CN117919067A - Varicose vein treatment equipment - Google Patents
Varicose vein treatment equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN117919067A CN117919067A CN202410142645.2A CN202410142645A CN117919067A CN 117919067 A CN117919067 A CN 117919067A CN 202410142645 A CN202410142645 A CN 202410142645A CN 117919067 A CN117919067 A CN 117919067A
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Abstract
The invention discloses varicose vein treatment equipment, and belongs to the technical field of medical equipment. In the scheme, vein refilling time is used as an air charging and discharging period of an air bag system, in each air charging and discharging period, all air bags are sequentially inflated and pressurized according to the sequence from a distal end to a proximal end, after all the air bags are added to a first preset pressure, the air bags on thighs are continuously pressurized, after all the lower leg air bags are simultaneously depressurized to a second preset pressure, the lower leg air bags are sequentially pressurized to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, the lower leg air bags are repeatedly depressurized and pressurized for a plurality of times, and then after the thigh air bags and the lower leg air bags are all pressurized to the first preset pressure, all the air bags are simultaneously deflated, so that one air charging and discharging process is completed. The bionic working mode is established, the thigh air bags are used for simulating vein valves, the shank air bags are used for simulating muscle movements, the vein pressure is effectively reduced, and the effect of preventing and treating varicose veins is better.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of medical equipment, in particular to varicose vein treatment equipment.
Background
Varicose vein of lower limb refers to the condition that the valve of the superficial vein of lower limb is not closed fully or the wall of vein is weak, so that blood in vein flows back, the vein at the far end is stagnated, then the wall of vein is expanded, denatured, irregularly swelled and distorted, the condition is shown as limb soreness and discomfort, superficial vein tortuosity and agglomeration at early stage, and skin itch, pigmentation, desquamation, lipid sclerosis, ulcer, hemorrhage, thrombotic superficial phlebitis and deep vein thrombosis can appear along with the progress of the condition. Varicose veins of the lower extremities are a common clinical manifestation, and are most frequently seen in superficial varicose veins of the lower leg, often in the great saphenous vein, caused by a variety of different diseases. The superficial varicose veins of the lower limbs in the early and middle stages affect the quality of life of patients to different extents, and the later stage can disable part of patients from working ability. Foreign literature reports a prevalence of great saphenous varicose veins of 25%; the domestic literature reports that the prevalence rate of primary lower limb superficial varicose vein adults is 10%, the prevalence rates of men and women are close, and the prevalence rate of women is slightly higher.
At present, the comprehensive treatment of medicine and pressure combined operation has become the mainstream. The pressure treatment scheme mainly uses an intermittent inflation pressurization device, so that the pressure applied from the distal end to the proximal end of the lower limb is gradually reduced, the superficial vein is completely collapsed, and blood is promoted to flow back through the deep part. The pressure treatment can be used for treating varicose veins and complications, and is a necessary measure after operation, especially minimally invasive operation.
The current intermittent inflation pressurization device for treating varicose veins is usually provided with parameters according to experience by doctors, and sequentially inflates and deflates all air bags according to the sequence from a distal end to a proximal end to form gradient pressure, simulate the process of muscle contraction and relaxation, and further reduce venous pressure. However, most patients with varicose veins of the lower limbs have superficial venous valves which are not closed fully, and the intermittent inflation and pressurization device only simulates muscle contraction and relaxation, so that the problem of venous blood reflux during treatment caused by the venous valve insufficiency cannot be effectively solved, and the treatment effect is poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that: solves the problems that the prior intermittent inflation pressurizing device for treating varicose veins of lower limbs can not effectively improve venous blood reflux during treatment caused by insufficient closing of venous valves and has poor treatment effect.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a varicose vein treatment apparatus comprising a balloon system, a pneumatic system and a control system, wherein:
The airbag system includes a thigh airbag assembly including one airbag and a shank airbag assembly including at least two airbags; the thigh airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the thigh of the human body, which is close to the knee, and the shank airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the shank of the human body;
The pneumatic system is in pneumatic connection with the air bag;
The control system is connected with the pneumatic system, and the air bag is inflated and deflated through the pneumatic system;
The control system comprises a vein refilling time detection module, wherein the vein refilling time detection module is used for detecting vein refilling time, and the control system takes the vein refilling time as a filling and deflating period of the air bag system;
And in each inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, the control system sequentially inflates and pressurizes the air bags according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, continuously maintaining the pressure of the air bags on the thighs after all the air bags are added to the first preset pressure, simultaneously decompressing all the lower leg air bags to the second preset pressure, sequentially pressurizing the lower leg air bags to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, repeatedly decompressing and pressurizing the lower leg air bags for a plurality of times, and then simultaneously deflating all the air bags after the air pressures of the thigh air bags and the lower leg air bags reach the first preset pressure to complete one inflation and deflation process.
Preferably, the repeating of releasing and pressurizing the calf balloon a plurality of times is referred to as the maximum number of times that one inflation and deflation cycle of the balloon system can be allowed.
Preferably, the first preset pressure is determined according to the venous optimum bearing pressure.
Preferably, the second preset pressure is 50% or less of the first preset pressure.
Preferably, the device detects venous refill time according to a first preset period.
Preferably, the device detects the venous optimum bearing pressure according to a second preset period.
Preferably, the control system further comprises a parameter setting module, wherein the parameter setting module is used for setting equipment parameters, and the equipment parameters comprise a first preset pressure, a second preset pressure, pressure relief of the calf air sac and the number of times of pressurization.
Preferably, the device further comprises a display module for displaying device parameters and operating waveforms.
Preferably, the device further comprises a communication module for transmitting parameters of the device to the server.
Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a pressure sensor for detecting a pressure signal generated by the air bag and feeding back the pressure signal to the control system; the control system adjusts the pneumatic system according to the pressure signal to control the air bag to be inflated and deflated.
According to the technical scheme, a bionic working mode is established, a thigh air bag assembly is used for simulating a vein valve, and a shank air bag assembly is used for simulating muscle movement. And taking the venous refill time as an inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, sequentially inflating and pressurizing all the air bags in each inflation and deflation period according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, continuously maintaining the pressure of the air bags on the thighs after all the air bags are added to the first preset pressure, simultaneously decompressing all the air bags on the thighs to the second preset pressure, sequentially pressurizing the air bags on the thighs to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, repeatedly decompressing and pressurizing the air bags on the thighs for a plurality of times, and then simultaneously deflating all the air bags after the air bags on the thighs and the air bags on the thighs are all pressurized to the first preset pressure, thereby completing the inflation and deflation process once. By adopting the varicose vein treatment equipment provided by the invention, the detected venous refill time is used as the inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, so that the varicose vein treatment equipment is more in line with the individual venous blood flow rule, and the individual differentiation and intellectualization are realized; through the cooperation of the thigh air bag component and the shank air bag component, the simulated muscle contraction extrudes venous blood to flow upwards, then the simulated muscle relaxation and the venous valve closure are carried out, and the venous blood is prevented from flowing back; by repeating the steps, venous blood is continuously promoted to flow into the heart, venous pressure is effectively reduced, and the effect of preventing and treating varicose veins is better.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation on the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a block diagram of a varicose vein treatment apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a plan view of an airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a control host body structure according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of venous refill time detection.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of waveforms of the pressure of an airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The invention has the following general ideas: a biomimetic mode of operation is established, using the thigh bladder assembly to simulate venous valves and the calf bladder assembly to simulate muscle movements. And taking the venous refill time as an inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, sequentially inflating and pressurizing all the air bags in each inflation and deflation period according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, continuously maintaining the pressure of the air bags on the thighs after all the air bags are added to the first preset pressure, simultaneously decompressing all the air bags on the thighs to the second preset pressure, sequentially pressurizing the air bags on the thighs to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, repeatedly decompressing and pressurizing the air bags on the thighs for a plurality of times, and then simultaneously deflating all the air bags after the air bags on the thighs and the air bags on the thighs are all pressurized to the first preset pressure, thereby completing the inflation and deflation process once.
Embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below with reference to the drawings. It is to be understood that the embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation of the invention only and are not intended to limit the invention.
The device disclosed by the invention is suitable for treating varicose veins and complications of lower limbs.
Most patients with varicose veins of the lower limbs have impaired venous valve function, and venous blood is reversed under the influence of gravity, and venous pressure is increased, thereby generating varicose veins. The final goal of physical therapy is to reduce venous pressure to achieve the effect of treating varicose veins.
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a varicose vein treatment apparatus provided by an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 1, the embodiment of the present invention discloses a varicose vein treatment apparatus, which includes an air bag system, a pneumatic system, and a control system, wherein:
The airbag system includes a thigh airbag assembly including one airbag and a shank airbag assembly including at least two airbags; the thigh airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the thigh of the human body close to the knee, and the shank airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the shank of the human body.
Fig. 2 is a plan view of an airbag according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 2, in which the thigh airbag module is an independent single-chamber pressure airbag 100, the calf airbag module is a dual-chamber pressure airbag 200, and the thigh pressure airbag module and the calf pressure airbag module are connected by a cloth wrap therebetween. The single-chamber pressure airbag 100 is composed of one independent closed airbag 101 and a closed airbag drape 102, and the double-chamber pressure airbag 200 is composed of two independent closed airbags 201 and a closed airbag drape 202. The 3 pressure air bags are all provided with air pipes 300 for connecting air passage interfaces leading to a control host. The outer layer cloth of the pressure air bag is not limited in material and can be made of more comfortable materials such as flannelette, nylon or non-woven fabrics; the inner cloth of the pressure air bag contacting the patient is preferably breathable and comfortable non-woven cloth. The pressure air bag is designed into an ergonomic shape and is fixed on the lower limb of the human body through a binding belt or a sticking buckle. The thigh airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the thigh of the human body close to the knee, and the shank airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the shank of the human body.
The thigh airbag module and the calf airbag module can be connected together or independent of each other, and the invention is not limited in this respect. The calf pressure bladder assembly may include 2 pressure bladders or more pressure bladders, such as 3-4, without limitation of the invention. In another embodiment of the present invention, the thigh bladder assembly and the calf bladder assembly are independent connectionless assemblies, the thigh bladder assembly comprising an independent single chamber pressure bladder and the calf bladder assembly comprising 3 chamber pressure bladders connected together.
The pneumatic system is pneumatically connected with the air bag.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a control host according to an embodiment of the invention. As shown in fig. 3, the host comprises a shell 1, a battery 2, a display assembly 3, a main board 4, an air pump 5, an air release valve 6, an electromagnetic valve 7, a bracket 8, a key 9, a bottom plate 10, a seven-way valve 11, an air passage connector 12 and a machine clamp 13. The shell 1 is made of plastic; the battery 2 provides power to the entire circuit, which is preferably a rechargeable lithium battery; the display component 3 is used for displaying working states and alarm states; the key 9 is a switch for starting a power supply; the bracket 8 is used for fixing the display assembly 3, the main board 4 and the keys 9; the air pump 5 is used for inflating and pressurizing the air bag; the air release valve 6 is used for releasing air of the whole air path system; the electromagnetic valve 7 adopts three electromagnetic valves to respectively control the gas holding and the gas release of three cavities of the pressure air bag, and the quantity of the electromagnetic valves is consistent with the quantity of the cavities of the pressure air bag; the seven-way valve 11 is connected with the air release valve 6, the air pump 5 and the electromagnetic valve 7; the machine clamp 13 is fixed on the bottom plate 10 and connected with the main machine body, and can be clamped on the outer cloth or belt of the pressure air bag, so that the main machine and the pressure air bag form a whole through an air pipe, and the portable air bag is convenient to carry.
In the embodiment of the invention, the pneumatic system comprises an air pump 5, an electromagnetic valve 7, a seven-way valve 11 and a release valve 6.
The control system is connected with the pneumatic system, and the air bag is inflated and deflated through the pneumatic system.
The control system comprises a vein refilling time detection module, wherein the vein refilling time detection module is used for detecting vein refilling time, and the control system takes the vein refilling time as a filling and deflating period of the air bag system.
The vein refilling time of the individual has variability, the vein refilling time rule of the individual is mastered, and the inflation and deflation period of the air bag system of the varicose vein treatment equipment is set according to the individual variability, so that better curative effect can be achieved. In the embodiment of the invention, the venous refill time detection is performed by the venous refill time detection module. Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of venous refill time detection. The venous refill time detection process is the process of providing an adaptive treatment regimen for the patient. Venous blood at a treatment site is sequentially pressurized and emptied from a distal end to a proximal end of a cavity of a pressure balloon at fixed intervals, such as 30 minutes, before and during treatment, the squeezing position is depressurized to different pressures, and after arterial pulse wave signals are filtered, the time when the blood returns to the squeezed venous position and the venous pressure reaches a steady state is detected as venous refill time. The venous refill time is prior art and will not be described in detail herein. The control system uses the detected venous refill time as a fill and deflate cycle for the balloon system.
The device detects venous refill time according to a first preset period.
In the embodiment of the invention, the device detects the venous refill time every 30 minutes, and takes the last detected venous refill time as a new period for inflating and deflating the air bag system.
In each inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, the control system sequentially inflates and pressurizes the air bags from the distal end to the proximal end, after all the air bags are added to a first preset pressure, continuously maintaining the pressure of the air bags on the thighs, simultaneously decompressing all the air bags on the thighs to a second preset pressure, sequentially pressurizing the air bags on the thighs to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, repeatedly decompressing and pressurizing the air bags on the thighs, and then, after the air pressures of the air bags on the thighs and the air bags on the thighs reach the first preset pressure, simultaneously deflating all the air bags to complete one inflation and deflation process; after the start of the next inflation and deflation cycle of the airbag system, the next inflation and deflation process is resumed in the manner described above.
The repetition of the pressure release and pressurization of the calf balloon is multiple times, which refers to the maximum number of times that one inflation and deflation cycle of the balloon system can be allowed.
The first preset pressure is determined according to the venous optimum bearing pressure.
The device performs venous optimum bearing pressure detection according to a second preset period.
In the embodiment of the invention, the varicose vein treatment equipment collects physiological parameters such as blood pressure and pulse of a patient according to a second preset period, and dynamically adjusts the optimal bearing pressure of veins according to the collection result.
The second preset pressure is less than 50% of the first preset pressure.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a waveform of the pressure of the air bag according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 5, the respective balloons are a balloon 1, a balloon 2, and a balloon 3 in this order from the distal end to the proximal end, wherein the balloon 1 and the balloon 2 are fixed to the lower leg and the balloon 3 is fixed to the thigh. The first preset pressure is 45mmHg and the second preset pressure is 22mmHg. Pressurizing the air bags 1, 2 and 3 sequentially from the distal end to the proximal end, maintaining the pressure of the air bags 3 after the 3 air bags reach the first preset pressure, simultaneously decompressing the air bags 1 and 2, sequentially pressurizing the air bags 1 and 2 after decompressing to the second preset pressure, repeating the decompression and pressurizing processes of the air bags 1 and 2 once again after pressurizing to the first preset pressure, decompressing the 3 air bags at the same time after the pressure of the 3 air bags is simultaneously located at the first preset pressure, and completing the inflation and deflation processes.
The venous valve has the function of a one-way valve, when the muscles contract, venous blood flows upwards from the tail end of the vein, the venous valve is opened, when the muscles relax, the venous blood flows downwards under the action of gravity, and the venous valve is closed to prevent the reflux of the venous blood. The venous valves of varicose patients are mostly defective, the function of the one-way valve is lost, and when muscles are relaxed, venous blood is reversed under the influence of gravity, and the venous pressure is increased, so that varicose veins are generated. The final objective of physical therapy is to reduce venous pressure to achieve the effect of treating varicose veins. The inflation and deflation processes establish a bionic working mode, and the air bag 3 simulates a venous valve, namely a venous unidirectional switch; the air bags 1 and 2 simulate the muscle movement pattern of a human. Firstly, the 3 air bags are sequentially pressurized to simulate a muscle movement mode of a person, so that venous blood of lower limbs flows upwards to the heart, then the air bags 3 are pressurized, the air bags 3 simulate the functions of venous valves, in the subsequent deflation process of the air bags 1 and 2, the lower leg muscles are in a relaxed state, the venous blood of the lower legs is not easy to reflux due to the fact that the air bags 3 are still in the pressure-maintaining state, and therefore the venous pressure can be reduced better, and in the repeated decompression and pressurization process of the air bags 1 and 2, the venous blood can continuously flow to the heart, and the venous pressure on the lower legs is reduced.
The control system further comprises a parameter setting module, wherein the parameter setting module is used for setting equipment parameters, and the equipment parameters comprise first preset pressure, second preset pressure, calf air sac pressure relief and pressurization times.
In the embodiment of the invention, the important parameters of the equipment can be adjusted through the parameter setting module.
The device also includes a display module for displaying device parameters and operating waveforms.
In the embodiment of the invention, the equipment parameters and the air bag working waveforms can be checked through the display module, and the inflation and deflation conditions of each air bag can be intuitively observed according to the air bag working waveforms to adjust the equipment parameters.
The device further comprises a communication module for transmitting parameters of the device to the server.
In the embodiment of the invention, the control system transmits the parameters of the equipment to the server through the communication module, and further parameter collection and analysis are carried out on the server. More complex operation can be performed at the server side, the equipment parameters are optimized, and then the equipment parameters are modified through a parameter setting module on the equipment.
The device also comprises a pressure sensor, wherein the pressure sensor is used for detecting a pressure signal generated by the air bag and feeding the pressure signal back to the control system; the control system adjusts the pneumatic system according to the pressure signal to control the air bag to be inflated and deflated.
In the embodiment of the invention, each air bag is provided with 1 pressure sensor for detecting the pressure of the corresponding air bag in real time. The control system performs inflation and deflation control according to the pressure of each air bag.
According to the technical scheme, a bionic working mode is established, a thigh air bag assembly is used for simulating a vein valve, and a shank air bag assembly is used for simulating muscle movement. And taking the venous refill time as an inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, sequentially inflating and pressurizing all the air bags in each inflation and deflation period according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, continuously maintaining the pressure of the air bags on the thighs after all the air bags are added to the first preset pressure, simultaneously decompressing all the air bags on the thighs to the second preset pressure, sequentially pressurizing the air bags on the thighs to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, repeatedly decompressing and pressurizing the air bags on the thighs for a plurality of times, and then simultaneously deflating all the air bags after the air bags on the thighs and the air bags on the thighs are all pressurized to the first preset pressure, thereby completing the inflation and deflation process once. By adopting the varicose vein treatment equipment provided by the invention, the detected venous refill time is used as the inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, so that the varicose vein treatment equipment is more in line with the individual venous blood flow rule, and the individual differentiation and intellectualization are realized; through the cooperation of the thigh air bag component and the shank air bag component, the simulated muscle contraction extrudes venous blood to flow upwards, then the simulated muscle relaxation and the venous valve closure are carried out, and the venous blood is prevented from flowing back; by repeating the steps, venous blood is continuously promoted to flow into the heart, venous pressure is effectively reduced, and the effect of preventing and treating varicose veins is better.
The above description is only of embodiments of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, and it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives known to those skilled in the art.
Claims (10)
1. A varicose vein treatment apparatus, comprising a balloon system, a pneumatic system and a control system, wherein:
The airbag system includes a thigh airbag assembly including one airbag and a shank airbag assembly including at least two airbags; the thigh airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the thigh of the human body, which is close to the knee, and the shank airbag assembly is fixed at the position of the shank of the human body;
The pneumatic system is in pneumatic connection with the air bag;
The control system is connected with the pneumatic system, and the air bag is inflated and deflated through the pneumatic system;
The control system comprises a vein refilling time detection module, wherein the vein refilling time detection module is used for detecting vein refilling time, and the control system takes the vein refilling time as a filling and deflating period of the air bag system;
And in each inflation and deflation period of the air bag system, the control system sequentially inflates and pressurizes the air bags according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, continuously maintaining the pressure of the air bags on the thighs after all the air bags are added to the first preset pressure, simultaneously decompressing all the lower leg air bags to the second preset pressure, sequentially pressurizing the lower leg air bags to the first preset pressure according to the sequence from the distal end to the proximal end, repeatedly decompressing and pressurizing the lower leg air bags for a plurality of times, and then simultaneously deflating all the air bags after the air pressures of the thigh air bags and the lower leg air bags reach the first preset pressure to complete one inflation and deflation process.
2. The varicose vein treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said repeating of decompression and pressurization of the lower leg balloon is performed a plurality of times, said plurality of times being the maximum number of times that one inflation and deflation cycle of the balloon system can be allowed.
3. The varicose vein treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first preset pressure is determined according to an venous optimum bearing pressure.
4. A varicose vein treatment apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second preset pressure is 50% or less of the first preset pressure.
5. The varicose vein treatment device according to claim 1, wherein the device detects venous refill time according to a first preset period.
6. A varicose vein treatment apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the apparatus performs detection of the venous optimum bearing pressure in accordance with a second preset period.
7. The varicose vein treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control system further comprises a parameter setting module for setting apparatus parameters including a first preset pressure, a second preset pressure, a calf balloon pressure relief and a number of pressurization times.
8. The varicose vein treatment device according to claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a display module for displaying device parameters and operating waveforms.
9. The varicose vein treatment device according to claim 1, further comprising a communication module for transmitting parameters of the device to a server.
10. The varicose vein treatment apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus further comprises a pressure sensor for detecting a pressure signal generated by said balloon and feeding said pressure signal back to said control system; the control system adjusts the pneumatic system according to the pressure signal to control the air bag to be inflated and deflated.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202410142645.2A CN117919067A (en) | 2024-01-31 | 2024-01-31 | Varicose vein treatment equipment |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202410142645.2A CN117919067A (en) | 2024-01-31 | 2024-01-31 | Varicose vein treatment equipment |
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| CN117919067A true CN117919067A (en) | 2024-04-26 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202410142645.2A Pending CN117919067A (en) | 2024-01-31 | 2024-01-31 | Varicose vein treatment equipment |
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2024
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