CN113292579A

CN113292579A - Organic electroluminescent material and device

Info

Publication number: CN113292579A
Application number: CN202110208881.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: R·哈姆泽; T·费利塔姆
Original assignee: Universal Exhibition Co
Current assignee: Universal Exhibition Co; Universal Display Corp
Priority date: 2020-02-24
Filing date: 2021-02-24
Publication date: 2021-08-24

Abstract

The present invention relates to organic electroluminescent materials and devices. The present invention provides 2-coordinate metal complex compounds as sensitizers for fluorophores. Also provides a method for preparing the sameFormulations of these 2-coordinate metal complex compounds. Further provided are OLEDs and related consumer products utilizing these 2-coordinate metal complex compounds. The OLED includes an emissive region comprising a first compound and an acceptor, the first compound being a sensitizer having the structure:

Description

Organic electroluminescent material and device

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 62/980,533 filed 2, 24, 2020, 35 u.s.c. § 119(e), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to organometallic compounds and formulations and various uses thereof, including as sensitizers in devices such as organic light emitting diodes and related electronic devices.

Background

Photovoltaic devices utilizing organic materials are becoming increasingly popular for a variety of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, and therefore organic photovoltaic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials (e.g., their flexibility) may make them more suitable for particular applications, such as fabrication on flexible substrates. Examples of organic optoelectronic devices include organic light emitting diodes/devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials.

OLEDs utilize organic thin films that emit light when a voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for applications such as flat panel displays, lighting and backlighting.

One application of phosphorescent emissive molecules is in full color displays. Industry standards for such displays require pixels adapted to emit a particular color, known as a "saturated" color. In particular, these standards require saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Alternatively, OLEDs can be designed to emit white light. In conventional liquid crystal displays, an absorptive filter is used to filter the emission from a white backlight to produce red, green, and blue emissions. The same technique can also be used for OLEDs. The white OLED may be a single emission layer (EML) device or a stacked structure. Color can be measured using CIE coordinates well known in the art.

Disclosure of Invention

Compounds and novel combinations of compounds that can be used in the emissive layer (EML) of electroluminescent devices are provided. Linear 2-coordinate metal complexes emitting by phosphorescence or TADF are paired with fluorophores or TADF emitters to ensure energy transfer by Foster resonance: (

resonance energy transfer, FRET) sensitizes the fluorophore or TADF emitter. Finally, the latter compounds emit in the near ultraviolet, blue, green, orange, red or near infrared part of the spectrum. The two components of the EML may be covalently linked through a number of different bridges. This direct linkage achieves the dual goal of controlling the distance separating the two chromophores (and thus optimizing FRET) and predetermining their relative orientation, thereby reducing deleterious Dexter energy transfer.

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an emission region disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emission region comprises: a compound of formula I

As a sensitizer; and a receptor. In formula I, M-C is a metal carbene bond; m is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au; x¹Selected from the group consisting of CR, CRR ', NR, O, S, PR, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is¹Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EAny two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring; wherein the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of a fluorescent emitter, delayed fluorescenceEmitters and combinations thereof; with the proviso that when X¹Is CRR', the peak wavelength λ of the light emitted by the acceptor at room temperature_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound comprising the structure of formula I:

wherein M-C is a metal carbene bond; m is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au; x¹Selected from the group consisting of CR, CRR ', NR, O, S, PR, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is¹Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EAny two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound comprising the structure of formula VI:

wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au; x^1'Selected from the group consisting of CRR ', NR, O, S, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is^1'Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; each R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Independently hydrogen or selected from the group consisting ofSubstituent(s): deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; r, R' and R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Comprises a chemical group capable of emitting light by fluorescence or delayed fluorescence; and/or an organic linking bridge comprising from 1 to 24 carbon atoms between the organometallic moiety and the fluorescent moiety; n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond; and R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a formulation of a compound of formula I or formula VI as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides an OLED having an organic layer comprising a compound of formula I or formula VI as described herein.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides a consumer product comprising an OLED having an organic layer comprising a compound of formula I or formula VI as described herein.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

Fig. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device without a separate electron transport layer.

Fig. 3 shows the electroluminescence spectra of devices employing sensitizer (1) and acceptors A, B and C doped at 0%, 1% and 3% respectively.

Detailed Description

A. Term(s) for

Unless otherwise specified, the following terms as used herein are defined as follows:

as used herein, the term "organic" includes polymeric materials and small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic optoelectronic devices. "Small molecule" refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and "small molecules" may actually be quite large. In some cases, the small molecule may include a repeat unit. For example, the use of long chain alkyl groups as substituents does not remove a molecule from the "small molecule" class. Small molecules can also be incorporated into polymers, for example as pendant groups on the polymer backbone or as part of the backbone. Small molecules can also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of the dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. Dendrimers can be "small molecules," and all dendrimers currently used in the OLED art are considered small molecules.

As used herein, "top" means furthest from the substrate, and "bottom" means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as being "disposed" over "a second layer, the first layer is disposed farther from the substrate. Other layers may be present between the first and second layers, unless it is specified that the first layer is "in contact with" the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as "disposed over" an anode even though various organic layers are present between the cathode and the anode.

As used herein, "solution processable" means capable of being dissolved, dispersed or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium in the form of a solution or suspension.

A ligand may be referred to as "photoactive" when it is believed that the ligand contributes directly to the photoactive properties of the emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as "ancillary" when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of the emissive material, but the ancillary ligand may alter the properties of the photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as will be generally understood by those skilled in the art, if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level, the first "Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital" (HOMO) or "Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital" (LUMO) energy level is "greater than" or "higher than" the second HOMO or LUMO energy level. Since Ionization Potential (IP) is measured as negative energy relative to vacuum level, a higher HOMO level corresponds to an IP with a smaller absolute value (less negative IP). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an Electron Affinity (EA) with a smaller absolute value (a less negative EA). On a conventional energy level diagram with vacuum levels at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. The "higher" HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of this figure than the "lower" HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as will be generally understood by those skilled in the art, a first work function is "greater than" or "higher than" a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Since the work function is typically measured as negative relative to the vacuum level, this means that the "higher" work function is more negative (more negative). On a conventional energy level diagram with vacuum level at the top, the "higher" work function is illustrated as being farther from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different rule than work functions.

The terms "halo," "halogen," and "halo" are used interchangeably and refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The term "acyl" refers to a substituted carbonyl group (C (O) -R_s). The term "ester" refers to a substituted oxycarbonyl group (-O-C (O) -R)_sor-C (O) -O-R_s) A group. The term "ether" means-OR_sA group. The terms "thio" or "thioether" are used interchangeably and refer to-SR_sA group. The term "sulfinyl" refers to-S (O) -R_sA group. The term "sulfonyl" refers to-SO₂-R_sA group. The term "phosphino" refers to-P (R)_s)₃Group, wherein each R_sMay be the same or different. The term "silyl" refers to-Si (R)_s)₃Group, wherein each R_sMay be the same or different. The term "oxyboronyl" refers to-B (R)_s)₂Group or Lewis adduct thereof (R) -B (R)_s)₃Group, wherein R_sMay be the same or different.

In each of the above, R_sMay be hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. Preferred R_sSelected from the group consisting of: alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The term "alkyl" refers to and includes straight and branched chain alkyl groups. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and include methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1-dimethylpropyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 2-dimethylpropyl, and the like. In addition, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term "cycloalkyl" refers to and includes monocyclic, polycyclic and spiroalkyl groups. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms and include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo [3.1.1] heptyl, spiro [4.5] decyl, spiro [5.5] undecyl, adamantyl, and the like. In addition, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term "heteroalkyl" or "heterocycloalkyl" refers to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, respectively, having at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se, preferably O, S or N. In addition, heteroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "alkenyl" refers to and includes straight and branched chain alkenyl groups. An alkenyl group is essentially an alkyl group that includes at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the alkyl chain. Cycloalkenyl is essentially cycloalkyl that includes at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cycloalkyl ring. The term "heteroalkenyl" as used herein refers to an alkenyl group having at least one carbon atom replaced with a heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se, preferably O, S or N. Preferred alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or heteroalkenyl groups are those containing from two to fifteen carbon atoms. In addition, the alkenyl, cycloalkenyl or heteroalkenyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The term "alkynyl" refers to and includes straight and branched chain alkynyl groups. Alkynyl is essentially an alkyl group comprising at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the alkyl chain. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing from two to fifteen carbon atoms. In addition, alkynyl groups may be optionally substituted.

The terms "aralkyl" or "arylalkyl" are used interchangeably and refer to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group. In addition, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term "heterocyclyl" refers to and includes both aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic groups containing at least one heteroatom. Optionally, the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se, preferably O, S or N. Aromatic heterocyclic groups may be used interchangeably with heteroaryl groups. Preferred non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are heterocyclic groups containing 3 to 7 ring atoms including at least one heteroatom and include cyclic amines such as morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl and the like, and cyclic ethers/thioethers such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiophene and the like. In addition, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

The term "aryl" refers to and includes monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals and polycyclic aromatic ring systems. Polycyclic rings can have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused"), wherein at least one of the rings is an aromatic hydrocarbyl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryls, heterocyclics, and/or heteroaryls. Preferred aryl groups are those containing from six to thirty carbon atoms, preferably from six to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably from six to twelve carbon atoms. Especially preferred are aryl groups having six carbons, ten carbons, or twelve carbons. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, perylene,

Perylene and azulene, preferably phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, fluorene and naphthalene. In addition, the aryl group may be optionallyIs substituted.

The term "heteroaryl" refers to and includes monocyclic aromatic groups and polycyclic aromatic ring systems that include at least one heteroatom. Heteroatoms include, but are not limited to O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se. In many cases O, S or N are preferred heteroatoms. Monocyclic heteroaromatic systems are preferably monocyclic with 5 or 6 ring atoms, and rings may have one to six heteroatoms. A heteropolycyclic system can have two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused"), wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryls, heterocycles and/or heteroaryls. The heterocyclic aromatic ring system may have one to six heteroatoms per ring of the polycyclic aromatic ring system. Preferred heteroaryl groups are those containing from three to thirty carbon atoms, preferably from three to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably from three to twelve carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups include dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolobipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furobipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienobipyridine, benzothienopyridine, and selenenopyridine, preferably dibenzothiophene, and benzothiophene, Dibenzofurans, dibenzoselenophenes, carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, imidazoles, pyridines, triazines, benzimidazoles, 1, 2-azaborines, 1, 3-azaborines, 1, 4-azaborines, borazines, and aza analogs thereof. In addition, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

Of the aryl and heteroaryl groups listed above, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, triazine, and benzimidazole are of particular interest, as well as their respective corresponding aza analogues.

The terms alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, as used herein, are independently unsubstituted or independently substituted with one or more general substituents.

In many cases, typical substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, oxyboronyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, oxyboronyl, aryl, heteroaryl, thio, and combinations thereof.

In other cases, more preferred general substituents are selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluoro, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.

The terms "substituted" and "substitution" mean that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant position, e.g., carbon or nitrogen. For example, when R is¹When representing a single substitution, then one R¹Must not be H (i.e., substituted). Similarly, when R is¹When representing disubstituted, then two R¹Must not be H. Similarly, when R is¹When represents zero or no substitution, R¹For example, hydrogen of available valency on ring atoms, e.g. carbon atoms of benzene and nitrogen in pyrroleAtoms, or only nitrogen atoms in pyridine for ring atoms with a fully saturated valence number. The maximum number of substitutions possible in a ring structure will depend on the total number of available valences in the ring atoms.

As used herein, "a combination thereof" means that one or more members of the applicable list are combined to form a known or chemically stable arrangement that one of ordinary skill in the art can envision from the applicable list. For example, alkyl and deuterium can be combined to form a partially or fully deuterated alkyl; halogen and alkyl may combine to form haloalkyl substituents; and halogen, alkyl, and aryl groups may be combined to form haloaralkyl groups. In one example, the term substituted includes combinations of two to four of the listed groups. In another example, the term substitution includes a combination of two to three groups. In yet another example, the term substitution includes a combination of two groups. Preferred combinations of substituents are those containing up to fifty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium, or those containing up to forty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium, or those containing up to thirty atoms other than hydrogen or deuterium. In many cases, a preferred combination of substituents will include up to twenty atoms that are not hydrogen or deuterium.

The term "aza" in the fragment described herein, i.e., aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc., means that one or more of the C-H groups in the corresponding aromatic ring can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses dibenzo [ f, H ] quinoxaline and dibenzo [ f, H ] quinoline. Other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above can be readily envisioned by one of ordinary skill in the art, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the term as set forth herein.

As used herein, "deuterium" refers to an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterated compounds can be readily prepared using methods known in the art. For example, U.S. patent No. 8,557,400, patent publication No. WO 2006/095951, and U.S. patent application publication No. US 2011/0037057 (which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) describe the preparation of deuterium substituted organometallic complexes. With further reference to \37154min (Ming Yan) et al, Tetrahedron (Tetrahedron)2015,71,1425-30 and azrote (Atzrodt) et al, german applied chemistry (angelw. chem. int. ed.) (review) 2007,46,7744-65, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, describe efficient routes for deuteration of methylene hydrogens in benzylamines and replacement of aromatic ring hydrogens with deuterium, respectively.

It is understood that when a molecular fragment is described as a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name can be written as if it were a fragment (e.g., phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, dibenzofuranyl) or as if it were an entire molecule (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different named substituents or the manner of linking the fragments are considered equivalent.

In some cases, a pair of adjacent substituents may optionally join or be fused to form a ring. Preferred rings are five-, six-or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings, including both cases where a portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is saturated and where a portion of the ring formed by the pair of substituents is unsaturated. As used herein, "adjacent" means that the two substituents involved can be on the same ring next to each other, or on two adjacent rings having two nearest available substitutable positions (e.g., the 2, 2' positions in biphenyl or the 1, 8 positions in naphthalene), so long as they can form a stable fused ring system.

B. Compounds of the present disclosure

A compound useful as a sensitizer in an OLED is disclosed. The compound has the structure of formula I:

wherein M-C is a metal carbene bond;

m is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au; x¹Selected from the group consisting of CR, CRR ', NR, O, S, PR, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is¹Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; n is 0, 1 or 2;

In the context of the present disclosure, it is,

represents a single or double bond, depending on Y¹And the value of n. For example, when Y¹Is N or B and N is 1, or when Y¹Is O, S or Se and n is 0,

represents a single bond. When Y is¹Is C or Si and n is 1,

represents a double bond.

The present disclosure also provides a compound comprising one or more structures of formula I joined or fused together. These structures may be joined by direct bonds or linking groups, or fused by carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings. The structure of such compounds is selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein each M, X in the given formula¹、Y¹、R^A、R^B、R^C、R^D、R^EAnd wherein in formula II and formula IV, each n is independently 0, 1, or 2.

In some embodiments, each R, R', R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, oxyboronyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, Y¹Is N. In one embodiment, Y¹Is O and n is 0.

In some embodiments, R^DAnd R^EEach is a 6-membered aromatic ring, and may be substituted. In some embodiments, R^DAnd R^EAnd Y¹Joined together to form a 5-membered ring.

In some embodiments, X¹Is NR. In some embodiments, X¹Is CR.

In some embodiments, R^AAnd R^BJoined together to form a 5-or 6-membered ring.

In some embodiments, R^CIs a 6-membered aromatic ring, and may be substituted.

In some embodiments, M is Au. In some embodiments, M is Cu or Ag.

In some embodiments, moieties in formula I

Comprising a structure selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein: one or more dashed lines in each structure represent a direct bond to M; each X is independently C or N; each R^G、R^H、R^I、R^J、R^K、R^L、R^P、R^Q、R^R、R^YAnd R^ZIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, oxyboronylSilyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof; and each R^F-R^M、R^P、R^Q、R^S、R^T、R^YAnd R^ZRespectively represent zero substitution, monosubstitution to the maximum permissible substitution.

In some embodiments, moieties in formula I

Selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, a and B are each independently a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system comprising one or more fused 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N; each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of CRR ', SiRR', NR, BR, O, S, Se, and PR; r and R' each independently represent zero, mono, to the maximum permissible substitution; and each R and R' is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula I is selected from the group consisting of the compounds in compound list 1 below:

and

in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound comprising a first structure of formula VI:

wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au; x^1'Selected from the group consisting of CRR ', NR, O, S, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is^1'Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; each R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Independently hydrogen or a general substituent; r, R' and R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Comprises a chemical group capable of emitting light by fluorescence or delayed fluorescence; and/or an organic linking bridge comprising from 1 to 24 carbon atoms between the organometallic moiety and the fluorescent moiety; an organometallic moiety is a moiety comprising a metal and two ligands directly attached thereto; the fluorescent moiety represents a luminescent dye that emits directly from its lowest excited singlet state S1 by fluorescence or from S1 after hot-filling from T1 by thermally activated delayed fluorescence TADF, n being 0, 1 or 2;

In one embodiment, one or more structures having formula VI can be joined or fused together. These structures may be joined by direct bonds or linking groups, or fused by carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings. Such compounds may have a structure selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein each M, X in the given formula^1'、Y^1'、R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'、R^E'May be the same or different, and

wherein in formula VII and formula IX, each n is independently 0, 1 or 2.

In one embodiment, each R, R', R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Independently hydrogen or a general substituent or preferably a general substituent.

In one embodiment, R, R', R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Comprises a group selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein rings a to I are each independently a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system comprising one or more fused 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings; each R, M, X and Y may be the same or different; and each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of B, CR, SiR and N.

In one embodiment, R, R', R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Further comprises a bridging moiety selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each X' is independently C or N; each Y "is the same or different and is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, BR, NR, CRR ', and SiRR'; each R "is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and each X and R may be the same or different.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

and

C. OLEDs and devices of the present disclosure

In one aspect, the present disclosure also provides an OLED device comprising a first organic layer containing a compound as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an emission region disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emission region comprises: a first compound of formula I

represents a single bond or a double bond; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or the general substituents disclosed above; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EAny two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring. The acceptor may be selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof. For this OLED, when X¹Is CRR', the peak wavelength λ of the light emitted by the acceptor at room temperature_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm.

In some embodiments, the acceptor emits light at room temperature with a peak wavelength λ_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm. In some embodiments, the acceptor emits light at room temperature with a peak wavelength λ_maxLess than or equal to 500 nm. In some embodiments, the acceptor emits light at room temperature with a peak wavelength λ_maxLess than or equal to 480 nm.

In some embodiments of the OLED, the first compound may comprise one or more structures of formula I joined or fused together. Such fused structures may be those of formulae I to V disclosed herein.

In one embodiment of the OLED, the emissive region comprises the first compound of formula VI disclosed above as a sensitizer. In some embodiments, the first compound may comprise one or more structures of formula VI joined or fused together. Such fused structures may be those of formulae VI to X disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the emission area comprises one or more organic layers, and the sensitizer compound and the receptor may be in the same layer or in two separate layers. The organic layer containing the acceptor will be the emissive layer in an OLED. In some embodiments, the sensitizer and acceptor are provided in the same layer, i.e., the emissive layer, and the sensitizer is doped into the emissive layer at a concentration in a range between 1 wt% and 25 wt%. In some embodiments, the acceptor is doped into the emissive layer at a concentration in a range between 0.1% to 5%. In some embodiments, the sensitizer compound is in a first organic layer in the emissive region and the acceptor compound is in a second organic layer in the emissive region. In embodiments where the sensitizer and acceptor are provided in two separate layers in the emissive region, the sensitizer may be doped into the first organic layer at a concentration in a range between 1 wt% and 25 wt% and the acceptor may be doped into the second organic layer at a concentration in a range between 0.1% and 5%.

In one embodiment of the OLED, the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of:

and

In one embodiment, the receptor is selected from the group consisting of:

and

in one embodiment, the emissive layer containing the acceptor may further comprise a host.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a consumer product comprising an OLED as disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the consumer product is selected from the group consisting of: a flat panel display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for interior or exterior lighting and/or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a laser printer, a telephone, a cellular telephone, a tablet, a phablet, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay at a diagonal of less than 2 inches, a 3-D display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall containing multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, and a sign.

In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be used as hosts in an organic layer in an emissive region, and the organic layer is an emissive layer comprising a phosphorescent emitter.

In some embodiments, the compounds may be used as fluorescent emitters, delayed fluorescence emitters, or components of exciplexes as fluorescent emitters or delayed fluorescence emitters.

In some embodiments, the compounds can be used as fluorescent emitters.

In some embodiments, the first organic layer may further comprise a phosphorescent sensitizer, and the compound is a fluorescent acceptor.

In some embodiments, an OLED can comprise a second emissive region disposed between an anode and a cathode, wherein the second emissive region comprises a phosphorescent sensitizer, and the compound disclosed herein is provided as a fluorescent acceptor in the second emissive region.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent sensitizer or phosphorescent emitter may be a transition metal complex having at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein T is B, Al, Ga, In; each Y¹To Y¹³Independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen; y' is selected from the group consisting of BR_e、NR_e、PR_e、O、S、Se、C＝O、S＝O、SO₂、CR_eR_f、SiR_eR_fAnd GeR_eR_fA group of compounds; r_eAnd R_fMay be fused or joined to form a ring; each R_a、R_b、R_cAnd R_dIndependently represent zero substitution, mono substitution, or substitution up to the maximum permissible substitution of the ring with which it is associated; r_a1、R_b1、R_c1、R_d1、R_a、R_b、R_c、R_d、R_eAnd R_fEach independently is hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of the general substituents defined herein; r_a1、R_b1、R_c1、R_d1、R_a、R_b、R_cAnd R_dTwo adjacent substituents in (a) may be fused or joined to form a ring or form a multidentate ligand.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may be an emissive layer and the compound as described herein may be an emissive dopant or a non-emissive dopant.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises a triphenylene comprising a benzo-fused thiophene or a benzo-fused furan, wherein any substituent in the host is a non-fused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: c_nH_2n+1、OC_nH_2n+1、OAr₁、N(C_nH_2n+1)₂、N(Ar₁)(Ar₂)、CH＝CH-C_nH_2n+1、C≡CC_nH_2n+1、Ar₁、Ar₁-Ar₂、C_nH_2n-Ar₁Or no substituent, wherein n is 1 to 10; and wherein Ar₁And Ar₂Independently selected from the group consisting of: benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of: triphenylene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, 5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boronaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-indolocarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzoselenophene, and aza- (5, 9-dioxa-13 b-boronaphtho [3,2,1-de ] anthracene).

In some embodiments, the subject may be selected from the group consisting of:

and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the organic layer may further comprise a host, wherein the host comprises a metal complex.

In some embodiments, a compound as described herein may be a sensitizer; wherein the device may further comprise a receptor; and wherein the receptor may be selected from the group consisting of: fluorescent emitters, delayed fluorescent emitters, and combinations thereof.

In yet another aspect, the OLEDs of the present disclosure can further comprise an emissive region comprising a compound as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the emissive region may comprise a first compound of formula I

As a sensitizer, and a receptor. In formula I, M-C is a metal carbene bond; m is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au; x¹Selected from the group consisting of CR, CRR ', NR, O, S, PR, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is¹Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EAny two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring; an acceptor selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof. The acceptor may be selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof. For this OLED, when X¹Is CRR', the peak wavelength λ of the light emitted by the acceptor at room temperature_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm.

In some embodiments, the emissive region may comprise a first compound of formula VI

As a sensitizer, and a receptor. In formula VI, M is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, and Au; x^1'Selected from the group consisting of CRR ', NR, O, S, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is^1'Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; each R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Independently hydrogen or selected from the group consisting ofA substituent of group (d): deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; r, R' and R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Comprises a chemical group capable of emitting light by fluorescence or delayed fluorescence; and/or an organic linking bridge comprising from 1 to 24 carbon atoms between the organometallic moiety and the fluorescent moiety; n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond; wherein one or more additional structures having formula VI can be joined or fused together with the first structure; and R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring. The acceptor may be selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the anode, cathode, or new layer disposed over the organic emissive layer serves as an enhancement layer. The enhancement layer includes a plasmonic material exhibiting surface plasmon resonance that couples non-radiatively to the emitter material and transfers excited state energy from the emitter material to a non-radiative mode of surface plasmon polaritons. The enhancement layer is disposed at a distance from the organic emissive layer that does not exceed a threshold distance, wherein the emitter material has an overall non-radiative decay rate constant and an overall radiative decay rate constant due to the presence of the enhancement layer, and the threshold distance is where the overall non-radiative decay rate constant equals the overall radiative decay rate constant. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises an outcoupling layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the enhancement layer on the opposite side of the organic emission layer. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is disposed on the opposite side of the emission layer from the enhancement layer, but is still capable of outcoupling energy from surface plasmon modes of the enhancement layer. The outcoupling layer scatters energy from surface plasmon polaritons. In some embodiments, this energy is scattered into free space as photons. In other embodiments, energy is scattered from a surface plasmon mode of the device into other modes, such as, but not limited to, an organic waveguide mode, a substrate mode, or another waveguide mode. If the energy is scattered into a non-free space mode of the OLED, other outcoupling schemes can be incorporated to extract the energy into free space. In some embodiments, one or more intervening layers may be disposed between the enhancement layer and the outcoupling layer. Examples of intervening layers may be dielectric materials, including organic, inorganic, perovskite, oxides, and may include stacks and/or mixtures of these materials.

The enhancement layer changes the effective characteristics of the medium in which the emitter material resides, thereby causing any or all of the following: reduced emissivity, linear change in emission, angular change in emission intensity, change in emitter material stability, change in OLED efficiency, and reduced roll-off efficiency of the OLED device. Placing the enhancement layer on the cathode side, the anode side, or both sides results in an OLED device that takes advantage of any of the effects described above. In addition to the specific functional layers mentioned herein and illustrated in the various OLED examples shown in the figures, OLEDs according to the present disclosure may also include any other functional layers that are common in OLEDs.

The enhancement layer may comprise a plasmonic material, an optically active metamaterial or a hyperbolic metamaterial. As used herein, a plasmonic material is a material in which the real part of the dielectric constant crosses zero in the visible or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In some embodiments, the plasmonic material comprises at least one metal. In such embodiments, the metal may include at least one of: ag. Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, Ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. In general, a metamaterial is a medium composed of different materials, wherein the medium as a whole acts differently than the sum of its material parts. Specifically, we define an optically active metamaterial as a material having both negative permittivity and negative permeability. On the other hand, hyperbolic metamaterials are anisotropic media in which the permittivity or permeability has different signs for different spatial directions. Optically active metamaterials and hyperbolic metamaterials are strictly distinguished from many other photonic structures, such as Distributed Bragg reflectors ("DBRs"), because the medium should appear uniform in the propagation direction on the length scale of the optical wavelength. Using terminology understood by those skilled in the art: the dielectric constant of the metamaterial in the propagation direction can be described by an effective medium approximation. Plasmonic and metamaterial materials provide a means for controlling light propagation that can enhance OLED performance in a variety of ways.

In some embodiments, the reinforcement layer is provided as a planar layer. In other embodiments, the enhancement layer has features of wavelength size arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly, or features of sub-wavelength size arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly. In some embodiments, the wavelength-sized features and the sub-wavelength-sized features have sharp edges.

In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer has features of wavelength size that are arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly, or features of sub-wavelength size that are arranged periodically, quasi-periodically, or randomly. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer may be composed of a plurality of nanoparticles, and in other embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of a plurality of nanoparticles disposed over the material. In these embodiments, the out-coupling may be adjusted by at least one of the following: varying a size of the plurality of nanoparticles, varying a shape of the plurality of nanoparticles, varying a material of the plurality of nanoparticles, adjusting a thickness of the material, varying a refractive index of the material or an additional layer disposed on the plurality of nanoparticles, varying a thickness of the enhancement layer, and/or varying a material of the enhancement layer. The plurality of nanoparticles of the device may be formed from at least one of: a metal, a dielectric material, a semiconductor material, a metal alloy, a mixture of dielectric materials, a stack or a laminate of one or more materials, and/or a core of one type of material and coated with a shell of another type of material. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer is composed of at least metal nanoparticles, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of: ag. Al, Au, Ir, Pt, Ni, Cu, W, Ta, Fe, Cr, Mg, Ga, Rh, Ti, Ru, Pd, In, Bi, Ca, alloys or mixtures of these materials, and stacks of these materials. The plurality of nanoparticles may have an additional layer disposed thereon. In some embodiments, an outcoupling layer may be used to adjust the polarization of the emission. Varying the size and periodicity of the outcoupling layer can select the type of polarization that is preferentially outcoupled to air. In some embodiments, the outcoupling layer also serves as an electrode of the device.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a consumer product comprising an Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) having an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer can comprise a compound as disclosed in the above compounds section of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment, the consumer product comprises an OLED comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an emission region disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emission region comprises: a first compound of formula I

represents a single bond or a double bond; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or the general substituents disclosed above; r, R' and R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EAny two or more of which may be joined or fused together to formAnd (4) a ring. The acceptor may be selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof. For this OLED, when X¹Is CRR', the peak wavelength λ of the light emitted by the acceptor at room temperature_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm.

In some embodiments, the consumer product comprises an OLED having an anode; a cathode; and an emission region disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emission region comprises a first compound of formula VI

As a sensitizer, and a receptor. In formula VI, M is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, and Au; x^1'Selected from the group consisting of CRR ', NR, O, S, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR '; y is^1'Selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se; each R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; r, R' and R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Comprises a chemical group capable of emitting light by fluorescence or delayed fluorescence; and/or an organic linking bridge comprising from 1 to 24 carbon atoms between the organometallic moiety and the fluorescent moiety; n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond; and R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring. The acceptor may be selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof. For this OLED.

In some embodiments, the consumer product may be one of the following: a flat panel display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for interior or exterior lighting and/or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a laser printer, a telephone, a cellular telephone, a tablet, a phablet, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay at a diagonal of less than 2 inches, a 3-D display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall containing multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, and a sign.

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer. The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and a hole are located on the same molecule, an "exciton," which is a localized electron-hole pair with an excited energy state, is formed. When the exciton relaxes by a light emission mechanism, light is emitted. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer (eximer) or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms (such as thermal relaxation) may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. patent nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emit light from a singlet state ("fluorescence"), as disclosed, for example, in U.S. patent No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescence emission typically occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from the triplet state ("phosphorescence") have been demonstrated. Baldo et al, "high efficiency Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices" (Nature), 395, 151-154,1998 ("Baldo-I"); and baldo et al, "Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence (Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices-based on electrophosphorescence)", applied physical promo (appl. phys. lett.), volume 75, stages 3,4-6 (1999) ("baldo-II"), which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, columns 5-6, which is incorporated by reference.

Fig. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily to scale. Device 100 can include substrate 110, anode 115, hole injection layer 120, hole transport layer 125, electron blocking layer 130, emissive layer 135, hole blocking layer 140, electron transport layer 145, electron injection layer 150, protective layer 155, cathode 160, and blocking layer 170. Cathode 160 is a composite cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. The device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers in sequence. The nature and function of these various layers and example materials are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, columns 6-10, which is incorporated by reference.

More instances of each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is doped with F at a molar ratio of 50:1₄TCNQ m-MTDATA as disclosed in U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of luminescent and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, disclose examples of cathodes comprising a composite having a thin layer of a metal (e.g., Mg: Ag) with an overlying transparent, conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layerAnd a cathode. The theory and use of barrier layers is described in more detail in U.S. patent No. 6,097,147 and U.S. patent application publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of the protective layer may be found in U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Fig. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. The device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers in sequence. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed above an anode, and device 200 has a cathode 215 disposed below an anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an "inverted" OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in corresponding layers of device 200. Fig. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in fig. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is to be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in conjunction with various other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be obtained by combining the various layers described in different ways, or the layers may be omitted entirely based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe the various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials may be used, such as mixtures of hosts and dopants, or more generally, mixtures. Further, the layer may have various sub-layers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an "organic layer" disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to fig. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as oleds (pleds) comprising polymeric materials, such as disclosed in U.S. patent No. 5,247,190 to frand (Friend), et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. The OLEDs may be stacked, for example, as described in U.S. patent No. 5,707,745 to forrister (Forrest) et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in fig. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling (out-coupling), such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Foster et al, and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Boolean (Bulovic) et al, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method, unless otherwise specified. For organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink jetting (as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, both incorporated by reference in their entirety), organic vapor deposition (OVPD) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Foster et al, both incorporated by reference in their entirety), and deposition by Organic Vapor Jet Printing (OVJP) (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, incorporated by reference in its entirety). Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution-based processes. The solution-based process is preferably carried out in a nitrogen or inert atmosphere. For other layers, a preferred method includes thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding (as described in U.S. Pat. nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety), and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as inkjet and Organic Vapor Jet Printing (OVJP). Other methods may also be used. The material to be deposited may be modified to suit the particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3 to 20 carbons is a preferred range. A material with an asymmetric structure may have better solution processibility than a material with a symmetric structure because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated according to embodiments of the present disclosure may further optionally include a barrier layer. One use of barrier layers is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damage from exposure to hazardous substances in the environment including moisture, vapor, and/or gas. The barrier layer may be deposited on, under or beside the substrate, electrode, or on any other part of the device, including the edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase and compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic compound or an organic compound or both. Preferred barrier layers comprise a mixture of polymeric and non-polymeric materials as described in U.S. patent No. 7,968,146, PCT patent application nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. To be considered a "mixture," the aforementioned polymeric and non-polymeric materials that make up the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or simultaneously. The weight ratio of polymeric material to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5: 95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be produced from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of polymeric material and non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

Devices manufactured according to embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units), which may be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of such electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices (e.g., discrete light source devices or lighting panels), etc., which may be utilized by end-user product manufacturers. The electronics module may optionally include drive electronics and/or a power source. Devices manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products having one or more electronic component modules (or units) incorporated therein. A consumer product comprising an OLED comprising a compound of the present disclosure in an organic layer in the OLED is disclosed. The consumer product shall include any kind of product comprising one or more light sources and/or one or more of some type of visual display. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, cellular telephones, tablet computers, tablet phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, video cameras, viewfinders, microdisplays (displays less than 2 inches diagonal), 3-D displays, virtual reality or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls containing multiple displays tiled together, theater or stadium screens, phototherapy devices, and signs. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices made in accordance with the present disclosure, including passive matrices and active matrices. Many of the devices are intended to be used in a temperature range that is comfortable for humans, such as 18 ℃ to 30 ℃, and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 ℃), but can be used outside this temperature range (e.g., -40 ℃ to +80 ℃).

More details regarding OLEDs and the definitions described above can be found in U.S. patent No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The materials and structures described herein may be applied to devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices such as organic transistors may employ the materials and structures.

In some embodiments, the OLED has one or more features selected from the group consisting of: flexible, rollable, foldable, stretchable, and bendable. In some embodiments, the OLED is transparent or translucent. In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising carbon nanotubes.

In some embodiments, the OLED further comprises a layer comprising a delayed fluorescence emitter. In some embodiments, the OLED comprises an RGB pixel arrangement or a white plus color filter pixel arrangement. In some embodiments, the OLED is a mobile device, a handheld device, or a wearable device. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of less than 10 inches or an area of less than 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is a display panel having a diagonal of at least 10 inches or an area of at least 50 square inches. In some embodiments, the OLED is a lighting panel.

In some embodiments, the compound may be an emissive dopant. In some embodiments, the compounds may produce emission via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as E-type delayed fluorescence, see, e.g., U.S. application No. 15/700,352, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), triplet-triplet annihilation, or a combination of these processes. In some embodiments, the emissive dopant may be a racemic mixture, or may be enriched in one enantiomer. In some embodiments, the compounds may be homoleptic (each ligand is the same). In some embodiments, the compounds may be compounded (at least one ligand being different from the others). In some embodiments, when there is more than one ligand that coordinates to the metal, the ligands may all be the same. In some other embodiments, at least one ligand is different from the other ligands. In some embodiments, each ligand may be different from each other. This is also true in embodiments where the ligand that coordinates to the metal can be linked to other ligands that coordinate to the metal to form a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate, or hexadentate ligand. Thus, where the coordinating ligands are linked together, in some embodiments all of the ligands may be the same, and in some other embodiments at least one of the linked ligands may be different from the other ligand(s).

In some embodiments, the compounds may be used as phosphorous photosensitizers in OLEDs, where one or more layers in the OLED contain an acceptor in the form of one or more fluorescent and/or delayed fluorescence emitters. In some embodiments, the compounds may be used as a component of an exciplex to be used as a sensitizer. As a phosphosensitizer, the compound must be capable of energy transfer to the acceptor and the acceptor will emit or further transfer energy to the final emitter. The receptor concentration may range from 0.001% to 100%. The acceptor may be in the same layer as the phosphorous sensitizer or in one or more different layers. In some embodiments, the receptor is a TADF emitter. In some embodiments, the acceptor is a fluorescent emitter. In some embodiments, the emission may be produced by any or all of the sensitizer, the receptor, and the final emitter.

According to another aspect, a formulation comprising a compound described herein is also disclosed.

The OLEDs disclosed herein can be incorporated into one or more of consumer products, electronic component modules, and lighting panels. The organic layer may be an emissive layer, and the compound may be an emissive dopant in some embodiments, while the compound may be a non-emissive dopant in other embodiments.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a formulation comprising the novel compound disclosed herein is described. The formulation may include one or more of the components disclosed herein selected from the group consisting of: a solvent, a host, a hole injection material, a hole transport material, an electron blocking material, a hole blocking material, and an electron transport material.

The present disclosure encompasses any chemical structure comprising the novel compounds of the present disclosure or monovalent or multivalent variants thereof. In other words, the compounds of the present invention or monovalent or multivalent variants thereof may be part of a larger chemical structure. Such chemical structures may be selected from the group consisting of: monomers, polymers, macromolecules and supramolecules (also known as supramolecules). As used herein, "monovalent variant of a compound" refers to a moiety that is the same as a compound but where one hydrogen has been removed and replaced with a bond to the remainder of the chemical structure. As used herein, "multivalent variants of a compound" refers to moieties that are the same as a compound but where more than one hydrogen has been removed and replaced with one or more bonds to the rest of the chemical structure. In the case of supramolecules, the compounds of the invention may also be incorporated into supramolecular complexes without covalent bonds.

D. Combinations of the compounds of the present disclosure with other materials

Materials described herein as suitable for use in a particular layer in an organic light emitting device can be used in combination with a variety of other materials present in the device. For example, the emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, barrier layers, implant layers, electrodes, and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referenced below are non-limiting examples of materials that can be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of ordinary skill in the art can readily review the literature to identify other materials that can be used in combination.

a) Conductive dopant:

the charge transport layer may be doped with a conductivity dopant to substantially change its charge carrier density, which in turn will change its conductivity. The conductivity is increased by the generation of charge carriers in the host material and, depending on the type of dopant, a change in the Fermi level of the semiconductor can also be achieved. The hole transport layer may be doped with a p-type conductivity dopant and an n-type conductivity dopant is used in the electron transport layer.

Non-limiting examples of conductivity dopants that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein, along with references disclosing those materials, are exemplified below: EP01617493, EP01968131, EP2020694, EP2684932, US20050139810, US20070160905, US20090167167, US2010288362, WO06081780, WO2009003455, WO2009008277, WO2009011327, WO2014009310, US2007252140, US2015060804, US20150123047 and US 2012146012.

And

b)HIL/HTL：

the hole injection/transport material used in the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as the hole injection/transport material. Examples of materials include (but are not limited to): phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivatives; an aromatic amine derivative; indolocarbazole derivatives; a fluorocarbon-containing polymer; a polymer having a conductive dopant; conductive polymers such as PEDOT/PSS; self-assembling monomers derived from compounds such as phosphonic acids and silane derivatives; metal oxide derivatives, e.g. MoO_x(ii) a p-type semiconducting organic compounds, such as 1,4,5,8,9, 12-hexaazatriphenylhexacyano-nitrile; a metal complex; and a crosslinkable compound.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives for use in HILs or HTLs include, but are not limited to, the following general structures:

and

Ar¹to Ar⁹Each of which is selected from: a group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as: benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene,

Perylene and azulene; a group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as: dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolobipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furobipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienobipyridine, benzoselenenopyridine, and selenenopyridine; and a group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are the same type or different types of groups selected from aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, a chain structural unit and an aliphatic ring group. Each Ar may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, Ar¹To Ar⁹Independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; x¹⁰¹To X¹⁰⁸Is C (including CH) or N; z¹⁰¹Is NAr¹O or S; ar (Ar)¹Having the same groups as defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HILs or HTLs include, but are not limited to, the following general formulas:

wherein Met is a metal which may have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y)¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) Is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹And Y¹⁰²Independently selected from C, N, O, P and S; l is¹⁰¹Is an ancillary ligand; k' is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal; and k' + k "is the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

In one embodiment, (Y)¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) Is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y)¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) Is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os and Zn. In another aspect, the metal complex has a structure comparable to Fc⁺A minimum oxidation potential in solution of less than about 0.6V for/Fc coupling.

Non-limiting examples of HIL and HTL materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein, along with references disclosing those materials, are exemplified by the following: CN102702075, DE102012005215, EP01624500, EP0169861, EP01806334, EP01930964, EP01972613, EP01997799, EP02011790, EP02055700, EP02055701, EP1725079, EP2085382, EP2660300, EP650955, JP07-073529, JP2005112765, JP2007091, JP 2008021621687, JP2014-009196, KR 201188898, KR20130077473, TW 201139201139402, US06517957, US 2008220158242, US20030162053, US20050123751 751, US 20060282993, US 200602872 14579, US 201181874874, US20070278938, US 20080014014464 091091091, US20080106190, US 200907192605092385, US 12460352009071794392604335200356371798, WO 20120020120020135200353141563543544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435646, WO 200200352003520035563256325632563256325646, WO 20035200352003520035200435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435646, WO 200605646, WO 200605632563256325632563256325646, WO 2002002002002002002002002002002002002002004356325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632567, WO 2004354435443435632563256325632563256325632563256325632563243544354434354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443541, WO 2002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002004354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435427, WO 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020060435443544354435443544354435427, WO 20020020020020020020020020020020020043544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435443544354435427, WO 20020020020020020020020020020020020020060435427, WO 20020020020020020020020060435427, WO 2002002002002006043544354435427, WO 2002002002002002002004354435427, WO 20043544354435427, WO 200200200200200604354435443544354435443544354435427, WO 200435443563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632563256325632435427, WO 200200200200200200435427, WO 20020020020020020043200200200200200432002002002002004320043435427, WO 200435427, WO 20043200200200435427, WO 200200200435427, WO 200200200432004320020020020020043200435427, WO 200200200435427, WO 20043435427, WO 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043544320020020020020020043432004320043544354435427, WO 200200200200.

And

c)EBL：

an Electron Blocking Layer (EBL) may be used to reduce the number of electrons and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a barrier layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiency and/or longer lifetime compared to a similar device lacking a barrier layer. In addition, blocking layers can be used to limit the emission to the desired area of the OLED. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the EBL interface. In some embodiments, the EBL material has a higher LUMO (closer to the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the bodies closest to the EBL interface. In one embodiment, the compound used in the EBL contains the same molecule or the same functional group as used in one of the hosts described below.

d) A main body:

the light-emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present disclosure preferably contains at least a metal complex as a light-emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. Any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria are met.

Examples of the metal complex used as the host preferably have the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y)¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) Is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³And Y¹⁰⁴Independently selected from C, N, O, P and S; l is¹⁰¹Is another ligand; k' is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal; and k' + k "is the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complex is:

wherein (O-N) is a bidentate ligand having a metal coordinated to the O and N atoms.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In another aspect, (Y)¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) Is a carbene ligand.

In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one selected from the group consisting of: a group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as: benzene, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, perylene,

Perylene and azulene; a group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as: dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolobipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indolizine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furobipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienobipyridine, benzoselenenopyridine, and selenenopyridine; and a group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are the same type or different types of groups selected from aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, a boron atom, a chain structural unit and an aliphatic ring group. Each option in each group may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrileThio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

and

wherein R is¹⁰¹Selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, and when it is aryl or heteroaryl it has a similar definition to Ar mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or from 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹To X¹⁰⁸Independently selected from C (including CH) or N. Z¹⁰¹And Z¹⁰²Independently selected from NR¹⁰¹O or S.

Non-limiting examples of host materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein are exemplified below, along with references disclosing those materials: EP2034538, EP2034538A, EP2757608, JP2007254297, KR20100079458, KR20120088644, KR20120129733, KR20130115564, TW201329200, US20030175553, US20050238919, US20060280965, US20090017330, US20090030202, US20090167162, US20090302743, US20090309488, US20100012931, US20100084966, US20100187984, US2010187984, US2012075273, US2012126221, US2013009543, US2013105787, US2013175519, US 001446, US 20148301503, US20140225088, US2014034914, US7154114, WO2001039234, WO 2004093203203203207, WO 2005014545454545452009020090455646, WO 2002012009020120090201902019072201200907220120020190722012002012002016072201200201200201200201607246, WO 20120020120020160722012002016072201200201200201607246, WO 200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200907220020120020120020120020120020120020120090729, WO 200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200201200200200201200201200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200201200200200200201200201200200200200200201200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200201200201200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200201200201200200200201200201200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200201200201200200200200200200201200200201200201200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200,

and

e) other emitters:

one or more other emitter dopants may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention. Examples of the other emitter dopant are not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is generally used as an emitter material. Examples of suitable emitter materials include, but are not limited to, compounds that can produce emission via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (i.e., TADF, also known as E-type delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, or a combination of these processes.

Non-limiting examples of emitter materials that can be used in OLEDs in combination with the materials disclosed herein, along with references disclosing those materials, are exemplified below: CN103694277, CN1696137, EB01238981, EP01239526, EP01961743, EP1239526, EP1244155, EP1642951, EP1647554, EP1841834, EP1841834B, EP2062907, EP2730583, JP 201207440263, JP4478555, KR1020090133652, KR20120032054, KR20130043460, TW201332980, US0669959, US 200100916520, US20010019782, US20020034656, US 20030068568526, US20030072964, US 2003013865657, US 200501787878788, US 20020020020020120044673, US2005123791, US 2006052449 449, US20060008670, US20060065890, US 601696, US 6016016016012006012016016310204659, US 2012002012002012002012002012000477817781979, WO 20020120020120020120020020020020020020004778177819748, US 20120020020004779, WO 200200200201200201200200200200200201200778177819748, US 20020120004779, US 20120020120020120020120020020120020020020004779, US 2002012002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002002012000477819748, US 200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200779, US 200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200779, US 200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200779, US 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020120020120020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043979, US 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043979, US 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043979, US 20020020020120020120020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043979, US 20020020020020020020020020020020020120020120020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020120020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043979, US 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020120020120020120020120043979, US 20020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020020043979, the No. 200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200979, the No. 10,979, the No. 10,979, the No. 10, the No. 10,979, the No. 10,979, No. 10, US 200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200200, WO2012020327, WO2012163471, WO2013094620, WO2013107487, WO2013174471, WO2014007565, WO2014008982, WO2014023377, WO2014024131, WO2014031977, WO2014038456, WO 2014112450.

And

f)HBL：

hole Blocking Layers (HBLs) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a barrier layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiency and/or longer lifetime compared to a similar device lacking a barrier layer. In addition, blocking layers can be used to limit the emission to the desired area of the OLED. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (farther from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than the emitter closest to the HBL interface. In some embodiments, the HBL material has a lower HOMO (farther from the vacuum level) and/or higher triplet energy than one or more of the hosts closest to the HBL interface.

In one aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional group as used for the host described above.

In another aspect, the compound used in HBL contains in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; l is¹⁰¹Is another ligand, and k' is an integer of 1 to 3.

g)ETL：

The Electron Transport Layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. The electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped) or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complex or organic compound may be used as long as it is generally used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, the compound used in the ETL contains in the molecule at least one of the following groups:

wherein R is¹⁰¹Selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when aryl or heteroaryl, have similar definitions as Ar described above. Ar (Ar)¹To Ar³Have similar definitions as Ar mentioned above. k is an integer of 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹To X¹⁰⁸Selected from C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complex used in the ETL contains (but is not limited to) the following general formula:

wherein (O-N) or (N-N) is a bidentate ligand having a metal coordinated to atom O, N or N, N; l is¹⁰¹Is another ligand; k' is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that can be attached to the metal.

Non-limiting examples of ETL materials that can be used in an OLED in combination with the materials disclosed herein, along with references disclosing those materials, are exemplified as follows: CN103508940, EP01602648, EP01734038, EP01956007, JP2004-022334, JP2005149918, JP2005-268199, KR0117693, KR20130108183, US20040036077, US20070104977, US2007018155, US20090101870, US20090115316, US20090140637, US 2009017959554, US2009218940, US2010108990, US2011156017, US2011210320, US2012193612, US2012214993, US 20140142014014925, US 201401492014927, US 2014028450284580, US 5666612, US 1508431, WO 200306093060979256, WO2007111263, WO2009148269, WO2010067894, WO2010072300, WO 201107070, WO 105373, WO 201303017, WO 201314545477, WO 2014545667, WO 201104376, WO2014104535, WO 2014535,

and

h) charge Generation Layer (CGL)

In tandem or stacked OLEDs, CGL plays a fundamental role in performance, consisting of an n-doped layer and a p-doped layer for injecting electrons and holes, respectively. Electrons and holes are supplied by the CGL and the electrodes. Electrons and holes consumed in the CGL are refilled by electrons and holes injected from the cathode and anode, respectively; subsequently, the bipolar current gradually reaches a steady state. Typical CGL materials include n and p conductivity dopants used in the transport layer.

In any of the above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms may be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any of the specifically listed substituents, such as (but not limited to) methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and the like, can be in their non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms. Similarly, substituent classes (such as, but not limited to, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc.) can also be non-deuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated forms thereof.

It should be understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without departing from the spirit of the invention. The invention as claimed may thus comprise variations of the specific examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.

Experimental data

The OLEDs were grown on a glass substrate precoated with an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) layer with a sheet resistance of 15 Ω/sq. Prior to depositing or coating any organic layers, the substrate was degreased with a solvent, then treated with oxygen plasma at 100 mtorr for 1.5 minutes at 50W and treated with UV ozone for 5 minutes.

The apparatus in Table 1 was operated by thermal evaporation under high vacuum (<10^-6Tray). The anode electrode is

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The organic layers of device examples 1 to 4 were composed of the following in order from the ITO surface:

thick compound 1 (HIL);

compound 2 layer (HTL);

compound 3 layer (EBL);

the EML of (a), comprising: compound 3 doped with 50% compound 4, 12% sensitizer 1 and x% receptor (x ═ 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%);

compound 6(ETL) doped with 35% compound 5;

compound 6 (EIL); then is

Al (cathode). All devices were capped immediately after manufacture with epoxy-sealed glass in a nitrogen glove box (<1ppm of H₂O and O₂) The package is packaged, and a moisture absorbent is filled in the package. The doping percentages are in volume percent.

OLED material used

OLED device results

Table 1: OLED device data for a device using sensitizer 1 as the only emitter (device example 1); and sensitizer 1 with acceptor a at a doping concentration of 1% (device example 2); sensitizer 1 with acceptor B at a doping concentration of 1% (device example 3); and sensitizer 1 with 1% dopant concentration of acceptor C (device example 4).

Fig. 3 shows Electroluminescence (EL) spectra of device examples 1,2, 3 and 4.

In a device using sensitizer 1, doping the acceptors A, B and C at 1% will cause energy transfer to the acceptors from the EL spectrum, λ_maxAnd CIE_yAs can be seen in the data, this reflects efficient energy transfer. Thus, sensitizer 1 is a potent sensitizer for three different fluorescence/TADF acceptors. This causes device emission from the receptor, characterized by a blue shift of λ relative to the non-sensitized device 1_max. In devices 2 and 4, CIE is relative to the non-sensitized device_yAnd decreases. Thus, the use of linear metal complexes to sensitize the fluorescence/TADF acceptor is an effective way to obtain device emission at higher energies.

Claims

1. An Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED), comprising:

an anode;

a cathode; and

an emission region disposed between the anode and the cathode;

wherein the emission area includes:

a first compound that is a sensitizer having the structure:

formula I:

wherein:

M-C is a metal carbene bond;

m is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au;

X¹selected from the group consisting of CR, CRR ', NR, O, S, PR, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR ';

Y¹selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond;

R、R'、R^A、R^B、R^C、R^Dand R^EIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;

R、R'、R^A、R^B、R^C、R^Dand R^EAny two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring; and

a receptor selected from the group consisting of a fluorescence emitter, a delayed fluorescence emitter, and combinations thereof; and is

With the proviso that when X¹Is CRR', the peak wavelength λ of the light emitted by the acceptor at room temperature_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm.

2. The OLED according to claim 1, wherein the first compound has a structure selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each M, X in the given formula¹、Y¹、R^A、R^B、R^C、R^D、R^EMay be the same or different, and

wherein in formula II and formula IV, each n is independently 0, 1, or 2.

3. The OLED of claim 1 wherein each R, R', R^A、R^B、R^C、R^DAnd R^EIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, oxyboronyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

4. The OLED of claim 1 wherein Y¹Is N.

5. The OLED of claim 1 wherein at least one of the following is true:

(a)R^Dand R^EEach is a 6-membered aromatic ring, and may be substituted;

(b)R^Dand R^EAnd Y¹Joined together to form a 5-membered ring;

(c)R^Aand R^BJoined together to form a 5-or 6-membered ring; and

(d)R^Cis a 6-membered aromatic ring, and may be substituted.

6. The OLED of claim 1 wherein X¹Is NR or CR.

7. The OLED according to claim 1 wherein M is Au, Cu or Ag.

8. The OLED according to claim 1 wherein the acceptor emits light at room temperature with a peak wavelength λ_maxLess than or equal to 520 nm.

9. The OLED according to claim 1 wherein the moiety in formula I

Comprising a structure selected from the group consisting of:

and

wherein:

one or more dashed lines in each structure represent a direct bond to M;

each X is independently C or N;

each R^G、R^H、R^I、R^J、R^K、R^L、R^P、R^Q、R^R、R^YAnd R^ZIndependently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluoro, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, oxyboronyl, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof; and is

Each R^F-R^M、R^P、R^Q、R^S、R^T、R^YAnd R^ZRespectively represent zero substitution, monosubstitution to the maximum permissible substitution.

10. The OLED according to claim 1 wherein the moiety in formula I

Selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

A and B are each independently a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system comprising one or more fused 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings;

each X is independently selected from the group consisting of C and N;

each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of CRR ', SiRR', NR, BR, O, S, Se, and PR;

r and R' each independently represent zero, mono, to the maximum permissible substitution; and is

Each R and R' is independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, fluorine, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, and combinations thereof.

11. The OLED according to claim 1, wherein the first compound of formula I is selected from the group consisting of:

and

12. the OLED of claim 1 wherein the emissive region comprises the acceptor.

13. The OLED of claim 1, wherein the emissive region includes a first organic layer and a second organic layer, wherein the first organic layer includes the first compound and the second organic layer includes the acceptor.

14. The OLED according to claim 1 wherein the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein

Rings a to I are each independently a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system comprising one or more fused 5-or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings;

each R, M, X and Y may be the same or different; and is

Each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of B, CR, SiR, and N.

15. The OLED according to claim 1 wherein the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of:

and

16. the OLED according to claim 13, wherein the first compound of formula I is doped into the emissive layer at a concentration in a range between 1 wt% to 25 wt%.

17. The OLED according to claim 16 wherein the acceptor is doped into the emissive layer at a concentration in a range between 0.1% to 5%.

18. The OLED of claim 16 wherein the emissive layer further comprises a host.

19. A consumer product comprising the OLED according to claim 1, wherein the consumer product is selected from the group consisting of: a flat panel display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for interior or exterior lighting and/or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a laser printer, a telephone, a cellular telephone, a tablet computer, a phablet, a personal digital assistant PDA, a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a video camera, a viewfinder, a microdisplay with a diagonal of less than 2 inches, a 3-D display, a virtual reality or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall containing multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, and a sign.

20. A compound comprising a first structure of:

formula VI

Wherein:

m is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag and Au;

X^1'selected from the group consisting of CRR ', NR, O, S, SiRR ', BR, and GeRR ';

Y^1'selected from the group consisting of C, N, B, O, S, Si and Se;

each R, R' R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Independently hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of: deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, oxyboronyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;

R、R'、R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'and R^E'Comprises a chemical group capable of emitting light by fluorescence or delayed fluorescence; and/or an organic linking bridge comprising from 1 to 24 carbon atoms between the organometallic moiety and the fluorescent moiety;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

represents a single bond or a double bond;

wherein one or more additional structures having formula VI can be joined or fused together with the first structure; and is

R、R'、R^A'、R^B'、R^C'、R^D'And R^E'Two or more of which may be joined or fused together to form a ring.