CN117956821A

CN117956821A - Organic electroluminescent material and device

Info

Publication number: CN117956821A
Application number: CN202311407196.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: J·费尔德曼; N·J·汤普森; 迈克尔·S·韦弗; 林春; T·费利塔姆; E·希娜; R·哈姆泽
Original assignee: Universal Display Corp
Current assignee: Universal Display Corp
Priority date: 2022-10-27
Filing date: 2023-10-27
Publication date: 2024-04-30

Abstract

The present application relates to organic electroluminescent materials and devices. There is provided a full colour pixel arrangement of a device comprising at least one pixel: wherein the at least one pixel comprises: a first subpixel comprising a first OLED comprising a first emission region; a second subpixel comprising a second OLED comprising a second emissive region; wherein the first emission area includes: compound S1; a compound A1; and compound H1; wherein the second emission region includes: compound A2; and compound H2; wherein the compound S1 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A1; wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter; wherein the compound H1 is a host, and at least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is doped with the compound H1; wherein the compound A2 is an emitter; wherein the compound H2 is the host and the compound A2 is doped with the compound H2.

Description

Organic electroluminescent material and device

Cross reference to related applications

The present application continues for part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/319,182, filed 5/17/2023, filed herewith. The present application also claims priority from 35u.s.c. ≡119 (e) to the following U.S. provisional applications: no. 63/419,782 submitted on day 10, month 27 of 2022; no. 63/421,804, submitted on month 2 of 2022, 11; no. 63/387,166 submitted on month 13 of 2022; no. 63/483,647 submitted on month 7 of 2023; no. 63/487,055 submitted on month 27 of 2023; no. 63/459,091 submitted on month 13 of 2023; no. 63/434,161 submitted on month 21 of 2022; no. 63/484,757 submitted on day 14 of2 of 2023; no. 63/484,786 submitted on day 14 of2 of 2023; and 63/490,065 filed on day 14, 3, 2023, the entire contents of all applications mentioned above are incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to novel device architectures and OLED devices having those novel architectures and their uses.

Background

Optoelectronic devices utilizing organic materials are becoming increasingly popular for a variety of reasons. Many of the materials used to fabricate the devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic photovoltaic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials (e.g., their flexibility) may make them more suitable for specific applications, such as fabrication on flexible substrates. Examples of organic optoelectronic devices include organic light emitting diodes/devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, organic scintillators, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, organic materials can have performance advantages over conventional materials.

OLEDs utilize organic thin films that emit light when a voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as displays, lighting and backlighting.

One application of emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such displays require pixels adapted to emit a particular color (referred to as a "saturated" color). In particular, these standards require saturated red, green and blue pixels. Or the OLED may be designed to emit white light. In conventional liquid crystal displays, the emission from a white backlight is filtered using an absorbing filter to produce red, green and blue emissions. The same technique can also be used for OLEDs. The white OLED may be a single emissive layer (EML) device or a stacked structure. The colors may be measured using CIE coordinates well known in the art.

Disclosure of Invention

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a full color pixel arrangement of a device comprising at least one pixel: wherein the at least one pixel comprises: a first subpixel comprising a first OLED comprising a first emission region; a second subpixel comprising a second OLED comprising a second emissive region; wherein the first emission area includes: compound S1; a compound A1; and compound H1; wherein the second emission region includes: compound A2; and compound H2; wherein the compound S1 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A1; wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter; wherein the compound H1 is a host, and at least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is doped with the compound H1; wherein the compound A2 is an emitter; wherein the compound H2 is the host and the compound A2 is doped with the compound H2.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) comprising: a first electrode; a first emission region disposed on the first electrode; a first Charge Generation Layer (CGL) disposed on the first emission region; a second transmission region disposed on the first CGL; and a second electrode disposed on the second emission region; wherein the first emission area includes: compound S1; a compound A1; and compound H1; wherein the second emission region includes: compound A2; and compound H2; wherein the compound S1 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A1; wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter; wherein the compound H1 is a host, and at least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is doped with the compound H1; wherein the compound A2 is an emitter; wherein the compound H2 is the host and the compound A2 is doped with the compound H2.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an OLED comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an emissive region disposed between the anode and the cathode; wherein the emission area comprises: compound S1; a compound A1; compound H1; wherein the compound S1 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A1; wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter; wherein the compound H1 is a host, and at least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is doped with the compound H1; wherein at least one of the following conditions holds: (1) The emissive region is comprised of one or more organic layers, wherein a minimum thickness of at least one of the one or more organic layers is selected from the group consisting of: 250. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and(2) The OLED further comprises a layer comprising quantum dots; (3) The compound S1 is capable of acting as a dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature, or the first excited state energy of the compound S1 is less than the energy of its lowest excited triplet state T ₁; (4) the compound A1 is a dual-state emitter; or the first excited state energy of the compound A1 is smaller than the energy of its lowest excited triplet state T ₁; (5) At least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion (TTA-UC) material; (6) At least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is chiral; (7) The compound S1 is a metal coordination complex having at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of: at least two metals; three different bidentate ligands; three identical bidentate ligands; tetradentate or hexadentate ligands coordinated to Ir or Os; an Ir-carbene bond; an Os-carbene linkage; M-K bond, wherein K is an acyclic atom and M is the metal; a ligand comprising a five membered heteroaryl ring coordinated to the metal through an M-N bond; a ligand comprising a six membered heteroaryl ring having at least two heteroatoms and one of which coordinates to the metal; a ligand comprising a fused ring system having at least four rings; at least 25% deuteration of the metal complex; and combinations thereof; (8) The compound S1 is an Au (III) coordination complex having a bidentate, tridentate or tetradentate ligand and capable of acting as phosphorescent or delayed fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature; (9) The compound S1 is a Zn (II) coordination complex having a bidentate ligand and capable of functioning as phosphorescent or delayed fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature; (10) The compound S1 comprises at least one electron withdrawing group; (11) The compound A1 comprises at least one electron withdrawing group; (12) Any combination of two or more of the conditions listed above under (1) to (11).

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure further provides a consumer product comprising an OLED as described herein.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

Fig. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device without a separate electron transport layer.

Fig. 3 shows a plot of modeled P-polarized photoluminescence versus angle for emitters with different Vertical Dipole Ratio (VDR) values.

Detailed Description

A. Terminology

Unless otherwise specified, the following terms used herein are defined as follows:

As used herein, "top" means furthest from the substrate, and "bottom" means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as being "disposed" over "a second layer, the first layer is disposed farther from the substrate. Unless a first layer is "in contact with" a second layer, other layers may be present between the first and second layers. For example, a cathode may be described as "disposed over" an anode even though various organic layers are present between the cathode and the anode.

As used herein, "solution processable" means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium in the form of a solution or suspension.

As used herein, and as will be generally understood by those of skill in the art, if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level, then the first "highest occupied molecular orbital" (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital, HOMO) or "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, LUMO) energy level is "greater than" or "higher than" the second HOMO or LUMO energy level. Since Ionization Potential (IP) is measured as a negative energy relative to the vacuum level, a higher HOMO level corresponds to an IP with a smaller absolute value (a less negative (LESS NEGATIVE) IP). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an Electron Affinity (EA) with a smaller absolute value (less negative EA). On a conventional energy level diagram with vacuum energy level on top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. The "higher" HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of this figure than the "lower" HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as will be generally understood by those of skill in the art, a first work function is "greater than" or "higher than" a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Since work function is typically measured as a negative number relative to the vacuum level, this means that the "higher" work function is more negative (more negative). On a conventional energy level diagram with the vacuum energy level on top, a "higher" work function is illustrated as being farther from the vacuum energy level in a downward direction. Thus, the definition of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follows a different rule than work function.

The terms "halo", "halogen" and "halo" are used interchangeably and refer to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

The term "acyl" refers to a substituted carbonyl (-C (O) -R _s).

The term "ester" refers to a substituted oxycarbonyl (-O-C (O) -R _s or-C (O) -O-R _s) group.

The term "ether" refers to the-OR _s group.

The term "thio" or "thioether" is used interchangeably and refers to the-SR _s group.

The term "selenoalkyl" refers to the-SeR _s group.

The term "sulfinyl" refers to the-S (O) -R _s group.

The term "sulfonyl" refers to the-SO ₂-R_s group.

The term "phosphino" refers to a group containing at least one phosphorus atom for bonding to a related molecule, common examples such as, but not limited to, -P (R _s)₂ group or-PO (R _s)₂ group, where each R _s may be the same or different).

The term "silane group" refers to a group containing at least one silicon atom for bonding to a related molecule, common examples such as, but not limited to, -Si (R _s)₃ groups, where each R _s may be the same or different).

The term "germyl" refers to a group containing at least one germanium atom for bonding to a related molecule, common examples such as, but not limited to, -Ge (R _s)₃ groups, where each R _s may be the same or different.

The term "borane" refers to a group containing at least one boron atom for bonding to a related molecule, common examples such as, but not limited to, -B (R _s)₂ group or its lewis adduct-B (R _s)₃ group, where R _s may be the same or different).

In each of the foregoing, R _s may be hydrogen or a general substituent as defined in the present application. Preferred R _s is selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. More preferably, R _s is selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term "alkyl" refers to and includes straight and branched chain alkyl groups. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms, preferably from one to nine carbon atoms, and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1-dimethylpropyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 2-dimethylpropyl, and the like. In addition, the alkyl group may be further substituted.

The term "cycloalkyl" refers to and includes monocyclic, polycyclic, and spiroalkyl groups. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms and include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo [3.1.1] heptyl, spiro [4.5] decyl, spiro [5.5] undecyl, adamantyl, and the like. In addition, cycloalkyl groups may be further substituted.

The term "heteroalkyl" or "heterocycloalkyl" refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, respectively, having at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, si and Se, preferably O, S or N. In addition, heteroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "alkenyl" refers to and includes both straight and branched alkenyl groups. Alkenyl is essentially an alkyl group comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the alkyl chain. Cycloalkenyl is essentially cycloalkyl including at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cycloalkyl ring. The term "heteroalkenyl" as used herein refers to an alkenyl group having at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, si, ge and Se, preferably O, S or N. Preferred alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or heteroalkenyl groups are those containing from two to fifteen carbon atoms. In addition, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or heteroalkenyl groups may be further substituted.

The term "alkynyl" refers to and includes both straight and branched chain alkynyl groups. Alkynyl is essentially an alkyl group that includes at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the alkyl chain. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing from two to fifteen carbon atoms. In addition, alkynyl groups may be further substituted.

The term "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" is used interchangeably and refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. In addition, the aralkyl group may be further substituted.

The term "heterocyclyl" refers to and includes aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic groups containing at least one heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, se, N, P, B, si, ge and Se, preferably O, S, N or B. Aromatic heterocyclic groups may be used interchangeably with heteroaryl. Preferred non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are heterocyclic groups containing 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 3 to 7 ring atoms, which include at least one heteroatom and include cyclic amines such as morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and the like, and cyclic ethers/sulfides such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene, and the like. In addition, the heterocyclic group may be further substituted.

The term "aryl" refers to and includes monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups. The polycyclic ring may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings being "fused"). Preferred aryl groups are those containing from six to thirty carbon atoms, preferably from six to twenty four carbon atoms, from six to eighteen carbon atoms, and more preferably from six to twelve carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are aryl groups having six carbons, ten carbons, twelve carbons, fourteen carbons or eighteen carbons. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, biphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pyrene,Perylene and azulene, preferably phenyl, biphenyl, triphenylene and naphthalene. In addition, aryl groups may be further substituted or fused, such as, but not limited to, fluorene.

The term "heteroaryl" refers to and includes monocyclic aromatic groups and polycyclic aromatic ring systems that include at least one heteroatom. Heteroatoms include, but are not limited to O, S, se, N, P, B, si, ge and Se. In many cases O, S, N or B is a preferred heteroatom. The monocyclic heteroaromatic system is preferably a monocyclic ring having 5 or 6 ring atoms, and the ring may have one to six heteroatoms. The heteropolycyclic system may have two or more aromatic rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings being "fused"), wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaryl. The heteropolycyclic aromatic ring system may have one to six heteroatoms in each ring of the polycyclic aromatic ring system. Preferred heteroaryl groups are those containing from three to thirty carbon atoms, preferably from three to twenty four carbon atoms, from three to eighteen carbon atoms, and more preferably from three to twelve carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups include dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, diazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene (xanthene), acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofurandipyridine, benzothiophene pyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophene dipyridine, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenium, carbazole, indolocarbazole, benzimidazole, triazine, 1, 2-borazine, 1-boron-nitrogen, 1-nitrogen, 4-boron-nitrogen, boron-nitrogen-like compounds, and the like. In addition, heteroaryl groups may be further substituted.

Of the aryl and heteroaryl groups listed above, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, triazine, and benzimidazole, and their respective corresponding aza analogues, are of particular interest.

In many cases, the universal substituent is selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, selenkyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, preferred universal substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germyl, borane, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, more preferred universal substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, more preferred universal substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, silyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, and combinations thereof.

In other cases, the most preferred universal substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The terms "substituted" and "substituted" refer to substituents other than H bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon or nitrogen. For example, when R ¹ represents a single substitution, then one R ¹ must not be H (i.e., a substitution). Similarly, when R ¹ represents a di-substitution, then both R ¹ must not be H. Similarly, when R ¹ represents zero or no substitution, R ¹ may be, for example, hydrogen of available valence of the ring atoms, such as carbon atoms of benzene and nitrogen atoms in pyrrole, or simply no for ring atoms having a fully saturated valence, such as nitrogen atoms in pyridine. The maximum number of substitutions possible in the ring structure will depend on the total number of available valences in the ring atom.

As used herein, "combination thereof" means that one or more members of the applicable list are combined to form a known or chemically stable arrangement that one of ordinary skill in the art can contemplate from the applicable list. For example, alkyl and deuterium can combine to form a partially or fully deuterated alkyl group; halogen and alkyl may combine to form a haloalkyl substituent; and halogen, alkyl and aryl may combine to form a haloaralkyl. In one example, the term substitution includes a combination of two to four of the listed groups. In another example, the term substitution includes a combination of two to three groups. In yet another example, the term substitution includes a combination of two groups. Preferred combinations of substituents are combinations containing up to fifty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium, or combinations comprising up to forty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium, or combinations comprising up to thirty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium. In many cases, a preferred combination of substituents will include up to twenty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium.

The term "aza" in the fragments described herein, i.e., aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc., means that one or more of the C-H groups in the corresponding aromatic ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom, such as, but not limited to, aza-triphenylene embraces dibenzo [ f, H ] quinoxaline and dibenzo [ f, H ] quinoline. Other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above can be readily envisioned by those of ordinary skill in the art, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

As used herein, "deuterium" refers to an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterated compounds can be readily prepared using methods known in the art. For example, U.S. patent No. 8,557,400, patent publication No. WO 2006/095951, and U.S. patent application publication No. US2011/0037057 (which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) describe the preparation of deuterium-substituted organometallic complexes. Further reference is made to Yan Ming (Ming Yan) et al, tetrahedron (Tetrahedron) 2015,71,1425-30 and Azrote (Atzrodt) et al, german application chemistry (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.) (review) 2007,46,7744-65, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes the deuteration of methylene hydrogen in benzylamine and the efficient route to replacement of aromatic ring hydrogen with deuterium, respectively.

As used herein, any specifically recited substituents (e.g., without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc.) include non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms thereof. Similarly, substituent classes (e.g., without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc.) also include non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms thereof. The chemical structure of H or D is not further indicated to be considered to include its non-deuterated, partially deuterated and fully deuterated forms. Some common minimal partially or fully deuterated groups such as, but not limited to, CD ₃、CD₂C(CH₃)₃、C(CD₃)₃ and C ₆D₅.

It will be appreciated that when a fragment of a molecule is described as a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g., phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl) or as if it were an entire molecule (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of naming substituents or linking fragments are considered equivalent.

In some cases, a pair of substituents in a molecule may optionally be joined or fused into a ring. Preferred rings are five to nine membered carbocycles or heterocycles, including both cases where a portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is saturated and a portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is unsaturated. In other cases, a pair of adjacent substituents may optionally be joined or fused into a ring. As used herein, "adjacent" means that the two substituents involved may be next to each other on the same ring, or on two adjacent rings having two nearest available substitutable positions (e.g., the 2, 2' positions in biphenyl or the 1, 8 positions in naphthalene).

Layers, materials, regions, and devices may be described herein with reference to the color of light they emit. In general, as used herein, an emissive region described as producing a particular color of light may include one or more emissive layers disposed one above the other.

As used herein, a "red" layer, material, region or device refers to a layer, material, region or device that emits light in the range of about 580-700nm or whose emission spectrum in that region has the highest peak. Similarly, a "green" layer, material, region or device refers to a layer, material, region or device that emits or has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 500-600 nm; "blue" layer, material or device refers to a layer, material or device that emits or has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 400-500 nm; and a "yellow" layer, material, region or device refers to a layer, material, region or device having an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in the range of about 540-600 nm. In some arrangements, respective regions, layers, materials, regions or devices may provide respective "deep blue" and "light blue" light. As used herein, in providing the respective "light blue" and "dark blue" arrangements, the "dark blue" component refers to a component having a peak emission wavelength at least about 4nm less than the peak emission wavelength of the "light blue" component. Typically, the "light blue" component has a peak emission wavelength in the range of about 465-500nm, and the "dark blue" component has a peak emission wavelength in the range of about 400-470nm, although these ranges may vary according to some configurations. Similarly, a color shifting layer refers to a layer that converts or modulates light of another color into light having a wavelength as specified for that color. For example, a "red" color filter refers to a filter that produces light having a wavelength in the range of about 580-700 nm. In general, there are two types of color shifting layers: a color filter to condition the spectrum by removing unwanted wavelengths of light, and a color shifting layer to convert higher energy photons to lower energy. "one color" component refers to a component that, when activated or in use, produces or otherwise emits light having a particular color as previously described. For example, "a first emission region of a first color" and "a second emission region of a second color different from the first color" describe two emission regions that, when activated within a device, emit two different colors as previously described.

As used herein, emissive materials, layers, and regions may be different from one another and from other structures based on the light originally produced by the materials, layers, or regions as opposed to the light ultimately emitted by the same or different structures. The initially generated light is typically the result of a change in energy level that causes photon emission. For example, an organic emissive material may initially produce blue light, which may be converted to red or green light by a color filter, quantum dot, or other structure, such that the complete emissive stack or subpixel emits red or green light. In this case, the initial emissive material or layer may be referred to as a "blue" component, even if the subpixel is a "red" or "green" component.

In some cases, it may be preferable to describe the color of components such as the emissive area, sub-pixels, color shifting layers, etc., according to 1931CIE coordinates. For example, the yellow emissive material may have a variety of peak emission wavelengths, one in or near the "green" region and one in or near the "red" region, as previously described. Accordingly, as used herein, each color item also corresponds to a shape in the 1931CIE coordinate color space. The shape in the 1931CIE color space is constructed by tracking the trajectory between two color points and any other internal points. For example, the internal shape parameters of red, green, blue, and yellow may be defined as follows:

further details regarding OLEDs and the above definitions can be found in U.S. patent No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

As disclosed herein, emissive layers or materials, such as emissive layer 135 and emissive layer 220 shown in fig. 1-2, respectively, may include quantum dots. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, unless explicitly stated to the contrary or the context indicates to the contrary, an "emissive layer" or "emissive material" as disclosed herein may include organic emissive materials and/or emissive materials containing quantum dots or equivalent structures. In general, the emissive layer comprises an emissive material within a host matrix. Such an emissive layer may comprise only quantum dot materials that convert light emitted by the respective emissive material or other emitter, or it may also comprise the respective emissive material or other emitter, or it may itself directly emit light by application of an electrical current. Similarly, color shifting layers, color filters, up-conversion or down-conversion layers or structures may include materials containing quantum dots, but such layers may not be considered "emissive layers" as disclosed herein. In general, an "emissive layer" or material is a layer or material that emits an initial light based on an injected charge, where the initial light may be altered by another layer, such as a color filter or other color changing layer that does not itself emit the initial light within the device, but may re-emit altered light of a different spectral content based on absorption and down-conversion of the initial light emitted by the emissive layer into a lower energy light emission. In some embodiments disclosed herein, the color shifting layer, color filter, up-conversion and/or down-conversion layer may be disposed external to the OLED device, such as above or below an electrode of the OLED device.

Any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method, unless otherwise specified. Preferred methods for the organic layer include thermal evaporation, ink jet (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety), organic vapor deposition (OVPD) (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and deposition by Organic Vapor Jet Printing (OVJP) (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Other suitable deposition methods include spin-coating and other solution-based processes. The solution-based process is preferably carried out under nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For other layers, the preferred method includes thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety), and patterning associated with some deposition methods such as inkjet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The material to be deposited may be modified to be compatible with the particular deposition process. For example, substituents (e.g., alkyl and aryl groups) that are branched or unbranched and preferably contain at least 3 carbons can be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3 to 20 carbons are a preferred range. Solution handleability of a material having an asymmetric structure may be better than a material having a symmetric structure because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents can be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated according to embodiments of the present disclosure may further optionally include a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damage when exposed to harmful substances in an environment including moisture, vapor, and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited on the substrate, electrode, under or beside the substrate, electrode, or on any other portion of the device, including the edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include a composition having a single phase as well as a composition having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate inorganic compounds or organic compounds or both. Preferred barrier layers comprise a mixture of polymeric and non-polymeric materials, as described in U.S. patent No. 7,968,146, PCT patent application No. PCT/US2007/023098, and PCT/US2009/042829, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. To be considered a "mixture", the aforementioned polymeric and non-polymeric materials that make up the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or simultaneously. The weight ratio of polymeric material to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be produced from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of polymeric material and non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

It is believed that the Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) of fluorescent OLEDs can exceed 25% spin statistics limits by delaying fluorescence. As used herein, there are two types of delayed fluorescence, namely P-type delayed fluorescence and E-type delayed fluorescence. The P-type delayed fluorescence is generated by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA).

On the other hand, the E-type delayed fluorescence does not depend on the collision of two triplet states, but on the thermal population between the triplet states and the singlet excited states. Compounds capable of generating E-type delayed fluorescence must have a very small singlet-triplet gap. Thermal energy may activate triplet state transfer back to singlet state. This type of delayed fluorescence is also known as Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF). A unique feature of TADF is that the delay component increases with increasing temperature due to the increase in thermal energy. If the reverse intersystem crossing rate is fast enough to minimize non-radiative decay from the triplet state, the fraction of the singlet excited state of the backfill can potentially reach 75%. The total unimodal fraction may be 100% well beyond the spin statistics limit of the electrically generated excitons.

Type E delayed fluorescence features can be found in excitation complex systems or in single compounds. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the E-type delayed fluorescence requires a luminescent material with a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T). This can be achieved with metal-free donor-acceptor organic luminescent materials. The emission of these materials is generally characterized by a donor-acceptor Charge Transfer (CT) type emission. The spatial separation of the HOMO and LUMO of these donor-acceptor type compounds generally results in a small Δes-T. These states may relate to CT states. Typically, donor-acceptor luminescent materials are constructed by linking an electron donor moiety (e.g., an amino or carbazole derivative) to an electron acceptor moiety (e.g., containing an N six-membered aromatic ring).

Devices made in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units), which may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of such electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices, such as discrete light source devices or lighting panels, etc., that may be utilized by end user product manufacturers. Such electronic assembly modules may optionally include drive electronics and/or a power supply. Devices made in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a variety of consumer products that incorporate one or more electronic component modules (or units) therein. Disclosed is a consumer product comprising an OLED comprising a compound of the present disclosure in an organic layer of the OLED. Such consumer products should include any kind of product, including one or more light sources and/or one or more visual displays of some type. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, interior or exterior lights and/or lights, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, tablet computers, tablet phones, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, notebook computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, micro-displays with a diagonal less than 2 inches, 3D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls containing multiple tiled displays, theatre or gym screens, and signs. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices manufactured in accordance with the present disclosure, including passive matrices and active matrices. Many devices are intended to be used within a temperature range that is comfortable to humans, such as 18 ℃ to 30 ℃, and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 ℃), but can be used outside this temperature range (e.g., -40 ℃ to 80 ℃).

The materials and structures described herein may be applied in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices (e.g., organic transistors) may employ the materials and structures.

In the general term in the art, a "subpixel" may refer to an emissive region that is combined with any color shifting layer, which may be a single layer EML, stacked device, or the like, that is used to adjust the color emitted by the emissive region.

As used herein, the "emissive region" of a subpixel refers to any and all emissive layers, regions, and devices in the subpixel that were originally used to generate light. The sub-pixels may also include other layers disposed in stack with the emissive region that affect the color ultimately produced by the sub-pixel, such as the color shifting layers disclosed herein, but such color shifting layers are typically not considered "emissive layers" as disclosed herein. The unfiltered sub-pixels are sub-pixels that exclude color-adjusting components (e.g., color shifting layers) but may include one or more emissive regions, layers, or devices.

In some configurations, an "emissive region" may include emissive materials that emit light of multiple colors. For example, the yellow emission region may include multiple materials that emit red and green light when each material is used alone in an OLED device. When used in a yellow device, the individual materials are typically not arranged such that they can be individually activated or addressed. That is, a "yellow" OLED stack containing the material cannot be driven to produce red, green, or yellow light; in practice, the stack as a whole may be driven to produce yellow light. Such an emission region may be referred to as a yellow emission region, although at the level of the individual emitters, the stack does not directly produce yellow light. As described in more detail below, the individual emissive materials used in the emissive regions (if more than one) may be placed in the same emissive layer within the device, or in multiple emissive layers within an OLED device that includes the emissive regions. As described in more detail below, embodiments disclosed herein may provide an OLED device (e.g., a display) that includes a limited number of colors of an emission region while including sub-pixels or other OLED devices that have a greater number of colors than the number of colors of the emission region. For example, a device as disclosed herein may include only blue and yellow emission regions. Other colors of subpixels may be achieved by using color shifting layers (e.g., disposed in stacks with yellow or blue emitting regions), or more generally, by using color shifting layers, electrodes, or other structures forming microcavities as disclosed herein, or any other suitable configuration. In some cases, the general color provided by the sub-pixels may be the same as the color provided by the emissive regions in the stack defining the sub-pixels, e.g., with a deep blue color-changing layer disposed stacked with the light blue emissive regions to create a deep blue sub-pixel. Similarly, the color provided by the sub-pixels may be different from the color provided by the emissive regions in the stack defining the sub-pixels, for example where a green color-changing layer is disposed stacked with the yellow emissive regions to create a green sub-pixel.

In some configurations, the emissive region and/or emissive layer may span multiple sub-pixels, for example, where fabrication of other layers and circuitry may allow the emissive region or portions of the layers to be individually addressable.

The emissive region as disclosed herein may be different from the emissive "layer" typically referred to in the art and used herein. In some cases, a single emission region may include multiple layers, for example, where the yellow emission region is made by sequentially forming red and green emission layers into the yellow emission region. As previously described, when such layers are present in an emissive region as disclosed herein, the layers are not individually addressable within a single emissive stack; in effect, the layers are activated or driven in parallel for the emissive region to produce light of the desired color. In other configurations, the emissive region may comprise a single emissive layer having a single color, or multiple emissive layers having the same color, in which case the color of such emissive layers would be the same as the color of the emissive region in which the emissive layer is disposed, or within the same spectral interval as the color of the emissive region in which the emissive layer is disposed.

B. OLED and device of the present disclosure

The present disclosure provides novel device architectures including emissive layers that include phosphorescent and phosphorescent sensitized fluorescent emitters. These novel architectures provide improved device efficiency and stability.

In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides a full color pixel arrangement of a device comprising at least one pixel:

wherein the at least one pixel comprises:

a first subpixel comprising a first OLED comprising a first emission region;

A second subpixel comprising a second OLED comprising a second emissive region;

Wherein the first emission area includes:

compound S1;

A compound A1; and

Compound H1;

Wherein the second emission region includes:

Compound A2; and

Compound H2;

wherein the compound S1 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A1;

Wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter;

wherein the compound H1 is a host, and at least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is doped with the compound H1;

wherein the compound A2 is an emitter;

Wherein the compound H2 is the host and the compound A2 is doped with the compound H2;

Wherein at least one of the following conditions holds:

(1) The first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; wherein the difference between λ _max1 and λ _max2 is at least 4nm;

(2) The first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2; wherein the difference between λ _max1 and λ _max2 is at least 4nm; wherein the at least one pixel consists of a total of N sub-pixels; wherein the N sub-pixels include the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel; wherein each of the N sub-pixels includes an emission region; wherein the total number of the emission regions within the at least one pixel is equal to or less than N-1;

(3) The first emission region includes a first number of emission layers, if more than one, deposited one over the other; the second emission region includes a second number of emission layers, if more than one, deposited one over the other; and the first number is different from the second number;

(4) The second emission region is identical to the first emission region; each sub-pixel of the at least one pixel comprises one emission region that is identical to the first emission region. It will be appreciated that for this condition, the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel contain the same emissive area, but the two sub-pixels emit different colors.

In some embodiments, compound A1 may be the same as or different from A2. In some embodiments, compound H1 may be the same as or different from H2.

In some embodiments, the first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength in the near IR region. In some embodiments, the second emission region is configured to emit light having a wavelength in the near IR region. In such embodiments, the difference between the two wavelengths is at least 4nm.

It should be understood that the wavelength ranges may be any number between ranges (including the number of end points). For example, a spectral range of 400-500nm means any number between 400 and 500 (including 400 and 500).

In some embodiments, compound S1 is capable of acting as a phosphorescent emitter, TADF emitter, or a dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature.

In some embodiments, compound A1 is selected from the group consisting of: a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the first OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in the first OLED at room temperature.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may be a singlet or a doublet emitter. In some such embodiments, the singlet emitter may also comprise a TADF emitter.

In some embodiments, compound A2 is selected from the group consisting of: a phosphorescent compound that acts as a phosphorescent emitter in the second OLED at room temperature, a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the second OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in the second OLED at room temperature.

In some embodiments, compound S1 and compound A1 are in separate layers within the first emission region.

In some embodiments, compounds S1, A1, and H1 are mixed together in one layer within the first emission region. In some such embodiments, the mixture may be a homogeneous mixture, or the compounds in the mixture may have a concentration gradient throughout the thickness of the layer. The concentration gradient may be linear, non-linear or sinusoidal. In addition to compounds S1, A1 and H1, one or more other functional compounds may be present, such as, but not limited to, a second host, a second sensitizer or a second acceptor, which are also mixed into the mixture.

In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound S1 is less than 300meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound S1 is less than 250meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound S1 is less than 200meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound S1 is less than 150meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound S1 is less than 100meV.

In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 300meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 250meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 200meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 150meV. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 100meV.

In some embodiments, the second OLED is not a sensitizing device.

In some embodiments, the second OLED is a sensitizing device; the second emission region further comprises compound S2; and wherein the compound S2 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A2. In some embodiments, compound S2 may be the same as or different from S1.

In some embodiments, each of the first and second emissive regions comprises only one emissive layer.

In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second emissive regions comprises two or more stacked emissive layers.

In some embodiments, the at least one pixel further includes a third subpixel and a fourth subpixel; wherein each of the first through fourth sub-pixels is configured to emit in a different color selected from the group consisting of: deep blue, light blue, green, yellow, red and NIR. In some embodiments, each of the first through fourth sub-pixels is configured to emit in white.

In some embodiments, the first emission region is configured to emit deep blue or light blue.

In some embodiments, the second emission region is configured to emit a color selected from the group consisting of: blue, green, yellow, red and NIR.

In some embodiments, the first subpixel and the second subpixel have at least one common layer.

In some embodiments, the first subpixel is disposed over a region of the substrate that does not overlap any region of the substrate where the second subpixel is disposed.

In some embodiments, each of the first subpixel and the second subpixel are individually addressable.

In some embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes quantum dots.

In some embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes a color filter or color shifting layer.

In some embodiments, the pixel arrangement provides a Rec2020 color gamut.

In some embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes a subpixel including an emission region configured to emit a NIR color. This sub-pixel may be located under at least one pixel or another independent pixel specifically designated/designed for NIR.

In some embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes a color shifting layer.

It should be appreciated that the color shifting layer may be a color shifting layer, a color filter, a down-conversion filter, a bandpass filter, or a cutoff filter.

In some embodiments, a panchromatic pixel arrangement includes a plurality of pixels; wherein at least two of the plurality of pixels comprise a first emission region.

In some embodiments, the first sub-pixel has a first optical path length and the second sub-pixel has a second optical path length different from the first optical path length. The optical path length is adjusted by one of the following: patterning electrode thickness, adding optical metamaterials, or adjusting the composition or thickness of layers that are not in the emissive region.

In some embodiments, at least one pixel includes a plurality of subpixels; wherein only one of the plurality of subpixels has a color shifting layer.

In some embodiments, condition (1) holds. In some such embodiments, λ _max1 is at least 4nm less than λ _max2. In some such embodiments, λ _max2 is at least 4nm less than λ _max1.

In some such embodiments, the first emission region is configured to emit light having CIE y-coordinates less than 0.15; and the second emission region is configured to emit light having CIE x coordinates less than 0.2.

In some such embodiments, the CIE coordinates of the light emitted by the first emission region and the CIE coordinates of the light emitted by the second emission region are sufficiently different such that the difference in CIE x coordinates plus the difference in CIE y coordinates is at least >0.01.

In some such embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes a third subpixel and a fourth subpixel; wherein the third subpixel comprises a third OLED comprising a third emission region configured to emit light having a peak wavelength in the visible spectrum of 500-600 nm; and the fourth subpixel comprises a fourth OLED comprising a fourth emission region configured to emit light having a peak wavelength in the visible spectrum of 600-700 nm.

In some embodiments, condition (2) holds. In some such embodiments, the pixel arrangement includes no more than N-1 color shifting layers. In some such embodiments, the color shifting layer may be a color shifting layer, a color filter, a down-conversion filter, a bandpass filter, a cutoff filter, or any two or more combinations thereof (stacked together). In some such embodiments, the pixel arrangement includes no more than two color shifting layers. In some such embodiments, λ _max1 is at least 4nm less than λ _max2. In some such embodiments, lambda _max1 is 400-500nm; lambda _max2 is 500-600nm. In some such embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes a third subpixel and a fourth subpixel; wherein each of the third and fourth sub-pixels comprises a second OLED comprising a second emission region identical to that in the second sub-pixel; and wherein each of the first through fourth sub-pixels is configured to emit in a different color.

In some such embodiments, the pixel arrangement further includes a third subpixel and a fourth subpixel; wherein each of the third and fourth sub-pixels comprises a first OLED comprising a first emission region that is identical to that in the first sub-pixel; and wherein each of the first through fourth sub-pixels is configured to emit in a different color.

In some such embodiments, λ _max1 is greater than 500nm and λ _max2 is less than 496nm.

In some such embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 300meV.

In some such embodiments, each of the N sub-pixels includes an emission region selected from only the group consisting of the first emission region and the second emission region.

In some embodiments, condition (3) holds. In some such embodiments, the first number is greater than the second number. In some such embodiments, the second number is greater than the first number.

In some such embodiments, the first emissive region includes at least two emissive layers, each of which may be the same or different. In some such embodiments, the first emissive region comprises one sensitized layer and one non-sensitized emissive layer. In some such embodiments, the first emissive region comprises two sensitized emissive layers.

In some embodiments, condition (4) holds. In some such embodiments, exactly one emission region is configured to emit a bluish color having a peak wavelength selected from the group consisting of: greater than or equal to 460nm, greater than or equal to 465nm, and greater than or equal to 470nm.

In some such embodiments, the panchromatic pixel arrangement includes a plurality of subpixels; and wherein the identical one of the emission regions is configured to emit a red-shifted color of a deep blue subpixel of the plurality of subpixels.

In some such embodiments, exactly one emission region is configured to emit a light blue color having 1931CIE coordinates of CIEy selected from the group consisting of: greater than or equal to 0.20, greater than or equal to 0.15, and greater than or equal to 0.10.

In some such embodiments, the panchromatic pixel arrangement includes a plurality of subpixels; wherein the plurality of subpixels comprise: light blue sub-pixels, dark blue sub-pixels, red sub-pixels and green sub-pixels.

In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) comprising:

A first electrode;

A first emission region disposed on the first electrode;

A first Charge Generation Layer (CGL) disposed on the first emission region;

a second transmission region disposed on the first CGL; and

A second electrode disposed on the second emission region;

Wherein the first emission area includes:

compound S1;

A compound A1; and

Compound H1;

Wherein the second emission region includes:

Compound A2; and

Compound H2;

Wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter;

wherein the compound A2 is an emitter;

Wherein at least one of the following conditions holds:

(1) The first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm.

(2) The first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in one of the visible spectra of 400-500nm, 500-600nm, 600-700 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in one of the remaining of the visible spectrum of 400-500nm, 500-600nm, 600-700 nm; or (b)

(3) The first emission region includes a first number of emission layers, if more than one, deposited one over the other; the second emission region includes a second number of emission layers, if more than one, deposited one over the other; and the first number is different from the second number.

In some embodiments, the OLED is configured to emit white.

In some embodiments, compounds S1, A1, and H1 are mixed together in one layer within the first emission region.

In some embodiments, the second emission region does not include a sensitizer.

In some embodiments, the second emission region further comprises compound S2; and wherein the compound S2 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A2.

In some embodiments, each of the first and second emission regions includes only one emission layer when condition (1) or condition (2) is satisfied.

In some embodiments, condition (1) or condition (2) holds, at least one of the first emission region and the second emission region comprising two or more stacked emission layers.

In some embodiments, an OLED includes a plurality of emissive regions disposed between the first and second electrodes and separated from each other by a plurality of CGLs; wherein each of the emission regions is configured to emit in a different color selected from the group consisting of: deep blue, light blue, green, yellow, red and NIR.

In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises quantum dots.

In some embodiments, the OLED includes a plurality of emission regions disposed between the first and second electrodes and separated from each other by a plurality of CGLs; wherein at least two of the emission regions comprise blue emission material and at least one of the emission regions comprises green and/or yellow emission material.

In some embodiments, there are a total of four emissive regions, three of which contain blue emissive material and the remaining one contains green and/or yellow emissive material. In some embodiments, there are a total of five emissive regions, four of which contain blue emissive material and the remaining one contains green and/or yellow emissive material. In some embodiments, multiple emissive regions comprising blue emissive material are disposed next to each other and separated by multiple CGLs. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises quantum dots that down-convert the color to green and/or red.

In some embodiments, condition (1) holds. In some such embodiments, the difference between λ _max1 and λ _max2 is at least 4nm. In some such embodiments, the difference between λ _max1 and λ _max2 is less than 4nm.

In some such embodiments, the OLED further includes a third emission region disposed on the first CGL but below the second emission region; and a second CGL disposed in the third transmission region but under the second transmission region.

In some such embodiments, the third emissive region comprises a yellow emissive material.

In some such embodiments, the third emissive region comprises a yellow emissive material and a red emissive material.

In some such embodiments, the third emissive region comprises yellow emissive material, green emissive material, and red emissive material.

In some such embodiments, the third emissive region comprises a green emissive material and a red emissive material.

In some embodiments, condition (2) holds.

In some embodiments, the first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength λ _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 500-700 nm.

In some such embodiments, the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength λ _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 500-700 nm.

In some such embodiments, one of the first and second emission regions is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength λ _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the other of the first and second emission regions includes a green emission material and a red emission material and is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 500-700 nm.

In some such embodiments, one of the first and second emission regions is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength λ _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the other of the first and second emission regions includes a green emission material, a yellow emission material, and a red emission material, and is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in a visible spectrum of 500-700 nm.

In some embodiments, condition (3) holds. In some such embodiments, the first number is greater than the second number. In some such embodiments, the second number is greater than the first number. In some such embodiments, the second emissive region comprises at least two emissive layers.

In some embodiments, an OLED containing stacked hybrid architectures as described herein includes light blue phosphorescent light emitting cells and dark blue phosphorescent sensitized fluorescent cells. In some embodiments, an OLED device as described herein includes light blue and dark blue sub-pixels; the light blue sub-pixel contains a phosphorescent emitter, while the deep blue sub-pixel contains a phosphorescent sensitizer and a fluorescent emitter.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is capable of acting as a phosphorescent emitter, TADF emitter, or dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the receptor compound is selected from the group consisting of: a delayed fluorescent compound acting as TADF emitter in an OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound acting as a fluorescent emitter in said OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may be a singlet or a doublet emitter. In some such embodiments, the singlet emitter may also comprise a TADF emitter, and in addition, a multi-resonant MR-TADF emitter. As used herein, a description of delayed fluorescence can be found in U.S. application publication US20200373510A1 col.0083-0084, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer and acceptor compound are present in separate layers within the emissive region. In some embodiments, the sensitizer and acceptor compound are present in a mixture in one layer in the emission area. It should be understood that the mixture may be a homogeneous mixture, or the compounds in the mixture may be present in a gradient concentration throughout the thickness of the layer. The concentration gradient may be linear, non-linear, sinusoidal, etc. In addition to the sensitizer and acceptor compounds, one or more other functional compounds, such as, but not limited to, a host, may also be present and mixed into the mixture. In some embodiments, the acceptor compound may be present in two or more layers at the same or different concentrations. In some embodiments, the concentration of sensitizer compound in the layer containing sensitizer compound is in the range of 1 to 50 wt%, 10 to 20 wt%, or 12-15 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the acceptor compound in the layer containing the acceptor compound is in the range of 0.1 to 10 wt%, 0.5 to 5wt%, or 1 to 3 wt%.

In some embodiments, the emissive region contains N layers, and N >2. In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is contained in each of the N layers and the acceptor compound is contained in less than or equal to N-1 layers. In some embodiments, the acceptor compound is contained in less than or equal to N/2 layers.

In some embodiments, when a voltage is applied across the OLED, the OLED emits a luminescent emission that includes an emission component of S ₁ energy from the acceptor compound.

In some embodiments, at least 65%, 75%, 85%, or 95% of the emissions from the emissive region are produced by the acceptor compound at a luminance of at least 100cd/m ². In some embodiments, the S ₁ energy of the acceptor compound is lower than the S ₁ energy of the sensitizer compound.

In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of the sensitizer compound and/or the acceptor compound is less than 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, or 50meV.

In some embodiments, the stokes shift of the receptor compound is 30, 25, 20, 15, or 10nm or less. In some embodiments, the stokes shift of the receptor compound is 30, 40, 60, 80, or 100nm or greater.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound has an emission maximum of lambda _max1 in a single-color OLED with a host at room temperature; wherein the acceptor compound has an emission maximum of lambda _max2 in said monochrome OLED by displacing the sensitizer compound with the acceptor compound; wherein Δλ=λ _max1-λ_max2; and wherein Δλ is equal to or less than a number selected from the group consisting of: 15. 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, -2, -4, -6, -8 and-10 nm. In some embodiments, Δλ is equal to or greater than a number selected from the group consisting of: 20. 30, 40, 60, 80, 100nm.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is capable of acting as a phosphorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is capable of emitting light from a triplet excited state to a singlet ground state in the OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is a metal coordination complex having a metal-carbon bond, a metal-nitrogen bond, or a metal-oxygen bond. In some embodiments, the metal is selected from the group consisting of: ir, rh, re, ru, os, pt, zn, zr, au, ag and Cu. In some embodiments, the metal is Ir. In some embodiments, the metal is Pt. In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound has the formula M (L ¹)_x(L²)_y(L³)_z;

wherein L ¹、L² and L ³ may be the same or different;

Wherein x is 1, 2 or 3;

wherein y is 0,1 or 2;

wherein z is 0,1 or 2;

where x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M,

Wherein L ¹ is selected from the group consisting of the structures of the following ligand list:

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Wherein L ² and L ³ are independently selected from the group consisting of: and the structure of the ligand list; wherein:

t is selected from the group consisting of B, al, ga and In;

K ¹' is a direct bond or is selected from the group consisting of NR _e、PR_e, O, S and Se;

Each Y ¹ to Y ¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;

Y' is selected from the group consisting of ：BR_e、NR_e、PR_e、O、S、Se、C＝O、S＝O、SO₂、CR_eR_f、SiR_eR_f and GeR _eR_f;

R _e and R _f may be fused or joined to form a ring;

each R _a、R_b、R_c and R _d may independently represent mono-substitution to the maximum number of substitutions or no substitution possible;

Each R _a1、R_b1、R_c1、R_d1、R_a、R_b、R_c、R_d、R_e and R _f is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; and

Any two of R _a1、R_b1、R_c1、R_d1、R_a、R_b、R_c and R _d may be fused or joined to form a ring or to form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, the metal in formula M (L ¹)_x(L²)_y(L³)_z) is selected from the group consisting of Cu, ag, or Au.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound has formulas ：Ir(L_A)₃、Ir(L_A)(L_B)₂、Ir(L_A)₂(L_B)、Ir(L_A)₂(L_C)、Ir(L_A)(L_B)(L_C) and Pt (L _A)(L_B) selected from the group consisting of;

Wherein L _A、L_B and L _C are different from each other in Ir compounds;

Wherein L _A and L _B may be the same or different in the Pt compound; and

Wherein L _A and L _B may be linked to form a tetradentate ligand in the Pt compound.

In some embodiments, at least one of compounds S1 and S2 comprises at least one electron withdrawing group. In some such embodiments, the electron withdrawing group generally comprises one or more highly electronegative elements including, but not limited to, fluorine, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine. In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group has a Hammett constant (Hammett constant) greater than 0. In some such embodiments, the Hammett constant of the electron withdrawing group is equal to or greater than 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, or 1.1.

In some such embodiments of the present invention, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the group ：F、CF₃、CN、COCH₃、CHO、COCF₃、COOMe、COOCF₃、NO₂、SF₃、SiF₃、PF₄、SF₅、OCF₃、SCF₃、SeCF₃、SOCF₃、SeOCF₃、SO₂F、SO₂CF₃、SeO₂CF₃、OSeO₂CF₃、OCN、SCN、SeCN、NC、⁺N(R^k2)₃、(R^k2)₂CCN、(R^k2)₂CCF₃、CNC(CF₃)₂、BR^k3R^k2、 consisting of substituted or unsubstituted dibenzoborole, 1-substituted carbazole, 1, 9-substituted carbazole, substituted or unsubstituted pyridine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridoxine, substituted or unsubstituted triazine, substituted or unsubstituted oxazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, partially and fully fluorinated alkyl, partially and fully fluorinated heteroaryl, cyano-containing alkyl, cyano-containing heteroaryl, isocyanate, />

Wherein Y ^G is selected from the group consisting of ：BR_e、NR_e、PR_e、O、S、Se、C＝O、S＝O、SO₂、CR_eR_f、SiR_eR_f and der _eR_f; and

R ^k1 each independently represents mono-substitution to the maximum allowable substitution or no substitution;

Wherein each of R ^k1、R^k2、R^k3、R_e and R _f is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the sensitizer compound is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in the following sensitizer list:

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Wherein:

Each of X ⁹⁶ to X ⁹⁹ is independently C or N;

each Y ¹⁰⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of NR ", O, S and Se;

L is independently selected from the group consisting of: direct bond, BR "R '", NR ", PR", O, S, se, C = O, C = S, C =se, c=nr ", c=cr" R ' ", s= O, SO ₂, CR" R ' ", siR" R ' ", ger" R ' ", alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof;

X ¹⁰⁰ and X ²⁰⁰ are selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of O, S, se, NR ' and CR ' R ';

Each of R ^10a、R^20a、R^30a、R^40a and R ^50a、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E" and R ^F" independently represents mono-to maximum substitution or no substitution;

R、R'、R"、R"'、R^10a、R^11a、R^12a、R^13a、R^20a、R^30a、R^40a、R^50a、R⁶⁰、R⁷⁰、R⁹⁷、R⁹⁸、R⁹⁹、R^A1'、R^A2'、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E"、R^F"、R^G"、R^H"、R^I"、R^J"、R^K"、R^L"、R^M" And each of R ^N "is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents as defined herein; wherein any two substituents may be fused or joined to form a ring.

In some of the above embodiments at least one of ,R、R'、R"、R"'、R^10a、R^11a、R^12a、R^13a、R^20a、R^30a、R^40a、R^50a、R⁶⁰、R⁷⁰、R⁹⁷、R⁹⁸、R⁹⁹、R^A1'、R^A2'、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E"、R^F"、R^G"、R^H"、R^I"、R^J"、R^K"、R^L"、R^M" and R ^N "comprises or is an electron withdrawing group as defined herein.

In some of the above embodiments at least one of ,R、R'、R"、R"'、R^10a、R^11a、R^12a、R^13a、R^20a、R^30a、R^40a、R^50a、R⁶⁰、R⁷⁰、R⁹⁷、R⁹⁸、R⁹⁹、R^A1'、R^A2'、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E"、R^F"、R^G"、R^H"、R^I"、R^J"、R^K"、R^L"、R^M" and R ^N "comprises a portion selected from the group consisting of: fully or partially deuterated aryl, fully or partially deuterated alkyl, borane, silane, germane, 2, 6-diphenyl, 2- (t-butyl) phenyl, tetraphenyl, tetrahydronaphthalene, and combinations thereof.

It will be appreciated that the metallic Pt in each of those of the above sensitizer compounds may be replaced by Pd, and that it is also desirable to specifically encompass those derived Pd compounds.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer is capable of acting as a phosphorescent emitter, TADF emitter, or dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the receptor is selected from the group consisting of: a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in an OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the fluorescent emitter may be a singlet or a doublet emitter. In some such embodiments, the singlet emitter may also comprise a TADF emitter, and in addition, a multi-resonant MR-TADF emitter. As used herein, a description of delayed fluorescence may be found in U.S. application publication No. US20200373510A1 paragraphs 0083-0084, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the sensitizer and acceptor are present in separate layers within the emissive region.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer and acceptor are present in a mixture in one or more layers in the emissive region. It should be understood that the mixture in a given layer may be a homogeneous mixture, or the compounds in the mixture may have a concentration gradient throughout the thickness of the given layer. The concentration gradient may be linear, non-linear, sinusoidal, etc. When more than one layer is present in the emissive region having a mixture of sensitizer and acceptor compound, the type of mixture (i.e., homogeneous or gradient concentration) and the concentration level of compound in the mixture in each of the more than one layers may be the same or different. In addition to the sensitizer and acceptor compounds, one or more other functional compounds may be present, such as, but not limited to, host, also mixed into a mixture.

In some embodiments, the receptors may be present in two or more layers at the same or different concentrations. In some embodiments, when two or more layers contain an acceptor, the concentration of the acceptor in at least two of the two or more layers is different. In some embodiments, the concentration of sensitizer in the sensitizer-containing layer is in the range of 1 to 50 wt%, 10 to 20 wt%, or 12 to 15 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the receptor in the receptor-containing layer is in the range of 0.1 to 10wt%, 0.5 to 5 wt%, or 1 to 3 wt%.

In some embodiments, the emissive region contains N layers, where N >2. In some embodiments, the sensitizer is present in each of the N layers and the acceptor is contained in less than or equal to N-1 layers. In some embodiments, the sensitizer is present in each of the N layers and the acceptor is contained in less than or equal to N/2 layers. In some embodiments, the receptor is present in each of the N layers and the sensitizer is contained in less than or equal to N-1 layers. In some embodiments, the receptor is present in each of the N layers and the sensitizer is contained in less than or equal to N/2 layers.

In some embodiments, when a voltage is applied across the OLED, the OLED emits a luminescent emission that includes an emission component of S ₁ energy (first singlet energy) from the acceptor. In some embodiments, at least 65%, 75%, 85%, or 95% of the emission region is produced by the receptor at a luminance of at least 10cd/m ². In some embodiments, the S ₁ energy of the acceptor is lower than the S ₁ energy of the sensitizer.

In some embodiments, the T ₁ energy (first triplet energy) of the host compound is greater than or equal to the T ₁ energy of the sensitizer and the acceptor, and the T ₁ energy of the sensitizer is greater than or equal to the S ₁ energy (first singlet energy) of the acceptor. In some embodiments, the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of the sensitizer and/or acceptor and/or first host compound and/or second host compound is less than 400, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, or 50meV. In some embodiments, the absolute energy difference between the HOMO of the sensitizer and the HOMO of the acceptor is less than 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, or 0.2eV. In some embodiments, the absolute energy difference between the LUMO of the sensitizer and the LUMO of the acceptor is less than 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, or 0.2eV.

In some embodiments where the sensitizer provides monochromatic sensitization (i.e., minimal energy loss after energy transfer to the receptor), the receptor has a Stokes shift (Stokes shift) of 30, 25, 20, 15, or 10nm or less. Examples are broad blue phosphors sensitive to narrow blue light emitting receptors.

In some embodiments where the sensitizer provides a down-conversion process (e.g., a blue emitter for sensitizing a green emitter, or a green emitter for sensitizing a red emitter), the receptor has a stokes shift of 30, 40, 60, 80, or 100nm or more.

In some embodiments, the difference between the λmax of the sensitizer emission spectrum and the λmax of the acceptor absorption spectrum is 50, 40, 30, or 20nm or less. In some embodiments, the light absorption area of the acceptor overlaps the light emitting area of the sensitizer by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more relative to the light emitting area of the sensitizer.

One way to quantify the qualitative relationship between sensitizer compounds (compounds to be used as sensitizers in the OLED emission regions of the present disclosure) and acceptor compounds (compounds to be used as acceptors in the OLED emission regions of the present disclosure) is the measurement Δλ=λ _max1-λ_max2, where λ _max1 and λ _max2 are defined as follows. Lambda _max1 is the maximum emission of the sensitizer compound at room temperature when it is used as the sole emitter in a first monochromatic OLED (OLED emitting only one color) with a first host. Lambda _max2 is the maximum emission of the acceptor compound at room temperature when the acceptor compound is used as the sole emitter in a second monochromatic OLED with the same first host.

In some embodiments of the disclosed OLED in which the sensitizer provides monochromatic sensitization (i.e., minimal energy loss after energy transfer to the receptor), Δλ (measured as described above) is equal to or less than a value selected from the group consisting of: 15. 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, -2, -4, -6, -8 and-10 nm.

In some embodiments, the spectral overlap integral of sensitizer and acceptor is at least 10 ¹⁴nm^4* L/cm. In some embodiments, the spectral overlap integral of sensitizer and acceptor is at least 5x 10 ¹⁴nm^4* L/cm x mol. In some embodiments, the spectral overlap integral of sensitizer and acceptor is at least 10 ¹⁵nm^4* L/cm.

As used herein, "spectral overlap integration" is determined by multiplying the acceptor extinction spectrum by the sensitizer emission spectrum normalized to the area under the curve. The higher the spectral overlap, the more fosterThe better the resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency. FRET ratio is proportional to spectral overlap integral. Thus, the hyperspectral overlap can help to improve FRET efficiency and shorten exciton lifetime in an OLED.

In some embodiments, to increase spectral overlap, the receptor and sensitizer are selected. The increase in spectral overlap can be achieved in several ways, such as increasing the oscillation intensity of the receptor, minimizing the distance between the peak emission intensity of the sensitizer and the peak absorption of the receptor, and narrowing the linear shape of the sensitizer emission or receptor absorption. In some embodiments, the oscillation intensity of the receptor is greater than or equal to 0.1.

In some embodiments where the receptor emission is red shifted by sensitization, the absolute value of Δλ is equal to or greater than a value selected from the group consisting of 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100nm.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer and/or acceptor may be a phosphorescent or fluorescent emitter. Phosphorescence generally refers to photon emission as the number of electron spin quanta changes, i.e., the initial and final states of emission have different numbers of electron spin quanta, e.g., from the T1 to S0 states. Ir and Pt complexes currently widely used in OLEDs belong to the phosphorescent emitters. In some embodiments, if excitation complex formation involves triplet emitters, such excitation complexes may also emit phosphorescence. Fluorescent emitters, on the other hand, generally refer to photon emissions with unchanged electron spin quantum numbers, such as from the S1 to S0 state or from the D1 to D0 state. The fluorescent emitter may be a delayed fluorescent or non-delayed fluorescent emitter. Depending on the spin state, the fluorescent emitter may be a singlet emitter or a doublet emitter or other multiple state emitter. It is believed that the Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) of fluorescent OLEDs can exceed 25% spin statistics limits by delaying fluorescence. There are two types of delayed fluorescence, namely P-type and E-type delayed fluorescence. The P-type delayed fluorescence is generated by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). On the other hand, the E-type delayed fluorescence does not depend on the collision of two triplet states, but on the thermal population between the triplet states and the singlet excited states. Thermal energy may activate triplet state transfer back to singlet state. This type of delayed fluorescence is also known as Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF). Type E delayed fluorescence features can be found in excitation complex systems or in single compounds. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that TADF requires that the compound or the excitation complex have a small singlet-triplet energy gap (Δe _S-T) of less than or equal to 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, or 50 meV. There are two main types of TADF emitters, one is known as donor-acceptor TADF and the other is known as Multiple Resonance (MR) TADF. Typically, a donor-acceptor single compound is constructed by linking an electron donor moiety (e.g., an amino or carbazole derivative) and an electron acceptor moiety (e.g., containing an N six-membered aromatic ring). A donor-acceptor excitation complex may be formed between the hole transporting compound and the electron transporting compound. Examples of MR-TADF include highly conjugated fused ring systems. In some embodiments, the MR-TADF material contains boron, carbon and nitrogen atoms. It may also contain other atoms, such as oxygen. In some embodiments, the delayed fluorescence emission has a reverse intersystem crossing time from T1 to S1 at 293K of less than or equal to 10 microseconds. In some embodiments, the time may be greater than 10 microseconds and less than 100 microseconds.

In some embodiments of the OLED, at least one of the following conditions holds:

(1) The sensitizer compound is capable of acting as TADF emitter in an OLED at room temperature;

(2) The acceptor compound is a delayed fluorescence compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the OLED at room temperature.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the TADF emitter comprises at least one donor group and at least one acceptor group. In some embodiments, the TADF emitter is a metal complex. In some embodiments, the TADF emitter is a nonmetallic complex. In some embodiments, the TADF emitter is a boron-containing compound. In some embodiments, the TADF emitter is a Cu, ag, or Au complex.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the TADF emitter has the formula M (L ⁵)(L⁶), wherein M is Cu, ag or Au, L ⁵ and L ⁶ are different, and L ⁵ and L ⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting of:

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Wherein each a ¹-A⁹ is independently selected from C or N;

Each R ^P、R^Q and R ^U independently represents mono-substitution up to maximum substitution, or no substitution; wherein each R^P、R^P、R^U、R^SA、R^SB、R^RA、R^RB、R^RC、R^RD、R^RE and R ^RF is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of universal substituents as defined herein; any two substituents may be joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the TADF emitter may be one of the following:

Wherein each R ^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E "and R ^F" may independently represent a single to the maximum possible number of substitutions, or no substitution;

Each R ", R'", R ^A1、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E" and R ^F" is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of universal substituents as defined herein; wherein any two substituents may be fused or joined to form a ring.

Wherein L is independently selected from the group consisting of: direct bond, BR "R '", NR ", PR", O, S, se, C = O, C = S, C =se, c=nr ", c=cr" R ' ", s= O, SO ₂, CR" R ' ", siR" R ' ", ger" R ' ", alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof;

Wherein each of L ₁ 'and L ₂' is a monodentate anionic ligand,

Wherein each of X ₁ 'and X ₂' is halo; and

Wherein any two substituents may be joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the TADF emitter is selected from the group consisting of the structures in the following TADF list:

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in some embodiments of the OLED, the TADF emitter comprises boron atoms. In some embodiments, the TADF emitter comprises at least one chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of:

/>

Wherein Y ^T、Y^U、Y^V and Y ^W are each independently selected from the group consisting of: BR, NR, PR, O, S, se, C = O, S = O, SO ₂, BRR ', CRR', siRR 'and GeRR';

wherein each R ^T may be the same or different and each R ^T is independently a donor, an acceptor group, an organic linking group bonded to the donor, an organic linking group bonded to the acceptor group, or an end group selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof; and

R and R' are each independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the universal substituents defined herein.

In some of the above embodiments, any up to a total of three carbon ring atoms in each benzene ring of any of the above structures, together with their substituents, may be replaced with N.

In some embodiments, the TADF emitter comprises at least one acceptor moiety selected from the group consisting of: nitrile, isonitrile, borane, fluoro, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, aza-triphenylene, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, and oxadiazole. In some embodiments, the acceptor moiety and the donor moiety as described herein can be directly attached via a conjugated linking group or a non-conjugated linking group (e.g., sp3 carbon or silicon atom).

In some embodiments, the acceptor is a fluorescent compound that acts as an emitter in the OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the fluorescent compound comprises at least one chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of:

/>

Wherein Y ^F、Y^G、Y^H and Y ^I are each independently selected from the group consisting of: BR, NR, PR, O, S, se, C = O, S = O, SO ₂, BRR ', CRR', siRR 'and GeRR';

Wherein X ^F and Y ^G are each independently selected from the group consisting of C and N; and

Wherein R ^F、R^G, R, and R' are each independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the universal substituents defined herein.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the fluorescent compound is selected from the group consisting of:

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Wherein Y ^F1 to Y ^F4 are each independently selected from O, S and NR ^F1;

Wherein R ^F1 and R ¹ to R ⁹ each independently represent a single substitution to the maximum possible number of substitutions or no substitution; and

Wherein R ^F1 and R ¹ to R ⁹ are each independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of universal substituents as defined herein, and any two substituents may join or fuse to form a ring.

In some embodiments, the acceptor compound comprises a fused ring system having at least five to ten 5-membered and/or 6-membered aromatic rings.

In some embodiments, the acceptor compound has a first group and a second group, wherein the first group and the second group do not overlap; wherein at least 80% of the population of singlet excited states of the lowest singlet excited states is localized in the first group; and wherein at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the population of the lowest triplet excited state is localized in the second group.

In some embodiments, the receptor compound is selected from the group consisting of the structures in the following list of receptors:

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an aza-substituted variant thereof, a fully or partially deuterated variant thereof, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the emission region further includes a first body. In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound forms an excitation complex with the first host in the OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the LUMO energy of the first host is lower than the LUMO energy of the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound in the emission region. In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the first host is lower than the HOMO energy of the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound in the emission region. In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the first host is higher than the HOMO energy of the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound in the emission region. In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the first host is higher than the HOMO energy of at least one of the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound in the emission region.

In some embodiments, the emission region further includes a second body. In some embodiments, the first host forms an excitation complex with the second host in the OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, the concentration of the first and second bodies in the one or more layers containing the first and second bodies is greater than the concentration of the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound in the one or more layers containing the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound. In some embodiments, the concentration of the first and second bodies in the one or more layers containing the first and second bodies is greater than the concentration of the acceptor compound in the one or more layers containing the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound.

In some embodiments, the S1 energy of the first host is greater than the S1 energy of the acceptor compound. In some embodiments, the T1 energy of the first host is greater than the T1 energy of the sensitizer compound. In some embodiments, the HOMO energy of the sensitizer compound is greater than the HOMO energy of the acceptor compound. In some embodiments, the HOMO level of the second host is shallower than the HOMO level of the acceptor compound. In some embodiments, the HOMO level of the acceptor compound is deeper than at least one selected from the sensitizer compound and the first host.

In some embodiments, the first host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: triphenylene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, 5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, triazine, borane, silane groups, nitriles, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-indolocarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, aza-5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, and aza- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene). In some embodiments, the first body and the second body are both organic compounds. In some embodiments, at least one of the first body and the second body is a metal complex.

In some embodiments, each of the first body and/or the second body is independently selected from the group consisting of:

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Wherein:

Each of J ₁ to J ₆ is independently C or N;

L' is a direct bond or an organic linking group;

each Y ^AA、Y^BB、Y^CC and Y ^DD is independently selected from the group consisting of: absence, one bond, direct bond, O, S, se, CRR ', siRR', geRR ', NR, BR, BRR';

Each of R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F 'and R ^G' independently represents mono-substitution up to maximum substitution, or no substitution;

Each R, R ', R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F ', and R ^G ' is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the universal substituents defined herein; any two substituents may be joined or fused to form a ring;

And, where possible, each unsubstituted aromatic carbon atom is optionally replaced by N to form an aza-substituted ring.

In some embodiments, at least one of J ₁ to J ₃ is N. In some embodiments, at least two of J ₁ to J ₃ are N. In some embodiments, all three of J ₁ to J ₃ are N. In some embodiments, each Y ^CC and Y ^DD is preferably O, S and sir', more preferably O or S. In some embodiments, at least one unsubstituted aromatic carbon atom is replaced with N to form an azacyclic ring.

In some embodiments, the distance between the acceptor compound and the center of mass of the sensitizer compound is at least 2, 1.5, 1.0, or 0.75nm.

In some embodiments, the VDR value of each of the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound is independently equal to or less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05. In some embodiments, the VDR value of the acceptor compound is equal to or less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05; and at least one of the sensitizer compound and the first body has a VDR value greater than 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, or 0.7.

In some embodiments, the VDR value of the acceptor compound is equal to or greater than 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, or 0.7; and at least one of the sensitizer compound and the first body has a VDR value of less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05.

In some embodiments, the emission region further includes a second body. In some embodiments, the second host has a shallower HOMO level than the acceptor compound.

In some embodiments, the OLED emits white light at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the device.

In some embodiments, the OLED emits luminescent radiation at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the device; wherein the first radiant-light-emitting component is contributed by an acceptor compound having an emission lambda _max1 independently selected from the group consisting of: from greater than 340nm to equal to or less than 500nm, from greater than 500nm to equal to or less than 600nm, and from greater than 600nm to equal to or less than 900nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM of the first radiation component is 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5nm or less. In some embodiments, the first radiation component has an onset of less than 10% of the emission peak of 465, 460, 455, or 450 nm.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is partially or fully deuterated. In some embodiments, the acceptor compound is partially or fully deuterated. In some embodiments, the first body is partially or fully deuterated. In some embodiments, the second body is partially or fully deuterated.

In some embodiments, one of the first body and the second body is a hole transporting body and the other of the first body and the second body is an electron transporting body. In some embodiments, the first body is a hole transporting body; and wherein the first body comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: amino, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, and 5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole. In some embodiments, the first body is an electron transport body; and wherein the first body comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, imidazole, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boronaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, borane, oxa-5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, and oxa- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boronaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene).

In order to reduce the amount of Dexter energy transfer (Dexter ENERGY TRANSFER) between the sensitizer compound and the acceptor compound, a larger distance is preferred between the center of mass of the sensitizer compound and the center of mass of the nearest neighbor acceptor compound in the emission area. Thus, in some embodiments, the distance between the center of mass of the acceptor compound and the center of mass of the sensitizer compound is at least 2, 1.5, 1.0, or 0.75nm.

Preferred receptor/sensitizer VDR combinations (a): in some embodiments, it is preferred that the VDR of the acceptor is below 0.33 compared to an isotropic emitter in order to reduce the coupling of the transition dipole moment of the emission acceptor to the plasma mode in order to achieve a higher outcoupling efficiency. In some cases, when the VDR of the acceptor is less than 0.33, it is preferred that the VDR of the sensitizer is less than 0.33 in order to improve the coupling of the transition dipole moment of the sensitizer and the acceptor, thereby optimizing the forster energy transfer rate. Thus, in some embodiments of the inventive OLED, the acceptor compound in the inventive OLED exhibits a VDR value equal to or less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05 when the VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the acceptor compound as the sole emitter; and the sensitizer compound in the OLED of the present invention exhibits a VDR value equal to or less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05 when the VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the sensitizer compound as the sole emitter.

Preferred receptor/sensitizer VDR combinations (B): in some embodiments, it is preferred that the VDR of the acceptor be less than 0.33 compared to an isotropic emitter in order to reduce the coupling of the transition dipole moment of the emission acceptor to the plasma mode, thereby achieving a higher outcoupling efficiency. In some cases, when the VDR of the receptor is less than 0.33, it is preferable to minimize the intermolecular interactions between sensitizer and receptor to reduce the degree of Dexter quenching. By altering the molecular geometry of the sensitizer to reduce intermolecular interactions, it may be preferred that the sensitizer have a VDR of greater than 0.33. Thus, in some embodiments of the inventive OLED, the acceptor compound in the inventive OLED exhibits a VDR value equal to or less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05 when the VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the acceptor compound as the sole emitter; and the sensitizer compound in the OLED of the present invention exhibits a VDR value of greater than 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 when VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the sensitizer compound as the sole emitter.

Preferred receptor/sensitizer VDR combinations (C): in some embodiments, it is preferred that the VDR of the acceptor be greater than 0.33 compared to an isotropic emitter in order to increase the coupling of the acceptor's transition dipole moment to the plasma mode, thereby reducing the transient lifetime of the excited state in the emissive layer. In some cases, the increased coupling with the plasma mode may be coordinated with an enhancement layer in the plasma OLED device to increase efficiency and extend operational life. In some cases, when the VDR of the receptor is greater than 0.33, it is preferable to minimize the intermolecular interactions between the sensitizer and the receptor to reduce the extent of the dexwell quenching. By altering the molecular geometry of the sensitizer to reduce intermolecular interactions, it may be preferred that the sensitizer has a VDR of less than 0.33. Thus, in some embodiments of the inventive OLED, the acceptor compound in the inventive OLED exhibits a VDR value of greater than 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, or 0.7 when VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the acceptor compound as the sole emitter; and the sensitizer compound in the OLED of the present invention exhibits a VDR value equal to or less than 0.33, 0.30, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.10, 0.08, or 0.05 when the VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the sensitizer compound as the sole emitter.

Preferred receptor/sensitizer VDR combinations (D): in some embodiments, it is preferred that the VDR of the acceptor be greater than 0.33 compared to an isotropic emitter in order to increase the coupling of the acceptor's transition dipole moment to the plasma mode, thereby reducing the transient lifetime of the excited state in the emissive layer. In some cases, the increased coupling with the plasma mode may be coordinated with an enhancement layer in the plasma OLED device to increase efficiency and extend operational life. In some cases, when the VDR of the acceptor is less than 0.33, it is preferred that the VDR of the sensitizer is greater than 0.33 in order to improve the coupling of the transition dipole moment of the sensitizer and the acceptor, thereby optimizing the forster energy transfer rate. Thus, in some embodiments of the inventive OLED, the acceptor compound in the inventive OLED exhibits a VDR value of greater than 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, or 0.7 when VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the acceptor compound as the sole emitter; and the sensitizer compound in the OLED of the present invention exhibits a VDR value of greater than 0.33, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 or 0.7 when VDR is measured with an emissive thin film test sample having the sensitizer compound as the sole emitter.

VDR is the overall average fraction of vertically oriented molecular dipoles of the luminescent compound in a thin film sample of the emissive layer, where "vertical" orientation is relative to (i.e., perpendicular to) the plane of the substrate surface on which the thin film sample is formed. A similar concept is the Horizontal Dipole Ratio (HDR), which is the overall average division ratio of the horizontally oriented molecular dipoles of the luminescent compounds in the thin film sample of the emissive layer, where "horizontal" orientation is relative to (i.e., parallel to) the substrate surface plane on which the thin film sample is formed. Vdr+hdr=1 by definition. VDR can be measured by means of an angle dependent, polarization dependent photoluminescence measurement. The VDR of the emissive layer of the thin film test sample can be determined by comparing the measured emission pattern of the optically excited thin film test sample as a function of polarization with a computer modeling pattern. For example, modeled data for p-polarized emission is shown in fig. 3. Modeled p-polarized angular Photoluminescence (PL) of emitters with different VDRs was plotted. The modeled PL peak was observed in p-polarization PL around a 45 degree angle, where the peak PL is larger when the VDR of the emitter is higher.

To measure the VDR value of a thin film test sample, the thin film test sample can be formed using the acceptor compound or sensitizer compound (depending on whether the VDR of the acceptor compound or sensitizer compound is measured) as the sole emitter in the thin film and the reference host compound a as the host. Preferably, the reference host compound a isThin film test samples were formed by thermal evaporation of the emitter compound and the host compound on the substrate. For example, the emitter compound and the host compound may be co-evaporated. In some embodiments, the doping level of the emitter compound in the host may be 0.1wt.% to 50wt.%. In some embodiments, the doping level of the emitter compound in the host may be 3wt.% to 20wt.% for the blue emitter. In some embodiments, the doping level of the emitter compound in the host may be 1wt.% to 15wt.% for the red and green emitters. The thickness of the thermally evaporated thin film test sample may have a thickness of 50 to/>Is a thickness of (c).

In some embodiments, the OLED of the present disclosure may comprise a sensitizer, an acceptor and one or more hosts in the emissive region, and the preferred acceptor/sensitizer VDR combinations (a) - (D) mentioned above are still applicable. In these embodiments, the VDR value of the acceptor compound may be measured with a thin film test sample formed of one or more hosts and an acceptor, where the acceptor is the only emitter in the thin film test sample. Similarly, the VDR value of a sensitizer compound may be measured with a thin film test sample formed of one or more hosts and a sensitizer, where the sensitizer is the only emitter in the thin film test sample.

In the example used to produce fig. 3, a 30nm thick film of material has a refractive index of 1.75 and the emission is monitored in a semi-infinite medium with a refractive index of 1.75. Each curve was normalized to the photoluminescence intensity 1 (at zero degrees angle perpendicular to the film surface). As the VDR of the emitter varies, the peak around 45 degrees increases substantially. When software is used to fit the VDR of the experimental data, the modeled VDR will change until the differences between the modeled data and the experimental data are minimized.

Since VDR represents the average dipole orientation of the luminescent compounds in the thin film sample, even if other compounds with emission capabilities are present in the emission layer, the VDR measurement does not reflect its VDR if it does not contribute to the light emission. Furthermore, by including a host material that interacts with the luminescent compound, the VDR of the luminescent compound can be modulated. Thus, the luminescent compound in the film sample with host material a will exhibit one VDR measurement and the same luminescent compound in the film sample with host material B will exhibit a different VDR measurement. Furthermore, in some embodiments, excimers or excimer molecules are required that form an emission state between two adjacent molecules. The VDR of these emission states may be different from when the only component in the excitation complex or the excimer is emitted or present in the sample.

In some embodiments, the OLED is a plasmonic OLED. In some embodiments, the OLED is a waveguide OLED.

In some embodiments, the emission region may further include a second body. In some embodiments, the second body includes a portion selected from the group consisting of: bicarbazoles, indolocarbazoles, triazines, pyrimidines, pyridines and boranes. In some embodiments, the HOMO level of the second host is shallower than the HOMO level of the acceptor compound.

In some embodiments, the OLED emits luminescent radiation at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the device; wherein the first radiant-light-emitting component is contributed by an acceptor compound having an emission lambda _max1 independently selected from the group consisting of: from greater than 340nm to equal to or less than 500nm, from greater than 500nm to equal to or less than 600nm, and from greater than 600nm to equal to or less than 900nm. In some embodiments, the FWHM of the first radiation component is 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5nm or less. In some embodiments, the first radiation component has an origin of 10% of the emission peak of less than 465, 460, 455, or 450 nm.

In some embodiments, the sensitizer and/or acceptor each independently comprises at least one substituent having a secondary sphericity greater than or equal to 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, or 0.80. Secondary sphericity is a measure of the three dimensions of a bulky group. The secondary sphericity is defined as the ratio between the main moments of inertia (PMI). Specifically, the secondary sphericity is the ratio of three times PMI1 relative to the sum of PMI1, PMI2 and PMI3, where PMI1 is the minimum main moment of inertia, PMI2 is the second minimum main moment of inertia, and PMI3 is the maximum main moment of inertia. The secondary sphericity of the lowest energy conformation of the structure can be calculated after optimizing the ground state using density functional theory. More detailed information can be found in paragraphs [0054] to [0059] of U.S. application Ser. No. 18/062,110 (filed on 6 th 12 th 2022), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, compound S1 and/or compound A1 each independently comprises a van der waals volume greater than 153, 206, 259, 290, orIs a substituent of at least one of the above. In some embodiments, compound S1 and/or compound A1 each independently comprises at least one substituent having a molecular weight greater than 167, 187, 259, 303, or 305 amu.

In some embodiments, one of the first body and the second body is a hole transporting body and the other of the first body and the second body is an electron transporting body. In some embodiments, the first body is a hole transporting body; and wherein the first body comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: amino, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, and 5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole. In some embodiments, the first body is an electron transport body; and wherein the first body comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, imidazole, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, borane-based, nitrile, aza-5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, and aza- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene). In some embodiments, one of the first and second hosts is a bipolar host comprising a hole transporting portion and an electron transporting portion.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure also provides an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) comprising:

An anode;

A cathode; and

An emissive region disposed between the anode and the cathode;

wherein the emission area comprises:

compound S1;

A compound A1;

Compound H1;

Wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter;

Wherein at least one of the following conditions holds:

(1) The emissive region is comprised of one or more organic layers, wherein a minimum thickness of at least one of the one or more organic layers is selected from the group consisting of: 350. 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and

(2) The OLED further comprises a layer comprising quantum dots;

(3) The compound S1 is capable of acting as a dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature, or the first excited state energy of the compound S1 is less than the energy of its lowest excited triplet state T ₁;

(4) The compound A1 is a dual-state emitter; or the first excited state energy of the compound A1 is smaller than the energy of its lowest excited triplet state T ₁;

(5) At least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion (TTA-UC) material;

(6) At least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is chiral;

(7) The compound S1 is a metal coordination complex having at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of: at least two metals; three different bidentate ligands; three identical bidentate ligands; tetradentate or hexadentate ligands coordinated to Ir or Os; an Ir-carbene bond; an Os-carbene linkage; M-K bond, wherein K is an acyclic atom and M is the metal; a ligand comprising a five membered heteroaryl ring coordinated to the metal through an M-N bond; a ligand comprising a six membered heteroaryl ring having at least two heteroatoms and one of which coordinates to the metal; a ligand comprising a fused ring system having at least four rings; at least 25% deuteration of the metal complex; and combinations thereof;

(8) The compound S1 is an Au (III) coordination complex having a bidentate, tridentate or tetradentate ligand and capable of acting as phosphorescent or delayed fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature;

(9) The compound S1 is a Zn (II) coordination complex having a bidentate ligand and capable of functioning as phosphorescent or delayed fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature;

(10) The compound S1 comprises at least one Electron Withdrawing Group (EWG);

(11) The compound A1 comprises at least one electron withdrawing group;

(12) Any combination of two or more of the conditions listed above under (1) through (11).

In some embodiments, condition (1) holds. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more organic layers comprising compound A1 has a minimum thickness selected from the group consisting of: 250. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 andIn some embodiments, at least one of the one or more organic layers comprising compound A1 is formed from an emission system having a FOM value equal to or greater than a value selected from the group consisting of: 2.50, 2.55, 2.60, 2.65, 2.70, 2.75, 2.80, 2.85, 2.90, 2.95, 3.00, 5.00, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0. The definition of FOM is available in U.S. application Ser. No. 18/177,174, and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Determination of FOM value

In the present disclosure, FOM values are used as a metric value defining the desired composition of EML in an OLED. For purposes of this disclosure, the materials that make up a given EML (i.e., the emitter material and its associated host material (if present)) are collectively referred to as an "emission system. To determine the FOM value for a given EML that includes a given emission system, two test OLEDs are fabricated (in a thin film form factor) that have the same emission system but two different thicknesses. The two test OLEDs are referred to as a "first test OLED" and a "second test OLED".

FOM value is defined as fom= (t 2/t 1)/(V2-V1); wherein t1 is the LT90 device lifetime of the first test OLED, measured at 20mA/cm ², whose EML is formed by a given emission system and whose EML hasIs a thickness of (2); where t2 is the LT90 device lifetime of a second test OLED measured at 20mA/cm ², the EML of which is formed by the same given emission system but which has a/>Is a thickness of (2); wherein V1 is the device operating voltage value of the first test OLED measured at a current density of 10mA/cm ²; and wherein V2 is the device operating voltage value of the second test OLED measured at a current density of 10mA/cm ². While the OLED is activated with current and emits light, the device operating voltage (also referred to as drive voltage) value for a given OLED is measured across the anode and cathode of the OLED.

Thus, FOM values represent the characteristics of a given EML (with a particular emission system) that are measured by manufacturing two test OLEDs using a given emission system. It should be understood that the t1 and t2 measurements of the two test OLEDs were performed under exactly the same conditions, the only difference being the thickness of the EML. Also, V1 and V2 measurements of the two test OLEDs were performed under exactly the same conditions, the only difference being the thickness of the EML. In other words, the first and second test OLEDs have the same configuration except for their EML thickness. It should also be understood that all components in the EML and their ratios are the same for both tested OLEDs.

Using the novel material combinations, the amount of enhancement achieved in OLED device lifetime/volt increments resulting from the incremental thickness of the EML is substantially greater than conventionally observed. This corresponds to a larger FOM. Having a larger FOM may provide OLED designers with an attractive option to select an enhanced device lifetime while minimizing increases in power consumption.

In some embodiments, condition (2) holds. Similarly, a color shifting layer refers to a layer that converts or modulates light of another color into light having a wavelength as specified for that color. For example, a "red" filter refers to a filter that forms light having a wavelength in the range of about 580-700 nm. In general, there are two types of color shifting layers: color filters that adjust the spectrum by removing unwanted wavelengths of light, and color shifting layers that convert photons to different energies, examples are down-conversion and up-conversion. Unfiltered subpixels are subpixels that exclude color modifying components (e.g., color changing layers) but may include one or more emissive regions, layers, or devices.

The color shifting layer, color filter, up-conversion or down-conversion layer or structure may include materials containing quantum dots, but such layers may not be considered "emissive layers" as disclosed herein. In general, an "emissive layer" or material is one that emits an initial light that can be altered by another layer that does not itself emit the initial light in the device, such as a color filter or other color shifting layer, but can reemit altered light of a different spectral content based on the initial light emitted by the emissive layer. Typically the color shifting layer is not within both electrodes of the OLED.

Current OLED TVs rely on the use of a white unpatterned OLED stack with color filters to produce blue, green, and red subpixels or an unpatterned OLED stack with at least one deep blue emitting region with quantum dot down-conversion to provide red and green subpixels. Both methods benefit from having no deposition of organic material via a Fine Metal Mask (FMM) to reveal the sub-pixel patterning, both methods currently utilize low efficiency deep fluorescent blue emissive layers. The use of sensitization to provide high efficiency and increased stability will enable large area unpatterned OLEDs with increased display performance.

Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide a full color OLED display architecture using sensitized emissive layers to enable deposition of high efficiency OLEDs on large area substrates without patterning. In some embodiments, the deep blue subpixels may be formed by filtering or with microcavities, and the red, green, and/or yellow subpixels may be provided by patterning quantum dots to down-convert the blue OLED with optional additional filtering. That is, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide an OLED display architecture that includes an efficient blue color as an unpatterned OLED emissive layer. In the case where a light blue sub-pixel is present, a dark blue sub-pixel may be used for a small fraction of the time, i.e., when no color is emitted from the light blue sub-pixel. This arrangement reduces the lifetime requirements for the deep blue sub-pixels. Furthermore, unpatterned light blue subpixels may utilize a high fill factor because the pixel layout in this arrangement may not have large OLED deposition alignment tolerances between subpixels (i.e., prevent one color emitter from being placed in an adjacent color subpixel). In other embodiments, one or more color shifting layers are used to down-convert the green emissive area to red. In embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the subpixels may be defined by lithography and/or color filter or down-conversion medium patterning.

In some embodiments, condition (3) holds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is capable of acting as a dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, compound S1 has a first excited state energy that is less than the energy of its lowest excited triplet state T ₁. In some embodiments, the lowest energy excited state of S1 is not a triplet excited state. It may be a dual state or a singlet excited state. In this case, the sensitizer may convert the charge injected electrically into a lowest excited state dual state or single state. If the material is fluorescent with a first singlet energy that is lower in energy than the lowest energy triplet energy, any electrically injected charge that initially prepares the lowest triplet energy is converted to the lowest energy singlet state via the fast intermediate system. The sensitizer then transfers those singlet excitons to the material acting as acceptor via FRET or texel energy transfer, while avoiding the detrimental process of transferring triplet excitons to A1. The transfer of singlet excitons via FRET can be significantly faster than the texel-mediated transfer, a feature reflected in the overall faster sensitization event. These two features combine-lack of T1 exciton transfer and improved FRET transfer-producing faster and more efficient sensitization than experienced in other systems employing sensitizers with triplet states as the lowest energy excited states.

In other embodiments, materials having the lowest energy excited state that is not a triplet exciton, but a double state, are used as sensitizers. In this case, the singlet emitter captures the electrically injected charge carriers that convert it to an excited triplet state. The dual state energy may then be transferred to the acceptor via FRET or texel energy transfer.

In some embodiments, the lowest excited state energy of compound S1 is a dual state excited state. In some embodiments, the lowest excited state energy of compound S1 is a singlet excited state.

In some embodiments, condition (4) holds. In some embodiments, compound A1 is a dual state emitter. In some embodiments, compound A1 has a first excited state energy that is less than the energy of its lowest excited triplet state T ₁.

In some cases, sensitization is advantageous to adjust the efficiency, color, and stability of OLEDs containing phosphorescent, thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF), or fluorescent materials. The process of sensitization to energy transfer from a higher energy excited state to a lower energy excited state typically occurs at different emission portions. Usually referred to as a high energy excited state, which is the source of energy as a 'donor' or 'sensitizer', and eventually the energy emitting moiety as an 'acceptor'. Typically during sensitization, the donor is a material that can collect an electrically formed triplet state, such as a phosphor or delayed fluorescent emitter, which then transfers energy to a fluorescent acceptor. However, the deutsche quench of the triplet excitons from donor to acceptor leads to efficiency losses, since the triplet excitons on the fluorescent acceptor may only decay nonradiatively. Recently, there are cases where thermally activated delayed fluorescent molecules act as acceptors, which allow the triplet state of the energy transfer using the tex. However, TADF molecules are typically broad band emitters, and the triplet state will reside on the molecule for a long period of time, creating stability problems. Here, the tex loss is eliminated using two systems: (1) A fluorescent material when the lowest energy excited state is a singlet excited state rather than a triplet excited state, and (2) a stable group in which the lowest energy excited state is a double state. In these systems, when a material is utilized as an acceptor, even if triplet excitons are transferred to the material, they can act as light emission energy, thus avoiding the well-known loss path in sensitization.

In some embodiments, a fluorescent material with a lowest excited state that is a singlet exciton or a stable base with a dual-state lowest excited state is used as the acceptor in a sensitized OLED device. When these novel chemicals are used as acceptors, the process of transferring energy from the donor to the acceptor is mechanically allowed. For example, if the phosphor is a donor, the emission state is a triplet exciton, which may transfer energy to an acceptor by friedel-crafts energy transfer (FRET) and/or by texel energy transfer. Similarly, if the donor is a TADF material or a fluorescent material, the emission state is a singlet exciton which may be FRET or texel transferred to the acceptor. In other embodiments, where the singlet emitters are acceptors from a fluorescent, TADF or fluorescent emitter, FRET, and texel, the quanta mechanically allow energy transfer to the ground state singlet emitter, indicating that the sensitizing means will function effectively. Importantly, because the lowest energy states of the two acceptors are emissive, the internal quantum efficiency of such sensitization devices can approach 100%. This can occur even at slow radiation rates to the receptor.

In some embodiments, the lowest excited state energy of compound A1 is a dual state excited state. In some embodiments, the lowest excited state energy of compound A1 is a singlet excited state.

In some embodiments, condition (5) holds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a TTA up-conversion material. In some embodiments, compound A1 is a TTA up-conversion material. In some embodiments, the lowest triplet energy of compound S1 is lower than the lowest triplet energy of A1 and the lowest singlet energy of compound S1 is higher than the lowest singlet energy of A1. In some embodiments, the lowest triplet energy of compound A1 is lower than the lowest triplet energy of S1, and the lowest singlet energy of compound S1 is higher than the lowest singlet energy of A1. In some embodiments, the difference between the lowest triplet energy of compound A1 and the lowest triplet energy of compound S1 is greater than 0.5eV, 0.75eV, 1eV, 1.25eV, and 1.5eV. In some embodiments, the difference between the lowest singlet energy of compound A1 and the lowest singlet energy of compound S1 is less than 0.5eV, 0.4eV, 0.3eV, 0.2eV, 0.1eV, and 0.05eV. In some embodiments, compound S1 comprises an anthracene moiety. In some embodiments, compound A1 comprises an anthracene moiety.

In some embodiments, condition (6) holds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is chiral. In some embodiments, compound A1 is chiral. In some embodiments, both compound S1 and compound A1 are chiral. In some embodiments, chiral materials include optically active compounds having one enantiomer present in an enantiomeric excess (ee) of at least 75%. In some embodiments, the chiral material comprises an optically active host compound having one enantiomer present in an enantiomeric excess (ee) of at least 85%, and in still other embodiments, the optically active compound will have one enantiomer present in an enantiomeric excess (ee) of at least 95%.

OLED display panels and similar devices as described above currently typically use both polarizers and quarter wave plates to eliminate ambient light reflection from the display. However, this combination also typically reduces the brightness of the emitted light by about 50%. Embodiments disclosed herein utilize circular polarized light emission from an emission region to increase the fraction of light emitted by pixels passing through a polarizer. This allows devices with display panels that utilize these devices to require little or no additional polarization control elements. More specifically, embodiments disclosed herein provide an OLED-based display that is highly sensitized by overcoming some of the drawbacks present in conventional display panels through the use of sensitizing and chiral compounds. Various embodiments include arrangements to provide control of the stokes parameters of the emitted light to maximize the amount of light that is viewable by a user from the OLED display.

However, due to the outcoupling of some circularly polarized light with some non-circularly polarized light, the measured total emission will have a net circular polarization. As described in further detail herein, it may be circularly polarized, wherein the stokes parameter S ₃ has an absolute value of 0.1 or greater, more preferably between 0.1 and 0.5, more preferably between 0.5 and 0.75 or more preferably between 0.75 and 1, wherein a larger fraction of circularly polarized light is desired.

In some embodiments, the orientation of the quarter wave plate and polarizer in the display panel can be adjusted to increase or maximize the EL light output from the panel while maintaining a 45 relative orientation between the fast axis of the quarter wave plate and the polarizer to ensure minimal ambient light reflection by the device.

The polarization of the light can be quantified using stokes parameters. For plasmonic devices as disclosed herein, the stokes parameter values may be estimated from an analysis of the polarization of light emitted from the OLED device. In the example of experimental setup for measuring stokes parameters of an OLED device as disclosed herein, the arrangement utilizes a quarter-wave plate, a polarizer and a photodiode to analyze light intensity. The orientation of the quarter-wave plate is fixed with the fast axis aligned parallel to the x-axis and the linear polarizer rotated by an angle θ. The light intensity variation for a light beam passing through the waveplate and polarizer can be expressed in terms of stokes parameters as follows:

Wherein the method comprises the steps of Is the polarizer orientation θ and the phase retardation introduced by the waveplate/>And S ₀、S₁、S₂ and S ₃ are conventional stokes parameters for polarized light. Quarter wave plates introduce a phase shift/>, between orthogonally polarized components of light

To measure stokes parameters, electroluminescence (EL) intensities were measured for polarizer orientations of θ=45° and 90 ° with and without quarter-wave plates in the beam path. The intensity change can be expressed as

Solving these equations yields the stokes parameters:

S₀＝I(0°,0°)+I(90°,0°)

S₁＝I(0°,0°)-I(90°,0°)

S₂＝2I(45°,0°)-S₀

S₃＝2I(45°,90°)-S₀

Where S ₀ represents the total EL intensity, S ₁ and S ₂ represent the linear polarization components, and S ₃ represents the circular polarization component of the EL emission. When normalized to total light intensity, the values of S ₁、S₂ and S ₃ vary between-1 and 1 such that Wherein S ₁、S₂ and S ₃ represent the light intensity fractions of the linear polarization perpendicular component, the linear polarization component with 45 ° alignment, and the circular polarization component of the EL emission from the OLED device. Thus, the absolute value of S ₃ indicates the degree of circular polarization of the emitted light, which in turn produces a difference in the brightness of the light emitted by the device as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Assuming that the OLED EL emits through a quarter wave plate and linear polarizer, different ranges of S ₃ values provide the desired improvement in OLED panel brightness.

For a fully circularly polarized emission S ₃ = ±1, where +1 indicates right circularly polarized light and-1 indicates left circularly polarized light. Although S ₃ = ±1 is ideal for device performance where EL passes through the quarter-wave plate and linear polarizer. As shown in table 1, embodiments disclosed herein can achieve emissions with stokes parameters S ₃ having an absolute value of 0.1 or greater, resulting in an increase in brightness of the device, even where the device includes a quarter-wave plate and/or linear polarizer. Importantly, S ₃ = ±1 is ideal for OLED panels with quarter wave plates and linear polarizers, and may not be ideal for other OLED panels where the polarization control optics are different. In this case, the outcoupling structures of the OLED device may be designed to generate light with different stokes parameters.

In some embodiments, condition (7) holds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex having at least two features selected from the group consisting of: at least two metals; three different bidentate ligands; three identical bidentate ligands; tetradentate or hexadentate ligands coordinated to Ir or Os; an Ir-carbene bond; an Os-carbene linkage; M-K bond, wherein K is an acyclic atom and M is the metal; a ligand comprising a five membered heteroaryl ring coordinated to the metal through an M-N bond; a ligand comprising a six membered heteroaryl ring having at least two heteroatoms and one of which coordinates to the metal; a ligand comprising a fused ring system having at least four rings; at least 25% deuteration of the metal complex; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising at least two different metals. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising at least two identical metal atoms. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising at least two metals of different oxidation states. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising at least two metals having the same oxidation state. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising at least two metals coordinated to the same ligand. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising a single polydentate ligand and at least two metals.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three different bidentate ligands. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three different bidentate ligands, wherein at least two of the ligands have different chelate ring sizes.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three bidentate ligands, wherein at least one ligand has a chelate ring size of 6 atoms or more. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three bidentate ligands, wherein at least two of the ligands have a chelate ring size of 6 atoms or more.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three of the same bidentate ligands. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three of the same bidentate ligands, wherein the bidentate ligand comprises a group selected from benzimidazole and imidazole.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising a tetradentate or hexadentate ligand coordinated to Ir or Os.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising an Ir-carbene bond or an Os-carbene bond. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising exactly one Ir-carbene bond or exactly one Os-carbene bond. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising at least two Ir-carbene bonds or at least two Os-carbene bonds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising exactly two Ir-carbene bonds or exactly two Os-carbene bonds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising three Ir-carbene bonds or three Os-carbene bonds.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising an M-K bond, where K is an acyclic atom and M is a metal. In some embodiments, K is an oxygen atom. In some embodiments, M is Pt or Pd. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising an M-K bond, wherein the M-K bond is part of a chelating ring comprising 6, 7, or 8 atoms.

In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising a ligand comprising a five membered heteroaryl ring coordinated to the metal through an m—n bond. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex of a ligand comprising a six membered heteroaryl ring having at least two heteroatoms, wherein one heteroatom coordinates to the metal. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising a fused polycyclic system comprising at least one six membered heteroaryl ring having at least two heteroatoms. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a metal coordination complex comprising a fused ring system having at least four rings,

In some embodiments, compound S1 is at least 25% deuterated. In some embodiments, compound S1 is at least 30%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% deuterated.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has at least two metals. In some embodiments, the two metals may be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of: re, os, ru, ir, rh, pt, pd, au, ag and Cu. In some embodiments, such two metals are selected from the pair consisting of: (Ir, ir), (Ir, pt), (Pt, pt), (Ir-Au), (Ir-Cu), (Pt-Au), (Pt-Cu) and (Au-Cu). In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has at least three metals. In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has at least four metals.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has three different bidentate ligands or three identical bidentate ligands. In some embodiments, the metal is Ir or Os. In some embodiments, each bidentate ligand has two coordinating atoms selected from the pair consisting of: (C, N), (C, C), (C, O), (N, N), (N, O) and (O, O). In some embodiments, each bidentate ligand is a monoanionic bidentate ligand. In some embodiments, each coordinating atom may be a neutral or anionic N atom, a carbene C or an anionic C, neutral or anionic O atom. In some embodiments, each bidentate ligand may be linked to another bidentate ligand to form a tetradentate or hexadentate ligand.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has a tetradentate ligand or a hexadentate ligand that coordinates to Ir or Os.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has an Ir-carbene or Os-carbene linkage. In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has exactly one Ir-carbene or Os-carbene bond. In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex comprises another metal-carbene bond. In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex is compounded or homoleptic. In some embodiments, the carbene ligand is an N-heterocyclic carbene. In some embodiments, the carbene ligand is an imidazole-derived carbene or a benzimidazole-derived carbene.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has an M-K bond, where K is an acyclic atom and M is a metal. In some embodiments, K is selected from the group consisting of: direct bond, O, S, N (R ^α)、P(R^α)、B(R^α)、C(R^α)(R^β) and Si (R ^α)(R^β), each of which R ^α and R ^β is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of general substituents as defined herein. In some embodiments, K is O, S or NR ^α. In some embodiments, K is monoanionic. In some embodiments, K is neutral. In some embodiments, M is selected from the group consisting of: re, os, ru, ir, rh, pt, pd, au, ag and Cu. In some embodiments, M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, pt, and Cu.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has a ligand comprising a five-membered heteroaryl ring coordinated to the metal through an m—n bond. In some embodiments, the five-membered heteroaryl ring is selected from the group consisting of: imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, triazole and thiadiazole.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has a ligand comprising a six membered heteroaryl ring having at least two heteroatoms, wherein one heteroatom coordinates to the metal. In some embodiments, the six membered heteroaryl ring is selected from the group consisting of: pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine and triazine.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex has a ligand comprising a fused ring system having at least four rings. In some embodiments, each of the at least four rings shares only one or two edges with an adjacent ring. In some embodiments, each of the at least four rings shares exactly two edges with an adjacent ring. In some embodiments, each of the at least four rings shares at least two edges with an adjacent ring. In some embodiments, at least one of the at least four rings shares three edges with an adjacent ring. In some embodiments, at least two of the at least four rings share three edges with adjacent rings. In some embodiments, at least three of the at least four rings share three edges with adjacent rings.

In some embodiments, the metal coordination complex is at least 25% deuterated. In some embodiments, at least 30%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% of the saturated carbon in the metal coordination complex is deuterated. In some embodiments, all saturated carbons in the metal coordination complex are deuterated. In some embodiments, at least 30%, 50%, 75%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% of the unsaturated carbon in the metal coordination complex is deuterated. In some embodiments, all unsaturated carbons in the metal coordination complex are deuterated.

In some embodiments, condition (8) holds. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a bidentate Au (III) coordination complex. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a tridentate Au (III) coordination complex. In some embodiments, compound S1 is a tetradentate Au (III) coordination complex. In some of these embodiments, compound S1 is capable of acting as a phosphorescent or delayed fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature.

In some of these embodiments, the Au (III) coordination complex may be one of the following:

wherein each R ^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D" and R ^E" may independently represent a single substitution to the maximum possible number of substitutions or no substitution;

Each R ^A1、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D" and R ^E" is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents as defined herein; wherein any two substituents may be fused or joined to form a ring.

Wherein L is independently selected from the group consisting of: direct bond, BR "R '", NR ", PR", O, S, se, C = O, C = S, C =se, c=nr ", c=cr" R ' ", s= O, SO ₂, CR" R ' ", siR" R ' ", ger" R ' ", alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof; and

Wherein any two substituents may be fused or joined to form a ring.

In some of these embodiments, the Au coordination complex may be one of the following:

/>

in some embodiments, condition (9) holds. In some of these embodiments, compound S1 is a Zn (II) coordination complex with a bidentate ligand. In some of these embodiments, compound S1 is capable of acting as a phosphorescent or delayed fluorescent emitter in an OLED at room temperature. In some embodiments, compound S1 may be one of the following:

Wherein each of R ^A"、R^B"、R^C "and R ^D" may independently represent a single substitution to the maximum possible number of substitutions or no substitution;

Each R ", R'", R ^A1、R^A"、R^B"、R^C"、R^D"、R^E ", and R ^F" is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of universal substituents as defined herein; wherein any two substituents may be fused or joined to form a ring.

Wherein each of L ₁ 'and L ₂' is a monodentate anionic ligand,

Wherein each of X ₁ 'and X ₂' is halo; and

Wherein any two substituents may be fused or joined to form a ring.

In some embodiments, condition (10) holds. In some embodiments, compound S1 comprises at least one Electron Withdrawing Group (EWG). In some embodiments, compound S1 comprises at least two EWGs. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a ring that coordinates to a metal. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a ring that does not coordinate to the metal. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a fused ring system in which one of the rings in the fused ring system coordinates to a metal. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a ring that is not coordinated to a metal and does not belong to a fused ring system.

In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group generally comprises one or more highly electronegative elements including, but not limited to, fluorine, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine.

In some embodiments of the compounds, the electron withdrawing group has a Hammett constant greater than 0. In some embodiments, the Hammett constant of the electron withdrawing group is equal to or greater than 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, or 1.1.

In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the group ：F、CF₃、CN、COCH₃、CHO、COCF₃、COOMe、COOCF₃、NO₂、SF₃、SiF₃、PF₄、SF₅、OCF₃、SCF₃、SeCF₃、SOCF₃、SeOCF₃、SO₂F、SO₂CF₃、SeO₂CF₃、OSeO₂CF₃、OCN、SCN、SeCN、NC、⁺N(R^k2)₃、(R^k2)₂CCN、(R^k2)₂CCF₃、CNC(CF₃)₂、BR^k3R^k2、 consisting of substituted or unsubstituted dibenzoborole, 1-substituted carbazole, 1, 9-substituted carbazole, substituted or unsubstituted pyridine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridoxine, substituted or unsubstituted triazine, substituted or unsubstituted oxazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, partially and fully fluorinated alkyl, partially and fully fluorinated aryl, partially and fully fluorinated heteroaryl, cyano-containing alkyl, cyano-containing aryl, cyano-containing heteroaryl, isocyanate,

In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of the following structures (list EWG 2):

/>

in some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of the following structures (list EWG 3):

/>

in some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of the following structures (list EWG 4):

In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is a pi-electron deficient electron withdrawing group. In some embodiments, the Pi-electron deficient electron withdrawing group is selected from the group ：CN、COCH₃、CHO、COCF₃、COOMe、COOCF₃、NO₂、SF₃、SiF₃、PF₄、SF₅、OCF₃、SCF₃、SeCF₃、SOCF₃、SeOCF₃、SO₂F、SO₂CF₃、SeO₂CF₃、OSeO₂CF₃、OCN、SCN、SeCN、NC、⁺N(R^k1)₃、BR^k1R^k2、 consisting of substituted or unsubstituted dibenzoborole, 1-substituted carbazole, 1, 9-substituted carbazole, substituted or unsubstituted pyridine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazine, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazine, substituted or unsubstituted triazine, substituted or unsubstituted oxazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzoxazole, substituted or unsubstituted thiazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzothiazole, substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, partially and fully fluorinated aryl, partially and fully fluorinated heteroaryl, cyano-containing aryl, cyano-containing heteroaryl, isocyanate,

Wherein all variables are the same as defined above.

In some embodiments, condition (11) holds. In some embodiments, compound A1 comprises at least one Electron Withdrawing Group (EWG). In some embodiments, compound A1 comprises at least two EWGs. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a ring that coordinates to a metal. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a ring that does not coordinate to the metal. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a fused ring system in which one of the rings in the fused ring system coordinates to a metal. In some embodiments, the EWG is attached to a ring that is not coordinated to a metal and does not belong to a fused ring system. In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the list EWG 1 as defined for condition (10). In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the list EWG 2 as defined for condition (10). In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the list EWG 3 as defined for condition (10). In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the list EWG 4 as defined for condition (10). In some embodiments, the electron withdrawing group is selected from the list Pi-EWG as defined for condition (10). It should be understood that all EWG-related embodiments of condition (10) are equally applicable to all embodiments of condition (11), and throughout this disclosure where EWG groups are applicable.

In some embodiments, condition (12) holds. In some embodiments, at least two of conditions (1) to (11) are met, or at least three of conditions (1) to (11) are met, or at least four of conditions (1) to (11) are met, or five to seven of conditions (1) to (11) are met (so long as the interiors thereof are consistent).

In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a color shifting layer or color filter.

In some embodiments, the formulation may comprise at least two different compounds of the following compounds: sensitizer compounds, receptor compounds, and hosts.

In some embodiments, the chemical structure/assembly is selected from the group consisting of: monomers, polymers, macromolecules and supermolecules, wherein the chemical structure/assembly comprises at least two of the following components: sensitizer compounds, receptor compounds, and hosts.

In some embodiments, the premixed co-evaporation source is a mixture of the first compound and the second compound; wherein the co-evaporation source is a co-evaporation source for a vacuum deposition process or an OVJP process; wherein the first compound and the second compound are selected differently from group 1 consisting of: a sensitizer compound, a receptor compound, a first host compound, and a second host compound; wherein the first compound has an evaporation temperature T1 of 150 to 350 ℃; wherein the second compound has an evaporation temperature T2 of 150 to 350 ℃; wherein the absolute value of T1-T2 is less than 20 ℃; wherein the first compound has a concentration C1 in the mixture and a concentration C2 in a film formed as follows: placing the mixture in a vacuum deposition tool on a surface positioned at a predefined distance relative to the vaporized mixture at a constant pressure of 1 x 10 ^-6 torr to 1 x 10 ^-9 torrEvaporating at a deposition rate; and wherein the absolute value of (C1-C2)/C1 is less than 5%. In some embodiments, the mixture further comprises a third compound; wherein the third compound is different from the first and second compounds and is selected from the same group 1; wherein the third compound has an evaporation temperature T3 of 150 to 350 ℃ and wherein the absolute value of T1-T3 is less than 20 ℃.

In some embodiments, the first compound has an evaporation temperature T1 of 200 to 350 ℃ and the second compound has an evaporation temperature T2 of 200 to 350 ℃. In some embodiments, (C ₁-C₂)/C₁) has an absolute value of less than 3%. In some embodiments, the vapor pressure of the first compound at T1, P ₁, is 1atm, the vapor pressure of the second compound at T2, P ₂, is 1atm, and wherein the ratio of P ₁/P₂ is in the range of 0.90:1 to 1.10:1.

In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting device may include: providing a substrate having a first electrode disposed thereon; depositing a first organic layer on a first electrode by evaporating a pre-mixed co-evaporation source that is a mixture of the first and second compounds described above in a high vacuum deposition tool having a chamber base pressure of 1 x 10 ^-6 torr to 1 x 10 ^-9 torr; and depositing a second electrode on the first organic layer.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED), the method comprising: providing a substrate having a first electrode disposed thereon; depositing a first organic region over the first electrode by printing at least one of compound S1 and compound A1 via an Organic Vapor Jet Printing (OVJP) head; and depositing a second electrode over the first organic layer; wherein the compound S1 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A1; and compound A1 is the acceptor as an emitter in an OLED. In some embodiments, both compound S1 and compound A1 are printed via an OVJP head. In some embodiments, compound S1 and compound A1 are mixed together and printed by the same OVJP head. In some embodiments, compound S1 and compound A1 are printed by separate OVJP heads. In some embodiments, compound S1 and/or A1 may be mixed with another compound (e.g., a host) and printed by the same or different OVJP heads. In some embodiments, each component in the first organic region is printed simultaneously or asynchronously by separate OVJP heads.

In some embodiments, compound S1, compound A1, compound H1, compound A2 described herein; and each of compound H2 may be at least 10% deuterated, at least 20% deuterated, at least 30% deuterated, at least 40% deuterated, at least 50% deuterated, at least 60% deuterated, at least 70% deuterated, at least 80% deuterated, at least 90% deuterated, at least 95% deuterated, at least 99% deuterated, or 100% deuterated. As used herein, deuteration percentage has its ordinary meaning and includes the percentage of possible hydrogen atoms (e.g., hydrogen or deuterium sites) replaced by deuterium atoms.

C. other aspects of the OLED of the present disclosure

In some embodiments, the OLED may further comprise another host, wherein the other host comprises a benzofused thiophene or benzofused furan comprising triphenylene, wherein any substituent in the host is a non-fused substituent ：C_nH_2n+1、OC_nH_2n+1、OAr₁、N(C_nH_2n+1)₂、N(Ar₁)(Ar₂)、CH＝CH-C_nH_2n+1、C≡CC_nH_2n+1、Ar₁、Ar₁-Ar₂、C_nH_2n-Ar₁ or an unsubstituted substituent independently selected from the group consisting of, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10; and wherein Ar ₁ and Ar ₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of: benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.

In some embodiments, the other host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: triphenylene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, 5λ2-benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, triazine, borane, silane groups, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-indolocarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, aza-5λ2-benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, and aza- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene).

In some embodiments, the additional subject may be selected from the subject group 1 consisting of:

/>

Wherein:

Each of X ¹ to X ²⁴ is independently C or N;

L' is a direct bond or an organic linking group;

each Y ^A is independently selected from the group consisting of: absence, bond, O, S, se, CRR ', sir', geRR ', NR, BR, BRR';

Each of R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F' and R ^G' independently represents mono-to maximum substitution or no substitution;

each R, R', R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F', and R ^G' is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, germanyl, seleno, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, borane, and combinations thereof; wherein the organic layer further comprises a host,

Adjacent two of R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F' and R ^G' are optionally joined or fused to form a ring.

In some embodiments, the additional subject may be selected from the subject group 2 consisting of:

/>

In some embodiments, the other host comprises a metal complex.

In yet another aspect, the OLED of the present disclosure may further comprise an emissive region containing a formulation as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, at least one of the anode, cathode, or new layer disposed over the organic emissive layer serves as the enhancement layer. The enhancement layer includes a plasmonic material exhibiting surface plasmon resonance, the plasmonic material non-radiatively coupled to the emitter material and transferring excited state energy from the emitter material to a non-radiative mode of surface plasmon polaritons. The enhancement layer is disposed no further than a threshold distance from the organic emissive layer, wherein the emitter material has a total non-radiative decay rate constant and a total radiative decay rate constant due to the presence of the enhancement layer, and the threshold distance is where the total non-radiative decay rate constant is equal to the total radiative decay rate constant. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises an outcoupling layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the enhancement layer on an opposite side of the organic emissive layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the opposite side of the emission layer from the enhancement layer, but is still able to outcouple energy from the surface plasmon mode of the enhancement layer. The outcoupling layer scatters energy from the surface plasmon polaritons. In some embodiments, this energy is scattered into free space as photons. In other embodiments, energy is scattered from surface plasmon modes of the device into other modes, such as, but not limited to, an organic waveguide mode, a substrate mode, or another waveguide mode. If the energy is scattered to the non-free space mode of the OLED, other outcoupling schemes may be incorporated to extract the energy into free space. In some embodiments, one or more intervening layers may be disposed between the enhancement layer and the outcoupling layer. Examples of intervening layers may be dielectric materials, including organic, inorganic, perovskite, oxides, and may include stacks and/or mixtures of these materials.

The enhancement layer alters the effective properties of the medium in which the emitter material resides, causing any or all of the following: reduced emissivity, altered emission linearity, altered emission intensity with angle, altered emitter material stability, altered OLED efficiency, and reduced OLED device roll-off efficiency. Placing the enhancement layer on the cathode side, the anode side, or both sides creates an OLED device that takes advantage of any of the effects described above. In addition to the specific functional layers mentioned herein and illustrated in the various OLED examples shown in the figures, an OLED according to the present disclosure may also include any other functional layers common in OLEDs.

The enhancement layer may comprise a plasmonic material, an optically active super-structured material or a hyperbolic super-structured material. As used herein, a plasmonic material is a material in which the real part of the dielectric constant crosses zero in the visible or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the plasmonic material comprises at least one metal. In such embodiments, the metal may include at least one of the following: ag. Al, au, ir, pt, ni, cu, W, ta, fe, cr, mg, ga, rh, ti, ru, pd, in, bi, ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. Generally, a metamaterial is a medium composed of different materials, wherein the overall effect of the medium is different from the sum of its material portions. In particular, we define an optically active super-structured material as a material having both negative permittivity and negative permeability. On the other hand, hyperbolic metamaterials are anisotropic media in which the permittivity or permeability has different signs for different spatial directions. Optically active and hyperbolic metamaterials are very different from many other photonic structures, such as distributed Bragg reflectors (Distributed Bragg Reflector, "DBRs"), because the medium should exhibit uniformity in the direction of propagation over the length scale of the wavelength of light. Using terms that will be understood by those skilled in the art: the dielectric constant of a metamaterial in the propagation direction can be described by an effective dielectric approximation. Plasmonic and super-structured materials provide a method for controlling light propagation that can enhance OLED performance in a variety of ways.

In some embodiments, the enhancement layer is provided as a planar layer. In other embodiments, the enhancement layer has wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged, or sub-wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged. In some embodiments, the wavelength-sized features and the sub-wavelength-sized features have sharp edges.

In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer has wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged, or sub-wavelength-sized features that are periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly arranged. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer may be composed of a plurality of nanoparticles, and in other embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of a plurality of nanoparticles disposed over the material. In these embodiments, the outcoupling may be adjusted by at least one of the following means: changing the size of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the shape of the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the material of the plurality of nanoparticles, adjusting the thickness of the material, changing the refractive index of the material or an additional layer disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles, changing the thickness of the reinforcing layer, and/or changing the material of the reinforcing layer. The plurality of nanoparticles of the device may be formed from at least one of: a metal, a dielectric material, a semiconductor material, a metal alloy, a mixture of dielectric materials, a stack or layering of one or more materials and/or a core of one type of material and a shell coated with another type of material. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of at least metal nanoparticles, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of: ag. Al, au, ir, pt, ni, cu, W, ta, fe, cr, mg, ga, rh, ti, ru, pd, in, bi, ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. The plurality of nanoparticles may have additional layers disposed over them. In some embodiments, the polarization of the emission may be adjusted using an outcoupling layer. Changing the size and periodicity of the outcoupling layer may select the type of polarization that preferentially outcouples to air. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer also serves as an electrode of the device.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a consumer product comprising an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer may comprise a compound as disclosed in the above compound section of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the consumer product comprises an OLED having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer may comprise a formulation as described herein.

In some embodiments, the consumer product may be one of the following products: flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cellular telephones, tablet computers, tablet handsets, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, micro-displays with a diagonal of less than 2 inches, 3-D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls comprising a plurality of displays tiled together, theatre or gym screens, phototherapy devices, and billboards.

In general, an OLED includes at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer. The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and a hole are localized on the same molecule, an "exciton" is formed, which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes through a light emission mechanism. In some cases, excitons may be localized on an excimer (excimer) or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms (such as thermal relaxation) may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. patent nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light ("fluorescence") from a singlet state, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. patent No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescence emission typically occurs in time frames less than 10 nanoseconds.

Recently, OLEDs have been demonstrated that have emissive materials that emit light from a triplet state ("phosphorescence"). Baldo et al, "efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices (HIGHLY EFFICIENT Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices)", nature, volume 395, 151-154,1998 ("Baldo-I"); and Barduo et al, "Very high efficiency green organic light emitting device based on electrophosphorescence (Very high-EFFICIENCY GREEN organic light-EMITTING DEVICES based on electrophosphorescence)", applied physical fast report (appl. Phys. Lett.), vol.75, stages 3,4-6 (1999) ("Barduo-II"), incorporated by reference in its entirety. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, columns 5-6, which is incorporated by reference.

Fig. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. The device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a blocking layer 170. Cathode 160 is a composite cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. The device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers in sequence. The nature and function of these various layers and example materials are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at columns 6-10, which is incorporated by reference.

Further examples of each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. patent No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F ₄ -TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of luminescent and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li in a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of cathodes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, that include composite cathodes having a thin layer of metal (e.g., mg: ag) containing an overlying transparent, electrically conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of barrier layers is described in more detail in U.S. patent No. 6,097,147 and U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Examples of implanted layers are provided in U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers can be found in U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Fig. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. The device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers in sequence. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed above an anode, and the device 200 has a cathode 215 disposed below an anode 230, the device 200 may be referred to as an "inverted" OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. Fig. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of the apparatus 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in fig. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it should be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in conjunction with a variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be obtained by combining the various layers described in different ways, or the layers may be omitted entirely based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe the various layers as comprising a single material, it should be understood that combinations of materials may be used, such as mixtures of host and dopant, or more generally, mixtures. Further, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an "organic layer" disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to fig. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described, such as OLEDs (PLEDs) comprising polymeric materials, such as disclosed in frank (Friend) et al, U.S. patent No. 5,247,190, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, may also be used. By way of another example, an OLED with a single organic layer may be used. The OLEDs can be stacked, for example, as described in U.S. patent No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in fig. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Furster et al, and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Boolean et al, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method unless otherwise specified. Preferred methods for the organic layer include thermal evaporation, ink jet (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety), organic vapor deposition (OVPD) (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety), and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP, also known as Organic Vapor Jet Deposition (OVJD)), which is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin-coating and other solution-based processes. The solution-based process is preferably carried out under nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For other layers, the preferred method includes thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety), and patterning associated with some deposition methods such as inkjet and Organic Vapor Jet Printing (OVJP). Other methods may also be used. The material to be deposited may be modified to suit the particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups that are branched or unbranched and preferably contain at least 3 carbons can be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to withstand solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3 to 20 carbons are a preferred range. A material with an asymmetric structure may have better solution processibility than a material with a symmetric structure because an asymmetric material may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated according to embodiments of the present disclosure may further optionally include a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damage when exposed to harmful substances in an environment including moisture, vapor, and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited on the substrate, electrode, under or beside the substrate, electrode, or on any other portion of the device, including the edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include a composition having a single phase as well as a composition having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate inorganic compounds or organic compounds or both. Preferred barrier layers comprise a mixture of polymeric and non-polymeric materials, as described in U.S. patent No. 7,968,146, PCT patent application No. PCT/US2007/023098, and PCT/US2009/042829, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. To be considered a "mixture", the aforementioned polymeric and non-polymeric materials that make up the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or simultaneously. The weight ratio of polymeric material to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be produced from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of polymeric and non-polymeric materials consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

Devices manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units), which may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of such electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices (e.g., discrete light source devices or lighting panels), etc., that may be utilized by end user product manufacturers. The electronics assembly module may optionally include drive electronics and/or a power source. Devices manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products having one or more electronic component modules (or units) incorporated therein. Disclosed is a consumer product comprising an OLED comprising a compound of the present disclosure in an organic layer in the OLED. The consumer product should include any kind of product that contains one or more light sources and/or one or more of some type of visual display. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, cellular telephones, tablet computers, tablet phones, personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, micro-displays (displays with a diagonal of less than 2 inches), 3-D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls including a plurality of tiled displays, theatre or gym screens, phototherapy devices, and signs. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices manufactured in accordance with the present disclosure, including passive matrices and active matrices. Many of the devices are intended to be used in a temperature range that is comfortable for humans, such as 18 ℃ to 30 ℃, and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 ℃), but can be used outside this temperature range (e.g., -40 ℃ to +80 ℃).

Further details regarding OLEDs and the definitions described above can be found in U.S. patent No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The materials and structures described herein may be applied in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices such as organic transistors may employ the materials and structures.

In some embodiments, the OLED has one or more features selected from the group consisting of: flexible, crimpable, collapsible, stretchable and bendable. In some embodiments, the OLED is transparent or translucent. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising carbon nanotubes.

In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising a delayed fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the OLED includes an RGB pixel arrangement or a white plus color filter pixel arrangement. In some embodiments, the OLED is a mobile device, a handheld device, or a wearable device. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of less than 10 inches or an area of less than 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of at least 10 inches or an area of at least 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is an illumination panel.

In some embodiments, the compound may be an emissive dopant. In some embodiments, the compounds may produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as delayed fluorescence of type E, see, e.g., U.S. application No. 15/700,352, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes. In some embodiments, the emissive dopant may be a racemic mixture, or may be enriched in one enantiomer. In some embodiments, the compounds may be homoleptic (identical for each ligand). In some embodiments, the compounds may be compounded (at least one ligand is different from the others). In some embodiments, when there is more than one ligand coordinated to the metal, the ligands may all be the same. In some other embodiments, at least one ligand is different from the other ligands. In some embodiments, each ligand may be different from each other. This is also true in embodiments where the ligand coordinated to the metal may be linked to other ligands coordinated to the metal to form a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate or hexadentate ligand. Thus, where the coordinating ligands are linked together, in some embodiments all of the ligands may be the same, and in some other embodiments at least one of the linking ligands may be different from the other ligand(s).

In some embodiments, the compounds may be used as a phosphor-photosensitizing agent in an OLED, where one or more layers in the OLED contain receptors in the form of one or more fluorescent and/or delayed fluorescent emitters. In some embodiments, the compound may be used as a component of an exciplex to be used as a sensitizer. As a phosphorus photosensitizer, the compound must be able to transfer energy to the acceptor and the acceptor will emit energy or further transfer energy to the final emitter. The receptor concentration may be in the range of 0.001% to 100%. The acceptor may be in the same layer as the phosphorus photosensitizer or in one or more different layers. In some embodiments, the receptor is a TADF emitter. In some embodiments, the acceptor is a fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the emission may be produced by any or all of the sensitizer, acceptor, and final emitter.

According to another aspect, a formulation comprising a compound described herein is also disclosed.

The OLEDs disclosed herein can be incorporated into one or more of consumer products, electronics assembly modules, and lighting panels. The organic layer may be an emissive layer, and the compound may be an emissive dopant in some embodiments, and the compound may be a non-emissive dopant in other embodiments.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a formulation comprising the novel compounds disclosed herein is described. The formulation may comprise one or more components disclosed herein selected from the group consisting of: a solvent, a host, a hole injection material, a hole transport material, an electron blocking material, a hole blocking material, and an electron transport material.

The present disclosure encompasses any chemical structure comprising the novel compounds of the present disclosure or monovalent or multivalent variants thereof. In other words, the compounds of the invention or monovalent or multivalent variants thereof may be part of a larger chemical structure. Such chemical structures may be selected from the group consisting of: monomers, polymers, macromolecules, and supramolecules (supramolecule) (also referred to as supramolecules (supermolecule)). As used herein, "monovalent variant of a compound" refers to the same moiety as the compound but with one hydrogen removed and replaced with a bond to the rest of the chemical structure. As used herein, "multivalent variant of a compound" refers to a moiety that is identical to the compound but where more than one hydrogen has been removed and replaced with one or more bonds to the rest of the chemical structure. In the case of supramolecules, the compounds of the present invention may also be incorporated into supramolecular complexes without covalent bonds.

It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, the features/characteristics of compound A1 may be equally applicable in some embodiments to the features/characteristics of compound A1 in some other embodiments, as long as they are applicable. Likewise, the features/characteristics of the compounds S1, S2, H1 and H2 can be equally applied to the features/characteristics of the compounds S1, S2, H1 and H2, respectively, in some other embodiments, as long as they are applicable. Similarly, the features/characteristics of compound S1 in some embodiments may be equally applicable to the features/characteristics of compound S2 in some other embodiments, as long as they are applicable. The features/characteristics of compound H1 in some embodiments may be equally applicable to the features/characteristics of compound H2 in some other embodiments, as long as they are applicable.

F. combinations of compounds of the present disclosure with other materials

Materials described herein as suitable for use in particular layers in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a variety of other materials present in the device. For example, the emissive dopants disclosed herein can be used in combination with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, barrier layers, implant layers, electrodes, and other layers that may be present. The materials described or mentioned below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of ordinary skill in the art may readily review the literature to identify other materials that may be used in combination.

A) Conductive dopants:

The charge transport layer may be doped with a conductive dopant to substantially change its charge carrier density, which in turn will change its conductivity. Conductivity is increased by the generation of charge carriers in the host material and, depending on the type of dopant, a change in the fermi level (FERMI LEVEL) of the semiconductor can also be achieved. The hole transport layer may be doped with a p-type conductivity dopant, and an n-type conductivity dopant is used in the electron transport layer.

Non-limiting examples of conductive dopants that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below ：EP01617493、EP01968131、EP2020694、EP2684932、US20050139810、US20070160905、US20090167167、US2010288362、WO06081780、WO2009003455、WO2009008277、WO2009011327、WO2014009310、US2007252140、US2015060804、US20150123047 and US2012146012 along with references disclosing those materials.

b)HIL/HTL：

The hole injection/transport material used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as a hole injection/transport material. Examples of materials include (but are not limited to): phthalocyanines or porphyrin derivatives; aromatic amine derivatives; indolocarbazole derivatives; a fluorocarbon-containing polymer; a polymer having a conductive dopant; conductive polymers such as PEDOT/PSS; self-assembled monomers derived from compounds such as phosphonic acids and silane derivatives; metal oxide derivatives such as MoO _x; p-type semiconducting organic compounds such as 1,4,5,8,9, 12-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile; a metal complex; a crosslinkable compound.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives for the HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general structures:

Each of Ar ¹ to Ar ⁹ is selected from: a group consisting of, for example, the following aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds: benzene, biphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, benzene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, and the like, Perylene and azulene; a group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as: dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuranpyridine, furandipyridine, benzothiophenopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and a group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are the same type or different types of groups selected from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, a chain structural unit, and an aliphatic ring group. Each Ar may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, ar ¹ to Ar ⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of:

Wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; x ¹⁰¹ to X ¹⁰⁸ are C (including CH) or N; z ¹⁰¹ is NAr ¹, O or S; ar ¹ has the same groups as defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in the HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to, the following general formula:

Wherein Met is a metal that may have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y ¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y ¹⁰¹ and Y ¹⁰² are independently selected from C, N, O, P and S; l ¹⁰¹ is a secondary ligand; k' is an integer value of 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal; and k' +k "is the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y ¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y ¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, met is selected from Ir, pt, os, and Zn. In another aspect, the metal complex has a minimum oxidation potential in solution of less than about 0.6V compared to Fc ⁺/Fc coupling.

Non-limiting examples of HIL and HTL materials that can be used in an OLED in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials ：CN102702075、DE102012005215、EP01624500、EP01698613、EP01806334、EP01930964、EP01972613、EP01997799、EP02011790、EP02055700、EP02055701、EP1725079、EP2085382、EP2660300、EP650955、JP07-073529、JP2005112765、JP2007091719、JP2008021687、JP2014-009196、KR20110088898、KR20130077473、TW201139402、US06517957、US20020158242、US20030162053、US20050123751、US20060182993、US20060240279、US20070145888、US20070181874、US20070278938、US20080014464、US20080091025、US20080106190、US20080124572、US20080145707、US20080220265、US20080233434、US20080303417、US2008107919、US20090115320、US20090167161、US2009066235、US2011007385、US20110163302、US2011240968、US2011278551、US2012205642、US2013241401、US20140117329、US2014183517、US5061569、US5639914、WO05075451、WO07125714、WO08023550、WO08023759、WO2009145016、WO2010061824、WO2011075644、WO2012177006、WO2013018530、WO2013039073、WO2013087142、WO2013118812、WO2013120577、WO2013157367、WO2013175747、WO2014002873、WO2014015935、WO2014015937、WO2014030872、WO2014030921、WO2014034791、WO2014104514、WO2014157018.

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c)EBL：

An Electron Blocking Layer (EBL) may be used to reduce the number of electrons and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a barrier layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiency and/or longer lifetime than a similar device lacking such a barrier layer. Furthermore, a blocking layer may be used to limit the emission to a desired area of the OLED. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the EBL interface. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the EBL interface. In one aspect, the compound used in the EBL contains the same molecule or the same functional group as used in one of the hosts described below.

D) A main body:

The light-emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present disclosure preferably contains at least a metal complex as a light-emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is greater than that of the dopant. Any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria are met.

Examples of metal complexes used as hosts preferably have the general formula:

Wherein Met is a metal; (Y ¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y ¹⁰³ and Y ¹⁰⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P and S; l ¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k' is an integer value of 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal; and k' +k "is the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complex is:

wherein (O-N) is a bidentate ligand having a metal coordinated to the O and N atoms.

In another aspect, met is selected from Ir and Pt. In another aspect, (Y ¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one selected from the group consisting of: a group consisting of, for example, the following aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds: benzene, biphenyl, triphenylene, tetramethylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene,Perylene and azulene; a group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as: dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuranpyridine, furandipyridine, benzothiophenopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and a group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are the same type or different types of groups selected from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group and an aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, a chain structural unit, and an aliphatic ring group. Each option in each group may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. /(I)

In one aspect, the host compound contains in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

Wherein R ¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, and when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has a similar definition as Ar mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or from 1 to 20. X ¹⁰¹ to X ¹⁰⁸ are independently selected from C (including CH) or N. Z ¹⁰¹ and Z ¹⁰² are independently selected from NR ¹⁰¹, O or S.

Non-limiting examples of host materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials ：EP2034538、EP2034538A、EP2757608、JP2007254297、KR20100079458、KR20120088644、KR20120129733、KR20130115564、TW201329200、US20030175553、US20050238919、US20060280965、US20090017330、US20090030202、US20090167162、US20090302743、US20090309488、US20100012931、US20100084966、US20100187984、US2010187984、US2012075273、US2012126221、US2013009543、US2013105787、US2013175519、US2014001446、US20140183503、US20140225088、US2014034914、US7154114、WO2001039234、WO2004093207、WO2005014551、WO2005089025、WO2006072002、WO2006114966、WO2007063754、WO2008056746、WO2009003898、WO2009021126、WO2009063833、WO2009066778、WO2009066779、WO2009086028、WO2010056066、WO2010107244、WO2011081423、WO2011081431、WO2011086863、WO2012128298、WO2012133644、WO2012133649、WO2013024872、WO2013035275、WO2013081315、WO2013191404、WO2014142472,US20170263869、US20160163995、US9466803,

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E) Other emitters:

One or more other emitter dopants may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention. Examples of other emitter dopants are not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as an emitter material. Examples of suitable emitter materials include, but are not limited to, compounds that can produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as E-delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes.

Non-limiting examples of emitter materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials ：CN103694277、CN1696137、EB01238981、EP01239526、EP01961743、EP1239526、EP1244155、EP1642951、EP1647554、EP1841834、EP1841834B、EP2062907、EP2730583、JP2012074444、JP2013110263、JP4478555、KR1020090133652、KR20120032054、KR20130043460、TW201332980、US06699599、US06916554、US20010019782、US20020034656、US20030068526、US20030072964、US20030138657、US20050123788、US20050244673、US2005123791、US2005260449、US20060008670、US20060065890、US20060127696、US20060134459、US20060134462、US20060202194、US20060251923、US20070034863、US20070087321、US20070103060、US20070111026、US20070190359、US20070231600、US2007034863、US2007104979、US2007104980、US2007138437、US2007224450、US2007278936、US20080020237、US20080233410、US20080261076、US20080297033、US200805851、US2008161567、US2008210930、US20090039776、US20090108737、US20090115322、US20090179555、US2009085476、US2009104472、US20100090591、US20100148663、US20100244004、US20100295032、US2010102716、US2010105902、US2010244004、US2010270916、US20110057559、US20110108822、US20110204333、US2011215710、US2011227049、US2011285275、US2012292601、US20130146848、US2013033172、US2013165653、US2013181190、US2013334521、US20140246656、US2014103305、US6303238、US6413656、US6653654、US6670645、US6687266、US6835469、US6921915、US7279704、US7332232、US7378162、US7534505、US7675228、US7728137、US7740957、US7759489、US7951947、US8067099、US8592586、US8871361、WO06081973、WO06121811、WO07018067、WO07108362、WO07115970、WO07115981、WO08035571、WO2002015645、WO2003040257、WO2005019373、WO2006056418、WO2008054584、WO2008078800、WO2008096609、WO2008101842、WO2009000673、WO2009050281、WO2009100991、WO2010028151、WO2010054731、WO2010086089、WO2010118029、WO2011044988、WO2011051404、WO2011107491、WO2012020327、WO2012163471、WO2013094620、WO2013107487、WO2013174471、WO2014007565、WO2014008982、WO2014023377、WO2014024131、WO2014031977、WO2014038456、WO2014112450.

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f)HBL：

A Hole Blocking Layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a barrier layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiency and/or longer lifetime than a similar device lacking the barrier layer. Furthermore, a blocking layer may be used to limit the emission to a desired area of the OLED. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (farther from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the HBL interface. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (farther from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the HBL interface.

In one aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains the same molecules or the same functional groups as used in the host described above.

In another aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

Wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; l ¹⁰¹ is another ligand and k' is an integer from 1 to 3.

g)ETL：

An Electron Transport Layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. The electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped) or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as it is generally used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, the compounds used in ETL contain in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

Wherein R ¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when aryl or heteroaryl, have similar definitions as for Ar described above. Ar ¹ to Ar ³ have similar definitions to Ar mentioned above. k is an integer of 1 to 20. X ¹⁰¹ to X ¹⁰⁸ are selected from C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complex used in ETL contains (but is not limited to) the following formula:

Wherein (O-N) or (N-N) is a bidentate ligand having a metal coordinated to atom O, N or N, N; l ¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k' is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

Non-limiting examples of ETL materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below along with references disclosing those materials ：CN103508940、EP01602648、EP01734038、EP01956007、JP2004-022334、JP2005149918、JP2005-268199、KR0117693、KR20130108183、US20040036077、US20070104977、US2007018155、US20090101870、US20090115316、US20090140637、US20090179554、US2009218940、US2010108990、US2011156017、US2011210320、US2012193612、US2012214993、US2014014925、US2014014927、US20140284580、US6656612、US8415031、WO2003060956、WO2007111263、WO2009148269、WO2010067894、WO2010072300、WO2011074770、WO2011105373、WO2013079217、WO2013145667、WO2013180376、WO2014104499、WO2014104535,

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H) Charge Generation Layer (CGL)

In tandem or stacked OLEDs, CGL plays a fundamental role in performance, consisting of n-doped and p-doped layers for injecting electrons and holes, respectively. Electrons and holes are supplied by the CGL and the electrode. Electrons and holes consumed in the CGL are refilled with electrons and holes injected from the cathode and anode, respectively; subsequently, the bipolar current gradually reaches a steady state. Typical CGL materials include n and p conductivity dopants used in the transport layer.

In any of the above mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms may be partially or fully deuterated. The minimum amount of deuterated hydrogen in the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% and 100%. Thus, any of the specifically listed substituents, such as (but not limited to) methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and the like, can be in their non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms. Similarly, substituent classes (e.g., without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc.) can also be in their non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms.

It should be understood that the various embodiments described herein are for purposes of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without departing from the spirit of the invention. The invention as claimed may therefore include variations of the specific examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that the various theories as to why the present invention works are not intended to be limiting.

It should also be understood that all of the embodiments of the compounds and devices described herein are interchangeable if applicable in different aspects of the disclosure as a whole.

Claims

1. A full color pixel arrangement of a device comprising at least one pixel,

Wherein the at least one pixel comprises:

a first subpixel comprising a first OLED comprising a first emission region;

A second subpixel comprising a second OLED comprising a second emissive region;

Wherein the first emission area includes:

compound S1;

A compound A1; and

Compound H1;

Wherein the second emission region includes:

Compound A2; and

Compound H2;

Wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter;

wherein the compound A2 is an emitter;

Wherein at least one of the following conditions holds:

(4) The second emission region is identical to the first emission region; each sub-pixel of the at least one pixel comprises one emission region that is identical to the first emission region.

2. The full-color pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the compound S1 is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter, TADF emitter or dual-state emitter in an OLED at room temperature; and/or wherein the compound A1 is selected from the group consisting of: a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the first OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in the first OLED at room temperature; and/or wherein the compound A2 is selected from the group consisting of: a phosphorescent compound that acts as a phosphorescent emitter in the second OLED at room temperature, a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the second OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in the second OLED at room temperature; and/or wherein the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of the compound S1 is less than 300meV; and/or wherein the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 300meV.

3. The full color pixel arrangement of claim 1, wherein the second OLED is not a sensitizing device; or wherein the second OLED is a sensitizing device; the second emission region further comprises compound S2; and wherein the compound S2 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A2.

4. The panchromatic pixel arrangement of claim 1 wherein the first emission region is configured to emit deep blue or light blue; and/or wherein the second emission region is configured to emit a color selected from the group consisting of: blue, green, yellow, red and NIR.

5. The panchromatic pixel arrangement of claim 1 wherein the first emission region is configured to emit light having CIE y-coordinates less than 0.15; and the second emission region is configured to emit light having CIE x coordinates less than 0.2; and/or wherein the CIE coordinates of light emitted by the first emission region and the CIE coordinates of light emitted by the second emission region are sufficiently different such that the difference in the CIE x coordinates plus the difference in the CIE y coordinates is at least >0.01; and/or wherein the pixel arrangement further comprises a third sub-pixel and a fourth sub-pixel; wherein the third subpixel comprises a third OLED comprising a third emission region configured to emit light having a peak wavelength in the visible spectrum of 500-600 nm; and the fourth subpixel comprises a fourth OLED comprising a fourth emission region configured to emit light having a peak wavelength in the visible spectrum of 600-700 nm.

6. A full colour pixel arrangement according to claim 1, wherein λ _max1 is 400-500nm; lambda _max2 is 500-600nm; and/or wherein the pixel arrangement further comprises a third sub-pixel and a fourth sub-pixel; wherein each of the third and fourth sub-pixels comprises the same exact second OLED comprising the second emission region as in the second sub-pixel; and wherein each of the first through fourth sub-pixels is configured to emit in a different color; and/or wherein the pixel arrangement further comprises a third sub-pixel and a fourth sub-pixel; wherein each of the third and fourth sub-pixels comprises the same exact first OLED comprising the first emission region as in the first sub-pixel; and wherein each of the first through fourth sub-pixels is configured to emit in a different color; and/or wherein the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 300meV.

7. An organic light emitting device OLED comprising:

A first electrode;

A first emission region disposed on the first electrode;

a first charge generation layer CGL disposed on the first emission region;

a second transmission region disposed on the first CGL; and

A second electrode disposed on the second emission region;

Wherein the first emission area includes:

compound S1;

A compound A1; and

Compound H1;

Wherein the second emission region includes:

Compound A2; and

Compound H2;

Wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter;

wherein the compound A2 is an emitter;

Wherein at least one of the following conditions holds:

(1) The first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm;

(2) The first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in one of the visible spectra of 400-500nm, 500-600nm, 600-700 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in one of the remaining of the visible spectrum of 400-500nm, 500-600nm, 600-700 nm;

(3) The first emission region includes a first number of emission layers, if more than one, deposited one over the other; the second emission region includes a second number of emission layers, if more than one, deposited one over the other; and

The first number is different from the second number.

8. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the compound S1 is capable of acting as a phosphorescent emitter, TADF emitter, or a dual state emitter in an OLED at room temperature; and/or wherein the compound A1 is selected from the group consisting of: a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the first OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in the first OLED at room temperature; and/or wherein the compound A2 is selected from the group consisting of: a phosphorescent compound that acts as a phosphorescent emitter in the second OLED at room temperature, a delayed fluorescent compound that acts as a TADF emitter in the second OLED at room temperature, a fluorescent compound that acts as a fluorescent emitter in the second OLED at room temperature; and/or wherein the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of the compound S1 is less than 300meV; and/or wherein the S ₁-T₁ energy gap of compound A1 is less than 300meV.

9. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the second emissive region does not comprise a sensitizer; or wherein the second emission region further comprises compound S2; and wherein the compound S2 is a sensitizer that transfers energy to the compound A2.

10. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the OLED includes a plurality of emission regions disposed between the first and second electrodes and separated from each other by a plurality of CGLs; wherein each of the emission regions is configured to emit in a different color selected from the group consisting of: deep blue, light blue, green, yellow, red and NIR.

11. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the first emission region is configured to emit deep blue or light blue; and/or wherein the second emission region is configured to emit a color selected from the group consisting of: blue, green, yellow, red and NIR.

12. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 500-700 nm; or wherein the second emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the first emission region is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 500-700 nm; or wherein one of the first and second emission regions is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the other of the first and second emission regions comprises a green emission material and a red emission material and is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in the visible spectrum of 500-700 nm; or wherein one of the first and second emission regions is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max1 in the visible spectrum of 400-500 nm; the other of the first and second emission regions includes a green emission material, a yellow emission material, and a red emission material, and is configured to emit light having a peak wavelength lambda _max2 in a visible spectrum of 500-700 nm.

13. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the organic layer further comprises an additional host, wherein the additional host comprises at least one chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of: triphenylene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, 5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, triazine, borane, silane groups, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-indolocarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, aza-5λ ² -benzo [ d ] benzo [4,5] imidazo [3,2-a ] imidazole and aza- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boranaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene).

14. The OLED of claim 7, wherein the organic layer further comprises an additional host, wherein the additional host is selected from the group consisting of:

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Wherein:

Each of J ₁ to J ₆ is independently C or N;

L' is a direct bond or an organic linking group;

Each Y ^AA、Y^BB、Y^CC and Y ^DD is independently selected from the group consisting of: absence, bond, direct bond, O, S, se, CRR ', siRR', geRR ', NR, BR, BRR';

Each of R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F 'and R ^G' independently represents mono-to maximum substitution or no substitution;

Each R, R ', R ^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'、R^F ', and R ^G ' is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of universal substituents as defined herein; any two substituents can be joined or fused to form a ring;

15. An organic light emitting device OLED comprising:

An anode;

A cathode; and

An emissive region disposed between the anode and the cathode;

wherein the emission area comprises:

compound S1;

A compound A1;

Compound H1;

Wherein the compound A1 is a receptor as an emitter;

Wherein at least one of the following conditions holds:

(1) The emissive region is comprised of one or more organic layers, wherein a minimum thickness of at least one of the one or more organic layers is selected from the group consisting of: 250. 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 and

(2) The OLED further comprises a layer comprising quantum dots;

(5) At least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion TTA-UC material;

(6) At least one of the compounds S1 and A1 is chiral;

(10) The compound S1 comprises at least one electron withdrawing group EWG;

(11) The compound A1 comprises at least one electron withdrawing group;