CN117930281B - Visibility inversion method based on coherent Doppler laser radar backscattering - Google Patents
Visibility inversion method based on coherent Doppler laser radar backscattering Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a visibility inversion method based on coherent Doppler laser radar backscattering, which realizes absolute calibration of atmospheric aerosol echo signal intensity by calibrating a distance, a focusing function and a system constant of an echo signal, inverts a more accurate backscattering coefficient by utilizing the characteristic of low extinction attenuation of near infrared wavelength of the Doppler laser radar, and realizes inversion of atmospheric visibility according to the established theoretical model or empirical model conversion relation between the backscattering coefficient of the wind-measuring laser radar aerosol and the atmospheric visibility; the atmospheric weather parameter detection capability of the coherent laser radar is expanded, and compared with the traditional aerosol laser radar, the coherent laser radar has the advantages of eye safety, stable system, high signal to noise ratio and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of laser radars, in particular to a visibility inversion method based on coherent Doppler laser radar backscattering.
Background
Atmospheric visibility is one of the elements of meteorological observation, and is not only used for weather analysis of daily meteorological departments, but also widely used in traffic and transportation departments such as highways, ports, aviation navigation and the like, military and other fields. Atmospheric visibility is largely dependent on atmospheric extinction caused by aerosols of various particles suspended in the atmosphere, and the main methods of measuring visibility include transmission and scattering methods. The most widely used forward scattering visibility meter in the weather observation station and airport, etc. is only capable of providing single-point visibility measurement, and is not suitable for layered aerosol distribution conditions, such as sea fog, highway fog, etc.
The laser radar based on aerosol elastic back scattering realizes measurement of atmospheric extinction by remote sensing, has proved to be a powerful method for measuring visibility, has the advantages of high space-time resolution and the like, and can detect oblique range visibility. The current visibility laser radar generally adopts a working mode of direct multi-mode detection of space light, has larger pulse energy, system power consumption and volume, and is easily interfered by solar background radiation noise in daytime. Meanwhile, the common visible wavelength of the light constitutes a great threat to human eye safety.
The Doppler wind lidar is the most widely applied type of elastic back scattering lidar system, and can realize the detection of the movement speed by analyzing the Doppler frequency shift of echo signals of aerosol, cloud, hard targets and the like, and is widely used in the fields of aviation safety guarantee, wind power generation, atmosphere pollution monitoring and forecasting and the like at present. The echo intensity of the wind-sensing laser radar contains the information of atmospheric attenuation, but because the coherent detection efficiency is easily influenced by factors such as laser beam focal length, turbulence and the like, the echo signal intensity information is often ignored in the past, and the research on analyzing the atmospheric visibility based on the coherent wind-sensing laser radar is almost blank.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: in order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a method for accurately calibrating the echo of a wind lidar and further inverting the atmospheric visibility by utilizing the atmospheric back scattering intensity.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: the method for inverting the visibility based on the coherent Doppler laser radar back scattering comprises the following steps:
Step 1, performing fast Fourier transform on an original beat current signal of a coherent laser radar, and performing pulse accumulation to obtain accumulated power spectrum data of different range gates WhereinThe frequency is represented by a frequency value,Representing a range gate;
step2, removing noise from the accumulated power spectrum data and normalizing the system frequency response to obtain a signal spectrum And extracting the echo signal strength, i.e. its carrier-to-noise ratio；
Step3, carrier-to-noise ratio of echo signalsDistance of proceedingFocusing functionSystem constantIs calibrated to obtain the attenuated backscatter coefficientThe method specifically comprises the following steps:
；
Step 4, for the attenuated backscattering coefficient Correcting the atmospheric extinction attenuation term to obtain a backscattering coefficientThe method specifically comprises the following steps:
；
wherein, ，Is the extinction coefficient of the air, and the extinction coefficient of the air,Is the laser radar ratio;
Step 5, utilizing visibility And backscattering coefficientThe relationship between them gives visibility.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 3, the focusing function is related to the spot size of the outgoing beam and the radius of curvature of the equiphase surface, and under the condition of no truncated gaussian beam, the focusing function can be expressed as:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of For outgoing Gaussian beams at telescopeThe radius of irradiance and the radius of irradiance,For the wavelength of the laser light,To be the radius of curvature of the equiphase of the outgoing beam,Is the transverse coherence length associated with turbulence; system constantCalibration is performed using the atmospheric target signal with known optical scattering characteristics.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 5, the relationship between the visibility and the backscattering coefficient is:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of Indicating the wavelength of the laser light,Angstroms wavelength indexThe method comprises the following steps:
；
Wherein the laser radar ratio Calibration is performed by matching the results of the site visibility sensor.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 5, the relationship between the visibility and the backscattering coefficient is specifically:
and establishing conversion relations between the backscattering coefficients of the aerosol of the wind-measuring laser radar and the atmospheric visibility in different environments based on a nonlinear regression and machine learning method through historical data of the laser radar and the in-situ visibility sensor.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. The near-infrared band atmospheric extinction influence is small, the Mie scattering laser radar equation is solved by calibrating the focusing function, the system constant and the atmospheric extinction attenuation of the echo signal of the anemometry laser radar, a reference point is not needed, errors caused by the assumption of the reference point are avoided, the backward scattering coefficient of the aerosol can be inverted more accurately, the backward scattering coefficient of the aerosol is further utilized to obtain the atmospheric visibility, and the method has the advantages of high precision and stability;
2. The human eye safety threshold is high and the horizontal scanning is more flexible at the working wavelength of the coherent wind lidar; the all-fiber structure of the radar system is simple and stable, is easy to miniaturize, has more advantages than the traditional aerosol radar system, and is more suitable for commercial large-scale popularization; the visibility inversion method provided by the invention expands the atmospheric weather parameter detection capability and the data product range of the conventional coherent wind lidar.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of carrier-to-noise ratio of a coherent wind lidar for horizontally detecting atmospheric echoes;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the backscattering coefficients of the echo curve of FIG. 1 after the distance correction, focusing function correction, system constant correction, and atmospheric attenuation correction;
FIG. 3 is a scatter probability distribution diagram of the relationship between the backscattering coefficient of the autumn wind lidar aerosol and the atmospheric visibility in the fertilizer-closing area;
FIG. 4 is a schematic flow chart of a specific method of the invention.
Detailed Description
The present application is further illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed description which are to be understood as being merely illustrative of the application and not limiting of its scope, and various equivalent modifications to the application will fall within the scope of the application as defined in the appended claims after reading the application.
As shown in fig. 4, a method for inverting visibility based on coherent doppler lidar backscatter includes the following steps:
Step 1, performing fast Fourier transform on an original beat current signal of a coherent laser radar, and performing pulse accumulation to obtain accumulated power spectrum data of different range gates WhereinThe frequency is represented by a frequency value,Representing a range gate;
step2, removing noise from the accumulated power spectrum data and normalizing the system frequency response to obtain a signal spectrum And extracting the echo signal strength, i.e. its carrier-to-noise ratio；
Step3, carrier-to-noise ratio of echo signalsDistance of proceedingFocusing functionSystem constantIs calibrated to obtain the attenuated backscatter coefficientThe method specifically comprises the following steps:
；
Step 4, for the attenuated backscattering coefficient Correcting the atmospheric extinction attenuation term to obtain a backscattering coefficientThe method specifically comprises the following steps:
；
wherein, ，Is the extinction coefficient of the air, and the extinction coefficient of the air,Is the laser radar ratio;
Step 5, utilizing visibility And backscattering coefficientThe relationship between them gives visibility.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 2, the slave power spectrumExtracting the frequency corresponding to the peak valueWithin a given bandwidth rangeInternal calculation of carrier to noise ratio：
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps ofThe integration bandwidth of the signal is preset and depends on the signal spectrum width.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 3, the focusing function is related to the spot size of the outgoing beam and the radius of curvature of the equiphase surface, and under the condition of no truncated gaussian beam, the focusing function can be expressed as:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of For outgoing Gaussian beams at telescopeThe radius of irradiance and the radius of irradiance,For the wavelength of the laser light,To be the radius of curvature of the equiphase of the outgoing beam,Is the transverse coherence length associated with turbulence; system constantCalibration is performed using the atmospheric target signal with known optical scattering characteristics.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 5, the relationship between the visibility and the backscattering coefficient is:
；；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of Indicating the wavelength of the laser light,Angstroms wavelength indexThe method comprises the following steps:
；
Wherein the laser radar ratio Calibration is performed by matching the results of the site visibility sensor.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention: in the step 5, the relationship between the visibility and the backscattering coefficient is specifically:
and establishing conversion relations between the backscattering coefficients of the aerosol of the wind-measuring laser radar and the atmospheric visibility in different environments based on a nonlinear regression and machine learning method through historical data of the laser radar and the in-situ visibility sensor.
Example 1
The coherent laser radar obtains heterodyne current signals through detection after mixing the local oscillation laser and the atmospheric echo signal light, and has the advantages of narrow signal bandwidth and insensitivity to broad-spectrum background light. Performing fast Fourier transform calculation on the original beat current signal of the coherent laser radar, and performing pulse accumulation to obtain accumulated power spectrum data of different range gatesWhereinRepresenting frequency and distance gate, respectively;
the original power spectrum comprises superposition of an atmospheric echo signal and system noise, and the signal spectrum is obtained after the processing such as noise removal, system frequency response normalization and the like are carried out on the original power spectrum data . For each range gateFrom the power spectrumExtracting the frequency corresponding to the peak valueWithin a given bandwidth rangeInternal calculation of carrier to noise ratio：
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps ofThe bandwidth of integration for a preset signal depends on the spectral width of the signal. According to the method, the broadband carrier-to-noise ratio is calculated through broadband integration, the influence of the broadening effect of turbulence and the like on the peak value-based narrow-band carrier-to-noise ratio calculation method is avoided, and the accuracy is higher and the method is more reasonable. An example of a carrier-to-noise ratio curve for horizontal detection of atmospheric echoes by a coherent wind lidar is given in fig. 1.
The theoretical formula of the broadband carrier-to-noise ratio of the coherent lidar echo signal can be expressed as:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of For the single pulse energy of the outgoing laser light,For the distance of the target scatterer from the telescope,For atmospheric extinction coefficients, including atmospheric molecular extinction and aerosol extinction,Is the back-scattering coefficient of the aerosol,For the effective receiving area of the telescope,Is the speed of light in the air,For coherent heterodyning efficiency (or focusing function),For the optical efficiency of the system,In the event of a photon energy being used,Is the detector bandwidth. At near infrared wavelengths where coherent lidars operate, the scattering and extinction of atmospheric molecules is generally much smaller than for aerosols, so the effects of atmospheric molecular terms can be ignored in the lidar equation.
Defining an attenuated backscattering coefficient:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of Is a system constant factor related to system parameters. Can see pairs ofDistance of proceedingFocusing functionSystem constantAfter calibration of (a) the attenuated backscatter coefficients can be obtained. Wherein the focusing function is related to the spot size of the outgoing beam and the radius of curvature of the iso-surface. Unlike aerosol lidar based on multimode detection, coherent wind lidar is essentially single-mode detection, whose echo signal strength is affected by the modulation of the focusing function and must be modified. Under the condition of no truncated Gaussian beam, the focusing function can be expressed as
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps ofFor outgoing Gaussian beams at telescopeThe radius of irradiance and the radius of irradiance,For the wavelength of the laser light,To be the radius of curvature of the equiphase of the outgoing beam,Is the transverse coherence length associated with turbulence. System constantCalibration can be performed using atmospheric target signals of known optical scattering characteristics, such as sufficiently thick non-precipitation layer clouds.
Further, for the attenuated backscattering coefficientCorrecting the atmospheric attenuation term to obtain a backscattering coefficient；
；
Fig. 2 is a graph of the backscattering coefficient obtained by performing the distance correction, focusing function correction, system constant correction, and atmospheric attenuation correction on the echo carrier-to-noise ratio curve in fig. 1.
Finally, utilizing visibilityAnd backscattering coefficientThe conversion relation between them calculates visibility. The conversion relation includes:
1) Theoretical model:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of Indicating the laser wavelength, the sensitivity of a normal human eye is generallyTo detect the wavelength of laser lightIs converted to a defined wavelength of atmospheric visibilityBy means of an angstrom wavelength index：
；
Laser radar ratioThe range of the micro physical parameters related to aerosol size spectrum distribution, negative refractive index and the like is generally 20-80, and real-time calibration can be performed by matching the results of the original position visibility sensor.
2) Experience model:
And establishing a direct conversion relation between the backscattering coefficient of the wind lidar aerosol and the atmospheric visibility in different environments based on nonlinear regression, machine learning and other methods through historical data of the backscattering coefficient of the lidar and the in-situ visibility sensor. Fig. 3 is a scatter probability distribution diagram of the relationship between the backscattering coefficient of the autumn laser radar aerosol and the atmospheric visibility in the fertilizer mixing area, wherein a black solid line is a nonlinear regression empirical model. Conversion of the backscatter coefficients to atmospheric visibility can be achieved based on the empirical model without the need for additional point instrument calibration.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the invention, it being noted that: it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the principles of the present invention, and such modifications and adaptations are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A visibility inversion method based on coherent Doppler laser radar backscattering is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Step 1, performing fast Fourier transform on an original beat current signal of a coherent laser radar, and performing pulse accumulation to obtain accumulated power spectrum data of different range gates Wherein/>Representing frequency,/>Representing a range gate;
step2, removing noise from the accumulated power spectrum data and normalizing the system frequency response to obtain a signal spectrum And extracting the echo signal strength, i.e. its carrier-to-noise ratio/>；
Step3, carrier-to-noise ratio of echo signalsDistance of progress/>Focusing function/>And system constant/>Is calibrated to obtain the attenuated backscattering coefficient/>The method specifically comprises the following steps:
；
Step 4, for the attenuated backscattering coefficient Correcting the atmospheric extinction attenuation term to obtain a backscattering coefficient/>The method specifically comprises the following steps:
；
wherein, ，/>Is the extinction coefficient of the atmosphere,/>Is the laser radar ratio;
Step 5, utilizing visibility And backscattering coefficient/>The relationship between them gives visibility.
2. The method for inverting visibility based on coherent doppler lidar backscatter of claim 1, wherein: in the step 2, the slave power spectrumFrequency/>, corresponding to the extracted peak valueIn a given bandwidth range/>Internal calculation of carrier-to-noise ratio/>：
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps ofFor a preset signal integration bandwidth, the data depends on the signal spectral width.
3. The method for inverting visibility based on coherent doppler lidar backscatter of claim 1, wherein: in the step 3, the focusing function is related to the spot size of the outgoing beam and the radius of curvature of the equiphase surface, and under the condition of no truncated gaussian beam, the focusing function can be expressed as:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of For outgoing Gaussian beam at telescope/>Irradiance radius,/>For the laser wavelength,/>Is the radius of curvature of the equiphase surface of the outgoing beam,/>Is the transverse coherence length associated with turbulence; system constant/>Calibration is performed using the atmospheric target signal with known optical scattering characteristics.
4. The method for inverting visibility based on coherent doppler lidar backscatter of claim 1, wherein: in the step 5, the relationship between the visibility and the backscattering coefficient is:
；
Wherein the method comprises the steps of Representing the laser wavelength,/>Angstrom wavelength index/>The method comprises the following steps:
；
Wherein the laser radar ratio Calibration is performed by matching the results of the site visibility sensor.
5. The method for inverting visibility based on coherent doppler lidar backscatter of claim 1, wherein: in the step 5, the relationship between the visibility and the backscattering coefficient is specifically:
and establishing conversion relations between the backscattering coefficients of the aerosol of the wind-measuring laser radar and the atmospheric visibility in different environments based on a nonlinear regression and machine learning method through historical data of the laser radar and the in-situ visibility sensor.
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