screw extruder is 17:1, and the temperature of each area of the single screw granulation is 120-130-120 ℃.
Comparative examples 1 to 6
The robot cable materials, the comparative examples are shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2 comparative examples 1 to 4 raw materials
。
The same preparation as in example 2 was used.
Comparative examples 7 to 11
The robot cable materials, the comparative examples are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3 comparative examples 7-11 raw materials
。
Performance testing
The robot cable materials obtained in the above examples and comparative examples were subjected to performance tests. The rubber cable materials obtained in the comparative example and the example were first prepared into an equipment cable.
Rubber cable material cabling equipment, technological parameters and routes: the screw compression ratio of the rubber single screw extruder is 1.75:1, the screw diameter is 105mm, and the screw length-diameter ratio is 22:1; the diameter of the cable molding die is 13.8mm, and the length-diameter ratio of the extrusion die advection section (namely the dynamic pre-crosslinking section) is 30:1. Temperature settings for each zone of the single screw extruder: zone 1, 140 ℃, zone 2, 150 ℃, zone 3, 150 ℃, zone 4, 165 ℃, die advection 185 ℃, extruder screw speed 28 revolutions per minute, cable traction rate 2.4-2.6 meters per minute; the cable is extruded and molded, enters a deep vulcanization pipeline (165 ℃ multiplied by 30 m) for further vulcanization and crosslinking, then enters a 60 m air tank for cooling, and is wound into bundles.
The cable samples were tested at 5mm 2 according to QC/T730-2005, the test results are shown in Table 4 below.
TABLE 4 Performance test results
。
From the performance test results, the embodiment 1 adopts HVPBR rubber with the molecular weight of 50-60 ten thousand and the vinyl content of less than or equal to 65 percent, so as to meet the molding processing requirement; in the embodiment 2, HVPBR rubber with the molecular weight of 50-60 ten thousand and the vinyl content of 65-85% is used as the base rubber of the robot cable, so that the requirements of cable molding and processing can be met, the cable has high drag-wear resistance and scratch-wear resistance, and the physical and mechanical performance requirements of the robot cable are completely met; in the embodiment 3, HVPBR rubber with the molecular weight of 50 ten thousand to 60 ten thousand and the vinyl content of more than or equal to 85 percent is adopted as a base rubber material of the robot cable, but the self-lubricating effect of the material is too strong, the plasticizing performance begins to be reduced, the homogenization degree begins to be reduced, and the surface of the extruded robot cable is slightly inferior to that of the embodiments 1 and 2. In comparative example 1, HVPBR rubber with 50-60 ten thousand molecular weight and 65-85% vinyl content is adopted as base rubber of a robot cable, but due to the lack of compounding use of POE flow modifier in the formula design, plasticizing performance of the rubber is poor, plasticizing of the banburying rubber is poor, homogenization degree is low, roughness phenomenon exists on the surface of the extruded robot cable, and the rubber is not wear-resistant and cannot meet the appearance requirement of the cable material. The formula of comparative example 2 lacks white carbon black, and the extruded robot cable has poor drag-wear resistance and scratch-wear resistance; comparison of comparative examples 3 and 4 with example 2 shows that the absence of zinc acetylacetonate accelerator or zinc methacrylate in the formulation, and the use of a single accelerator, although the ozone resistance of the material meets the requirements, the vulcanization effect of the material is poor, resulting in inadequate crosslinking of HVPBR rubber, which results in poor macroscopic properties of the material, both in terms of the resistance to abrasion by pulling and in terms of the resistance to abrasion by scraping of the extruded robotic cable.
Comparative examples 7 to 11 show that the detection result of the EPDM-based rubber cable is adopted. The EPDM rubber or the mixture of the EPDM rubber and the chloroprene rubber has good processing performance; however, as the dosage of the chloroprene rubber is increased, the dosage of the EPDM base rubber is reduced, the drag abrasion resistance and the scratch abrasion resistance of the cable are both reduced, and the DOS used as the cold-resistant plasticizer meets the low temperature requirement of the cable at minus 40 ℃. When the DOS level is reduced from 18 parts to 8 parts, the cable fails the-40℃low temperature bend test. However, DOS belongs to a low molecular weight plasticizer, has the problem that DOS is easy to precipitate along with the fluctuation of the ambient temperature after being used in a robot cable for a long time, and is easy to embrittle the cable after being precipitated, and the service life is reduced, but in the invention, the robot cable material taking HVPBR as a base glue does not contain the low molecular weight plasticizer, but POE with excellent compatibility with HVPBR is adopted to improve the processing flow property of HVPBR, so that the POE has no low molecular precipitation phenomenon after being used for a long time, and has a good dynamic crosslinking effect under the action of a peroxide ester initiator. The cable meets the processing requirements of the robot cable, and gives the cable material good wear resistance and low temperature resistance, and compared with an EPDM base rubber cable, the cable taking HVPBR as the base rubber has the wear resistance life improved by 37% from the scratch and abrasion resistance index.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention in any way, and any person skilled in the art may make modifications or alterations to the disclosed technical content to the equivalent embodiments. However, any simple modification, equivalent variation and variation of the above embodiments according to the technical substance of the present invention still fall within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a robot cable material which characterized in that: the raw materials comprise the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of matrix rubber, 14-18 parts of white carbon black, 3.0-3.5 parts of zinc methacrylate, 0.6-0.7 part of zinc acetylacetonate, 4.4-5 parts of cross-linking agent and 1.1-1.7 parts of polyethylene wax;
the base rubber consists of 60-70 parts by weight of high-vinyl polybutadiene rubber and 30-40 parts by weight of ethylene-octene copolymer.
2. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the molecular weight of the high vinyl polybutadiene rubber is 50-60 ten thousand.
3. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the vinyl content of the high vinyl polybutadiene rubber is 65-85%.
4. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the zinc methacrylate is 3.2 parts and the zinc acetylacetonate is 0.65 part.
5. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the raw materials further comprise 1.0-1.4 parts of anti-aging agent RD and 1.4-1.8 parts of anti-aging agent 4020.
6. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the base rubber consists of 65 parts of high vinyl polybutadiene rubber and 35 parts of ethylene-octene copolymer.
7. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the cross-linking agent comprises, by weight, 2.6-3.0 parts of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, 1.5-1.6 parts of isopropyl peroxycarbonate and 0.3-0.4 part of 2, 5-dimethyl-2, 5-bis (tert-butylperoxy) hexane.
8. The robotic cable material of claim 1, wherein: the polyethylene wax comprises 0.6-1.0 part of polyethylene wax 6A and 0.5-0.7 part of polyethylene wax 316A.
9. A method for preparing the robot cable material according to any one of claims 1 to 8, which is characterized in that: comprises mixing, banburying, rubber discharging, double-pull feeding and extrusion granulation; wherein, the mixing banburying adopts a 6-edge VCMT synchronous rotor banburying machine, the rotating speed of the banburying machine is 40-50 rpm, the upper ram pressure is 0.40-0.45 mpa, the mixing banburying time is 500-600 s, and the glue discharging temperature is 134-138 ℃.
10. The method for preparing the robot cable material according to claim 9, wherein: the extrusion granulation adopts single screw extrusion granulation, the length-diameter ratio of a single screw extruder is 17:1, and the temperature of each area of single screw granulation is 120-130-120 ℃.
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