CN117866779A - 一种木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及环境污染处理技术领域,具体涉及一种木霉‑绣球菌菌糠修复剂及其制备方法和应用。所述制备方法包括:将绣球菌菌糠晒干粉碎、玉米秸秆粉碎后,和麸皮、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、水混合均匀,调节pH至5.0~6.5;将混合料湿热灭菌处理,接种近深绿木霉C47‑3孢子悬浮液进行固态发酵,发酵培养物烘干得到木霉纤维素酶粗品;然后将木霉纤维素酶粗品、生物活性炭、膨润土混合均匀,造粒、烘干获得木霉‑绣球菌菌糠修复剂。本发明采用木霉低温固态发酵工艺,制得木霉‑绣球菌菌糠修复剂可直接用于重金属土壤的钝化修复,修复效果良好,实现了绣球菌菌糠的高效利用,且有助于节能减排。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及环境污染处理技术领域,具体涉及一种木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
木霉是自然界中分布较广泛的一种丝状真菌,属于半知菌类,是一种重要的生防菌。木霉菌对环境的适应性强,增殖能力强,其本身能够产生多种酶系,如蛋白酶、漆酶、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、几丁质酶等。木霉属是公认的产酶较多的菌属之一,能够对纤维素等大分子物质进行分解,所以木霉菌属一直是纤维素降解研究的关键菌属。
近深绿木霉(Trichoderma paratroviride)C47-3是由山东省应用微生物重点实验室分离的一株低温秸秆降解木霉菌株,含有丰富的纤维素降解酶系,对灰葡萄孢和白腐盾壳霉具有良好的防治效果。近深绿木霉C47-3能够在15℃低温环境下产生纤维素酶系分解木质纤维素,在田间施加该菌进行玉米秸秆的降解实验,秸秆降解率达44.02%,符合我国温带的气候条件,能够应对冬季低温环境中秸秆降解缓慢的问题(台少华,扈进冬,位绍文,等. 低温降解秸秆木霉菌的筛选、鉴定及功能评价[J]. 山东科学,2023,36(2):50-58.)。
绣球菌又名绣球菇、花椰菜菌,是一种珍稀名贵的新兴食药兼用型真菌,自然野生资源蕴藏量稀少,人工栽培难度大。由于绣球菌的人工栽培存在着生产周期长、生物转化率低等问题,严重制约了其工厂化生产的发展。绣球菌作为木腐生菌类,人工栽培基质多为木质素和纤维素含量高的原料,主要包括杂木屑、棉籽壳、麦麸、玉米芯、黄豆秸或棉花秸等,在收获子实体产品后会产生大量的难降解下脚料—菌糠(菌渣)。绣球菌菌糠中存在纤维素-半纤维素-木质素的稳固网络结构,其中的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素难于降解,部分营养物质未得到充分释放,加之菌丝体残留物的存在,因此绣球菌菌糠含有大量的粗纤维、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和有用矿物质元素。当前废弃菌糠的利用方式主要包括田间直接施用、焚烧处理、堆肥处理、饲料化处理等,由于菌糠中尚残留大量菌丝体与部分营养物质,不当的处理方式不仅导致菌糠资源的利用率低,还会导致害虫和病原微生物大量繁殖,对环境造成负担,加重生态环境的污染。
发明内容
针对现有绣球菌菌糠资源利用率低、容易导致害虫和病原微生物大量繁殖、加重环境污染的问题,本发明提供一种木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂及其制备方法和应用。
第一方面,本发明提供一种木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将湿的绣球菌菌糠自然晾干后粉碎,并将玉米秸秆粉碎;
(2)粉碎的绣球菌菌糠、玉米秸秆和麸皮、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、水混合均匀,调节pH至5.0~6.5;
(3)将混合料进行湿热灭菌处理;
(4)向灭菌后的混合料中接种近深绿木霉(Trichoderma paratroviride)C47-3孢子悬浮液进行固态发酵;近深绿木霉C47-3已于2022年8月24日保藏至中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCC No.40278;近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液的孢子数量为105~108个/mL;
(5)将发酵培养物烘干,得到木霉纤维素酶粗品;然后将木霉纤维素酶粗品、生物活性炭、膨润土混合均匀,加入造粒机中进行造粒、烘干,获得木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂。
进一步的,步骤(1)中,绣球菌菌糠粉碎至粒度为0.2~0.6cm,玉米秸秆粉碎至粒度为1~2cm。
进一步的,步骤(2)中,以质量份数计,各组分的配比如下:粉碎的绣球菌菌糠80份,粉碎的玉米秸秆10份,麸皮10份,磷酸二氢钾0.1~0.2份,硫酸镁0.1~0.2份,硫酸铜0.02~0.04份,硫酸亚铁0.02~0.04份,固态物料与水的质量比为1:1~2。
进一步的,步骤(2)中,配料添加顺序为:先将磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、硫酸铜和硫酸亚铁加入到水中混合均匀,再将所配制的溶液与绣球菌菌糠、玉米秸秆和麸皮混合均匀。
进一步的,步骤(3)中,湿热灭菌处理的条件为:温度121℃,时间≥30分钟。
进一步的,步骤(4)中,近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液与混合料的质量比为1:10~20;发酵相对湿度为70%~80%,发酵温度为15~20℃,发酵时间为10~15天。
进一步的,步骤(5)中,发酵培养物的烘干处理为:60℃烘箱中烘干72h;木霉纤维素酶粗品、生物活性炭、膨润土的质量之比为5:2:3。
第二方面,本发明提供一种采用上述制备方法制得的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂。
第三方面,本发明还提供一种上述木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂在土壤重金属修复方面的应用。
进一步的,施用方法为:向重金属土壤中施用木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂,施用量为50~100kg/亩,再浇水至土壤含水量为15%~20%。利用该木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂对土壤中的重金属进行钝化修复。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1、本发明利用绣球菌菌糠为主要基质,以近深绿木霉C47-3为发酵菌种,获得木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂,可以实现食用菌菌糠的资源化利用,降低纤维素酶生产成本,避免资源浪费和环境污染;而且本发明生产的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂可直接用于重金属土壤的钝化修复,修复效果良好,是菌糠高效利用的一种新途径,具有良好的应用前景。
2、本发明采用的木霉低温固态发酵工艺具有生产设备简单、能耗低、环境污染小等优势,适宜我国冬季气候条件,有助于生产企业实现节能减排和清洁生产。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,对于本领域普通技术人员而言,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是近深绿木霉C47-3在筛选培养基上的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和漆酶活性检测结果图;A为纤维素酶活性检测结果;B为半纤维素酶活性检测结果;C为漆酶活性检测结果。
图2是实施例3发酵过程中木霉纤维素酶系的活性检测结果图。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的人员更好地理解本发明中的技术方案,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都应当属于本发明保护的范围。
近深绿木霉(Trichoderma paratroviride)C47-3为自行采集分离所得的,已于2022年8月24日保藏至中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCCNo.40278,保藏地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号。近深绿木霉C47-3在筛选培养基上的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和漆酶活性检测结果如图1所示。
实施例1 制备木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂
(1)首先将湿的绣球菌菌糠置于日光下晒干,将干燥后的菌糠采用粉碎机打碎至粒度为0.6cm;将玉米秸秆粉碎至粒度为2cm;
(2)分别称取0.2kg磷酸二氢钾、0.2kg硫酸镁、0.04kg硫酸铜、0.04kg硫酸亚铁,加入到200kg水中,混合均匀,然后再将该溶液与干燥粉碎后的食用菌菌糠80kg、玉米秸秆10kg及麸皮10kg混合均匀,调节pH为6.0;
(3)将混合料分装至茄形瓶中,121℃湿热灭菌30分钟;
(4)将孢子数量为108个/mL的近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液接种到灭菌后的混合料中,近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液与混合料的质量比为1:10,进行固态发酵,在相对湿度70%、低温15℃下培养15天;
(5)将发酵培养物置于60℃烘箱中烘干72h,得到木霉纤维素酶粗品;以质量份数计,将木霉纤维素酶粗品50份、生物活性炭20份和膨润土30份混合均匀,加入造粒机中进行造粒、烘干,获得木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂。
实施例2制备木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂
(1)首先将湿的绣球菌菌糠置于日光下晒干,将干燥后的菌糠采用粉碎机打碎至粒度为0.2cm;将玉米秸秆粉碎至粒度为1cm;
(2)分别称取0.1kg磷酸二氢钾、0.1kg硫酸镁、0.02kg硫酸铜、0.02kg硫酸亚铁,加入到100kg水中,混合均匀,然后再将该溶液与干燥粉碎后的食用菌菌糠80kg、玉米秸秆10kg及麸皮10kg混合均匀,调节pH为6.5;
(3)将混合料分装至茄形瓶中,121℃湿热灭菌35分钟;
(4)将孢子数量为105个/mL的近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液接种到灭菌后的混合料中,近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液与混合料的质量比为1:20,进行固态发酵,在相对湿度80%、低温20℃下培养10天;
(5)将发酵培养物置于60℃烘箱中烘干72h,得到木霉纤维素酶粗品;以质量份数计,将木霉纤维素酶粗品50份、生物活性炭20份和膨润土30份混合均匀,加入造粒机中进行造粒、烘干,获得木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂。
实施例3 发酵过程中木霉纤维素酶系的活性检测
对实施例1中近深绿木霉C47-3低温固态发酵过程中的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、漆酶酶活性变化进行测定,选取发酵过程中的第3、6、9、12、15d对三种酶活性进行测定。将发酵样品分别用pH5.0的柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液浸提24h,5000rpm离心30min收集上清液,用于酶活测定。纤维素酶和半纤维素酶活性测定采用二硝基水杨酸比色法(DNS法),漆酶活性测定采用愈创木酚底物法。测定结果如图2所示,纤维素酶活性最高为8.27U/mg,半纤维素酶活性最高为12.71U/mg,漆酶酶活性最高为9.96U/mg。
实施例4 使用木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂对重金属土壤的修复
将实施例1和实施例2制备的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂直接施用到重金属污染土壤中,利用修复剂对土壤中的重金属进行钝化修复。
选择山东省济南市某处重金属污染土壤,划分为三块区域,分别为实验1区、实验2区和对照区。采用常规土壤修复剂施用方法,实验1区施用实施例1制备的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂施用量为100kg/亩,再浇水至土壤含水量为20%;实验1区施用实施例1制备的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂施用量为50kg/亩,再浇水至土壤含水量为15%;对照区不施用任何土壤修复剂。6个月后,检测土壤中上述重金属污染情况,分别采用原子吸收分光光度法测定铜、铬、镉离子含量,采用原子荧光法测定铅、汞离子含量,结果如下表1所示。
表1修复前后土壤中重金属离子含量(单位,mg/kg)
由表1结果可知,对照区土壤中铅、铜、汞、铬、镉含量分别为36.28mg/kg、149.15mg/kg、0.41mg/kg、109.54 mg/kg、1.59mg/kg,施用了实施例1的实验1区和实施例2的实验2区土壤的重金属含量均呈现出显著下降趋势。这表明本发明提供的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂能够有效吸附、鳌合土壤中的重金属离子,修复性能良好。
通过以上实施例可以发现,本发明所采用的发酵基质成本低廉,发酵工艺操作简单,低温固态发酵适宜冬季气候条件,纤维素酶生产过程迅捷;制备的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂直接施用到重金属土壤中,即可实现土壤中重金属的钝化修复,方法简便有效,应用前景良好。
尽管通过参考附图并结合优选实施例的方式对本发明进行了详细描述,但本发明并不限于此。在不脱离本发明的精神和实质的前提下,本领域普通技术人员可以对本发明的实施例进行各种等效的修改或替换,而这些修改或替换都应在本发明的涵盖范围内/任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到变化或替换,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将湿的绣球菌菌糠自然晾干后粉碎,并将玉米秸秆粉碎;
(2)粉碎的绣球菌菌糠、玉米秸秆和麸皮、磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、水混合均匀,调节pH至5.0~6.5;
(3)将混合料进行湿热灭菌处理;
(4)向灭菌后的混合料中接种近深绿木霉(Trichoderma paratroviride)C47-3孢子悬浮液进行固态发酵;近深绿木霉C47-3已于2022年8月24日保藏至中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCC No.40278;近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液的孢子数量为105~108个/mL;
(5)将发酵培养物烘干,得到木霉纤维素酶粗品;然后将木霉纤维素酶粗品、生物活性炭、膨润土混合均匀,加入造粒机中进行造粒、烘干,获得木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,绣球菌菌糠粉碎至粒度为0.2~0.6cm,玉米秸秆粉碎至粒度为1~2cm。
3.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,以质量份数计,各组分的配比如下:粉碎的绣球菌菌糠80份,粉碎的玉米秸秆10份,麸皮10份,磷酸二氢钾0.1~0.2份,硫酸镁0.1~0.2份,硫酸铜0.02~0.04份,硫酸亚铁0.02~0.04份,固态物料与水的质量比为1:1~2。
4.如权利要求1或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,配料添加顺序为:先将磷酸二氢钾、硫酸镁、硫酸铜和硫酸亚铁加入到水中混合均匀,再将所配制的溶液与绣球菌菌糠、玉米秸秆和麸皮混合均匀。
5.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,湿热灭菌处理的条件为:温度121℃,时间≥30分钟。
6.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(4)中,近深绿木霉C47-3孢子悬浮液与混合料的质量比为1:10~20;发酵相对湿度为70%~80%,发酵温度为15~20℃,发酵时间为10~15天。
7.如权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中,发酵培养物的烘干处理为:60℃烘箱中烘干72h;木霉纤维素酶粗品、生物活性炭、膨润土的质量之比为5:2:3。
8.一种采用如权利要求1-7任一项所述制备方法制得的木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂。
9.一种如权利要求8所述木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂在土壤重金属修复方面的应用。
10.如权利要求8所述应用,其特征在于,施用方法为:向重金属土壤中施用木霉-绣球菌菌糠修复剂,施用量为50~100kg/亩,再浇水至土壤含水量为15%~20%。
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