CN117979826A

CN117979826A - Coating, formulation, use and coating method

Info

Publication number: CN117979826A
Application number: CN202280062356.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: S·K·卢思拉; A·K·S·卢思拉; A·S·卢思拉
Original assignee: BioInteractions Ltd
Current assignee: BioInteractions Ltd
Priority date: 2021-07-16
Filing date: 2022-07-18
Publication date: 2024-05-03

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to coatings, formulations and coating compositions, methods of using coatings and coating compositions, and methods of applying coatings to substrates or articles. The coatings disclosed herein are durable and suitable for application to a variety of substrates or articles, which may include substrates or articles formed from natural and/or man-made materials, including plastics, metals, textiles, and/or other man-made materials, as well as living substrates.

Description

Coating, formulation, use and coating method

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to antimicrobial coatings, antimicrobial formulations and coating compositions, methods of using antimicrobial coatings and coating compositions, and methods of applying antimicrobial coatings to substrates or articles. The coatings disclosed herein are effective in providing durable antimicrobial surface action and infection prevention. The coating composition may be suitable for application to a variety of substrates or articles, which may include substrates or articles formed from natural and/or man-made materials including plastics, metals, textiles, and/or other man-made materials; and may be suitable for use in the healthcare field, particularly in clinical settings such as hospitals, for example, to impart antimicrobial activity, including biocidal and/or biostatic activity, to porous and/or non-porous surfaces (including surfaces of medical devices, tools and equipment) and/or meshes and fabrics (e.g., masks and dressings); thereby reducing the microbial burden on these surfaces and inhibiting the spread of infection and preventing biofilm formation. The coating may be applied to surfaces in medical devices, including implantable devices, personal protective equipment, medical care, veterinary, dental, industrial, military, transportation, public, commercial, and private environments. The coating compositions disclosed herein may also be suitable for application to the skin of body parts, particularly living human and animal subjects, and may be used as an effective and durable skin disinfectant for personal protection and for reducing further transmission of infections, including by the "touch cleaning" effect disclosed herein.

Background

Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria (gram positive and gram negative), viruses (enveloped and non-enveloped), yeasts and fungi, can cause serious, debilitating and sometimes life threatening diseases. Coli is responsible for many common bacterial infections including cholecystitis, bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infections and diarrhea, and is also associated with other clinical infections including neonatal meningitis and pneumonia. Gastroenteritis caused by norovirus infection results in an estimated worldwide death of 70,000 children under 5 years of age each year, and an estimated worldwide direct health system cost of a total of 42 billion dollars and a social cost of 603 billion dollars each year (Bartsch et al, global Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis, PLoS One:2016;11 (4)). In 2020, over 7000 ten thousand COVID-19 cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been recorded worldwide, and persistent pandemics have been estimated to have resulted in over 400 ten thousand deaths worldwide. These deaths include patients and healthcare workers. Month 1 of 2021, WHO PAN AMERICA Regional Office reports that Erdem et al IntJ INFECT DIS, month 1 of 2021, 102:239-241 reported that 570,000 medical personnel had been affected by COVD-19 and 2,500 had died.

Healthcare-related infections (HCAI), also known as hospital-related or nosocomial infections, are major concerns and significant clinical burden, often with high morbidity and mortality; as discussed in the following: khan et al Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017;7 (5); 478-482; haque et al, infec Drug Res 2018:2018:112321-2333; and Aljamali et al, IJAER 2020 (20) 7-20. The U.S. disease control and prevention center estimates that 170 thousands of hospitalized patients are receiving HCAI a year on treatment with other health problems, and that over 98,000 patients (1 out of 17) die from these infections. These infections are those acquired or transmitted in a healthcare environment and are classified as first occurring within 48 hours or more after hospitalization or 30 days after receiving healthcare. HCAI include urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, central vein-related blood flow infections, surgical site infections, ventilator-related pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) and clostridium difficile infections. Other nosocomial pathogens include viral pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2; and fungal pathogens such as candida albicans. Such infections are particularly problematic, particularly because they are easily transmitted in a clinical setting, and because of the vulnerability of many patients exposed to infection transmission due to disease and/or immunocompromised conditions. Thus, combating HCAI's transmission in a healthcare environment is an important clinical priority.

Contact transmission plays a role in the transmission of many infections and infectious diseases. This includes direct transmission, where microorganisms are transmitted directly from an infected person to another individual by intimate contact, including direct exposure to bodily fluids by, for example, breathing or sneezing; indirect transmission, wherein microorganisms present on contaminated surfaces (e.g., surfaces of medical devices or items of equipment in a healthcare environment) are infected by contact. Although many microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, do not cause disease when they remain on the skin, any contact between the contaminated skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mucous membranes of the eye, mouth, or nose) may provide a pathway for pathogens to enter the body. Infection may also be transmitted through contaminated medical devices (e.g., implants, catheters, endoscopes, etc.) during intimate physical contact. In a busy medical environment, sterilized surfaces, including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), can be continually recontaminated. Thus, to prevent cross-contamination and spread of infection, surfaces that are often contacted or contaminated must be continuously and repeatedly disinfected as the health professional moves between patients.

Biofilm formation also plays a significant role in the transmission of healthcare-related infections. Implantable medical devices are susceptible to bacterial colonization, resulting in device-related infections, and thus, morbidity and significant mortality of device-related infections (Li et al Coatings 2021,11,294). Bacteria attach to implantable medical devices or to deposited proteins on the device, providing a suitable breeding ground for bacterial colonization, which may lead to biofilm formation. Appliance-related biofilms are a major cause of hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections. According to Li et al (2021), about 200 thousands of cases of nosocomial infections occur annually in the United states at the beginning of the 21 st century, with 50% -70% of nosocomial infections associated with indwelling medical devices. Thus, combating biofilm formation on medical devices is also an important clinical priority in a healthcare environment.

Thus, there is a continuing need for effective surface active antimicrobial compositions to help reduce or prevent contact transmission of microorganisms and transmission of infections and infectious diseases. In particular, there is a need for antimicrobial compositions suitable and effective as disinfectants or disinfectant coatings on inanimate surfaces to reduce the load of microorganisms on the inanimate surfaces and/or inactivate and/or prevent their survival or growth, and/or prevent the formation of surface biofilms and/or destroy and/or remove surface biofilms. This helps to limit indirect (object to person) contact transmission through contaminated surfaces and/or to improve the efficacy of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by reducing or eliminating microbial contamination during use; and thus also limits direct (person-to-person) transmission during intimate contact. There is a need for antimicrobial compositions suitable and effective for use as an antimicrobial agent or skin sanitizing liquid on the body to reduce the load and/or inactivate and/or prevent the survival or growth of microorganisms present on the body surface, thereby providing personal protection against infection and/or limiting the further spread of infection, including direct (human to human or animal/human to human/animal) and indirect (object to human) contact spread.

There is a continuing need for antimicrobial compositions with a durable effect that can be applied to a substrate including body parts and skin as a disinfectant or antimicrobial agent, including disinfectant or antimicrobial surface coatings, and that can be expected to have antimicrobial activity for a longer period of time after use, and/or that can withstand harsh conditions, including wet and dry abrasion and water washing, and/or that can be removed from the skin by washing with soap and warm water.

It is a desirable goal in the art to provide antimicrobial compositions and coatings that exhibit antimicrobial efficacy, stability, and other advantageous characteristics, particularly long-term lifetime without decreasing efficacy and enhanced antiviral activity.

Summary of the disclosure

The present invention provides improved antimicrobial compositions and coatings that are suitable for application to a variety of substrates, including inert (i.e., inanimate) surfaces, which may be natural and/or artificial, porous and/or nonporous, biodegradable and/or nonbiodegradable; and/or include living surfaces, such as living human and animal skin and body parts. The compositions and coatings are effective to provide antimicrobial effects, including biocidal and/or biostatic effects, against a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, yeasts and fungi; thereby helping to prevent infection and reduce transmission and/or acquisition of infectious agents and/or infectious diseases. The compositions and coatings are effective in preventing the formation and/or destruction and/or removal of surface biofilms on substrates or articles.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an antimicrobial coating is provided that includes an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating may also comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. Optionally, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise one or more additional cationic polymers, such as polyalkyleneimine polymers, for example unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymers. Additionally or alternatively, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise a guanidine compound.

As described in more detail below, the inventors have found that such surface coatings can surprisingly, strongly and durably be effective against a range of microorganisms including bacteria (gram positive and gram negative), viruses (enveloped and non-enveloped), yeasts and fungi, providing biostatic and/or bactericidal effects that are capable of inhibiting biofilm formation or disrupting existing biofilms. The coating can be used as a disinfectant layer for reducing microorganisms on inert (i.e., inanimate) surfaces including, but not limited to, plastics, metals, textiles (natural and synthetic woven and non-woven), glass, ceramics, wood, rubber, fibers, and other man-made and natural substrates, including biodegradable and non-biodegradable substrates. Furthermore, the coatings may be suitable for use in healthcare, including the dental or veterinary sector, including primary, secondary and/or tertiary healthcare institutions; for example, for application to medical devices or equipment, including implantable devices and personal protective equipment. The coatings may also be effective and useful in transportation environments, including industrial transportation and public transportation, for example, for coating contact surfaces in trains or aircraft. The coating may be effective and useful in public and/or commercial environments, such as schools, bars, restaurants, hotels, gyms, hydrotherapy centers, stadiums, offices, and any other environment where an individual may be in intimate contact or where an infection may be transmitted. The coating may be effective and useful in private environments, including at home. The coatings are effective on porous and/or non-porous substrates, including webs, gauze, filters, and fabrics. The coating may be applied to any surface susceptible to microbial contamination, such as a wall, counter, handle, table, door, floor, curtain, arm rest, chair or bed, or consumer product such as a toy or telephone. The coating is also effective in reducing microorganisms on other surfaces in contact, including living and/or inanimate surfaces, natural and/or unnatural surfaces; exhibiting a "touch cleaning" effect as described herein. The coating may also be used as an antimicrobial or disinfectant to reduce microorganisms on living human or animal bodies.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a substrate or article, such as a medical device or implant, coated with the antimicrobial coating of the present disclosure; the substrate or article is not part of a living human or animal body. Substrates and articles coated according to the present disclosure include medical devices and implants for use in the healthcare (including dental) and veterinary fields; including catheters, endoscopes, heart implants (e.g., stents, heart valves, and biodegradable, non-biodegradable, natural and/or synthetic stents and grafts), bone and joint implants, surgical tools, and other types of diagnostic, surgical, and therapeutic devices.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a liquid coating composition suitable for forming an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure, the liquid coating composition comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. Optionally, the composition may comprise a blend of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. Optionally, the composition or blend may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and one or more additional cationic polymers, such as polyalkyleneimine polymers, for example unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymers, including unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymers or unsubstituted polypropyleneimine polymers. This includes embodiments in which the composition comprises a blend of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, and one or more additional cationic polymers. Additionally or alternatively, the composition or blend may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and a guanidine compound. This includes embodiments wherein the composition comprises a blend of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, and a guanidine compound; wherein the composition comprises an embodiment of a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, one or more additional cationic polymers, and a guanidine compound; and wherein the composition comprises an embodiment of a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, one or more additional cationic polymers, and a guanidine compound.

According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of coating a substrate or article using an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure. Optionally, the substrate or article may not be part of a living human or animal body. The substrate or article may be formed of porous and/or non-porous materials.

Optionally, a method for coating a substrate or article may comprise applying a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure to the substrate or article. The step of applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article may optionally comprise (i) incubating (incubate) the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and/or (ii) immersing the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and/or (iii) rinsing the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition, and/or (iv) impregnating the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition once or more than once, and/or (v) flowing the liquid coating composition over the substrate or article, and/or (vi) spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (vii) applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (viii) wiping the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (ix) brushing the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (x) padding the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (xi) rolling the liquid onto the substrate or article, and/or (xii) applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article by physical deposition and/or electrophoretic deposition onto the substrate or article; or any combination or sequence of these application methods, which may be performed or repeated one or more times. Optionally, the method may further comprise drying or allowing to dry the coated substrate or article.

Or a method of coating a substrate or article with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure may comprise the following successive steps:

(a) Applying a first liquid composition to a substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer, the first liquid composition comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component such as one or more of an anionic polymer as defined herein, additional cationic polymer(s) as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein; followed by

(B) Applying a second liquid composition to the substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer, the second liquid composition being different from the first liquid composition and comprising one or more of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component as defined herein, such as an anionic polymer, additional cationic polymer(s) as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein; followed by

(C) Optionally repeating step (a) and/or step (b);

For example, to form an antimicrobial surface coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer according to the present disclosure.

The method may optionally include the subsequent step (d) of applying a third liquid composition and optionally a subsequent liquid composition to the substrate or article one or more times to form a third layer and optionally a subsequent layer, the third liquid composition and optionally the subsequent liquid composition being different from the first and/or second liquid composition and comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component as defined herein, such as an anionic polymer, additional cationic polymer(s) as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein.

The present disclosure also includes substrates and articles coated with the antimicrobial coatings according to the present disclosure that are not parts of a living human or animal body. The substrate or article may be inert (inanimate) and/or may be formed from natural and/or synthetic materials including, but not limited to, natural and synthetic polymers/plastics, metals, glass, silica/silicones, ceramics, marble/stone, composites, wood, rubber, fabrics, and textiles, such as natural and/or synthetic fibers. The substrate or article may be formed from a porous material. The substrate or article may be formed of a non-porous material. The substrate or article may be partially porous and partially non-porous. Such substrates and articles may include medical devices or equipment. Such substrates and articles may include personal protective equipment and/or devices for cleaning other surfaces, such as cloths, wipes, or brushes.

The present disclosure further provides methods for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or loading or number of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising the step of applying a coating according to the present disclosure to a substrate or article. The substrate may be an inert (inanimate) substrate. The substrate may be a body part of a living human or animal, such as skin, e.g. a human hand or face or foot.

The present disclosure also includes the use of a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms on a substrate, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, whereby the liquid coating composition is applied to a substrate according to the present disclosure. The substrate may be an inert (inanimate) substrate or may be a body part of a living human or animal, such as skin, e.g. a human hand or face or foot.

The present disclosure further provides a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms on a living human or animal body part, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a living human or animal body part, the method comprising applying the liquid coating composition to the body part; optionally, the body part is cleaned or rinsed with the liquid coating composition and/or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part. The body part may for example be skin, such as a human hand or face or foot.

The present disclosure further provides methods for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or the loading or number of one or more microorganisms on a surface, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a surface, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising the step of contacting a surface with a substrate or article comprising a coating according to the present disclosure and/or having been coated according to the present disclosure. The coated substrate or article may be an article of a cleaning device, such as a cloth or sponge. The coated substrate or article may be an item of personal protective equipment such as a glove or mask or face mask or medical gown or surgical gown or goggles. The coated substrate or article may be a body part of a living human, such as skin, e.g. a human hand or face or foot. The surface may be any surface that is contaminated or may be contaminated with microorganisms, including surfaces in medical institutions, public institutions, or private institutions (including primary, secondary, and tertiary medical institutions); and medical devices and surfaces of devices; and parts of the human or animal body, including the skin.

The present disclosure further provides alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or load or number of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and/or yeasts. The present disclosure provides the use of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer to prevent or reduce the growth or spread or load or number of one or more microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and/or yeasts).

Brief description of the drawings

The stain-containing antimicrobial coatings of the present disclosure are shown in fig. 1-6, applied to the fingers and/or hands of volunteers as follows:

fig. 1 shows the dyed coated index finger of a water-washed pre-volunteer, wherein the dye (indicating the presence of the coating) is clearly visible and evenly distributed;

fig. 2 shows the stained fingers of volunteers: (a) The finger is coated after washing, showing very little adhesion of the dye; (b) The finger is coated after washing and wearing, wherein the dye is clearly visible and uniformly distributed;

FIG. 3 shows a dye coated index finger immersed in artificial sweat after washing and abrasion; wherein the dye is clearly visible and uniformly distributed;

fig. 4 shows the dye coated hand after the volunteer has donned the glove for 18 hours before washing with water, wherein the dye is clearly visible and evenly distributed;

fig. 5 shows the dye coated hand after washing the volunteer with water for 18 hours with the dye clearly visible and evenly distributed;

FIG. 6 shows the coated hand of a volunteer after wearing gloves for 18 hours after washing with soap and warm water; showing little presence of dye and thus coating;

FIG. 7 shows a graph showing the measured dynamic CoF values for coatings with and without alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, measuring over 20 cycles, where the coating was applied on TPU stripes using a layered coating method;

FIG. 8 shows a graph showing the measured dynamic CoF values for coatings with and without alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, measuring over 20 cycles, where the coating was applied as a blend formulation on TPU strips;

FIG. 9 illustrates the durability and abrasion resistance of the coating of composition D1 when applied to a surgical mask and TPU; by comparing the dye uptake of the coated substrate after abrasion (visible and uniform distribution of dye) with the dye uptake of the uncoated substrate (minimal adhesion of dye);

FIG. 10 illustrates the non-leaching characteristics of the coating of composition D1 when applied to TPU; by comparing the zone of inhibition against E.coli created by the TPU coated strip with the chlorhexidine/silver coated positive control catheter. The figure shows no zone of inhibition on the coated TPU and no zone of inhibition on the coated catheter (chlorhexidine/silver), indicating no leaching and leaching, respectively.

Detailed Description

The present disclosure provides an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating may also comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. Optionally, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise one or more additional cationic polymers other than the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as a polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer. Additionally or alternatively, the antimicrobial coating may further comprise a guanidine compound. The antimicrobial coating may also include one or more additional active agents, excipients, and/or additives, including additional antimicrobial agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds and/or binders, as disclosed herein.

Polyalkyleneimine polymers are well known in the art. They are linear or branched polymers having a backbone formed by repeat units of an amine group and an alkyl spacer, which may be, for example, a C _1-10 alkyl spacer. The polyethyleneimine polymer has, for example, a main chain formed of repeating units of an amine group and an ethylene spacer group, as shown in the following structural formula 1:

The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined and used herein is an N-derived polyalkyleneimine polymer having at least one alkyl group attached to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by at least one urea bond comprising nitrogen heteroatoms on the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone. The urea bond is shown in the following structural formula 2:

A portion of an exemplary alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein is shown in structural formula 3 below. The exemplary polymer is a branched alkyl urea polyethyleneimine polymer comprising a plurality of alkyl groups R. Each alkyl group R is linked by a urea linkage comprising an nitrogen heteroatom in the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone. Each alkyl group R is attached to the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone at a point, forming a pendant alkyl urea group:

A portion of another exemplary alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein is shown in structural formula 4 below. The exemplary polymer is a linear alkyl urea polyethyleneimine polymer comprising a plurality of alkyl groups R. Here, each alkyl group R is linked by two urea linkages, each urea linkage comprising an nitrogen heteroatom in the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone, so as to form a crosslinked alkyl urea group that crosslinks the polyethyleneimine polymer backbone:

polyethyleneimine has been described in the art as a selectively active antimicrobial agent (Gibney et al, macromol Biosci 201212 (9) 1279-1289). It has also been proposed in the art that slides coated with a hydrophobic long chain polycation N-N-dodecyl, methyl-polyethyleneimine (N, N-dodecyl, methyl-PEI) are very effective against water-borne influenza A virus (Haldar et al, biotechnol Lett 200830:475-479). However, the inventors have found that alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymers with alkyl substituents attached to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by urea linkages as disclosed herein are more hydrophilic in character than the corresponding alkylated polyalkyleneimine polymers due to the presence of hydrophilic urea functional groups. The inventors have found and experimentally demonstrated herein that coatings comprising alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymers exhibit particularly effective antimicrobial properties while also exhibiting improved surface adhesion, stability, durability and/or mechanical properties, and/or exhibit the surprising functional properties disclosed herein.

The alkyl groups in the alkylurea polyalkyleneimines according to the present disclosure may comprise or consist of straight or branched free alkyl chains, e.g. alkyl chains terminated with one or more-CH ₃ groups; and/or may comprise or consist of a self-cyclized cyclic alkyl group; i.e. cycloalkyl.

In particular, each alkyl group may comprise a linear or branched alkyl chain and/or cycloalkyl group. Typically, each alkyl group may contain no more than 15 carbon atoms, advantageously no more than 10 carbon atoms, or no more than 6 carbon atoms, or less than 6 carbon atoms, in a branched or straight saturated chain. For example, each alkyl group may include a straight or branched chain methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl group; and/or cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or cyclodecyl.

In some advantageous embodiments, each alkyl group may be selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl, and each alkyl group may be linked to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by a single urea linkage, thereby forming an alkyl urea pendant (pendant) group from the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone. In such embodiments, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may be a polyalkyleneimine having one or more R-NH-C (O) -groups attached to nitrogen heteroatoms in the polyalkyleneimine chain, wherein R is an alkyl group as defined herein. In other advantageous embodiments, each alkyl group may be selected from propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl, and each alkyl group may be linked to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by two or more urea linkages, thereby forming a cross-linked alkylurea group. In such embodiments, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may be a polyalkyleneimine having-C (O) -NH- (CR '₂)_n -NH-C (O) -linkages between two nitrogen heteroatoms in the polyalkyleneimine chain, wherein each R' is hydrogen or a substituent on the alkylene chain, such as alkyl or halogen (halide).

In some preferred embodiments, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a polyethyleneimine containing one or more pendant ethyl, propyl, butyl or amyl urea groups. In particular, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a butylurea polyethyleneimine. Optionally, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a polyalkyleneimine comprising one or more cross-linked alkyl groups each comprising an alkyl group attached to the polyalkyleneimine by two or more urea linkages; wherein the alkyl group may contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, advantageously from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. In particular, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be hexamethylenediurea polyethyleneimine. Each alkyl group of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer preferably contains no more than 10 carbon atoms (sp ² carbon excluding urea bond (s)), preferably no more than 8 carbon atoms (sp ² carbon excluding urea bond (s)).

Alkylurea polyalkyleneimines can be obtained, for example, by reacting a polyalkyleneimine with an isocyanate or a diisocyanate to form a carboxamide/urea derivative (see Jager et al chem. Soc. Rev.,2012,41,4755-4767, which schematically shows the reaction on page 4760). Primary and secondary amines such as polyalkyleneimines are reacted with isocyanates to form substituted ureas, which are rn=c=o+r ' R "nh→r-NH- (c=o) -NR ' R", where in the case where both polyalkyleneimines R ' and R "are alkylene groups in the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone.

The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine according to the present disclosure may be, for example, an alkylurea polyethyleneimine polymer and/or an alkylurea polypropyleneimine polymer. The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine may be a branched or linear polyalkyleneimine polymer; and in particular may be a highly branched polyalkyleneimine polymer. The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may optionally be further substituted with one or more inert substituents, such as halogen substituents. The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may, for example, have a molecular weight of up to 2MDa, or up to 1MDa, or up to 750kDa, or up to 500kDa, or up to 250kDa, or up to 100 kDa. The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may have a molecular weight of at least 500Da, or at least 800Da, or at least 1kDa, or at least 2kDa, or at least 5kDa, or at least 10kDa, or at least 25 kDa. The alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer may have 800Da-2MDa or 1kDa-1MDa; or 1kDa to 500kDa, or 1kDa to 100kDa, or 10kDa to 100 kDa.

As reported below, and as demonstrated in experimental examples, the present inventors have shown that compositions and coatings according to the present disclosure have strong and durable antimicrobial effects against a variety of different microorganisms. As shown in the examples, the compositions and coatings may also have long term antimicrobial activity (antibacterial, antiviral, yeast and/or fungicidal; biocidal and/or biostatic) when applied to a range of non-porous and porous surfaces, as well as long term efficacy (180-365 days on surface, and 48 hours on skin) when applied to skin. More specifically, as shown, the disinfectant compositions within the present disclosure are capable of producing stable, durable, and lubricious coatings that have excellent mechanical properties and high levels of adhesion and durability when applied to non-porous surfaces such as TPU. As shown, the coated surface is able to withstand harsh conditions, such as dry and wet abrasion (water and chemical resistance) on a non-porous surface, without significantly degrading quality or performance. More specifically, as shown, the disinfectant compositions within the present disclosure are capable of producing stable and durable coatings when applied to porous surfaces, such as masks. Furthermore, the coatings shown in the examples are non-leaching, which is a significant advantage, especially for environmental reasons.

The compositions within the present disclosure are capable of producing antimicrobial coatings that are biocompatible and effective and useful as antiseptic solutions on the skin that exhibit water-resistant properties that improve their durability (including abrasion resistance) when applied to the skin, but which, however, can be removed from the skin by washing with soap and warm water. This is an important advantage, especially for skin antiseptic compositions. This property is also demonstrated in the experimental examples. These compositions also exhibit excellent levels of antimicrobial activity, as demonstrated in the examples.

As described and illustrated herein, the disclosed compositions are capable of producing antimicrobial coatings that can effectively reduce microorganisms and pathogens on other surfaces contacted by a "touch-clean" effect. This is a surprising attribute that has not been described previously in the art.

The coating of the present invention comprises an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating may also comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. In some embodiments, the anionic polymer may be an anionic polyelectrolyte. This allows for electrostatic interactions between the coating components, particularly between the anionic component and the cationic component comprising the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, which may help improve the stability and performance of the coating. Suitable anionic components, polymers and polyelectrolytes are known in the art. The anionic polymer may be an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, such as dextran sulfate; or polycarboxylic acid polymers such as polyacrylic acid polymers or salts thereof. Preferably, the anionic polymer may be a polyacrylic polymer.

Coatings according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise one or more additional cationic polymers other than the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. The or each additional cationic polymer may be any positively charged polymer, for example a polyamine or polyamidoamine polymer. Examples of cationic polymers include cationic peptides and derivatives thereof (e.g., polylysine, polyornithine), linear or branched synthetic polymers (e.g., hexamethylenediamine bromide (polybrene) or polyalkyleneimines, such as polyethyleneimine), polysaccharide-based delivery molecules (e.g., cyclodextrin, chitosan), and natural polymers (e.g., histones, collagens). The additional cationic polymer(s) may be or may include a polydiallyldialkylammonium salt, a poly (acrylamide-co-diallylalkylammonium halide), an acryloxyalkyltrialkylammonium salt such as acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium halide or methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium halide, a vinylphenylalkyltrialkylammonium salt such as vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide, an acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium salt such as 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutyltrimethylammonium halide, and/or a poly (acrylamide-co-diallyldialkylammonium salt) such as poly (acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The additional cationic polymer(s) may be or may include a polyalkyleneimine polymer, in particular a polyalkyleneimine polymer that is not an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer; for example, unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymers, or alkylated polyalkyleneimine polymers, such as polyalkyleneimine polymers substituted with a C ₁-C₈ linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group. The additional cationic polymer(s) may suitably be or may comprise an unsubstituted or alkyl substituted polyethyleneimine polymer or a polypropyleneimine polymer. Suitably, the additional cationic polymer(s) may be or may comprise an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer. The additional cationic polymer(s) may be or include a polyalkyleneimine polymer having a molecular weight of up to 2MDa, or up to 1MDa, or up to 750kDa, or up to 500kDa, or up to 250kDa, or up to 100 kDa. The polyalkyleneimine polymer may have a molecular weight of at least 500Da, or at least 800Da, or at least 1kDa, or at least 2kDa, or at least 5kDa, or at least 10kDa, or at least 25 kDa. The polyalkyleneimine polymer may have 800Da-2MDa or 1kDa-1MDa; or 1kDa to 500kDa, or 1kDa to 100kDa, or 10kDa to 100 kDa.

In some preferred embodiments, the coating or composition comprises a butyl urea polyethyleneimine polymer and/or a hexamethylenediurea polyethyleneimine polymer, alone or in combination with an unsubstituted or substituted polyethyleneimine polymer, especially an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer. Optionally, the coating or composition may further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer disclosed herein; for example, polyacrylic polymers.

Coatings according to the present disclosure may additionally or alternatively further comprise a guanidine compound. This may be particularly advantageous for coatings on inert (inanimate) substrates. Guanidine compounds and polymers have been identified in the art as promising antimicrobial agents. The guanidine compound comprises a strong cationic character guanidine group:

–N(R₁)-C(＝NR₂)-N(R₃)-

Wherein R ₁、R₂ and R ₃ may be H, alkyl or other substituents.

One well known example is polyhexamethylene guanidine, which is used as a biocidal disinfectant:

another example is polyhexamethylene guanidine, or PHMB:

the guanidine compound according to the present disclosure can thus be any compound comprising one or more guanidine groups:

–N(R₁)-C(＝NR₂)-N(R₃)-

Wherein each of R ₁、R₂ and R ₃ may be, for example, H or alkyl or another substituent.

One example of a guanidine group is a biguanide group:

–N(R₁)-C(＝NR₂)-N(R₃)-C(＝NR₄)-N(R₅)-

Wherein each of R ₁、R₂、R₃、R₄ and R ₅ may be, for example, H or alkyl.

In some embodiments, the guanidine compound can include one or more pairs of guanidine groups. For example, the guanidine compound can include one or more biguanide groups.

The guanidine compound may, for example, comprise one or more bis-biguanide groups, such as chlorhexidine groups:

the guanidine compound can comprise one or more alexidine groups:

The guanidine compound can comprise one or more polyguanidine segments, each polyguanidine segment comprising a plurality of guanidine groups. Each polyguanidine segment may contain repeating units of guanidine groups or repeating units of guanidine groups and linking groups such as alkyl groups, in particular C _1-10 alkyl groups.

In particular, each polyguanidine segment may contain one or more poly (hexamethylene) guanidine segments:

Each polyguanidine segment may also or alternatively contain one or more poly (hexamethylene) biguanide (PHMB) segments as follows or as shown above:

The guanidine compound can comprise a polymer having a polymer backbone with one or more pendant guanidine groups, such as one or more biguanide groups and/or one or more bisbiguanide groups and/or one or more polyguanide (polyguanide) segments. Side chain groups include groups attached to the polymer backbone. Such attachment may be accomplished by copolymerizing the moieties (e.g., monomers, oligomers, etc.) directly or in stages to produce a longer chain polymer structure having pendant groups, e.g., by initially forming a polymer from the appropriate species, which may itself be a copolymer, and subsequently attaching pendant functional groups.

In guanidine compounds according to the present disclosure, some or all of one or more guanidine groups can be covalently bound to the polymer backbone directly or through a linking group. In some embodiments, the linking group may include an alkyl group, a polyethylene oxide group, an amine group, an ether group, or a combination thereof.

The polymer may comprise a vinyl polymer having an alkyl polymer backbone. Or the polymer backbone may contain suitable heteroatoms such as sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen or nitrogen heteroatoms. The side chain groups may be bound to the polymer backbone by any suitable functional group, including hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), anhydride (-CO-O-CO-), isocyanate (-NCO), allyl, vinyl, acrylate, methacrylate, epoxide, sulfonate (-SO ₃ ^-) or sulfate (-SO ₄ ^-).

The polymer may comprise additional functional side chain groups, which may suitably comprise one or more side chain crosslinkable groups. The crosslinkable group may for example comprise a crosslinkable carboxylic acid group. The polymer may contain additional functional side chain groups having the desired functionality, such as lubricant or anti-fouling groups. The polymer may contain pendant hydrophobic groups, such as pendant C _1-10 alkyl groups. The polymer may contain pendant hydrophilic groups, such as pendant polyethylene glycol groups.

In some embodiments, the guanidine compound can comprise an antimicrobial guanidine polymer, such as an antimicrobial polymer of the type disclosed and/or exemplified in WO 00/65915 or WO 2014/174237. WO 00/65915 discloses anti-infective guanidine polymers which can be used for coating medical devices. These polymers include anti-infective biguanide groups, such as polyhexamethylene biguanide groups, pendant from the polymer backbone. Specific examples describe the dissolution of guanidine polymers in a mixture of isopropanol and tetrahydrofuran to form a coating solution. The PVC or polyurethane tubing is then dip coated in a coating solution to provide an antimicrobial coating. WO 2014/174237 also discloses antimicrobial guanidine coating polymers. These polymers also have biguanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide) side chain groups. Devices coated with the disclosed guanidine polymers were tested and shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. In the present disclosure, the level of antimicrobial activity imparted to the coating can be adjusted by varying the amount of antimicrobial polymer contained in the coating.

In some preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides an antimicrobial coating as defined in any one of the following numbered statements 1-14:

1. an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and optionally a cationic polymer.

2. The antimicrobial coating of statement 1, wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic polyelectrolyte, and/or wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, such as dextran sulfate; or polycarboxylic acid polymers, such as polyacrylic acid polymers.

3. The antimicrobial coating of statement 1 or statement 2, wherein the cationic polymer is a polyalkyleneimine such as polyethyleneimine, polypropyleneimine; and/or wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine is an alkyl urea polyethyleneimine or an alkyl urea polypropyleneimine.

4. The antimicrobial coating of any one of statements 1-3, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is a polyalkyleneimine substituted with one or more alkylurea groups; in particular by one or more methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl or decylurea groups; advantageously one or more ethyl, propyl, butyl or amyl urea groups; or wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is a polyalkyleneimine substituted with one or more alkyl groups, the alkyl groups comprising an alkylene chain connected to the polyalkyleneimine by two or more urea linkages; in particular one or more methylene groups, in particular 1 to 10 methylene groups, advantageously 3 to 7 methylene groups, linked at either end of the alkylene chain by urea linkages.

5. An antimicrobial coating comprising a guanidine compound, an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an anionic polymer, and optionally an additional cationic polymer.

6. The antimicrobial coating of statement 5, wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is an alkyl urea substituted polyethyleneimine or an alkyl urea substituted polypropyleneimine.

7. The antimicrobial coating of statement 5 or statement 6, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is:

polyalkyleneimines substituted by one or more linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, selected urea linkages, advantageously one or more ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl groups; or alternatively

An alkyl group comprising one or more alkylene chains linked to the polyalkyleneimine by two or more urea linkages; in particular 1 to 10 methylene groups, advantageously 3 to 7 methylene-substituted polyalkyleneimines, linked at either end of the alkylene chain by urea linkages.

8. The antimicrobial coating of any one of statements 5-7, wherein the guanidine compound is a compound comprising one or more guanidine or biguanide groups, such as a bis-biguanide compound.

9. The antimicrobial coating of any one of statements 5-8, wherein the guanidine compound is a polymeric compound bearing one or more pendant guanidine or biguanide groups, e.g., one or more bisbiguanide groups.

10. The antimicrobial coating of statement 9, wherein the polymeric compound comprises a vinyl polymer that can be synthesized by polymerization of a plurality of vinyl monomers including a plurality of vinyl monomers containing one or more guanidine or biguanide groups, e.g., one or more bisbiguanide groups.

11. The antimicrobial coating of statement 10, wherein the plurality of vinyl monomers comprises one or more crosslinkable monomers, optionally bearing crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups; and/or one or more monomers bearing hydrophobic or hydrophilic groups such as polyethylene glycol or alkyl groups.

12. The antimicrobial coating of any one of statements 9-11, wherein the guanidine or biguanide groups comprise one or more chlorhexidine groups, and/or one or more polyhexamethylene biguanide groups, and/or one or more alexidine groups.

13. The antimicrobial coating of any one of statements 5-12, wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic polyelectrolyte, and/or wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, such as dextran sulfate; or polycarboxylic acid polymers, such as polyacrylic acid polymers.

14. The antimicrobial coating of any one of statements 5-13, wherein the optional additional cationic polymer is an additional polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine.

The present disclosure also includes liquid coating compositions suitable for forming the antimicrobial coatings disclosed herein. The liquid coating composition comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer according to the present disclosure.

Optionally, the liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer according to the present disclosure with an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer. The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as disclosed herein with one or more additional cationic polymers. In some embodiments, the liquid coating composition can comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer disclosed herein, an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, and one or more additional cationic polymers.

The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer disclosed herein with a guanidine compound. Such coating compositions may be particularly suitable for application to inert (inanimate) substrates. In these embodiments, the blend may further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer disclosed herein, and/or the blend may further comprise one or more additional cationic polymers disclosed herein. In embodiments in which the guanidine compound comprises a polymer bearing one or more crosslinkable groups, the liquid coating composition may also suitably comprise a crosslinking agent for crosslinking the polymer. Any suitable crosslinking agent may be used, such as a polyfunctional aziridine crosslinking agent, for example a polyethylenimine crosslinking agent; or a polycarbodiimide crosslinking agent such as EDC (1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide) or DCC (N ', N' -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide).

The liquid coating composition may further comprise one or more solvents, carriers, active agents, excipients, binders, surfactants, and/or other additives; including those described in further detail below.

The liquid coating composition may optionally be formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion in a liquid medium. The liquid medium may be aqueous, alcoholic, or aqueous/alcoholic. The liquid medium may comprise an organic solvent, such as a polar organic solvent. In some embodiments, the liquid medium comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, and/or isopropanol, and/or water, and/or tetrahydrofuran. In some preferred embodiments, the liquid coating composition is formulated as a solution.

The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.005% w/v, or at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.03% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.08% w/v, or at least about 0.10% w/v, or at least about 0.15% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. The liquid coating composition may generally comprise at least 0.1% w/v, such as at least 0.15% w/v, or at least 0.2% w/v of the total cationic polymer, including the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer(s), if included. Thus, for compositions that do not contain additional cationic polymer(s), the composition may optionally comprise at least 0.1% w/v, such as at least 0.15% w/v, especially at least 0.2% w/v, of alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. The composition comprising additional cationic polymer(s) (e.g., additional polyalkyleneimines disclosed herein) may optionally comprise at least about 0.005% w/v, or at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.03% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.08% w/v, or at least about 0.10% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. Such compositions may comprise an amount of additional cationic polymer(s) such that the total content of cationic polymer (including alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer and additional cationic polymer (s)) in the composition reaches at least 0.1% w/v, or at least 0.15% w/v, or at least 0.2% w/v, as disclosed herein.

The liquid coating compositions within the present disclosure may suitably comprise no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6.5% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. Or especially when the composition comprises one or more additional cationic polymers, the composition may suitably comprise no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6.5% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v, or no more than about 3% w/v, or no more than about 2% w/v, or no more than about 1% w/v, or no more than about 0.9% w/v, or no more than about 0.75% w/v, or no more than about 0.7% w/v, or no more than about 0.6% w/v, or no more than about 0.5% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine.

The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.04% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.15% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v, or at least about 0.3% w/v, or at least about 0.5% w/v of the additional cationic polymer(s). The composition may suitably comprise no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v of additional cationic polymer(s). In particular, the coating composition may comprise about 0.1 to 10% w/v of additional cationic polymer(s); or may comprise about 0.15-7% w/v or 0.3-8% w/v, or about 0.2-5% w/v, or about 0.1-1% w/v of the additional cationic polymer(s).

The composition comprising at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.15% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v of the additional cationic polymer(s) may optionally comprise no more than about 0.9% w/v, or no more than about 0.75% w/v, or no more than about 0.7% w/v, or no more than about 0.6% w/v, or no more than about 0.5% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. The liquid coating composition may, for example, comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and additional cationic polymer(s) (e.g., polyalkyleneimine) and optionally an anionic component (e.g., anionic polymer), wherein the composition comprises from about 0.02 to about 0.9% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and from about 0.2 to about 5% w/v of said additional cationic polymer(s). Such compositions may be particularly useful and suitable for use on living substrates, and may be used, for example, as skin antiseptic or antibacterial agents.

The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and additional cationic polymer(s), such as polyalkyleneimine, wherein the composition comprises about 0.01-2% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and about 0.1-1% w/v of the additional cationic polymer(s); and wherein the composition optionally further comprises an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, optionally in an amount of about 0.005-0.3% w/v. Such compositions may be particularly useful and suitable for use on living substrates, and may be used, for example, as skin antiseptic or antibacterial agents.

The liquid coating composition may comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and additional cationic polymer(s) (e.g., polyalkyleneimine) and optionally an anionic component (e.g., anionic polymer), wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05 to 7% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and from about 0.3 to 8% w/v of the additional cationic polymer(s). The additional cationic polymer(s) may comprise a polyalkyleneimine, typically an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. The composition may optionally further comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, optionally in an amount of 0.005-0.3% w/v. The composition may also optionally include one or more binders, as disclosed herein. Such compositions may be particularly useful and suitable for use on porous and/or non-porous surfaces.

Suitably, the total cationic polymer content of the composition comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer(s) may be no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 23% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 18% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 12% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6.5% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v.

The coating composition may advantageously comprise from about 0.01 to 7.0% w/v, or from about 0.02 to 5% w/v, or from about 0.03 to 3.5% w/v, or from about 0.1 to 6% w/v, or from about 0.01 to 2% w/v, or from about 0.05 to 7% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer. The coating composition may advantageously further comprise about 0.02-6% w/v, or about 0.05-4% w/v, or about 0.04-5.0% w/v, or about 0.06-4.0% w/v, or about 0.1-1% w/v, or about 0.3-8% w/v of additional cationic polymer(s). The liquid coating composition may for example comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, wherein the composition comprises about 0.02 to 5% w/v, especially about 0.1 to 5% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine. Or the liquid coating composition may, for example, comprise a blend of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, and one or more additional cationic polymers, such as a polyalkyleneimine, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.02 to about 0.9% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine.

In some embodiments, wherein the coating composition comprises an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer (e.g., a butylurea polyethyleneimine polymer) and an additional polyalkyleneimine polymer (especially an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer (e.g., an unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer)), the liquid coating composition may suitably comprise at least about 0.005% w/v, or at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.03% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer; and/or may suitably comprise no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. The liquid coating composition may also suitably comprise at least about 0.03% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.3% w/v, or at least about 0.5% w/v of said additional polyalkyleneimine polymer; and/or may suitably comprise no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v, or no more than about 3.5% w/v of the additional polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as the substituted or unsubstituted polyethyleneimine polymer. In particular, the composition may comprise from about 0.01 to 7% w/v, advantageously from about 0.03 to 3.5% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and may comprise from about 0.01 to 10% w/v, or from about 0.04 to 5% w/v, advantageously from about 0.06 to 4% w/v of the additional polyalkyleneimine polymer(s).

In some embodiments, a coating or liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may comprise a w/w ratio of 1:50 to 5:1; suitably 1:50 to 1:1, and additional cationic polymer(s). Suitably, the w/w ratio of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine(s) may be not less than 1:50, or 1:40, or 1:30, or 1:25, or 1:20, or 1:15, or 1:10; and/or may suitably not exceed 5:1, or 4:1, or 3:1, or 2:1, or 1:1, or 1:2, or 1:3, or 1:4, or 1:5. Suitably, the w/w ratio may be from 1:1 to 1:10.

The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.001% w/v, or at least about 0.002% w/v, or at least about 0.003% w/v, or at least about 0.004% w/v, or at least about 0.005% w/v of the anionic component. The composition may suitably comprise no more than about 0.5% w/v, or no more than about 0.3% w/v, or no more than about 0.25% w/v, or no more than about 0.2% w/v, or no more than about 0.18% w/v, or no more than about 0.15% w/v, or no more than about 0.12% w/v, or no more than about 0.10% w/v, or no more than about 0.09% w/v, or no more than about 0.08% w/v, or no more than about 0.07% w/v, or no more than about 0.06% w/v, or no more than about 0.05% w/v, or no more than about 0.02% w/v of the anionic component. In particular, the coating composition may advantageously comprise about 0.001 to 0.20% w/v or about 0.001 to 0.06% w/v of said anionic component; or about 0.005-0.10% w/v or about 0.005-0.03% w/v or about 0.005-0.3% w/v of said anionic component.

In some embodiments of the liquid coating composition and/or coating, the combined amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer(s) relative to the amount of anionic component is in the w/w ratio of 500:1 to 15:1, suitably 500:1 to 30:1. Suitably, the w/w ratio of the combined amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer(s) to the amount of anionic component may be no more than 500:1, or 400:1, or 300:1, or 250:1, or 200:1, or 100:1, or 95:1, or 90:1, or 85:1, or 80:1, or 75:1; and/or may suitably be no less than 15:1, or 20:1, or 25:1, or 30:1, or 40:1, or 50:1, or 60:1, or 65:1. Suitably, the w/w ratio may be from 30:1 to 70:1.

In embodiments comprising a guanidine compound, a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise at least about 0.2% w/v, or at least about 0.3% w/v, or at least about 0.4% w/v, or at least about 0.5% w/v, or at least about 0.8% w/v, or at least about 1% w/v, or at least about 1.5% w/v of the guanidine compound. The composition may suitably comprise no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v, or no more than about 3.5% w/v, or no more than about 3% w/v of the guanidine compound. In particular, the liquid coating composition or coating may comprise about 0.5 to 3.5% w/v, or about 0.5 to 3% w/v of the guanidine compound; or about 1-5.5% w/v of said guanidine compound.

In a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure that does not contain a guanidine compound, the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, anionic component, and (if present) additional cationic polymer(s) in the composition can optionally be no more than about 25% w/v of the composition, or no more than about 20% w/v of the composition, or no more than about 15% w/v of the composition, or no more than about 10% w/v of the composition; suitably, no more than about 9% w/v of the composition, or about 8% w/v of the composition, or about 7% w/v of the composition, or about 6% w/v of the composition, or about 5% w/v of the composition.

In a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure that does not contain a guanidine compound, the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, anionic component, and (if present) additional cationic polymer(s) in the composition can suitably be at least about 0.05% w/v of the composition; suitably, at least about 0.1% w/v of the composition, or about 0.2% w/v of the composition; for example, at least about 0.25% w/v of the composition, or about 0.5% w/v of the composition; or suitably at least about 1% w/v of the composition, or about 2% w/v of the composition, or about 3% w/v of the composition.

In a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure containing a guanidine compound, the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, guanidine compound, anionic component, and (if present) additional cationic polymer(s) can optionally be no greater than about 25% w/v of the composition, or no greater than about 20% w/v of the composition, or no greater than about 15% w/v of the composition; suitably, no more than about 12% w/v of the composition, or about 10% w/v of the composition, or about 9% w/v of the composition, or about 8% w/v of the composition. The total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, guanidine compound, anionic component, and (if present) additional cationic polymer(s) may optionally be at least about 0.5% w/v of the composition; suitably, at least about 1% w/v of the composition, or about 1.5% w/v of the composition, or about 2% w/v of the composition.

The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise:

0.02-4.5% w/v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.001-0.20% w/v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, e.g. a polyacrylic acid system; and

Optionally 0.1-5% w/v of additional cationic polymer(s), such as polyethyleneimine.

For example, a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise:

0.01-0.9% w/v alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine;

0.001-0.20% w/v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer; and

0.1-5% W/v of additional cationic polymer(s).

0.03-4.5% w/v alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine; and

0.001-0.20% W/v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer.

0.05-3.5% w/v guanidine compound;

0.01-7.0% w/v alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine;

0.002-0.1% w/v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer; and

Optionally 0.05-4% w/v additional cationic polymer(s).

Or a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise:

0.1-3.0% w/v guanidine compound;

0.3-4.5% w/v alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine; and

0.009-0.05% W/v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer.

The liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure, which may be particularly suitable for application to living substrates such as skin, and may be suitable for use as a skin antiseptic product, may suitably comprise:

0.01-2% w/v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.005-0.3% w/v of an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer, e.g. polyacrylic acid;

0.1-1% w/v of an additional cationic polymer, such as polyethylene imine; and optionally 0.001-0.2% w/v benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride;

Wherein these components total 0.1-4% w/v of the composition.

Liquid coating compositions according to the present disclosure, which may be particularly suitable for application to porous or non-porous surfaces, and which may be suitable for use on inert (inanimate) surfaces, may suitably comprise:

0.05-7% w/v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.3-8% w/v of an additional cationic polymer, such as polyethylene imine;

0.5-3.5% w/w guanidine compound; optionally, a plurality of metal sheets

0.001-0.2% W/v benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, and/or 0.005-0.3% w/v anionic components, such as anionic polymers, e.g. polyacrylic acid;

wherein these components total 1-19% w/v of the composition.

These components may optionally be blended in a liquid medium, such as an aqueous/alcoholic medium, together with one or more additional ingredients, such as a crosslinker as defined herein. For example, one or more additional antimicrobial agents, such as additional antimicrobial cationic components, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts, e.g., benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, may optionally be included in the blend composition in an amount of optionally about 0.001-1% w/v, optionally about 0.005-1.0% w/v, e.g., about 0.01-0.05% w/v.

Optionally, the liquid coating composition may further comprise one or more binders effective to improve the adhesion of the coating composition to the coated surface. The binder may for example be a polyamine, polyacrylate and/or polyurethane binder, as disclosed for example in US 2021/0156080. The adhesive may in particular comprise polyurethane and/or acrylic copolymer emulsions and/or polyurethane dispersions and/or multifunctional acrylates. The binder may be mixed or blended into the liquid coating composition. The binder may be included in the composition in an amount of about 0.1-30% w/v, optionally 1-20% w/v, or 2-10% w/v, optionally 3-8% w/v, or 0.1-2.5% w/v. The inclusion of a binder in the liquid coating composition may be particularly advantageous when the composition is to be used for coating either fabrics or textiles, or for coating other porous surfaces; as discussed in Wang et al, coatings 2020 (10) 520.

The liquid coating composition may also comprise one or more surfactants, such as, but not limited to, anionic surfactants including sulfate, sulfonate or gluconate, including sodium lauryl sulfate; nonionic surfactants including cocoamides, ethoxylates or alkoxylates; cationic surfactants including alkyl ammonium chloride; amphoteric surfactants including betaines and amino oxides; and surfactants also having antimicrobial activity, such as cationic surfactants, e.g., benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride; and cetrimide.

In some embodiments, the liquid coating composition may be a liquid disinfectant suitable for application to substrates formed of inert (inanimate) materials, including porous and non-porous surfaces. In other embodiments, the liquid coating composition may be a liquid antimicrobial or antiseptic that is suitable for application to a body part of a living human or animal, such as to the skin or hair of a living human or animal. The liquid antimicrobial or antiseptic according to the present disclosure may further comprise additional ingredients suitable for the body, in particular the skin or hair; such as glycerol and/or ceramides and/or hyaluronic acid and/or humectants and/or fragrances. The liquid antimicrobial or skin sanitizing liquid according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more natural emollients; such as triglycerides or short/medium chain fatty acids including, but not limited to, stearic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and lauric acid; hydrocarbons including, but not limited to, mineral oil, petrolatum and paraffin; and natural esters including, but not limited to, lanolin. The liquid antimicrobial or skin sanitizing liquid according to the present disclosure may also comprise one or more synthetic emollients, including, but not limited to, esters and alcohols. The liquid antimicrobial or skin sanitizing liquid according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more humectants, including but not limited to glycerin, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, urea, and sorbitol. The liquid antimicrobial or sanitizing agent (sanitiser) or Disinfectant (DISINFECTANT) according to the present disclosure may suitably comprise isopropyl alcohol, ethanol or propanol, and/or water; and may in particular comprise alcohol and water. The liquid antimicrobial or sanitizing liquid or disinfectant according to the present disclosure may optionally comprise one or more additional antimicrobial agents, such as one or more additional antimicrobial cationic components, such as quaternary ammonium salts, e.g., benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w/v, optionally about 0.005-1.0% w/v, e.g., about 0.01% w/v to about 0.05% w/v.

In some preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides a liquid coating composition according to any one of the following numbered statements 1-17:

1. a liquid coating composition suitable for forming an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and optionally a cationic polymer; the liquid coating composition comprises a blend of an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic polymer, and optionally a cationic polymer.

2. The liquid coating composition of statement 1, wherein the blend is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion in a liquid medium that is an aqueous solvent, an alcoholic solvent, an aqueous/alcoholic solvent or an organic solvent.

3. The liquid coating composition of statement 2, wherein the liquid medium comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or isopropanol.

4. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-3, comprising at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.03% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.08% w/v, or at least about 0.10% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine.

5. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-4, comprising no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, or no more than about 0.9% w/v, or no more than about 0.75% w/v, or no more than about 0.7% w/v, or no more than about 0.6% w/v, or no more than about 0.5% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine.

6. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-5 comprising from about 0.01 to 0.9% w/v, or from about 0.1 to 5% w/v, of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine.

7. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-6, comprising at least about 0.001% w/v, or at least about 0.002% w/v, or at least about 0.003% w/v, or at least about 0.004% w/v, or at least about 0.005% w/v of the anionic polymer.

8. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-7 comprising no more than about 0.3% w/v, or no more than about 0.25% w/v, or no more than about 0.2% w/v, or no more than about 0.18% w/v, or no more than about 0.15% w/v, or no more than about 0.12% w/v, or no more than about 0.10% w/v of the anionic polymer.

9. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-8, comprising from about 0.001 to 0.20% w/v of the anionic polymer; suitably comprising from about 0.005 to about 0.10% w/v of said anionic polymer.

10. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-9, comprising at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.15% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v of the cationic polymer.

11. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-10 comprising no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v of the optional cationic polymer.

12. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-11, comprising from about 0.1-10% w/v of the optional cationic polymer; suitably comprising from about 0.15 to 7% w/v or from about 0.2 to 5% w/v of said cationic polymer.

13. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-12, wherein the w/w ratio of the cationic polymer to the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is from 50:1 to 1:1; suitably no more than 50:1, or 40:1, or 30:1, or 25:1, or 20:1, or 15:1, or 10:1; suitably not less than 1:1, or 2:1, or 3:1, or 4:1, or 5:1.

14. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-13, wherein the w/w ratio of the combined amount of the optional cationic polymer and the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine to the amount of the anionic polymer is from 100:1 to 30:1; suitably no more than 100:1, or 95:1, or 90:1, or 85:1, or 80:1, or 75:1; suitably not less than 30:1, or 40:1, or 50:1, or 60:1, or 65:1.

15. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-14, wherein the total amount of the optional cationic polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, and the anionic polymer in the composition is not more than about 10% w/v of the composition; suitably, no more than about 9% w/v of the composition, or about 8% w/v of the composition, or about 7% w/v of the composition, or about 6% w/v of the composition, or about 5% w/v of the composition.

16. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-15, wherein the total amount of the optional cationic polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, and the anionic polymer in the composition is at least about 0.05% w/v of the composition; suitably at least about 0.1% w/v of the composition, or about 0.2% w/v of the composition.

17. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-16, wherein the composition comprises:

0.03-4.5% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.001-0.1% w/v of said anionic polymer; and

Optionally 0.1-5% w/v of said cationic polymer.

In other preferred embodiments, the present disclosure provides a liquid coating composition according to any one of the following numbered statements 1 to 25:

1. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming an antimicrobial coating comprising a guanidine compound, an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an anionic polymer, and optionally an additional cationic polymer; the liquid coating composition comprises a blend of a guanidine compound, an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an anionic polymer, and optionally, an additional cationic polymer.

2. The liquid coating composition of statement 1, wherein the blend is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion in an aqueous, alcoholic, aqueous/alcoholic or organic liquid medium.

4. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-3, wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is a polyethyleneimine or a polypropyleneimine.

5. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-4, wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is:

substituted via urea linkage by one or more linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl or decyl, advantageously by one or more ethyl, propyl, butyl or pentyl groups; or alternatively

Substituted with one or more alkyl groups comprising an alkylene chain linked to a polyalkyleneimine through two or more urea linkages; in particular 1 to 10 methylene groups, advantageously 3 to 7 methylene groups, are linked via urea linkages at either end of the alkylene chain.

6. The liquid coating composition of any one of statements 1-5, wherein the guanidine compound comprises a crosslinkable polymer bearing one or more guanidine or biguanide groups, and wherein the liquid coating composition further comprises a crosslinker for crosslinking the polymer.

7. The liquid coating composition of statement 6, wherein the guanidine compound comprises a crosslinkable polymer bearing one or more crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups.

8. The liquid coating composition of statement 6 or statement 7, wherein the crosslinker is an aziridine compound, such as a polyethylenimine compound.

9. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-8, comprising at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer.

10. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-9 comprising no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6.5% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer.

11. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-10 comprising from about 0.01 to 7% w/v, or from about 0.1 to 6% w/v, of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer.

12. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-11, comprising at least about 0.001% w/v, or at least about 0.002% w/v, or at least about 0.003% w/v, or at least about 0.004% w/v, or at least about 0.005% w/v of the anionic polymer.

13. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-12 comprising no more than about 0.03% w/v, or no more than about 0.025% w/v, or no more than about 0.02% w/v, or no more than about 0.018% w/v, or no more than about 0.015% w/v, or no more than about 0.012% w/v, or no more than about 0.01% w/v of the anionic polymer.

14. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-13, comprising from about 0.001 to 0.03% w/v of the anionic polymer; suitably comprising about 0.005-0.015% w/v of said anionic polymer.

15. The liquid coating composition of any one of statements 1-14, comprising at least about 0.5% w/v, or at least about 0.8% w/v, or at least about 1% w/v, or at least about 1.5% w/v, or at least about 2% w/v of the guanidine compound.

16. The liquid coating composition of any one of statements 1-15, comprising no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v, or no more than about 3% w/v of the guanidine compound.

17. The liquid coating composition of any one of statements 1-16, comprising about 0.5-10% w/v of the guanidine compound; suitably comprising about 1-3% w/v of said guanidine compound.

18. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-17, wherein the optional cationic polymer is an additional polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer.

19. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-18, comprising at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.04% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v of the optional additional cationic polymer.

20. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-19, comprising no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v, or no more than about 3.5% w/v, or no more than about 3% w/v of the optional additional cationic polymer.

21. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-20, comprising from about 0.02 to 6% w/v of the additional polyalkyleneimine; suitably comprising about 0.05 to 4% w/v of said optional further cationic polymer.

22. The liquid coating composition of any one of statements 1-21, wherein the total amount of the guanidine compound, the optional additional cationic polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, and the anionic polymer in the composition is no more than about 15% w/v of the composition; suitably, no more than about 12% w/v of the composition, or about 10% w/v of the composition, or about 9% w/v of the composition, or about 8% w/v of the composition.

23. The liquid coating composition of any one of statements 1-22, wherein the total amount of the guanidine compound, the optional additional cationic polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, and the anionic polymer in the composition is at least about 0.7% w/v of the composition; suitably, at least about 1% w/v of the composition, or about 1.5% w/v of the composition, or about 2% w/v of the composition.

24. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-23, wherein the composition comprises:

0.05-3.5% w/v of said guanidine compound;

0.01-7.0% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer;

0.002-0.1% w/v of said anionic polymer; and

0.05-4% W/v of an optional further cationic polymer.

25. The liquid coating composition of any of statements 1-23, wherein the composition comprises:

0.1-3.0% w/v of said guanidine compound;

0.3-4.5% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer; and

0.009-0.05% W/v of said anionic polymer.

The present disclosure encompasses methods of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article. These may also be understood as methods of coating a substrate or article with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the substrate or article may be formed from one or more inert (inanimate) materials. The one or more inert materials may include natural materials, such as wood or stone; or may comprise a man-made material, such as a plastics material. The one or more inert materials may include porous materials, such as porous textiles or fabrics. The one or more inert materials may include non-porous materials, such as metal or glass. The substrate or article may comprise a combination of inert materials, which may be porous and/or non-porous; such as a metal substrate coated with a porous fabric. It should be understood that when a porous article or substrate (e.g., fabric or textile) is coated in accordance with the present disclosure, the coating or coating composition may to some extent bleed or penetrate through and/or within the porous structure of the article or substrate; that is, it may not remain on the surface of the article or substrate alone. Thus, a porous article or substrate coated according to the present disclosure may actually be impregnated and/or fully or partially saturated with a coating according to the present disclosure.

In particular, the one or more inert materials may include plastic materials, elastomeric materials (e.g., elastic fibers, such asOr/>) Or one or more of a synthetic rubber, and/or a polymeric material. The one or more inert materials may, for example, include polyurethane, such as a carbon urethane (carbothane) polyurethane; silica or silicone materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane and/or polyester-polysiloxane; polyesters, for example polyethylene such as polyethylene terephthalate and/or polytetrafluoroethylene, and/or polypropylene; a polycarbonate; polyamides, polyamines and/or polyimines and/or polyimides, including nylon; a latex; a nitrile; a polyisoprene; polyvinyl polymers including polyacrylates, polymethacrylates such as polymethyl methacrylate and/or hydroxyethyl methacrylate polymers, polyacrylamides, polymethacrylamides, polyvinylchlorides and/or polyvinylidene fluorides; and/or polyimide polymers.

The one or more inert materials may include natural and/or synthetic biopolymers. Natural biopolymers include collagen, silk fibroin, starch, cellulose and chitosan. Synthetic biopolymers include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and polyethylene glycol. The one or more inert materials may include bioabsorbable materials such as polyglycolic acid and/or poly-L-lactic acid, polycaprolactone, poly-DL-lactic acid, poly (trimethylene carbonate), and/or poly (p-dioxanone).

The one or more inert materials may include metals and/or metal alloys, such as titanium, nickel, titanium-nickel alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, gold, platinum, silver, iridium, tantalum, tungsten, and/or steel, including stainless steel. The one or more inert materials may include a ceramic material; and/or glass; and/or organic materials, including animal-derived materials, such as collagen and/or decellularized grafts; or mixtures and combinations thereof, including, for example, organic substrates having metal scaffolds.

The one or more inert materials may include fabrics or textiles, such as woven or nonwoven fabrics, including natural or synthetic fabric or textile materials; including melt blown polymeric materials, or nylon or rayon or polyester cellulose or polyethylene or polypropylene, or leather, or silk, or cotton.

Articles formed from one or more inert materials and coated according to the present disclosure may be objects used or commonly found in clinical environments, or objects used or available for any clinical purpose, including for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Thus, for example, an article coated according to the present disclosure may be a medical device, such as a catheter or implant; or medical appliances, such as a tray, operating table or spatula; or an item of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as a mask, surgical gown (gown), apron or glove, or face mask, or medical gown (scrub), or surgical gown or goggles; or an item for the patient, such as a table, chair, bed or toilet; or for cleaning, sanitizing or disinfecting items such as cloths, sponges, filters or wipes. Substrates and articles coated according to the present disclosure include medical devices and implants for use in the healthcare (including dental) and veterinary fields; including catheters, endoscopes, cardiac implants (e.g., stents, heart valves) and biodegradable, non-biodegradable, natural and/or synthetic stents and/or grafts, bone and joint implants, surgical tools, and other types of diagnostic, surgical, and therapeutic devices. Articles coated according to the present disclosure may be, in particular, surgical masks (IIR, FFP type 1) or surgical gowns. Articles coated according to the present disclosure may be any surface in a clinical setting, such as a wall, door handle, or screen; or an item of equipment used in a clinical setting, such as an infant incubator or a therapeutic or diagnostic equipment item; or may be a plastic film shaped and configured for application and attachment to a surface in a clinical setting as defined herein.

The substrate formed of one or more inert materials and coated in accordance with the present disclosure may be an object or surface that is often touched or treated by a person, such as, but not limited to, a wall, door or window, or a handle of a door or window; a textile or other surface of a seat, a curtain, cloth, an article of clothing, or a sheet; or a support or railing or armrest, or a counter, table, desk, floor, chair or bed; or any object, including furniture and/or accessories, in public or semi-public places, including public transportation, including trains or planes, or institutions, including educational institutions, such as schools, colleges or universities, or healthcare institutions, such as hospitals, medical centers, dentistry, veterinarians or surgery, or government or local convention centers, courts or prisons, or private or semi-private places, including shops, recreational centers, restaurants or private homes; or commercial or military environments, such as transportation, including ships or submarines; or consumer products such as telephones, telephone housings, telephone screens, toys or crockery items or cutlery; or a shell or plastic film, such as a label, shaped and/or configured for application and/or attachment to an object or surface that is often touched or treated by a person as defined herein.

In some embodiments, the substrate may be a part of the human or animal body, in particular the skin of a human or animal, such as a human hand or face or foot. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides methods of applying an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure to the body (including skin) of a human or animal.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of providing an antimicrobial coating to a substrate or article according to the present disclosure may include applying a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure to a surface of the substrate or article. The liquid coating composition may be applied to the surface in one or more applications, for example two applications or more than two applications.

In this aspect, a method of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article may, for example, comprise incubating the substrate or article in a liquid coating composition, and/or immersing the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and/or washing the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition, and/or impregnating the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition one or more times, and/or flowing the liquid coating composition over the substrate or article, and/or spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or wiping and/or padding and/or rolling the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article using any other application technique (including physical deposition and/or electrophoretic deposition), wherein these application techniques may optionally be used in any order or combination, and may optionally be performed or repeated one or more times. The method can be used to provide an antimicrobial coating on any substrate or article, including substrates that are part of the human or animal body, such as human or animal skin; and substrates and articles that are not part of the human or animal body, including substrates and articles formed from natural and/or artificial materials and/or from porous and/or non-porous materials.

The method of this aspect of the disclosure may further comprise the step of drying and/or curing the coating on the substrate or article. In particular, the coating may be dried and/or cured, or allowed to dry and/or cure, on the substrate or article, either between applications of the liquid coating composition or after application of the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article, or after application of the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article in its entirety.

Thus, optionally, the method of this aspect of the disclosure may include thermally curing the coating on the substrate or article, optionally by placing the substrate or article in an environment heated to a temperature of at least about 35 ℃, or at least about 50 ℃, for example to a temperature of about 140 ℃, preferably to a temperature of about 60-100 ℃. This may be particularly suitable when the substrate or article is not part of the human or animal body and/or is not formed of a natural or heat sensitive material. Alternatively or additionally, the method may further comprise the step of UV curing the coating on the substrate or article using methods known in the art. For example. The UV version of guanidine GC (example 1 b) can be cured using UV.

The method of this aspect of the disclosure may further comprise the step of applying the adhesive composition to a substrate or article. The adhesive composition may for example comprise a polyamine, polyacrylate and/or polyurethane adhesive, such as disclosed in US 2021/0156080; wherein the one or more binders are effective to improve the adhesion of the coating to the coated surface. The adhesive composition may be applied to the substrate or article in liquid form, for example as a solution, suspension, emulsion or dispersion. In particular, the adhesive composition may comprise polyurethane and/or acrylic copolymer emulsion and/or polyurethane dispersion and/or multifunctional acrylate. Thus, the method of this aspect of the present disclosure may include the step of applying the disclosed adhesive composition to a substrate or article either before or after applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article. In some embodiments, the method may include the step of applying the liquid coating composition to a substrate or article, followed by the step of applying the adhesive composition to the substrate or article, followed by the step of applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate or article. The step of applying the adhesive composition to the substrate or article may comprise incubating the substrate or article in the adhesive composition, and/or immersing the substrate or article in the adhesive composition, and/or washing the substrate or article with the adhesive composition, and/or impregnating the substrate or article with the adhesive composition one or more times, and/or flowing the adhesive composition over the substrate or article, and/or spraying the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or wiping the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or brushing and/or padding and/or rolling the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article using any other suitable application technique or any combination of application techniques, including physical deposition and/or electrophoretic deposition. Optionally, the method includes the step of drying or allowing the coated article or substrate to dry after application of the adhesive composition.

Accordingly, this aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of coating an article that is a medical device, such as an implantable medical device, wherein the step of applying the liquid coating composition comprises impregnating the medical device with the liquid coating composition, washing and/or rinsing the medical device with the liquid coating composition; and/or spraying, painting, rubbing, padding, rolling and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the medical device; and/or applying the liquid coating composition to the medical device by physical deposition and/or electrophoretic deposition. Optionally, the method may further comprise drying or allowing the coated medical device to dry, optionally at room temperature or in a thermal oven, and/or curing the coating on the medical device, for example, using heat or by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Optionally, the method may further comprise applying the adhesive composition to the medical device before and/or after applying the liquid coating composition to the medical device.

This aspect of the disclosure further provides a method of coating a porous substrate, such as a textile or fabric substrate, wherein the step of applying the liquid coating composition comprises impregnating the porous substrate with the liquid coating composition, washing and/or rinsing the porous substrate with the liquid coating composition; and/or spraying, painting, rubbing, padding, rolling, and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the porous substrate; and/or depositing a liquid coating composition onto the porous substrate; wherein the applying steps may optionally be performed in any combination or order, and may optionally be performed or repeated one or more times. Optionally, the method may further comprise drying or allowing the coated porous substrate to dry, optionally at room temperature or in a thermal oven, and/or curing the coating on the medical device, for example, using heat or by exposure to UV radiation. Optionally, the method may further comprise applying the adhesive composition to the porous substrate before and/or after applying the liquid coating composition to the porous substrate.

This aspect of the disclosure also provides a method of coating a substrate that is a body part of a living human or animal, such as the skin of a living human or animal, wherein the step of applying the liquid coating composition to the substrate comprises washing and/or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition; and/or spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing, and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part. Optionally, the method may further comprise drying the coated body part or allowing the coated body part to dry, optionally at room temperature.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article using a "layering" method involving sequentially applying separate liquid compositions, each composition comprising one or more of the components of the antimicrobial coating described herein; optionally, in the amounts disclosed herein. This may be particularly suitable for applying the coating to a substrate or article that is not part of the human or animal body. It may be particularly suitable for applying coatings to substrates or articles formed from inanimate or man-made materials.

Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a method of providing an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure on a substrate or article comprising the sequential steps of: (a) Applying a first liquid composition to a substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer, the first liquid composition comprising one or more of: an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component as defined herein, such as an anionic polymer, additional cationic polymer(s) as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein; and then (b) applying a second liquid composition to the substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer, the second liquid composition being different from the first liquid composition and comprising one or more of: an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component as defined herein, such as an anionic polymer, additional cationic polymer(s) as defined herein, and a guanidine compound as defined herein; and then (c) optionally repeating step (a) and/or step (b); for example, to produce a coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer according to the present disclosure.

The method may further comprise: (d) Applying a third liquid composition and optionally a subsequent liquid composition to the substrate or article one or more times to form a third layer and optionally one or more subsequent layers, the third liquid composition and optionally the subsequent liquid composition being different from the first and/or second liquid composition and comprising one or more of the following: an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as defined herein, an anionic component as defined herein, such as an anionic polymer, additional cationic polymer(s) as defined herein, and/or a guanidine compound as defined herein.

To produce a coating according to the present disclosure, at least one of the first, second, and (if applicable) third or subsequent liquid compositions must typically comprise the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, optionally in an amount of at least about 0.005% w/v, or at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.03% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.08% w/v, or at least about 0.10% w/v, or at least about 0.15% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v; and/or no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6.5% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v; suitably in an amount of about 0.01 to 20% w/v; suitably from about 0.01 to 10% w/v or from about 0.05 to 10% w/v or from about 0.5 to 7% w/v. In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second, and (if applicable) third or subsequent liquid compositions may comprise an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer disclosed herein, optionally in an amount of at least about 0.001% w/v, or at least about 0.002% w/v, or at least about 0.003% w/v, or at least about 0.004% w/v, or at least about 0.005% w/v; and/or no more than about 0.5% w/v, or no more than about 0.3% w/v, or no more than about 0.25% w/v, or no more than about 0.2% w/v, or no more than about 0.18% w/v, or no more than about 0.15% w/v, or no more than about 0.12% w/v, or no more than about 0.10% w/v, or no more than about 0.09% w/v, or no more than about 0.08% w/v, or no more than about 0.07% w/v, or no more than about 0.06% w/v, or no more than about 0.05% w/v, or no more than about 0.02% w/v; optionally, in an amount of about 0.001 to 0.5% w/v, or about 0.001 to 0.3% w/v, or about 0.005 to 0.1% w/v; for example to produce an antimicrobial coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second, and (if applicable) third or subsequent liquid compositions may comprise additional cationic polymer(s) disclosed herein, optionally in an amount of at least about 0.01% w/v, or at least about 0.02% w/v, or at least about 0.04% w/v, or at least about 0.05% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v, or at least about 0.15% w/v, or at least about 0.2% w/v, or at least about 0.3% w/v, or at least about 0.5% w/v; and/or no more than about 25% w/v, or no more than about 20% w/v, or no more than about 15% w/v, or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v; optionally, in an amount of about 0.01-20% w/v or about 0.1-10% w/v or about 0.3-8% w/v or about 0.15-7% w/v or about 0.2-5% w/v; for example, to produce an antimicrobial coating comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimines disclosed herein and additional cationic polymer(s). In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second, and (if applicable) third or subsequent liquid compositions may comprise a guanidine compound disclosed herein, optionally in an amount of at least about 0.2% w/v, or at least about 0.3% w/v, or at least about 0.4% w/v, or at least about 0.5% w/v, or at least about 0.8% w/v, or at least about 1% w/v, or at least about 1.5% w/v; and/or no more than about 10% w/v, or no more than about 8% w/v, or no more than about 7% w/v, or no more than about 6% w/v, or no more than about 5% w/v, or no more than about 4% w/v, or no more than about 3.5% w/v, or no more than about 3% w/v; suitably, the guanidine compound is present in an amount of about 0.1-10% w/v, or about 0.1-5% w/v, or about 0.5-3.5% w/v, or about 0.5-3% w/v; or about 1-5.5% w/v; for example, to produce an antimicrobial coating comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimines and guanidine compounds disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the first coating solution comprises an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer; and the second coating solution comprises an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, an additional cationic polymer, such as a polyalkyleneimine polymer, and a guanidine compound. Optionally, the second coating solution may further comprise an anionic component as disclosed herein. Optionally, the first coating solution and/or the second coating solution may comprise one or more binders as disclosed herein.

In an advantageous embodiment, the first coating solution comprises from 0.05 to 7% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine; and the second coating solution comprises from 0.05 to 7% w/v of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, from 0.3 to 8% w/v of an additional cationic polymer such as polyethyleneimine, and from 0.5 to 3.5% w/w of a guanidine compound.

In some preferred embodiments of this aspect of the disclosure, step (a) may comprise applying a first liquid composition comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer to a substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer. Step (b) may comprise applying a second liquid composition comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and an additional cationic polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer, to a substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer. Optionally, the second liquid composition may further comprise a guanidine compound and/or an anionic component such as an anionic polymer.

Each of the first, second, and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions may be formulated in a liquid medium as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion. The liquid medium may be aqueous, alcoholic, or aqueous/alcoholic. The liquid medium may comprise an organic solvent, such as a polar organic solvent. In some embodiments, the liquid medium may comprise methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or isopropanol, and/or water, and/or tetrahydrofuran. In some preferred embodiments, the first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions are formulated as solutions. The first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally comprise additional ingredients, including further active agents, additives or excipients. The first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally comprise one or more binders, such as polyamine, polyacrylate and/or polyurethane binders, as disclosed for example in US 2021/0156080; wherein the binder is effective to improve the adhesion of the coating to the coated surface. The one or more binders may comprise polyurethane and/or acrylic copolymer emulsions and/or polyurethane dispersions and/or multifunctional acrylates that are mixed or blended into the first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions. The first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally comprise a cross-linking agent as defined herein. The first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions may optionally comprise one or more additional antimicrobial agents, for example one or more additional cationic components, for example quaternary ammonium salts, for example benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w/v, optionally about 0.005-1% w/v, for example about 0.01-0.05% w/v.

The step of applying the first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions to a substrate or article may, for example, each comprise (i) incubating the substrate or article in the respective liquid composition, and/or (ii) immersing the substrate or article in the respective liquid composition, and/or (iii) washing the substrate or article with the respective liquid composition, and/or (iv) immersing the substrate or article in the respective liquid composition one or more times, and/or (v) flowing the respective liquid composition over the substrate or article, and/or (vi) spraying the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (vii) applying the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (ix) wiping the respective liquid composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (x) padding the liquid composition onto the substrate or article; and/or (xi) roll-coating the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or (xii) applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article by physical deposition, and/or (xiii) applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article by electrophoretic deposition; or any combination or sequence of these application methods, which may be performed or repeated one or more times.

Optionally, the method may further comprise the additional step of applying the adhesive composition to a substrate or article. The adhesive composition may for example comprise a polyamine, polyacrylate and/or polyurethane adhesive, such as disclosed in US 2021/0156080; wherein the one or more binders are effective to improve the adhesion of the coating to the coated surface. The adhesive composition may be applied to the substrate or article in liquid form, for example as a solution, suspension, emulsion or dispersion. In particular, the adhesive composition may comprise polyurethane and/or acrylic copolymer emulsion, and/or polyurethane dispersion, and/or multifunctional acrylate. Thus, the method of this aspect of the disclosure may include the step of applying the disclosed adhesive composition to a substrate or article before or after any of steps (a) to (d). The step of applying the adhesive composition to the substrate or article may comprise incubating the substrate or article in the adhesive composition, and/or immersing the substrate or article in the adhesive composition, and/or washing the substrate or article with the adhesive composition, and/or impregnating the substrate or article with the adhesive composition one or more times, and/or flowing the adhesive composition over the substrate or article, and/or spraying the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or wiping the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or brushing and/or padding and/or rolling the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the adhesive composition onto the substrate or article using any other suitable application technique or any combination of application techniques, including physical vapor deposition and/or electrophoretic deposition.

Optionally, the method may further comprise drying the coated substrate or article after applying each layer or any layer and/or adhesive composition, or after applying all layers and/or adhesive composition, or drying the coated substrate or article. The method may further comprise the step of thermally curing the coating, optionally by placing the substrate or article in an environment heated to a temperature of at least about 35 ℃ or at least about 50 ℃, for example to a temperature of about 140 ℃, preferably to a temperature of about 60-100 ℃. This may be particularly suitable when the substrate or article is not part of the human or animal body and/or is not formed of a natural or heat sensitive material. Alternatively or additionally, the method may further comprise the step of UV curing the coating according to methods known in the art. For example. The UV version of guanidine GC (example 1 b) can be cured using UV.

The present disclosure also includes a substrate or article formed from an inert (inanimate) material as defined herein, coated with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure.

Articles or substrates coated with an antimicrobial coating according to the present disclosure may be prepared by coating an article or substrate with an antimicrobial coating according to the methods of the present disclosure. As described above, these methods include applying the liquid coating compositions of the present disclosure to a surface of an article or substrate, one or more applications, such as two or more applications. The coating may be dried or cured between applications of the liquid coating composition or after all applications of the liquid coating composition. Alternatively, a "layering" process as described above may be used to prepare a coated substrate or article.

The present disclosure also includes methods for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising the step of applying a coating to a substrate or article according to the methods of the present disclosure. The substrate or article may be formed of inert (inanimate) materials including porous and/or non-porous materials as well as natural or man-made materials; or may be a body part of a living human or animal, such as the skin of a living human or animal.

The present disclosure also includes the use of a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, whereby the liquid coating composition is applied to a substrate or article according to the present disclosure. The substrate or article may be an inert (inanimate) substrate or article, including porous and/or non-porous substrates or articles, or substrates or articles made of natural or man-made materials; or may be a body part of a living human or animal.

The present disclosure also includes the use of a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure in the manufacture of a composition suitable and effective for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal and/or for use in preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal.

The present disclosure further provides a liquid coating composition as defined herein for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, such as the skin or hair of a human or animal; the method comprises applying a liquid coating composition to a body part; optionally, by washing and/or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition and/or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part. The liquid coating composition may suitably be an antimicrobial agent or a disinfectant as defined herein. The method may suitably comprise applying the liquid coating composition to a person's hand.

Thus, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides an antimicrobial skin sanitizing liquid product, such as a hand sanitizing liquid product or a facial sanitizing liquid product, comprising a liquid coating composition according to the present disclosure, optionally formulated with one or more additional ingredients, such as glycerin, a humectant, a fragrance, and/or one or more additional antimicrobial agents, such as one or more additional cationic components, such as quaternary ammonium salts, such as benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.001-1% w/v, optionally about 0.005-1% w/v, or about 0.01-0.05% w/v, for use in a method of preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or quantity of one or more microorganisms on human skin and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on human skin; the method comprises applying a liquid coating composition to a person's skin (e.g., face or hand) by spraying or dispensing the composition onto the person's skin (e.g., face or hand). Suitably, in these embodiments, the liquid coating composition may not comprise a guanidine compound. Suitably, in these embodiments, the total amount of cationic polymer comprising alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine and any additional cationic polymer(s) may not exceed 5% w/v.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or the loading or the number of one or more microorganisms on a surface, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a surface, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising the step of contacting the surface with a substrate or article comprising a coating according to the present disclosure or coated according to the present disclosure. The coated substrate or article may be an article of a cleaning device, such as a cloth or sponge. The coated substrate or article may be an item of personal protective equipment, such as a glove or a mask. The coated substrate or article may be a body part of a living human, such as a human hand. The surface contacted may be any surface that may be contaminated or may be contaminated with microorganisms, including surfaces in a healthcare, veterinary, dental, public or private environment; and surfaces of medical devices and equipment, including personal protective equipment. The surface contacted may be an inert (i.e., inanimate) surface. In some embodiments, the contacted surface may be a living surface, such as a portion of a human or animal body, including human skin. This aspect of the present disclosure is described herein as a "touch cleaning" effect and is described and demonstrated in the examples, wherein it can be seen that coated substrates and articles according to the present disclosure are capable of disinfecting contaminated surfaces upon contact.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer as disclosed herein for use in preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or loading or number of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and/or yeasts. The present disclosure also includes the use of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers disclosed herein to prevent or reduce the growth or spread or load or number of one or more microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and/or yeasts).

According to any aspect of the disclosure, the method of inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms may comprise inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of bacteria. The bacteria may be bacteria associated with or responsible for a healthcare related infection (HCAI). In particular, the bacteria may be bacteria capable of forming a biofilm, in particular on a medical device or implant. The bacteria may be multi-drug resistant bacteria. In particular, the bacteria may be gram-positive bacteria or gram-negative bacteria; and may include any one or more of escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, and pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Bacteria may include antibiotic-resistant bacteria including MRSA and/or clostridium difficile.

According to any aspect of the disclosure, the method of inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms may comprise inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of viruses. The virus may be a virus associated with or responsible for a healthcare related infection (HCAI) or a healthcare related infection (HCAI). The virus may be an enveloped virus and/or a non-enveloped virus; and may include adenovirus, norovirus, influenza virus, vaccinia virus, and coronavirus strains, including but not limited to SARS-CoV-2.

According to any aspect of the disclosure, the method of inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms may include inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of yeasts and fungi and/or inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of fungi or yeasts, including but not limited to candida albicans strains. The yeast or fungus may be a yeast or fungus associated with or responsible for a healthcare related infection (HCAI) or a healthcare related infection (HCAI).

According to any aspect of the present disclosure, a method of preventing and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article may include disrupting, interfering with, removing, or preventing or inhibiting the formation or diffusion of any type of biofilm, particularly a bacterial biofilm. The coatings and compositions of the present disclosure have demonstrated efficacy against several microorganisms known to be involved in pathogenic biofilm formation (Li et al, supra). The cationic nature of the disclosed coatings will also help to resist microbial attachment, thereby inhibiting the formation of microbial matrix structures of the biofilm.

As demonstrated in the examples below, the inventors have shown that the compositions of the present disclosure can have strong and durable antimicrobial effects against a variety of different microorganisms. The composition may have long term antimicrobial activity (antibacterial, antiviral, yeast and/or fungicidal) when applied to non-porous and porous surfaces, as well as long term efficacy when applied to skin (180-365 days for surfaces and 48 hours for skin). The composition has been shown to have a strong (at least log 4-99.99%) reducing effect against known nosocomial pathogens, including E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, MRSA and enterococci, as well as influenza, norovirus, adenovirus, vaccinia and coronavirus strains such as SARS-CoV-2. This supports the utility of the disclosed compositions for combating HCAI and common infections. The disclosed compositions have also been shown to be effective against MS2 phage and Phi6 phage, MS2 phage being considered a surrogate for non-enveloped viruses (surrogate), and Phi6 phage being considered a surrogate for enveloped viruses; further demonstrating the usefulness and efficacy of the disclosed compositions. The coating exhibits excellent characteristics including stability, durability and lubricity, and can effectively prevent the formation of a biofilm or destroy or remove it. The coatings disclosed herein exhibit non-leaching and abrasion resistance when applied to a variety of surfaces or substrates, including porous surfaces or substrates (fabrics) and non-porous surfaces or substrates (TPU), and are therefore well suited for use on a variety of substrates and applications. The coatings also show the ability to be removed from the skin by washing with soap and warm water, thereby enhancing their applicability as skin disinfectants. The "touch cleaning" capability of the disclosed coatings illustrated in the examples provides further unique utility. The inventors have found that the disclosed coating compositions are capable of disinfecting any surface or skin to which they are applied; and the unique "touch cleaning" effect enables the technique to clean any surface or person in contact therewith.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT (S) OF INVENTION

Example 1: synthesis of Guanidine Compound (GC)

11.67G of poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate poly (hexaguanidine) was blended and dissolved in 140.7mL of water in a round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, thermometer and a Pasteur pipette connected to a nitrogen inlet. To 81g (solid) of methoxypoly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate of MW 2000 (purified on charcoal and diluted with 20% (w/v)) was added 16.21g of methoxypoly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate of MW 350, 11.22mL of methacrylic acid, 37.33 g of butyl methacrylate and 84.8mL of isopropanol. The reflux condenser was opened, nitrogen was bubbled into the monomer mixture, and heating was started to warm the monomer mixture.

In a separate vial, 905mg of potassium persulfate was dissolved in 24mL of water and degassed with nitrogen.

Once the mixture in the round bottom flask reached a temperature of 70 ℃, an aqueous potassium persulfate solution was added to the monomer mixture in the round bottom flask and polymerization was started.

The polymerization reaction was allowed to proceed to the desired viscosity level and quenched by the addition of 100mL of ice cold water. Once cooled to room temperature, the polymerization solution was dialyzed against water overnight at a molecular weight cut-off of 12-14 kDa.

Example 1a: synthesis of guanidine Compounds (GC 1 and GC 2)

The polymer from example 1, wherein poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate poly (hexaguanidine) was replaced with poly (hexaguanidine) methacrylate during synthesis. The amount of poly (hexaguanidine) methacrylate in the reaction was increased to 2-fold (GC 1) or 3-fold (GC 2). The same procedure as in example 1 was used for the reaction and the work-up.

Example 1b: synthesis of guanidine Compounds (UV Activity)

The polymer from example 1, wherein methacrylic acid was replaced with 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate (900 mg) during synthesis, or wherein methacrylic acid and 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate were used in combination.

Example 2: synthesis of alkyl (butyl, hexamethylene) urea polyethyleneimine (bPEI)

Derivatization of Polyethyleneimine (PEI) to alkyl urea polyethyleneimine is performed using an acylation reaction. PEI is reacted with n-butyl isocyanate or hexamethylene diisocyanate. The alkyl isocyanate was added drop wise to the PEI. Butyl urea polyethyleneimine and hexamethylene urea polyalkyleneimine derivatives are commercially available from BioInteractions Ltd, reading, united Kingdom.

Example 3a: production of PEI-containing liquid coating compositions

Butyl urea PEI (bpi) produced according to example 2 was blended with Polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) in a mixture of IPA and water (about 70:30, IPA: water) in the following amounts:

composition of the components	Concentration range of component (%)
		bPEI	0.03-0.75
PAA	0.005-0.1
		PEI	0.2-4.0
Total concentration of	0.24-4.9

Benzalkonium chloride (0.005 to 0.05%) and glycerin (0.1-1%) were optionally added to the above formulation.

With a total concentration of 0.25% C1; c2 at a total concentration of 2.1%; and a total concentration of 4.2% C3 to produce compositions of different strengths.

Example 3b: production of PEI-free liquid coating compositions

Butyl urea PEI (bPEI) was blended with polyacrylic acid (PAA) in a mixture of IPA and water (about 70:30, IPA: water) in the following amounts:

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benzalkonium chloride and glycerin are optionally added to the above formulation.

With a total concentration of 0.25% C4; c5 at a total concentration of 2.1%; and C6 at a total concentration of 4.3% to prepare compositions of different strengths.

Example 4: production of liquid coating compositions comprising guanidine

The composition blend comprises three or four components. The concentration ranges for each component are shown in the following table.

(I) A blend composition comprising component a (one of the guanidine compounds-GC or GC1 or GC 2), component b (butylurea polyalkyleneimine-bPEI), component c (polyacrylic acid-PAA), and component d (polyethyleneimine-PEI)

Component (A)	Component concentration range (%)
		bPEI	0.01-7.0
PAA	0.002-0.1
		PEI	0.05-4.0
GC	0.05-3.0
		GC1	0.5-3.5
GC2	0.5-3.5

Optionally a cross-linking agent and benzalkonium chloride are added to the composition.

D1 composition comprising bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC, total concentration 4%

D2 composition comprising bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC, total concentration 1.25%

D3 composition comprising bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC1, total concentration 5%

D4 composition comprising bPEI, PAA, PEI and GC2, total concentration 8%

(Ii) Blend composition comprising component a (one of guanidine compounds-GC 1 or GC 2), component b (butylurea polyalkyleneimine-bPEI), and component c (polyacrylic acid-PAA)

Component (A)	Component concentration range (%)
		bPEI	0.3-4.5
PAA	0.009-0.05
		GC1	0.3-3.0
GC2	0.1-3.0

D5 composition comprising bPEI, PAA and GC1, total concentration 4.0%

D6 composition comprising bPEI, PAA and GC2, total concentration 4.5%

Example 5: coating method

The compositions of examples 3 and 4 are used to coat a variety of substrates, including TPU tapes, fabrics, gloves, and hands, by spraying or brushing or painting the composition onto the substrate, or by impregnating the substrate with the composition. The substrate is dried.

Surfaces including TPU tapes and fabrics are also coated using a layering process. The first layer is applied to the surface by applying an aqueous-alcoholic coating solution containing 0.05-7% w/v of butylurea polyalkyleneimine and/or PAA (0.002-0.1%). The first layer is allowed to dry before the second layer is applied, the second layer being completed by applying an aqueous-alcoholic coating solution containing 0.05-7% w/v butyl urea polyalkyleneimine, 0.3-8% w/v Polyethyleneimine (PEI) and 0.5-3.5% w/w guanidine compound and/or PAA (0.002-0.1%). The coated substrate is then dried.

Example 6: antimicrobial test method

The efficacy of the formulations of the present disclosure was tested in the following tests:

EN 14476 antiviral suspension test

The antiviral test was performed using an EN 14476 (quantitative suspension test for assessing virucidal activity; by standard 4-log) method, wherein the hand disinfectant was tested against the viral suspension. For this test, the hand sanitizer was made 1.25 times the concentration of the desired formulation, as it was diluted during the addition of the viral inoculum and interfering substances. Antiviral activity was determined by comparing the log reduction to a negative control. The virus inoculum was made to a concentration of 10 ⁸ PFU/ml in the relevant medium for the particular virus. A virus suspension was prepared by adding 1ml of virus inoculum to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep erythrocytes for dirty conditions. The suspension was added to 8ml of a 1.25-fold strength hand disinfectant solution and vortexed. The mixture is left at a controlled temperature (e.g., 20 ℃) for the desired contact time (i.e., 1 minute and 2 minutes). After the contact time, serial dilutions and quantification of the hand disinfectant solution and negative control were performed.

EN 13727 antibacterial suspension test

The antibacterial test was performed using an EN 13727 based (quantitative suspension test for evaluating bacterial activity; by standard 5-log) method, in which hand sanitizer solutions were tested against bacterial suspensions. For this test, the hand sanitizer was made 1.25 times the concentration of the desired formulation, as it was diluted during the addition of the bacterial inoculum and interfering substances. Antibacterial activity was determined by comparing the log reduction with a negative control. Bacterial inoculum was made to a concentration of 10 ⁸ PFU/ml in the relevant medium for the particular bacteria. 1ml of the viral inoculum was added to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep erythrocytes for dirty conditions to make a bacterial suspension. The suspension was added to 8ml of a 1.25-fold strength hand disinfectant solution and vortexed. The mixture is left at a controlled temperature (e.g., 20 ℃) for the desired contact time (i.e., 1 minute and 2 minutes). After the contact time, serial dilutions and quantification of the hand disinfectant solution and negative control were performed.

EN 13624 Yeast killing suspension test

The yeast killing test was performed using an EN 13624-based (quantitative suspension test for assessing yeast killing activity; by standard 4-log) method, in which hand sanitizer solutions were tested against yeast suspensions. For this test, the hand sanitizer was made 1.25 times the concentration of the desired formulation, as it was diluted during the addition of the yeast inoculum and interfering substances. The yeast killing activity was determined by comparing the log reduction with a negative control. Yeast inoculum was made to a concentration of 10 ⁷ PFU/ml in the relevant medium. A yeast suspension was prepared by adding 1ml of yeast inoculum to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep red blood cells for dirty conditions. The suspension was added to 8ml of a 1.25-fold strength hand disinfectant solution and vortexed. The mixture is left at a controlled temperature (e.g., 20 ℃) for the desired contact time (i.e., 1 minute and 2 minutes). After the contact time, serial dilutions and quantification of the hand disinfectant solution and negative control were performed.

ISO 20743 general method (antibacterial Activity on porous materials)

Antimicrobial testing on porous materials based on ISO 20743 (determination of antimicrobial activity of textile-textile products), an absorption method was used, in which bacterial inoculum was placed directly on the test surface. Bacterial inoculum was made to a concentration of 10 ⁵ CFU/ml in Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) and applied to textiles without antimicrobial activity (uncoated) and to treated textiles (coated). After inoculation, the treated samples and control samples were incubated at 37℃for the required contact time. The bacterial cells are then recovered from the porous surface using saline. After the contact time, serial dilutions were performed and bacteria were quantified. The log reduction is determined by comparing the uncoated surface to the coated surface.

ISO 22196 general method (antimicrobial Activity on non-porous materials)

Antimicrobial testing on non-porous materials is based on ISO 22196 (measurement of antimicrobial activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces). Samples were placed in petri dishes where bacterial inoculum at a concentration of 10 ⁶ CFU/ml in 0.2% nutrient broth was placed directly on the surface and covered with a slide of known surface area. After inoculation, the treated samples and control samples were incubated at 37℃for the required contact time. TSB is used to recover bacterial cells from materials. After the contact time, serial dilutions were performed and bacteria were quantified. The log reduction is determined by comparing the uncoated surface to the coated surface.

ISO 18184 general method (antiviral Activity on porous materials)

Antiviral testing on porous materials is based on ISO 18184 (determination of antiviral activity of textile-textile products) using an absorption method, wherein a viral inoculum having a concentration of 10 ⁷ PFU/ml in the relevant medium is placed directly on the surface to be tested (uncoated textile and treated textile (coated)). The treated sample and the control sample were incubated at a controlled temperature for the desired contact time. Viruses are then recovered from the porous surface of the material using the relevant medium. After the contact time, serial dilutions were performed and the virus was quantified. The log reduction is determined by comparing the uncoated surface to the coated surface.

ISO 21702 general method (antiviral Activity on non-porous Material)

Antiviral testing on non-porous materials is based on ISO 21702 (measurement of antiviral activity on plastics and other non-porous surfaces). The samples were placed in a petri dish with a virus inoculum of 10 ⁷ PFU/ml concentration in the relevant medium placed directly on the surface and covered with a slide of known surface area. The treated sample and the control sample were incubated at a controlled temperature for the desired contact time. Viruses were then recovered from the sample surface using the relevant medium, serially diluted, and quantified. The log reduction is determined by comparing the uncoated surface to the coated surface.

Bacterial sneeze test

The test was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the treated surfaces (non-porous and porous) when sprayed with a bacterial suspension to simulate sneezing of an individual onto the surface. For this test, the preparation of the samples, the harvesting of the cells and the quantification of the antimicrobial activity were performed in the same way as the antimicrobial test on non-porous and porous surfaces (ISO 20743+iso 22196). The test differs in that both the treated and untreated samples were sprayed with bacterial suspension to simulate sneezing. The non-porous sample was not covered with a cover slip because the bacterial suspension adhered to the surface.

EN 1500 method

The EN 1500 test was intended to determine the efficacy of hand sanitizer formulations when applied to the hands of volunteers. The EN 1500 method includes performing a washing method prior to each inoculation process. Inoculation of bacteria was performed on untreated hands, hands treated with reference product (i.e., IPA), and hands treated with test product. Antibacterial activity was determined by comparing the number of bacteria recovered on untreated hands and treated hands. The product must have the same or higher antimicrobial activity than the reference product used.

(I) Hand cleaning method

The cleaning method according to EN 1500 involves rubbing the hands of the volunteer with 5mL of diluted soap for 1 minute to disinfect the hands. After rubbing with the diluted soap, the hands were rinsed with water and then dried with a paper towel for 30 seconds to remove the diluted soap.

(Ii) Inoculation process

The inoculation method includes the following procedure. Bacteria (E.coli: 10 ⁸ cfu/ml) in TSB were poured into a container, where the fingers were separated and the hands were immersed in the middle of the metacarpal bone for 5 seconds. The hand was then removed from the inoculation liquid and the excess liquid was allowed to drain back into the container for up to 30 seconds. The hands were then allowed to dry in air for 3 minutes while holding the hands in a horizontal position with the fingers separated to avoid droplet formation. Each hand was then placed into a separate sterile petri dish containing 10ml TSB while rubbing the bottom of the dish for 1 minute. And then hand washing again using the same method as described above.

(Iii) Hand treated with reference or test product:

Prior to inoculation, the hands are treated with either a reference product (IPA) or a test product (i.e., hand sanitizer). This involved pouring 3mL of the product into a cup-shaped dry hand and forcefully rubbing for 30 seconds using the hand rubbing procedure specified in the standard. This procedure was performed twice, so the total rub time using 6mL of product was 1 minute. After the product is applied, bacteria are inoculated onto the hands using the inoculation procedure described above.

The treated hand underwent the same inoculation procedure, except that instead of rubbing the fingers in 10ml of TSB, the hand was rubbed in 10ml of neutralization solution. Serial dilutions of each sample fluid were quantified for untreated and treated hands. Antibacterial activity was determined by comparing the results of the volunteers with the untreated and treated hands.

Pigskin study within 48 hours

The efficacy of hand disinfectant against phage Phi6 on pigskin was tested over several days (days 0, 1, 2). For this test, untreated pigskin samples were compared to pigskin samples treated with various hand disinfectant formulations. Cutting pigskin into sample size, and spraying various hand disinfectant preparations onto a certain amount of pigskin samples. Untreated and treated samples were tested on days 0, 1 and 2 after application of the hand disinfectant formulation. To test for antiviral activity, both untreated and treated pigskin samples were sprayed with phage Phi6 at 10 ⁷ PFU/ml and held for 5 and 60 minutes of contact time. After the desired contact time is reached, the pigskin sample is transferred to TSB and vortexed. The number of phages on the pigskin samples was quantified. Antiviral activity was determined by comparing the number of phages in untreated and treated pig samples.

EN 13697: bacterial and yeast non-porous solution testing

The test is based on EN 13697 (quantitative non-porous surface test for assessing bactericidal and/or fungicidal activity; through a standard of 4-log) surface solution test, wherein hand solution test is performed against pathogens that have been dried on stainless steel discs. Antimicrobial activity was determined by comparing the log reduction to a negative control (hard water). Bacterial/yeast inoculums were made to a concentration of 10 ⁷-10⁸ CFU/ml in the relevant medium for the particular pathogen. The bacterial/yeast suspension was made by adding 1ml of inoculum to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep erythrocytes for dirty conditions. The stainless steel tray was placed in a sterile petri dish and 50 μl of the microbiological test suspension was pipetted to the top. The suspension was dried at 37 ℃ until the inoculum was visibly dry. After drying, 100 μl of hand solution was moved to the top of the dried inoculum and left for the required contact time (1 to 60 minutes). At the end of the contact time, the stainless steel discs were transferred to 10ml of neutralization medium and serial dilutions were made to quantify the amount of microorganisms remaining on the stainless steel disc surfaces.

EN 16777: antiviral Activity non-porous solution test

The test is based on EN 16777 (quantitative non-porous surface test for assessing virucidal activity; through standard 4-log) surface solution test, where the hand solution is tested against virus suspensions that have been dried on stainless steel discs. Antiviral activity was determined by comparing the log reduction to a negative control (hard water). The virus inoculum was made to a concentration of 10 ⁸ PFU/ml in the relevant medium. The virus suspension was made by adding 1ml of inoculum to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep erythrocytes for dirty conditions. The stainless steel dish was placed in a sterile petri dish and 50 μl of virus test suspension was pipetted to the top. The suspension was dried at 37 ℃ until the inoculum was visibly dry. After drying, 100 μl of hand solution was moved to the top of the dried inoculum and left for the required contact time (1 to 60 minutes). At the end of the contact time, the stainless steel discs were transferred to 10ml of neutralization medium and serial dilutions were made to quantify the amount of microorganisms remaining on the stainless steel disc surfaces.

EN 14561: and (3) testing a sterilizing solution carrier on the medical equipment.

The test is based on EN 14561 (quantitative carrier test for evaluating bactericidal activity of equipment used in the medical field; by standard 5-log) surface solution test, wherein the hand solution is tested against dried bacterial suspension on glass carrier. Antimicrobial activity was determined by comparing the log reduction to a negative control (hard water). Bacterial inoculums were made to a concentration of 10 ⁹ CFU/ml in the relevant medium for the particular pathogen. 9ml of inoculum was added to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep erythrocytes for dirty conditions to make a bacterial suspension. The bacterial suspension was mixed and 50 μl was pipetted through the tip of the pipette onto the "inoculation squares" of the carrier and equally distributed within the squares. The suspension was dried at 37 ℃ until the inoculum was visibly dry. After drying, the contaminated glass surface is immersed in hand solution/hard water and maintained for the desired contact time. After the contact time, the carrier is transferred to a neutralization medium and vortexed to remove surface bacteria. The samples were then serially diluted and the bacterial count quantified.

EN 14562: yeast killing solution vehicle test on medical equipment.

The test is based on EN 14562 (quantitative carrier test for evaluating the yeast killing activity of equipment used in the medical field; by standard 5-log) surface solution test, wherein the hand solutions are tested against yeast suspensions that have been dried on glass carriers. Antimicrobial activity was determined by comparing the log reduction to a negative control (hard water). Yeast inoculum was made to a concentration of 10 ⁹ CFU/ml in the relevant medium for the particular pathogen. Bacterial suspensions were made by adding 9ml of inoculum to 1ml of bovine serum (0.3 g/L) for clean conditions and 3ml/L sheep erythrocytes for dirty conditions. The bacterial suspensions were mixed and 50 μl was pipetted onto the "inoculation squares" of the carrier with the tips of the pipettes and equally distributed within the squares. The suspension was dried at 37 ℃ until the inoculum was visibly dry. After drying, the contaminated glass surface is immersed in hand solution/hard water and maintained for the desired contact time. After the contact time, the carrier is then transferred to a neutralization medium and vortexed to remove surface bacteria. The samples were then serially diluted and the bacterial count quantified.

Modified EN13697 and EN1500 (treated hands to disinfect surfaces)

Modified EN 13697 (surface disinfectant test) and EN 1500 programs were used to determine the efficacy of hand disinfectant when the treated hand contacted an inoculated stainless steel disc (i.e., demonstrated that the treated hand was disinfecting a contaminated surface).

For this procedure, the number of bacteria on the stainless steel plate and on the hands of the volunteer after contact with the surface was quantified. To determine the ability of the treated hands to disinfect contaminated surfaces, the number of bacteria on the inoculated surface and untreated/treated hands were compared.

Modified EN 13697 (bacterium) +modified EN 16777 (virus) with treated gloves

The modified EN 13697 (antibacterial surface disinfectant test EN 16777 (antiviral surface disinfectant test) program was used to determine the efficacy of a coated glove when it was in contact with an inoculated stainless steel pan (i.e. to demonstrate that the treated glove was disinfecting a contaminated surface).

For this procedure, the number of microorganisms (bacteria/phage) on the stainless steel plate and after the treated glove contact surface was quantified. To determine the ability of the treated glove to disinfect a contaminated surface, the number of microorganisms on the seeded surface and the untreated/treated glove were compared.

(I) Inoculation of EN 13697 stainless steel discs

The discs were inoculated using the following procedure. One stainless steel disc is used for each hand or glove. Each stainless steel pan was inoculated with 10 ⁸ CFU/ml of bacteria and dried by placing the pan in an oven.

(Ii) EN 1500 hand cleaning method

The hands of the volunteers were first rubbed with 5ml of diluted soap for 1 minute to disinfect the hands. After rubbing with diluted soap, the hands were rinsed with water and wiped dry with a paper towel for 30 seconds to remove any remaining soap.

(Iii) Treatment of hands with test product:

the formulation was sprayed onto the hands and air dried to ensure that no liquid remained on the surface of each hand.

(Iv) Procedure for touching contaminated surfaces by hand or glove

The method is performed on untreated and treated hands or gloves. Each hand or gloved hand is pressed on top of the inoculated tray. The hands or gloves are then placed into a separate sterile petri dish containing the relevant media while rubbing against the bottom of the dish. The inoculated stainless steel plate contacted was transferred to a vial containing the relevant medium and then vortexed. Serial dilutions of the sample in the stainless steel pan and the sample of the hand or glove were prepared and quantified. The only difference between the treated hand or glove is that the sampling fluid used is a neutralization fluid rather than a culture medium.

Example 7: antimicrobial test results

EN 14476: antiviral suspension test

EN 14476 test was performed on phage Phi6 in hand sanitizer solution. Compositions C1-C6 were tested and showed high levels of antiviral activity against phage Phi 6.

En 14476 virucidal: compositions C1-C3 were tested against an antiviral suspension of phage Phi6 at a contact time of 1 minute.

En 14476 virucidal: compositions C5-C6 were tested against antiviral suspensions of phage Phi6 at 1 minute contact time.

EN 14476 testing was performed against compositions according to the present disclosure against a variety of viruses as listed below. The results indicate that the disclosed compositions exhibit high levels of antiviral activity against non-enveloped and enveloped viruses, including alternatives to SARS-CoV-2 (human coronavirus 229 e).

Table 3 virucide EN 14476: summary of log reduction of quantitative suspension test.

Virus (virus)	Log reduction amount
		Adenovirus	>4.63
Murine norovirus	>5.32
		Vaccinia virus	>5.19
Human coronavirus	>4.00
		Influenza virus	>4.51
SARS-CoV-2	>4.00

EN 13727: antibacterial suspension testing

The EN 13727 test was performed against compositions according to the present disclosure against a variety of bacteria as listed below. The results show a high level of antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Table 4. Sterilization EN 13727: the log reduction of the quantitative suspension test is summarised.

EN 13624: yeast killing suspension test

The compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN 13624 test against candida albicans on hand disinfectant solutions according to the present disclosure.

High levels of yeast killing activity are achieved.

Table 5 Yeast killing EN 13624: the log reduction of the suspension test was quantified.

Yeast	Log reduction amount
		Candida albicans	>4.52

EN 13697: bacterial and yeast non-porous solution testing

The disinfectant compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN 13697 test against gram negative and gram positive bacteria and yeasts. A high level of antimicrobial activity is achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e., stainless steel discs).

Table 6. Sterilization and Yeast EN 13697: the log reduction of the quantitative non-porous solution test is summarized.

Bacteria and yeast	Log reduction amount
		Enterococcus faecalis	>4.58
Coli bacterium	>6.62
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa	>6.17
Staphylococcus aureus	>5.02
		Candida albicans	>5.96

EN 16777: antiviral Activity non-porous solution test

EN 16777 test was performed on disinfectant compositions according to the present disclosure against non-enveloped and enveloped viruses. High levels of antiviral activity are achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e., stainless steel discs) for both types of viruses.

Table 7 virucide EN 16777: the log reduction of the quantitative non-porous solution test is summarized.

Virus (virus)	Log reduction amount
		Adenovirus	>4.0
Murine norovirus	>4.0
		Vaccinia virus	>4.0

The disinfectant compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN 14561 test against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. A high level of antimicrobial activity is achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e., glass).

Table 8. Sterilization EN 14561: the log reduction of the quantitative carrier test of the apparatus is summarised.

Bacteria and method for producing same	Log reduction amount
		Enterococcus faecalis	>5.21
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	>5.27
		Staphylococcus aureus	>6.02

EN 14562: yeast killing solution vehicle test on medical equipment.

The disinfectant compositions according to the present disclosure were subjected to EN 14562 test against candida albicans. Yeast killing activity is achieved on non-porous surfaces (i.e., glass).

Table 9 Yeast killing EN 14562: log reduction of quantitative carrier test of the device.

Yeast	Log reduction amount
		Candida albicans	>4.33

Sterilization EN1500: sanitary hand sanitizer (hand rub)

EN 1500 tests were performed to determine the efficacy of hand disinfectant formulations according to the present disclosure when applied to the hands of volunteers. The results of this study showed that the disinfectant formulation was effective and passed standard guidelines.

Table 10. Sterilization EN 1500: log reduction of hand sanitizer test.

Bacteria and method for producing same	Log reduction amount
		Coli bacterium	>4.15

Pigskin study results for phage Phi6 within 48 hours:

the efficacy of the hand sanitizer on pigskin was tested against phage Phi6 within 2 days (days 0,1, 2). The results indicate that the disinfectant formulation of the present disclosure remains present and retains its efficacy over a period of 48 hours.

Table 11 pigskin study: summary of log reduction of hand disinfectant over 48 hours.

Surface results

ISO 20743: antibacterial Activity on porous Material

Formulations C1-C6 were applied to polyester cellulose. Antibacterial activity against E.coli is shown below. The results show that the various compositions at similar concentrations have similar antimicrobial activity.

Table 12.Iso 20743 antibacterial activity: the log reduction on the polyester cellulose is summarized.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		C1	>1.6
C2	>1.8
		C3	>3.2
C4	>1.6
		C5	>2.2
C6	>4.7

ISO 22196: antibacterial Activity on non-porous materials

Formulations C1-C6 were applied to polyurethane squares. Antibacterial activity against E.coli is shown below.

Iso 22196 antibacterial activity: the log reduction on the polyurethane squares is summarised.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		C1	>3.3
C2	>4.8
		C3	>5.8
C4	>3.4
		C5	>4.8
C6	>5.8

ISO 18184: antiviral Activity on porous Material

Formulations C1-C6 were applied to polyester cellulose. Antiviral activity against phage Phi6 is shown below. All concentrations achieved antiviral activity.

Table 14.Iso 18184 antiviral activity: the log reduction on the polyester cellulose is summarized.

ISO 21702: antiviral Activity on non-porous Material

Formulations C1, C2 and C4-C5 were applied to polyurethane cubes. Antiviral activity against phage Phi6 is shown in table 15 below.

Table 15.Iso 21702 antiviral activity: the log reduction on the polyurethane squares is summarised.

Compositions tested	Log reduction amount
		C1	>0.7
C2	>3.8
		C4	>0.8
C5	>4.0

ISO 20743: antimicrobial activity on porous surfaces after bacterial sneeze exposure

Antimicrobial activity of formulation C2 on a polyester cellulose sheet when exposed to sneeze with a bacterial load of about 10 ⁶ cfu/ml. Samples were coated and tested on the same day or left for several days before bacterial sneezing testing. The results indicate that the coating is effective on porous surfaces and has antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria when exposed to bacterial sneezes.

Iso 20743 antibacterial activity: the log reduction on the polyester cellulose exposed to bacterial sneeze is summarized.

ISO 22196: antimicrobial activity on nonporous surfaces after exposure to bacterial sneezes

Antimicrobial activity of formulation C2 on polyurethane cubes when exposed to sneeze with a bacterial load of about 10 ⁶ cfu/ml. Samples were coated and tested on the same day or left for several days before bacterial sneezing testing.

The results indicate that the coating is effective on non-porous surfaces and has antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria when exposed to bacterial sneezes.

Iso 22196 antibacterial activity: the log reduction on polyurethane squares exposed to bacterial sneeze is summarized.

Antimicrobial Activity on porous and non-porous materials (ISO 20743/22196)

The antimicrobial activity of composition D1 against e.coli on porous (e.g. polyester cellulose sheet, mask) and nonporous (e.g. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)) surfaces is shown in table 18. The results show that high levels of antimicrobial activity are obtained on both different porous and non-porous materials.

Table 18. Antibacterial Activity of composition D1 against E.coli porous and non-porous materials.

Antimicrobial Activity on porous and non-porous materials (ISO 20743/22196)

The antimicrobial activity of composition D6 against e.coli on porous (e.g. polyester cellulose) and non-porous (e.g. TPU) surfaces is shown in table 19. The results show that a high level of antimicrobial activity is obtained on both porous and non-porous materials.

Table 19. Antibacterial Activity of composition D6 against E.coli on porous and non-porous materials.

Antimicrobial Activity on aged porous materials (ISO 20743)

The antibacterial activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the samples of the polyester cellulose sheet are shown in Table 20. The sample was coated with composition D1 and aged, and then tested for antimicrobial activity. The results show that the coated samples maintained a high level of antimicrobial activity over twelve months on the porous surface. In addition, the coating is effective against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

Table 20. Antibacterial results on E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus on aged samples of polyester cellulose sheets are summarized.

Antimicrobial activity on porous surfaces after bacterial sneeze exposure (ISO 20743)

This test was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the coated porous surfaces when sprayed with bacterial suspensions (e.coli and staphylococcus aureus) to simulate sneezing of individuals onto the surfaces.

Antimicrobial activity of composition D1 on a polyester cellulose sheet when exposed to sneeze with a bacterial load of about 10 ⁴-10⁶ cfu/mL. Samples were coated, subjected to bacterial sneezing and tested on the same day.

The results in table 21 show that the coatings are effective on porous surfaces and have antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria when exposed to bacterial sneezes.

Table 21 antibacterial Activity of composition D1 against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus on polyester cellulose sheets when exposed to sneeze.

Microorganism	Log reduction amount
		Coli bacterium	>7.1
Staphylococcus aureus	>6.1

Antibacterial Activity on aged nonporous materials (ISO 22196

The antibacterial activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the polyurethane squares is shown in Table 22. The sample was coated with composition D1 and aged, and then tested for antimicrobial activity.

The results show that the coated samples maintained a high level of antimicrobial activity over twelve months on non-porous surfaces. In addition, the coating is effective against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

Table 22. Antibacterial results against escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus on aged samples of polyester cellulose sheets are summarized.

Antimicrobial activity on nonporous surfaces after exposure to bacterial sneezes (ISO 22196)

This test was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of coated nonporous surfaces sprayed with bacterial suspensions (e.coli and staphylococcus aureus) to simulate sneezing of individuals onto the surface.

Composition D1 on polyurethane cubes was tested for antimicrobial activity when exposed to sneeze with a bacterial load of about 10 ⁴–10⁶ cfu/mL. Samples were coated and tested on the same day or left for several days before bacterial sneezing testing.

The results in table 23 show that the coatings are effective on non-porous surfaces and have antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria when exposed to bacterial sneezes.

Table 23 antibacterial Activity of composition D1 against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus on polyester cellulose sheets when exposed to sneeze.

Yeast killing Activity of composition D1 on TPU (ISO 22196)

Composition D1 was tested for its yeast killing activity against candida albicans on the TPU sample. The samples were coated and then inoculated with candida albicans. The results are presented in Table 24, showing that yeast killing activity was achieved.

Table 24 yeast killing activity against candida albicans on tpu.

Antiviral Activity on porous Material (ISO 18184)

Antiviral activity of the different compositions was determined against phage Phi6 (coated) and MS2 (non-coated) on porous surfaces (e.g. polyester cellulose) using the ISO 18184 test. The results are shown in Table 25. Antiviral activity against vaccinia virus (enveloped), adenovirus (non-enveloped), influenza virus (enveloped) on the mask was also measured as shown in table 26. The results indicate that antiviral activity against non-enveloped and enveloped phages and non-enveloped and enveloped viruses is achieved on porous surfaces.

Table 25. Antiviral activity against phages Phi6 and MS2 on polyester cellulose.

Table 26 antiviral Activity against vaccinia virus, adenovirus, influenza virus on the mask.

Virus (virus)	Log reduction amount
		Adenovirus	>4.0
Vaccinia virus	>4.13
		Influenza virus	>5.42

ISO 21702: antiviral Activity on non-porous Material

The antiviral activity of the different compositions against phages Phi6 and MS2 on non-porous surfaces (e.g. TPU) was determined using the ISO 21702 test. The results are shown in Table 27. The antiviral activity of the composition against influenza virus on TPU is shown in table 28. Antiviral activity against non-enveloped and enveloped phages and enveloped viruses is achieved on non-porous surfaces.

Table 27 antiviral Activity against phages Phi6 and MS2 on TPU.

Table 28 antiviral activity against influenza virus on thermoplastic polyurethane squares.

Virus (virus)	Log reduction amount
		Influenza virus	>4.0
Adenovirus	>2.3

Example 8: coating coverage, stability and durability on volunteer hands

The assessment of hand sanitizer coverage was performed on the hands of volunteers. The method involves spraying the hand with a disinfectant composition according to the present disclosure and allowing it to air dry. After sufficient air-drying, a staining test was performed to show coverage of the formulation. Fig. 1 shows an example of a volunteer's index finger subjected to a dyeing process. A dark red coloration was observed, indicating the presence of the formulation.

The stability of the hand disinfectant formulation was tested by washing the treated index finger with water and rubbing the index finger for abrasion. The stability of the coating was shown by the red coloration remaining on the index finger surface after washing and abrasion. Figure 2 shows a comparison of treated and untreated fingers after washing and abrasion.

The stability of the coatings was also tested by using artificial sweat to demonstrate real world application and use. The index finger was immersed in the artificial sweat solution for 2 minutes, then subjected to a staining test, then subjected to water washing and abrasion. Fig. 3 shows an example of an undyed finger and a treated finger after washing and abrasion.

The durability of hand sanitizer formulations was tested by applying the formulation to one hand. The hand was then gloved and left for 18 hours. After 18 hours, the adversary performs a staining test as shown in fig. 4. The stability of the coatings was also tested by washing with water and abrasion as shown in fig. 5. The preparation has high stability and can be removed only after washing with soap and warm water, as shown in fig. 6.

Example 9: coating coverage, stability and durability on TPU squares and surgical masks:

The evaluation of coating coverage on any substrate material is shown by performing a staining test. The test involves the use of a dye that binds positively charged ions, leaving a dark red coloration on the material surface. The substrate coated with composition D1 in the manner disclosed herein (TPU tape, surgical mask) was immersed in Ponceau Red dye and then rinsed with Millipore water. In the case of TPU tapes, the sample is subject to abrasion. Or the coated TPU sample is first wet milled and then dyed. The coating coverage on the abraded dyed surgical mask and dyed TPU strips is shown by comparison with the dye coverage of the uncoated substrate-see figure 9. As shown in fig. 9, the uncoated substrate had little absorption of dye; compared to coated substrates that exhibit deep red color and consistent coloration. This indicates that the coating is still present after abrasion.

Example 10: PAS2424 abrasion test

PAS2424 specifies a test method for residual bactericidal and/or yeast killing activity of liquid chemical disinfectant products applied to hard, non-porous surfaces that may be subject to abrasive action. The PAS2424 abrasion test included performing 3 dry abrasion and 3 wet abrasion using the following procedure sequence.

Single wear cycle (1 dry mill+1 wet mill):

a. Dry grinding:

i. The wipes were wrapped smoothly over the lid of a weighted 50mL Falcon tube (210.0 g.+ -. 2 g) and secured.

The sample was held in place and abraded by moving the wrapped weighted Falcon tube forward and then backward across the sample surface. This was counted as 1 dry grind.

B. Wet milling:

i. The wrapped weighted Falcon tube was sprayed twice with sterile water from a distance (about 75 cm).

Abrasion was performed using the same procedure as dry wiping.

The above process is repeated for the 2 nd and 3 rd cycles.

ISO 22196 and PAS2424 abrasion on polyurethane blocks

This test was used to determine if the coating was stable and effective on the TPU after the abrasion cycle according to the PAS2424 procedure. The wear cycle simulates "rubbing" of the surface.

The antibacterial activity of composition D1 on the polyurethane squares after abrasion was measured using the ISO 22196 test against e.coli. The samples were coated and then subjected to three dry and wet milling cycles in accordance with the PAS2424 procedure. Antibacterial activity was then determined according to the ISO 22196 procedure. The results are shown in Table 29.

The results show that residual antimicrobial activity is still present on the abraded surface, demonstrating the stability of the coating.

Table 29 antibacterial activity against escherichia coli on polyurethane squares after pas2424 abrasion.

Composition and method for producing the same	Log reduction amount
		D1	>6.21

Example 11: touch cleaning effect

Modified EN13697 (bacterium) +modified EN16777 (virus) with treated gloves

This test was performed to demonstrate that gloves coated with antimicrobial coatings according to the present disclosure were able to disinfect contaminated surfaces. The antimicrobial activity results show (tables 30 and 31) that the treated glove is sterilizing the inoculated stainless steel disc, thereby sterilizing the surface.

Table 30.En 13697 (glove) bacteria escherichia coli.

Table 31 en 16777 (glove) phage Phi6.

Modified EN 13697 and EN 1500 (touch clean hand test)

This test was performed to demonstrate that the treated hands were able to disinfect surfaces contaminated with E.coli. The following results indicate that the treated hand is disinfecting the inoculated stainless steel disc, thereby disinfecting the contaminated surface. This is an important and unique advantage when antimicrobial agents are applied to the hand surface; indicating that the treated hand is able to disinfect the surface by contact.

Table 32.En 13697 (hand) bacteria escherichia coli.

Example 12: durability test

Persistent sneezing test against E.coli and phage phi6 on porous and non-porous materials

The test is based on modified ISO 22196 (bacterial non-porous)/ISO 21702 (viral non-porous) and ISO 20743 (bacterial porous)/ISO 18184 (viral non-porous), wherein sections of uncoated and coated TPU films and surgical masks were cut into 15x 15 cm sections. The TPU film and surgical mask were coated with composition D5 according to the present disclosure. This test was performed to demonstrate the sustained antimicrobial activity of the coatings 2,3,4 and 8 days after spraying the pathogen. Each sample (coated and uncoated) was sprayed continuously with 10 ⁹ inoculums of bacteria or phage over 2,3,4 and 8 days. After inoculation, each sample was excised and placed in a sample of bacteria and phage-associated medium and vortexed. Samples of the uncoated and coated samples were serially diluted and quantified. Antimicrobial activity was determined by comparing the number of pathogens on the uncoated and coated samples.

Surgical mask sections and TPU films were inoculated with the relevant pathogen and quantified for antimicrobial activity over 2,3, 4 and 8 days. The results for E.coli and phage Phi6 are shown in Table 33 and Table 34, respectively.

The results indicate that the antimicrobial efficacy is still present with prolonged exposure to E.coli and phage Phi 6. Thus, the coating has a durable antimicrobial residual effect, indicating that its efficacy is present even with continued exposure to pathogens for several days.

Table 33. Antibacterial activity against e.coli on porous and non-porous materials with long term exposure.

Table 34 antiviral activity against phage phi6 on porous and non-porous materials over long term exposure.

Example 13: measurement of coefficient of friction

This test was performed to determine the dynamic coefficient of friction (CoF) of the surface when coated and not coated with the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers disclosed herein. This is accomplished by using a coefficient of friction machine in which a Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) strip is coated or uncoated and then 20 measurement cycles are performed under a lateral force of 1 newton. The TPU strip was secured to a coefficient of friction machine and two clamps were used to apply a force of 1 newton uniformly to the surface on both sides of the TPU strip. The strip is immersed in water and then drawn by the machine through a clamp to give the dynamic coefficient values for a given area on the strip.

The results demonstrate the lubricity, stability and durability of the coating on the surface, with and without the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, and when applied as a layer or as a blend, according to the present disclosure. The measurements show how much rubbing force is generated on the TPU surface when equal amounts of force are applied on both sides. The lower the measurement, the lower the rubbing force generated in the given area. This thus shows the lubricity of the coating. If the dynamic coefficient value remains constant throughout the 20 cycles, this indicates the durability and stability of the coating, as the coating remains on the surface of the TPU when a continuous amount of force is applied.

The test was performed on TPU where the coating was applied using the layered or blended coating methods disclosed herein and compared to uncoated strips. In the layered coating method, a layer of a coating solution comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine or an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine is applied, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine or the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine is present in all applied layers. In the blend coating method, an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine composition (composition D4) or an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine composition (a composition corresponding to D4 in which the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is replaced with an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine) is applied as a blend. The results of the two coating methods are shown in fig. 7 and 8.

Fig. 7 is a graph showing the results of TPU strips coated with layered formulations with and without alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. In this graph, the upper line shows the dynamic CoF values for the uncoated strip. The uncoated strip had the highest dynamic CoF value (1.4-1.7) throughout 20 cycles and served as a control. The lowermost line in the graph shows the CoF values of the stripes coated with alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine; while the middle line in the graph shows the CoF values of the strips coated with unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. The formulation with the lowest dynamic CoF is a layered formulation containing an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine and this value remains fairly constant throughout 20 cycles. The dynamic CoF of the surface coated with the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is 0.2 to 0.6, and the dynamic CoF of the surface coated with the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine is 0.7 to 1.3. Dynamic CoF values of 1 and above are not considered very lubricious, even though the values are still lower than the measurement of the uncoated strip.

The data indicate that the coating with the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine is more lubricious than the coating with the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. The addition of alkyl urea polyalkyleneimines clearly has a significant effect on the lubricity of the coating, reducing the CoF by 0.5-0.7. The graph also shows that the measured dynamic CoF values are more consistent with coatings comprising alkyl urea polyalkyleneimines than with coatings comprising unsubstituted polyalkyleneimines, indicating that alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine coatings are capable of maintaining lubricity at constant abrasion forces. In contrast, unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine coatings showed a greater range of values, indicating that the coatings were unable to withstand the abrasive forces on surfaces as well as on alkyl urea PAI coated surfaces. This is particularly evident after 10 cycles, where the value continues to increase and becomes greater as the coated unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine changes. These results indicate that the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coating is more stable and durable than the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine coating because it is able to withstand constant pressure applied to the surface and the coating remains fully retained on the surface.

Fig. 8 is a graph showing the results of TPU strips coated with blend formulations with and without alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine. In this graph, the upper line shows the dynamic CoF values for the uncoated strips. The uncoated strip served as a control. The lowest line in the graph shows the CoF values of the strips coated with the blend formulation containing the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine; while the middle line in the graph shows the CoF values of the strips coated with the blend formulation containing unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine. Similar to the layered formulation, the strips coated with the blended alkylurea polyalkyleneimine formulation have the lowest CoF value, and this is significantly lower than the CoF value of the strips coated with the blended unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine formulation. The dynamic CoF of the strip coated with the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine has a constant value of about 0.4 over 20 cycles, while the dynamic CoF of the strip coated with the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine is 0.4-0.8. The results show that the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine blend provides a more lubricious coating than the unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine blend. The blended alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coating had a constant straight line value maintained at 0.4 throughout the cycle, while the measurement of the blended unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine coating had a result of a large change. These measurements indicate that the blended alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coating is more stable and durable than the blended unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine coating because it is able to withstand the constant pressure applied and the coating remains fully retained on the surface.

Example 14: a competition test; EN 14476 viral phage MS2 suspension test compared to competitor quaternary ammonium compound hand disinfectant (competitor 1)

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test is to compare the antiviral activity of a hand disinfectant formulation according to the present disclosure with a competitor quaternary ammonium compound product.

A virus suspension of bovine solution (3 g/l) and phage MS2 (10 ⁸ pfu/ml) was prepared in medium 271. The inoculation suspension was added to both products. The test mixtures were vortexed immediately after the addition of both products and maintained for a 2 minute contact time. After the contact time, the two test mixtures were serially diluted and plated on the plates of medium 271. The agar plates were incubated at 37℃for about 12-24 hours.

En 14476 suspension test results.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound)	>0.02log
Hand disinfectant	>2log

In this test, the hand sanitizers of the present disclosure exhibited strong antiviral activity against non-enveloped virus phage MS2 over a short period of 2 minutes, as shown in table 35. By comparing the two products, a significant log reduction in hand sanitizer was obtained, while competitor 1 had little activity against non-enveloped viruses, which was also reflected in the percent reduction. This suggests that the hand sanitizer of the present disclosure is capable of killing non-enveloped viruses, while competitor 1 is not, since its log and percent reduction is likely due to changes in the test itself rather than the product, meaning that the hand sanitizer is effective against non-enveloped viruses, while competitor 1 is not.

Example 15: a competition test; 24 hour pigskin study against E.coli and MS2, without washing and after washing, compared to competitor quaternary ammonium compound hand disinfectant (competitor 1)

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of both product formulations after 24 hours of application to pigskin and after the water wash procedure.

The pigskin sample was cut to the desired area (2.25 cm ²). The samples were then immersed in Millipore water and IPA to remove any excess salts and sanitize the samples for antimicrobial testing. Both competitor 1 and hand disinfectant formulations were then applied to the pigskin samples by immersing the pigskin in a 100ml volume of each formulation for 1 minute. After 1 minute dip coating, the uncoated and coated samples were placed in petri dishes and sealed with tape, then placed in a box for 24 hours. After 24 hours, half of the coated samples were subjected to a washing procedure to show residual activity of each product when applied to the skin. After all samples were prepared, each sample was sprayed with a bacterial (e.coli)/viral (phage MS 2) suspension. Samples were placed for the required contact time and quantified by transferring the pigskin samples to 10ml recovery medium and plating serial dilutions of the medium.

Table 36. 24 hour pigskin test results against E.coli.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) unwashed	No reduction in
Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) is washed	No reduction in
		The hand disinfectant is not cleaned	>1.6log
The hand disinfectant is cleaned	>1.3log

Table 37. 24 hour pigskin test results for phage MS 2.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) unwashed	>0.26log
Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) is washed	>0.23log
		The hand disinfectant is not cleaned	>1.21log
The hand disinfectant is cleaned	>1.01log

In this test, the hand sanitizer showed strong antimicrobial activity against both non-enveloped virus (phage MS 2) and gram negative bacteria (e.coli) after 24 hours of residence on the skin, as shown in tables 36 and 37. It also shows that the hand disinfectant has residual activity even after the washing procedure, since its log reduction against both microorganisms does not change significantly. This demonstrates that the protection of the hand sanitizer is maintained for 24 hours and is able to withstand the cleaning process. When compared to competitor 1, little activity was observed for both microorganisms, demonstrating that the product had no antimicrobial activity after 24 hours and was not able to withstand the washing process. This is reflected in the log reduction, which is most likely due to the test itself and not the change in product.

Example 16: a competition test; EN 1500 hand test against E.coli, in the case of washing

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of both product formulations when applied to volunteer hands while also performing a water wash procedure.

For this test, untreated hands were compared to hands that had been subjected to a washing procedure and also had been treated with competitor 1 and hand sanitizer products.

1) Inoculation of

First, volunteers wash their hands with soap to remove any residual existing flora. After washing and drying, the volunteer was sprayed with a bacterial (e.coli)/viral (phage MS 2) suspension and allowed to dry for 1 minute.

2) Sampling

After a1 minute drying time, the fingertips were immersed in 10ml of relevant medium and used to quantify the amount of inoculum present by plating out serial dilutions of the sample.

3) Applying the product before cleaning

The volunteer's hand was subjected to an inoculation process prior to application of the individual product. After hand inoculation, a volume of each formulation was then applied and rubbed onto the hands of the volunteer. A sampling process is then performed.

4) Product tested after washing

In this production process, each formulation was first applied to the volunteer's hand using the same volume as before. After application it was allowed to dry for 5 minutes. The volunteers then underwent a washing procedure and underwent an inoculation and sampling process.

Table 38 EN 1500 hand test results for E.coli.

Table 39. EN 1500 hand test results for phage MS 2.

In this test, the hand sanitizer exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against phage MS2 and E.coli, as shown in tables 38 and 39. It also shows that the antimicrobial activity is significant to provide protection against both microorganisms even after the washing procedure is performed. When compared to competitor 1, some activity against E.coli was found. Such antimicrobial activity against E.coli was not observed after the washing procedure was performed, thus indicating that the product was likely rubbed off while performing the procedure. Likewise, competitor 1 showed little activity against phage MS2 even when applied immediately after inoculation.

Conclusion of examples 14-16

All of the above tests were performed on competitor 1 (quaternary ammonium compound) and hand disinfectant formulations according to the present disclosure. Each product claims durable protection to the skin while having broad spectrum activity. Suspension testing only showed the antimicrobial activity intensity of each formulation, but did not reflect the protection that each product could provide when applied to the skin. In EN 14476 test, the hand sanitizer exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against non-enveloped viruses. In the EN 14476 test, competitor 1 did not have any antiviral activity against non-enveloped viruses.

During the pigskin test described above, the antimicrobial activity was tested after 24 hours, while the residual antimicrobial activity was tested using a water wash procedure. These tests simulate the practical use of these products, as they demonstrate the protective effect of the hand sanitizer over a longer period of time, while demonstrating that such protection can be sustained in the harsh environment in which they are to be used.

The 24 hour pigskin test demonstrates the ability of the disclosed formulation to provide 24 hour protection while also exhibiting residual activity. During this test, competitor 1 failed to exhibit any significant antimicrobial activity against phage MS 2. Competitor 1 is able to exhibit some antimicrobial activity against bacteria; however, this effect is lost after the cleaning process, and therefore the product does not provide 24 hours of protection. The hand sanitizers of the present disclosure exhibit a significant log reduction after 24 hours, even under washing, which is at least 5-fold greater than competitor 1, indicating that the product has durable protection and is capable of withstanding washing procedures.

The EN 1500 hand test demonstrates each product and its residual antimicrobial activity when applied to volunteers. When tested against E.coli, both products showed antibacterial activity in the unwashed procedure, but the log reduction in activity of the hand disinfectant was on average 4 times higher than that of competitor 1. After the washing procedure, the hand sanitizer of the present disclosure is capable of retaining strong antimicrobial activity, while competitor 1 does not show a decrease, thus indicating that the product has been washed away and that the product is not functional when tested in actual use. When tested against phage MS2, the hand sanitizers of the present disclosure were able to exhibit sustained antiviral activity while competitor 1 showed very little or no activity when compared before and after washing.

Example 17: coating surface test on Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) in combination with PAS2424+ISO 22196/ISO 21702

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test was to demonstrate the residual antimicrobial activity of the surface coatings and competitor 1 surface sprays (quaternary ammonium compounds) according to the present disclosure when applied to non-porous surfaces.

For this test, both products were dip coated onto the TPU surface. After application, each product was subjected to 3 dry and wet grinding cycles using a polyester wipe wrapped with a weight. Both unworn and frayed samples were inoculated with a bacterial (E.coli)/viral (phage MS 2) suspension and covered with a film to ensure that the surface area inoculated was the same for all samples. The samples were then kept for the required contact time and then transferred to 10ml of relevant medium to quantify the amount of inoculum remaining on each sample by plating out serial dilutions of the sampling fluid.

Table 40. Results of the PAS2424 and ISO 22196 tests (E.coli).

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound)	>0.13log
Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) PAS2424 has worn out	>0.17log
		Surface coating	>2.19log
Surface coating PAS2424 has worn out	>2.05log

Table 41. Results of PAS2424 and ISO 21702 test (phage MS 2).

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound)	>0.21log
Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) PAS2424 has worn out	>0.13log
		Surface coating	>1.17log
Surface coating PAS2424 has worn out	>1.08log

In this test, the surface coating of the present disclosure showed strong antimicrobial activity against phage MS2 and escherichia coli, as shown in tables 40 and 41. This antimicrobial activity of the surface coatings of the present disclosure remains on the TPU surface after wet and dry milling cycles, demonstrating the strong durability and stability of the coatings. Competitor 1 had little activity against both microorganisms on unworn and abraded samples when compared to competitor 1. This indicates that competitor 1 cannot kill microorganisms on the non-porous surface and therefore does not provide durable protection.

Example 18: coating surface test for surgical masks using a cleaning procedure ISO 20743/ISO 18184

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test was to demonstrate residual antimicrobial activity after the water wash procedure when the surface coatings and competitor 1 surface sprays according to the present disclosure were applied to porous surfaces.

For this test, both products were applied to porous surgical mask samples using dip coating methods. After application to the porous surface, each product was subjected to a water wash procedure and dried prior to testing. Both the unwashed and the washed samples were inoculated with a bacterial (E.coli)/viral (phage MS 2) suspension. The samples were then kept for the required contact time and then transferred to 20ml of relevant medium to quantify the amount of inoculum remaining on each sample by plating out serial dilutions of the sampling fluid.

Table 42. ISO 20743 (E.coli) test results with and without washing.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) -unwashed	>4.3log
Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) -washed	>2.02log
		Surface coating-unwashed	>4.3log
PAS 2424-surface coating material washed	>4.3log

Table 43. ISO 18184 (phage MS 2) test results with and without washing.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) -unwashed	>0.41log
Competitor 1- (quaternary ammonium compound) -washed	>0.42log
		Surface coating-unwashed	>3.3log
Surface coating-by cleaning	>3.1log

In this test, both competitor 1 and the surface coating of the present disclosure (unwashed samples) exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against e.coli, as shown in table 42. This reduction was the same for the surface coatings of the present disclosure after the cleaning procedure, demonstrating that the coating remained on the mask. However, competitor 1's antimicrobial activity was reduced by 2 logs, indicating that the product was removed during the cleaning procedure and was less durable or stable than the topcoat when applied to porous surfaces. The results in table 43 demonstrate that the surface coating of the present disclosure has strong antiviral activity against non-enveloped virus phage MS2, whereas competitor 1 does not show activity. The log reduction of competitor 1 was negligible and was mainly due to the variation of the test and not the variation of the product. After the cleaning procedure, the log reduction of the surface coatings of the present disclosure did not change, demonstrating that the coatings were still present and active on the mask.

Example 19: coating surface test on surgical mask ISO 18184

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test was to show the antimicrobial activity of the surface coatings of the present disclosure when compared to competitor 2 (silver technology).

For this test, a topcoat was applied to a surgical mask and compared to a competitor 2 mask that had been treated with silver technology. Both untreated and washed samples were inoculated with virus (phage MS 2) suspension. The samples were then kept for the required contact time and then transferred to 20ml of relevant medium to quantify the amount of inoculum left on each sample by plating out serial dilutions of the sampling fluid.

Table 44. Results of ISO 18184 (phage MS 2) test.

Formulations	Log reduction amount
		Competitor 2 (silver technology)	>0.01log
Surface coating	>2.90log

The results in table 44 demonstrate that the surface coating of the present disclosure has strong antiviral activity against non-enveloped virus phage MS2, whereas competitor 2 does not show activity. The log reduction of competitor 2 is negligible and is mainly due to the variation of the test and not the variation of the product.

Example 20: touch cleaning test using nitrile gloves

The purpose is as follows: the purpose of this test is to demonstrate the unique advantages of the surface coating contact cleaning technique by demonstrating the antimicrobial contact effect of the disinfectant composition according to the present disclosure, as compared to competitor 1 (quaternary ammonium compound) surface sprays.

For this test, both products were applied to the nitrile glove using a spray method to ensure that the entire glove was covered. In this test, a bacterial (E.coli)/viral suspension (phage MS 2) was prepared with bovine serum, which was used to inoculate stainless steel trays and dried by placing the trays in an incubator at 37 ℃. After drying, the volunteers wear the uncoated/coated gloves and put their fingertips on top of the dried inoculum with each hand for the required contact time. To quantify the amount of inoculum left on each surface, a stainless steel dish was placed in 10ml of relevant medium. Volunteers rubbed their fingertips simultaneously in 10mL of the same medium. Serial dilutions of both samples were prepared and plated onto related agar plates.

Table 45. Touch clean nitrile glove (E.coli) test results.

Table 46. Results of touch clean nitrile glove (phage MS 2) test.

This test shows the unique advantages of the surface coating touch cleaning technique. The surface coatings of the present disclosure showed antiviral activity against phage MS2 and escherichia coli on both gloves and stainless steel discs. When tested against E.coli, competitor 1 did not show any reduction, whereas the reduction for phage MS2 on either surface was negligible. This indicates that the surface coating applied to the glove is capable of disinfecting a contaminated stainless steel surface while also reducing the transmission of microorganisms to the glove itself. Competitor 1 did not disinfect the stainless steel surface nor prevented the transmission of phage MS2 and escherichia coli to the glove.

Conclusion of examples 17-20

All of the above tests were performed on the surface coatings of competitor 1 (quaternary ammonium product) or 2 (chlorhexidine silver product). Each product claims to have durable protection of the surface while having broad spectrum activity. PAS2424 wear is used to simulate high contact areas because these surfaces will experience a significant amount of rubbing over their lifetime. The water washing procedure used on the masks is to demonstrate that the product can withstand the washing procedure and thus make the masks reusable. These tests simulate the practical application of these products, as they demonstrate protection of non-porous and porous surfaces for long periods of time by surviving the harsh environments in which they are to be used.

Competitor 1 did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity before and after abrasion when tested with PAS2424 on a non-porous surface. This indicates that the product does not provide durable protection. Overall, the surface coating had very strong antimicrobial activity against both microorganisms, with the unworn and worn surfaces having an average log reduction of 14 times higher for e.coli than competitor 1 and an average log reduction of 6 times higher for phage MS2 than competitor 1.

When applied to surgical masks, a first porous antimicrobial test was performed on the topcoat material and competitor 1, and tests were performed on E.coli and phage MS 2. Unwashed and washed samples were tested to demonstrate durable protection of reusable porous surfaces (e.g., surgical masks, gowns, and desktops). These products will need to withstand the cleaning process as these surfaces may be damaged in use and therefore need to be cleaned to remove any stains (e.g. blood stains) on the surface. Both the topcoat and competitor 1 had strong antimicrobial activity against the unwashed samples against E.coli, but for competitor 1, the activity did drop to 2 logs on the washed samples and did not show any significant activity against MS 2. After the washing procedure, the surface coating was able to maintain its protection against both microorganisms and its log reduction was 2 times that of competitor 2 when tested against E.coli. The results show that the topcoat has higher durability and stability than competitor 1 and thus has a longer lasting protection for the porous surface, whereas the protection of competitor 1 is removed during the cleaning process.

A second porous antimicrobial test was performed using the topcoat and competitor 2. This silver technology is known to kill a variety of viruses and is therefore compared to surface coatings. Competitor 2 did not show any antiviral activity against phage MS2, indicating that it could not kill non-enveloped viruses, whereas the surface coating showed very strong antiviral activity.

Touch cleaning technology is a unique advantage of the disclosed antimicrobial formulations. This technique was demonstrated on nitrile gloves and compared to competitor 1 to demonstrate that this technique is unique to topcoat and not seen from other products. This unique ability allows the surface coating to disinfect the surface it contacts (i.e., the contaminated surface). During these tests, the topcoat material not only disinfects the contaminated surface, but also reduces the transmission of microorganisms to the nitrile glove. The technique is particularly relevant to highly contaminated areas such as medical institutions and enables staff to reduce the spread to patients and vice versa while also maintaining a healthy environment.

Example 21: the determination of the zone of inhibition indicates the non-leaching quality of the coating

For this test, uncoated TPU (negative control), coated TPU (test sample) and positive control catheter (chlorhexidine/silver) with a size of 5mm x 5mm were used. In this test, the TPU strip is coated with either composition C2 or composition D1, or remains uncoated (control). Coli was grown overnight in TSB broth (broth) at 370 ℃. After overnight incubation, the turbidity of the bacterial culture was measured and adjusted to 1x10 ⁷ CFU/ml in TSB. Mu.l of the bacterial suspension was transferred to a TSA plate and the suspension was spread evenly over the surface using a blue ring. The TSA plates were dried for 30 minutes to "settle" the bacterial lawn and any excess liquid was aspirated into the agar. After drying the TSA plate using sterile forceps, 5mm x 5mm sample was forced and infiltrated into the TSA plate, ensuring that the sample reached the bottom of the petri dish and was in sufficient contact with the bacterial lawn. TSA plates were incubated at 37℃for 18-24 hours. The next day, the plates were removed from the incubator and any zones of inhibition present were measured.

The results of the zone of inhibition test are shown in table 47 below. Fig. 10 (a) shows a TPU strip coated with composition D1, showing no zone of inhibition and therefore no leaching; and a positive control, chlorhexidine/silver coated catheter-showed a zone of inhibition that provided evidence of leaching.

Antibacterial area of tpu samples.

Sample of	Antibacterial area (cm ²)
		Uncoated TPU	No bacteriostasis area
C2	No bacteriostasis area
		D1	No bacteriostasis area
Positive control catheter (chlorhexidine/silver)	1.76

Claims

1. An antimicrobial coating comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer being a polyalkyleneimine polymer having at least one alkyl group attached to a polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by at least one urea bond, the at least one urea bond comprising an nitrogen heteroatom on the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone.

2. The antimicrobial coating according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl group comprises, or consists of, a linear or branched free alkyl chain, such as an alkyl chain terminated with one or more-CH ₃ groups; and/or comprise a self-cyclized cyclic alkyl group; i.e. cycloalkyl or consist thereof.

3. The antimicrobial coating of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the alkyl group is or comprises a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl group.

4. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alkyl group comprises a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl group and is attached to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by a urea linkage to form a pendant alkyl urea substituent.

5. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alkyl group comprises a propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, or decyl group and is attached to the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by two or more urea linkages forming a crosslinked alkylurea substituent.

6. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer is a butyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer or a hexamethylene diurea polyalkyleneimine polymer.

7. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the polyalkyleneimine polymer is a polyethyleneimine polymer or a polypropyleneimine polymer.

8. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer.

9. The antimicrobial coating of claim 8, wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic polyelectrolyte, and/or wherein the anionic polymer is an anionic glycosaminoglycan or polysaccharide, such as dextran sulfate; or polycarboxylic acid polymers, such as polyacrylic acid polymers.

10. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising one or more additional cationic polymers.

11. An antimicrobial coating according to claim 10, wherein the or each additional cationic polymer is or comprises a polyalkyleneimine polymer that is not an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, such as an unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymer or an alkylated polyalkyleneimine polymer.

12. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a guanidine compound; optionally, wherein the guanidine compound is a compound comprising one or more guanidine or biguanide groups, e.g., a bisbiguanide compound; and optionally wherein the guanidine compound is a polymeric compound bearing one or more pendant guanidine or biguanide groups, for example one or more bisbiguanide groups.

13. The antimicrobial coating of claim 12, wherein the polymeric compound comprises a vinyl polymer that is synthesized by polymerization of a plurality of vinyl monomers including a plurality of vinyl monomers containing one or more guanidine or biguanide groups, such as one or more bisbiguanide groups.

14. The antimicrobial coating of claim 13, wherein the plurality of vinyl monomers comprises one or more crosslinkable monomers, optionally bearing crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups; and/or one or more monomers bearing hydrophobic or hydrophilic groups such as polyethylene glycol or alkyl groups.

15. The antimicrobial coating of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the guanidine or biguanide groups comprise one or more chlorhexidine groups, and/or one or more polyhexamethylene biguanide groups, and/or one or more alexidine groups.

16. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine in a w/w ratio of 1:50-5:1 and one or more additional cationic polymers.

17. The antimicrobial coating of any one of the preceding claims, comprising an alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine, an anionic component, and optionally one or more additional cationic polymers; wherein the combined amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any optional cationic polymer or polymers, w/w ratio of anionic component is from 500:1 to 15:1.

18. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming the antimicrobial coating of any of the preceding claims, comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, wherein the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer is a polyalkyleneimine polymer having at least one alkyl group attached to a polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by at least one urea bond, the at least one urea bond comprising an nitrogen heteroatom on the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone.

19. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming the antimicrobial coating of claim 8 or claim 9 comprising a blend of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and an anionic component, such as an anionic polymer.

20. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming the antimicrobial coating of claim 10 or claim 11 comprising a blend of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and one or more additional cationic polymers, such as polyalkyleneimine polymers other than alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymers, such as unsubstituted polyalkyleneimine polymers or alkylated polyalkyleneimine polymers.

21. The liquid coating composition of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the blend is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion, or emulsion in a liquid medium that is an aqueous solvent, an alcoholic solvent, an aqueous/alcoholic solvent, or an organic solvent.

22. The liquid coating composition of claim 21, wherein the liquid medium comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, and/or isopropanol; optionally mixed with water.

23. A liquid coating composition suitable for forming the antimicrobial coating of any one of claims 12-17, comprising a blend of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer and a guanidine compound.

24. The liquid coating composition of claim 23, wherein the guanidine compound comprises a crosslinkable polymer, and wherein the liquid coating composition further comprises a crosslinking agent for crosslinking the polymer.

25. The liquid coating composition of claim 24, wherein the crosslinkable polymer bears one or more crosslinkable carboxylic acid groups.

26. The liquid coating composition according to claim 24 or claim 25, wherein the cross-linking agent is an aziridine compound, such as a polyethylenimine compound.

27. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-26, comprising at least about 0.005% w/v of the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer, and/or at least about 0.1% w/v of a total cationic polymer comprising the alkyl urea polyalkyleneimine polymer and any one or more additional cationic polymers.

28. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-27, comprising no more than about 25% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, or comprising no more than about 25% w/v of a total cationic polymer comprising the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer and any one or more additional cationic polymers.

29. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-28, comprising about 0.01-7% w/v of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, and optionally further comprising 0.01-10% w/v of one or more additional cationic polymers.

30. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-29 comprising an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine in a w/w ratio of 1:50-5:1 and one or more additional cationic polymers.

31. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-30, comprising at least about 0.001% w/v of the anionic component.

32. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-31 comprising no more than about 0.5% w/v of the anionic component.

33. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-32, comprising about 0.001-0.3% w/v of the anionic component.

34. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-33, wherein the combined amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine and any one or more additional cationic polymers is in a w/w ratio of 500:1 to 15:1 of anionic component.

35. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-34, wherein the composition comprises, in a liquid medium, a blend of:

0.02-4.5% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.001-0.2% w/v of said anionic component, e.g. anionic polymer; and

Optionally 0.1-5% w/v of one or more additional cationic polymers.

36. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 23-26, wherein the composition comprises a blend in a liquid medium:

0.05-3.5% w/v of said guanidine compound;

0.01-7% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.002-0.1% w/v of said anionic component, e.g. anionic polymer; and

Optionally 0.05-4% w/v of one or more additional cationic polymers.

37. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-34, wherein the composition comprises, in a liquid medium, a blend of:

0.01-2% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.005-0.3% w/v of said anionic component, e.g. an anionic polymer, e.g. polyacrylic acid;

wherein the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, anionic component, additional cationic polymer and benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride is 0.1-4% w/v.

38. The liquid coating composition of any one of claims 23-26, wherein the composition comprises, in a liquid medium, a blend of:

0.05-7% w/v of said alkylurea polyalkyleneimine;

0.3-8% w/v of an additional cationic polymer, such as polyethylene imine;

0.5-3.5% w/v guanidine compound; optionally, a plurality of metal sheets

0.001-0.2% W/v benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, and/or 0.005-0.3% w/v of said anionic component, e.g. an anionic polymer, e.g. polyacrylic acid;

Wherein the total amount of alkylurea polyalkyleneimine, anionic component, additional cationic polymer, guanidine compound and benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride is 1-19% w/v.

39. A method of applying the antimicrobial coating of any one of claims 1-17 to a substrate or article, comprising the steps of (a): the liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 18 to 38 is applied to a substrate or article by optionally incubating the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and/or immersing the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition, and/or washing the substrate or article with the liquid coating composition, and/or immersing the substrate or article in the liquid coating composition once or more than once, and/or flowing the liquid coating composition over the substrate or article, and/or spraying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or wiping the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or padding the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or rolling the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article, and/or applying the liquid coating composition onto the substrate or article using any other application technique, or combination or sequence or application technique, including physical vapor deposition and/or electrophoretic deposition; followed by optional step (b): drying or curing the coated substrate or article or drying or curing the coated substrate or article.

40. A method of applying the antimicrobial coating of any one of claims 1-17 to a substrate or article, comprising the sequential steps of:

(a) Applying a first liquid composition comprising one or more of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the anionic component, the one or more additional cationic polymers, and/or the guanidine compound to a substrate or article one or more times to form a first layer; followed by

(B) Applying a second liquid composition to a substrate or article one or more times to form a second layer, the second liquid composition being different from the first liquid composition and comprising one or more of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the anionic component, the one or more additional cationic polymers, and/or the guanidine compound; followed by

(C) Optionally repeating step (a) and/or step (b);

Thereby forming an antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 1-17 on the substrate or article.

41. A method of providing the antimicrobial coating of claim 40 on a substrate or article, further comprising:

(d) Applying a third or subsequent liquid composition to the substrate or article one or more times to form a third or subsequent layer, the third or subsequent liquid composition being different from the first and second liquid compositions and comprising one or more of the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer, the anionic component, the one or more additional cationic polymers, and the guanidine compound.

42. The method of claim 40 or claim 41, wherein each of the first, second and/or third and/or subsequent liquid compositions is formulated as a solution, suspension, dispersion or emulsion, optionally in an aqueous, alcoholic, aqueous-alcoholic, or organic liquid medium.

43. A method of applying a coating to a substrate or article according to any one of claims 39-42, wherein the substrate or article is inert (inanimate) and is formed of porous and/or non-porous material and/or is formed of natural and/or man-made material and/or biodegradable and/or non-biodegradable material.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the substrate or article comprises one or more of the following: plastics materials, elastomeric materials, e.g. elastic fibres, e.g.Or/>Or synthetic rubber, and/or polymeric materials including polyurethane or silicone and/or silica materials and/or natural or synthetic biopolymers or bioabsorbable materials; and/or marble, stone, composite materials, wood, and/or rubber; and/or metals and/or metal alloys, including stainless steel; and/or ceramic materials; and/or glass; and/or organic materials including animal-derived materials such as collagen and/or decellularized grafts; or mixtures and combinations thereof; and/or wherein the substrate or article comprises a fabric or textile, such as a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric, comprising natural or synthetic fibers or fabric or textile material; including melt blown polymeric materials, or nylon or rayon or polyester cellulose or polyethylene or polypropylene.

45. The method according to any one of claims 41-43, wherein the substrate or article is a medical device, such as a catheter or implant, including a heart valve, stent, graft and/or stent, or an endoscope; or medical appliances, such as plates or spatulas or surgical tools; or a diagnostic device; or Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) items such as masks, gowns, including shell gowns, face masks, medical gowns, goggles, or gloves; or for cleaning, sanitizing or disinfecting items such as cloths, sponges, filters or wipes; or wherein the substrate is a surface that is often touched or treated by a person, such as a door or window handle, or a support or railing, or a surface of any object in a public or semi-public place including public transportation, or an institution including a school, college, hospital, medical center, government or local convention center, court or prison, or a private or semi-private place including a store, recreational center, restaurant or private residence.

46. A method of applying a coating to a substrate or article according to any one of claims 39-42, wherein the substrate or article is a part of a living human or animal body, such as the skin of a human or animal.

47. A method for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a substrate or article, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising the step of applying an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine coating to a substrate or article, optionally according to the method of any one of claims 39-46.

48. A method for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, comprising the step of applying the liquid coating composition of any one of claims 18-38 to a body part by washing and/or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition and/or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part.

49. Use of the liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 18-38 for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, wherein the liquid coating composition is applied to the body part by washing and/or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition and/or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part.

50. Use of a liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 18-38 in the preparation of a composition suitable and effective for preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of and/or for use therein and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal.

51. The liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 18-38 for use in a method for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or number of one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal and/or inactivating one or more microorganisms on a body part of a living human or animal, the method comprising applying the liquid coating composition to the body part by washing and/or rinsing the body part with the liquid coating composition and/or by spraying, rubbing, padding, rolling, depositing and/or brushing the liquid coating composition onto the body part.

52. The method or use or composition of any of claims 48-51, wherein the body part is human skin, such as a hand or face or foot.

53. The method or use or composition of any of claims 48-52, wherein the liquid coating composition further comprises glycerin and/or benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of about 0.005-1.0% w/v, and/or formulated for application to human or animal skin.

54. A method for preventing or reducing the growth or diffusion or the load or quantity of one or more microorganisms on a surface, and/or for inactivating one or more microorganisms on a surface, and/or for preventing the formation of and/or disrupting and/or removing a surface biofilm on a substrate or article, comprising the step of contacting the surface with a substrate or article comprising the coating according to any of claims 1-17.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the surface is a body part of a living human or animal.

56. The method of claim 54, wherein the surface is not a body part of a living human or animal; optionally, wherein the surface is a surface susceptible to microbial contamination, such as a surface in a primary, secondary or tertiary healthcare, public, commercial or private environment, such as a surface of an article of medical equipment or medical device or a surface in common contact in a public space.

57. The method or use or composition of any one of claims 47-56, for inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of bacteria, including gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria, and drug resistant bacteria; including nosocomial pathogens; including, but not limited to, any one or more of E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains; and/or viruses, including enveloped viruses and non-enveloped viruses; including but not limited to adenovirus, norovirus, vaccinia virus, and coronavirus strains; and/or fungi, such as yeasts, including but not limited to candida albicans strains.

58. An antimicrobial skin sanitizing liquid product, such as a hand sanitizing liquid product or a facial sanitizing liquid product, comprising the liquid coating composition according to any one of claims 18-38, optionally formulated with one or more additional ingredients such as glycerol and/or benzalkonium chloride and/or benzethonium chloride, optionally in an amount of 0.001-1.0% w/v.

59. An antimicrobial skin sanitizing liquid product according to claim 58, for inactivating or preventing or reducing the growth or spread or number of bacteria including gram negative bacteria, gram positive bacteria and drug resistant bacteria; including nosocomial pathogens; including, but not limited to, any one or more of E.coli, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains; and/or viruses, including enveloped viruses and non-enveloped viruses; including but not limited to adenovirus, norovirus, vaccinia virus, and coronavirus strains; and/or fungi, such as yeasts, including but not limited to candida albicans strains.

60. A substrate or article comprising the antimicrobial coating of any one of claims 1-17, which is not a part of a living human or animal body.

61. A substrate or article comprising the antimicrobial coating according to any one of claims 1-17, wherein the substrate or article is a medical device, such as a catheter or implant, including a heart valve, stent or stent, or endoscope; or medical appliances, such as plates or spatulas or surgical tools; or a diagnostic device; or items of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), such as masks, gowns or gloves; or for cleaning, sanitizing or disinfecting items such as cloths, sponges, filters or wipes.

62. An alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer for use in preventing or reducing the growth or expansion of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and/or yeasts, or for reducing the number of one or more microorganisms, the alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer being a polyalkyleneimine polymer having at least one alkyl group attached to a polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone by at least one urea bond, the urea bond comprising an nitrogen heteroatom in the polyalkyleneimine polymer backbone.

63. Use of an alkylurea polyalkyleneimine polymer according to claim 62, for preventing or reducing the growth or expansion of one or more microorganisms, or for reducing the number of one or more microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and/or yeasts.