CN117783571B - Working circuit of ultrasonic anemometer - Google Patents
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- CN117783571B CN117783571B CN202410213601.4A CN202410213601A CN117783571B CN 117783571 B CN117783571 B CN 117783571B CN 202410213601 A CN202410213601 A CN 202410213601A CN 117783571 B CN117783571 B CN 117783571B
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Abstract
The application relates to the field of wind speed detection, and particularly provides a working circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer, which comprises a power supply module, a communication module, a storage module, a processing module, a filtering and amplifying module and an executing module, wherein the executing module is connected with the processing module, the filtering and amplifying module and the power supply module, the executing module comprises a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer and is used for receiving driving signals and switching signals of the processing module so as to change the states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer, the filtering and amplifying module is connected with the processing module and the power supply module, the communication module and the storage module, and the driving voltage of the driving signals is less than 15vpp. The application uses the low-voltage driving circuit to drive, and does not generate the distortion of echo signals, so that the detection result is more accurate. The safety and the remote measurement capability are good.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of wind speed detection, in particular to a working circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer.
Background
An ultrasonic anemometer is an instrument for measuring air flow velocity, which uses the principle of ultrasonic time difference to measure wind speed. The principle of measuring wind speed by the ultrasonic time difference method is based on the characteristic that the ultrasonic wave is influenced by the wind speed when propagating in the air. The specific principle can be summarized as the following steps: 1. ultrasonic wave transmitting and receiving: the ultrasonic sensors are respectively arranged at two ends of the measuring path, one end transmits ultrasonic waves, and the other end receives the ultrasonic waves. 2. Ultrasonic propagation time measurement: the times of ultrasonic downwind and upwind propagation were measured, respectively. When the ultrasonic wave propagates along the wind direction, the propagation time of the ultrasonic wave is shorter than that of the static air; conversely, when an ultrasonic wave propagates against the wind, the propagation time becomes longer. 3. Calculating time difference: the propagation time difference of the ultrasonic wave under downwind and upwind conditions is calculated. This time difference is proportional to the wind speed. 4. Wind speed calculation: from the measured time difference, the wind speed can be calculated.
The ultrasonic time difference method for measuring the wind speed has the advantages that the method is not influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, air pressure and the like, and can provide accurate wind speed measurement results. Meanwhile, the method can also provide continuous and real-time wind speed data, and is very useful for the fields of meteorological observation, environmental monitoring and the like.
In an ultrasonic anemometer, a circuit for exciting a transmitter of an ultrasonic sensor to generate an ultrasonic pulse is called a driving circuit. In the existing ultrasonic anemometer circuit, a high-frequency high-voltage pulse is generated by utilizing a high-voltage driving circuit, and when a high-voltage signal is applied to an ultrasonic transducer, a certain potential safety hazard can be generated. If a fast high-voltage switch circuit is used to replace the voltage limiter, a larger potential safety hazard is caused, the power efficiency is lower, and the effective signal receiving distance is short. Therefore, the existing ultrasonic circuit can cause echo signals to be distorted, and reduce the time domain resolution, so that the accuracy of detection results is reduced; there is a great potential safety hazard; the effective signal propagation distance is short.
In summary, due to the existence of echo signal distortion, the detection accuracy of the existing ultrasonic anemometer working circuit is low; meanwhile, security and remote measurement capability are poor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a working circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer aiming at the defects in the prior art, so as to solve the problem that the existing ultrasonic anemometer working circuit has lower detection accuracy due to the existence of echo signal distortion in the prior art; meanwhile, the safety and the remote measurement capability are poor.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
The application provides a working circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer, which comprises a power supply module, a communication module, a storage module, a processing module, a filtering and amplifying module and an executing module, wherein the executing module is connected with the processing module, the filtering and amplifying module and the power supply module, the executing module comprises a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer and is used for receiving driving signals and switching signals of the processing module so as to change the states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer, the filtering and amplifying module is connected with the processing module and the power supply module, the processing module is connected with the power supply module, the communication module and the storage module, and the driving voltage of the driving signals is smaller than 15vpp.
Still further, the execution module comprises a double-path independent driving module and a receiving and transmitting switching module, wherein the double-path independent driving module is connected with the receiving and transmitting switching module and is used for driving the correspondingly connected first ultrasonic transducer or second ultrasonic transducer to transmit ultrasonic waves.
Further, the receiving and transmitting switching module receives a switching signal for switching states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer, and the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are sequentially switched in the first state and the second state.
Further, the first state is: the first ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the two-way independent driving module, the second ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the filtering amplifying module, the first ultrasonic transducer is in a transmitting state, and the second ultrasonic transducer is in a receiving state; the second state is: the second ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the two-way independent driving module, the first ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the filtering amplifying module, the second ultrasonic transducer is in a transmitting state, and the first ultrasonic transducer is in a receiving state.
Further, the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with the first photoelectric coupler, the second photoelectric coupler, the third photoelectric coupler and the fourth photoelectric coupler; the first photoelectric coupler and the third photoelectric coupler are connected with the two-way independent driving module; the second photoelectric coupler and the fourth photoelectric coupler are connected with the filtering and amplifying module.
Further, the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the fifth photoelectric coupler, the sixth photoelectric coupler, the seventh photoelectric coupler and the eighth photoelectric coupler; the sixth photoelectric coupler and the eighth photoelectric coupler are connected with the two-way independent driving module; the fifth photoelectric coupler and the seventh photoelectric coupler are connected with the filtering and amplifying module.
Further, the power supply module comprises a first power supply, a second power supply, a third power supply and a fourth power supply; the voltage of the second power supply is smaller than that of the first power supply, and the voltage of the third power supply is smaller than that of the second power supply.
Further, the voltage of the first power supply is 12V, the voltage of the second power supply is 5V, and the voltage of the third power supply is 3.3V.
Further, the first power supply is connected to the second power supply, and the second power supply is connected to the third power supply and the fourth power supply.
Further, the third power supply is connected with the processing module, the communication module and the storage module; the fourth power supply is connected with the filtering and amplifying module and is connected with the two-way independent driving module.
Compared with the prior art, the application has the beneficial effects that: the application uses the low-voltage driving circuit to drive, and does not generate the distortion of echo signals, so that the detection result is more accurate. The low-voltage driving circuit can ensure stable driving effect and accurate signals in the ultrasonic sensor driving circuit, and is suitable for measuring wind speed and wind direction. The low-voltage driving mode is safe and can provide stable and accurate signals. The power efficiency is higher, and under the low-voltage driving condition, the long-distance effective signal can be received, the effective signal propagation distance is longer, the long-distance measurement is realized, and the measurement distance is more than or equal to 8 meters. The method solves the problems of accurate detection and safety, and realizes the receiving of long-distance effective signals, which has important technical value and application prospect in the field of ultrasonic application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a receiving/transmitting switching module in an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a receiving/transmitting switching module in an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a dual path independent drive module in an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a filter amplification module in an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a processing module in the operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a memory module in the operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a communication module in the working circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a first power supply in an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a second power supply in the operational circuitry of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a third power supply in the operational circuitry of an ultrasonic anemometer provided by the present invention;
fig. 12, 13 and 14 are schematic diagrams of a fourth power supply in an operating circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the implementation of the present invention more clear, the following detailed description will be given with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention provides a working circuit of an ultrasonic anemometer, which comprises a power supply module, a communication module, a storage module, a processing module, a filtering and amplifying module and an executing module as shown in figure 1. The power module is used for providing power for other modules; the communication module is used for outputting wind speed signals and receiving control signals and can be a 485 communication interface module; the storage module is used for storing the digital signals and can be a 64kRAM module; the processing module is used for analog-to-digital conversion and signal processing; the filtering and amplifying module is used for filtering and amplifying the echo signals; the execution module comprises a double-path independent driving module and a receiving and transmitting switching module, wherein the double-path independent driving module is used for driving the ultrasonic transducer to transmit ultrasonic signals, and the receiving and transmitting switching module is used for switching the working state of the ultrasonic transducer, namely, switching the ultrasonic transducer between the two states of transmitting and receiving signals.
The power module comprises a first power supply, a second power supply, a third power supply and a fourth power supply. The first power supply is connected with a second power supply, and the second power supply is connected with a third power supply and a fourth power supply. The voltage of the third power supply is lower than that of the second power supply, and the voltage of the second power supply is lower than that of the first power supply; specifically, the first power supply outputs a direct current with a voltage of 12V and outputs a 12V direct current power supply to the second power supply; the second power supply outputs direct current with voltage of 5V and outputs 5V direct current power to the third power supply and the fourth power supply; the fourth power supply supplies power to the two-way independent driving module and the filtering and amplifying module in the execution module; the voltage of the direct current output by the third power supply is 3.3V, and the power is supplied to the storage module, the communication module and the processing module. Thus, on one hand, the voltage requirements of different elements in the circuit are met; on the other hand, the gradual voltage reduction avoids the serious problem of chip heating.
The first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are driven by low voltage, specifically, the driving signals drive the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to generate ultrasonic waves, and the driving mode of the two-way independent driving module enables the driving voltage to be lower, so that the distortion caused by echo signals is avoided, the resolution is reduced, and the accuracy of detection results is higher. Meanwhile, the safety and the remote measurement capability are improved in a low-voltage driving mode, and the measurement distance is greater than or equal to 8 meters. The voltage applied to the ultrasonic transducer is less than or equal to 15vpp, namely, the voltage corresponding to the driving signal is less than or equal to 15vpp; when the effect of high-voltage driving is the same as that of the application, the required voltage is 1500vpp, which is relatively dangerous; although the voltage of the application is lower, the signal-to-noise ratio is higher, and the signal is not easy to submerge in noise. The low-noise operational amplifier, high-quality resistor, capacitor and other elements are used in the scheme of the application, so that the noise generated by the circuit is reduced; reducing the area of the ground loop reduces noise caused by electromagnetic interference; the stable power supply with small noise is used, and the fluctuation and noise of the power supply can directly influence the performance of the amplifying circuit; the scheme of the application improves the signal to noise ratio from the three aspects.
The application comprises two ultrasonic transducers, namely a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer, wherein the two ultrasonic transducers have the functions of transmitting ultrasonic signals and receiving ultrasonic signals, namely the first ultrasonic transducer has two states of transmitting states and receiving states, and the second ultrasonic transducer also has two states of transmitting states and receiving states; the corresponding ultrasonic transducer connected with the two-way independent driving module is in a transmitting state, and the ultrasonic transducer connected with the filtering method module is in a receiving state. When detecting wind speed, the first ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the two-way independent driving module and is in a transmitting state, and the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the filter amplifier and is in a receiving state; after the second ultrasonic transducer receives the echo signal, the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the double-path independent driving module, so that the second ultrasonic transducer is in a transmitting state, and the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with the filtering amplifying module and is in a receiving state; when the first ultrasonic transducer receives the echo signal, the interface of the first ultrasonic transducer is replaced again, namely the state of the first ultrasonic transducer is changed, and the state of the second ultrasonic transducer is correspondingly changed; one of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer is in a transmitting state, and the other is in a receiving state, and the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are sequentially switched. In this way, the propagation direction of the ultrasonic wave is switched between the downwind and the upwind, and accurate downwind data and upwind data can be obtained, so that the detected wind speed is more accurate. Specifically, the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves in the air can be influenced by various factors such as temperature, air pressure and the like, the downwind wind speed and the upwind wind speed are measured to eliminate the influence factor of sound velocity in calculation, the wind speed is compensated after the sound velocity is eliminated without collecting the parameters, and the detection result is more accurate. The switching schematic diagrams of the receiving and transmitting states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are shown in fig. 2, and the connection and disconnection of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer with the double independent driving modules and the filtering amplifying modules are realized by utilizing eight photoelectric couplers.
The circuit in the receiving and transmitting switching module is used for correspondingly connecting the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to the two-way independent driving module and the filtering and amplifying module according to the signals (instructions) of the processing module. Specifically, the receiving and transmitting switching module is connected with the two-way independent driving module and is used for driving the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer in the receiving and transmitting switching module to transmit ultrasonic waves; the receiving and transmitting switching module is connected with the filtering and amplifying module and is used for transmitting echo signals received by the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer to the filtering and amplifying module for filtering and amplifying; the receiving and transmitting switching module is connected with the processing module and is used for receiving the switching control signal transmitted by the processing module. The receiving and transmitting switching module does not need to transmit signals to the processing module, the receiving and transmitting switching module transmits switching signals according to fixed time, the interval time of the switching signals is fixed, the interval time is greater than or equal to the flight time of ultrasonic waves from one ultrasonic transducer to the other ultrasonic transducer, and the wave forms are obtained by the wave forms observed by the signals acquired by the oscilloscopes.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 2, the positive electrode of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with one ends of the first photoelectric coupler and the second photoelectric coupler; the other end of the first photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the two-way independent driving module, and the other end of the second photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the filter amplifier. The negative electrode of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with one end of the third photoelectric coupler and one end of the fourth photoelectric coupler; the other end of the third photoelectric coupler is connected with the cathode of the two-way independent driving module, and the other end of the fourth photoelectric coupler is connected with the cathode of the filter amplifier. The positive electrode of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with one end of the fifth photoelectric coupler and one end of the sixth photoelectric coupler; the other end of the fifth photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the filter amplifier, and the other end of the sixth photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the double-path independent driving module. The negative electrode of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with one end of the seventh photoelectric coupler and one end of the eighth photoelectric coupler; the other end of the seventh photoelectric coupler is connected with the negative electrode of the filter amplifier, and the other end of the eighth photoelectric coupler is connected with the negative electrode of the double-path independent driving module. The photoelectric coupler is used for realizing on-off, so that long-time and high-frequency on-off can be realized; and the service life is longer; meanwhile, sparks are not easy to generate, and the safety performance is high.
More specifically, a circuit diagram of the reception-transmission switching module is shown in fig. 3. The photocouplers KQY12S and KQY214S have four pins, respectively labeled "1" (anode), "2" (cathode), "3" (emitter), "4" (collector). "CSB1" and "CSB2" respectively denote the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer, and U1, U2, U3, U4, U5, U6, U7, and U8 are eight photo-couplers, corresponding to the first photo-coupler, the third photo-coupler, the sixth photo-coupler, the eighth photo-coupler, the second photo-coupler, the fourth photo-coupler, the fifth photo-coupler, and the seventh photo-coupler in fig. 2, respectively. "CSB 1P", "CSB 1N", "CSB 2P" are connected to pins "4" of KQY12S and KQY214S, respectively. Emitter pins of KQY12S and KQY214S are connected to "+vp", "-VP", "AIN P", "AIN N", respectively. The cathodes of KQY12S and KQY214S are connected to different AO3400 through resistors R37, R38, R39 and R40. The "1" pins of KQY12S and KQY214S are connected to the "VL" interface. The "number 2" pins of transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 are connected to ground ("GND"). The "3" pin of transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 is connected to the "2" pin of KQY12S and KQY214S through resistors R37, R38, R39, and R40, respectively. The "1" pins of transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 are connected to "KQ in1", "KQ in2", "KQ out1", and "KQ out2" interfaces through resistors R51, R108, R52, R109, R53, R110, R55, and R111, respectively. The resistor R51 and the resistor R108 are connected to "GND" through a capacitor C93, the resistor R52 and the resistor R109 are connected to "GND" through a capacitor C94, the resistor R53 and the resistor R110 are connected to "GND" through a capacitor C95, and the resistor R55 and the resistor R111 are connected to "GND" through a capacitor C96. The pins 1 and 2 of the Q1 are connected by a resistor R92, the pins 1 and 2 of the Q2 are connected by a resistor R93, the pins 1 and 2 of the Q3 are connected by a resistor R94, and the pins 1 and 2 of the Q4 are connected by a resistor R95.
The two-way independent driving module is connected with the processing module, receives driving signals sent by the processing module, and particularly receives PWM signals in the processing module and is used for driving the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer respectively. One of the two driving circuits is a positive signal, and the other is a negative signal, so that the two driving circuits can jointly drive the transducer, and the two driving circuits do not interfere with each other, so that the driving signals tend to be more ideal, and the efficiency is higher; meanwhile, compared with a common transformer for driving the transducer, the driving voltage is lower, signals are not easy to distort, and the driving method is more accurate.
The circuit of the two-way independent drive module is shown in fig. 4. U15 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) with eight pins, model EG27324. The '1' pin is suspended, the '2' pin is connected to the 'U16' 4 'pin, the' 3 'pin is connected to the' GND ', the' 4 'pin is connected to the' U16 '6' pin and the '3' pin, the '5' pin is connected to a power line marked as 'VP' through a capacitor C49, the '6' pin is connected to the '+HV' pin and is connected to a power line marked as 'VP', the '7' pin is connected to one end of a resistor R25 through a C50, and the other end of the resistor R25 is connected to a single-chip microcomputer 'K PWM' signal line. "U16" is a six pin IC, the model number is not limited, and can be 74LVC2G04. The '1' pin is connected to one end of a resistor R27, the other end of the resistor R27 is connected to a PWM signal line, the '2' pin is connected to a 'GND', the '3' pin is connected to a 'IN 2' of a 'U15', the '4' pin is connected to a 'IN 1' of a 'U15', the resistor R4 is connected to a '3.3V' and a 'GND', the resistor R4 is connected IN series with a capacitor C33, the '5' pin is connected between the resistor R4 and the capacitor C33, and the '6' pin is connected to an 'IN 2' interface of the 'U15'. The entire circuit power supply line includes "+vp", "+hv", and "3.3V". The ground line is labeled "GND". EG27324 is of a two-way structure, wherein the input is IN two ways of 'IN 1' and 'IN 2', and the output is IN two ways of 'O1' and 'O2'; therefore, the driving signal tends to be more ideal, the efficiency is higher, the ultrasonic transducer can reach a very high working state with low voltage without using high driving voltage, and compared with the conventional transformer driving transducer, the driving signal is lower in required driving voltage, difficult to distort and more accurate.
And the filtering and amplifying module is used for: when the ultrasonic transducer in the receiving and transmitting switching module is connected with the filter amplifier, the echo signal of the ultrasonic transducer is received, filtered and amplified, and then the signal is output to the processing module; the power supply of the filter amplifier is provided by a fourth power supply. Firstly, the filtering function can pass signals with specific frequencies, and meanwhile, unnecessary frequency signals are restrained, and the restrained signals are stray signals such as scattered light; thereby separating out the specific signal. The amplification function increases the strength of the signal, so that the signal can keep enough strength in the transmission or processing process so as not to be covered by noise, and the signal-to-noise ratio is effectively improved.
The circuit of the filter amplification module is shown in fig. 5, and the left side is a power interface, and the signals labeled "AIN" and "AIN P" are the negative pole and the positive pole of the analog input signal. "AIN" is grounded through a capacitor C18 (having a capacitance value of 10000 pF). "ain_p" is also grounded through a same capacitor C21 and is connected through the capacitor to the anode of a diode D21, the cathode of which is connected to a resistor R58 (20 kohm) and the anode of another diode D22. R59 is a resistor with a resistance of 20 Kohm, one end of which is connected to the cathode of D22 and the other end of which is grounded. The connection point between the resistor R58 and the resistor R59 is connected to "GND". "U22" is an operational amplifier of model AD 8421. The pin marked as "-" of the operational amplifier is connected with the other end of the C18, the pin marked as "+" of the operational amplifier is connected with the other end of the capacitor C21, the resistor R33 and the resistor R99 are connected in parallel, and the two ends of the resistor R33 are respectively connected with the RG end of the U22, and the REF end of the U22 is connected with the GND. The "V+" end of the op-amp is connected to a "3.32V" power supply, and the "V-" end is connected to a "-4.02V" power supply. Such a circuit is used for signal amplification processing, and AD8421 is a high-precision instrumentation amplifier for amplifying small signals. Diodes and capacitors are used for rectifying and filtering the signal. Capacitor C19 has one end connected to "U22" and the other end connected to one end of resistor R74, and the other end of resistor R74 is grounded through resistor R42. The "-" end of the operational amplifier "U9A" is connected to a parallel structure of a resistor R82 and a capacitor C12 connected in series and then connected to a capacitor C10 in parallel, and the other end of the operational amplifier "U9A" is grounded through a resistor R42 and is connected to a "+AV2" power supply. The "+" end of the U9A is grounded; the output of "U9A" is connected to capacitor C20, between capacitor C10 and resistor R82, and through resistor R57 to the "+" end of another operational amplifier "U10B". The "-" end of the operational amplifier "U9B" is connected to the resistor R83 and the capacitor C13 in series and then connected in parallel with the capacitor C11, the other end of the operational amplifier "U9B" is grounded through the resistor R43, the "+" end of the operational amplifier "U9B" is connected to +AV3", the output end of the operational amplifier" U9B "is connected to a point marked by the" AIN MCU "through the resistor R29 and the resistor R116, meanwhile, the point is grounded through the capacitor C7, one end of the resistor R34 is connected to one end of the capacitor C20, and the other end of the resistor R34 is connected between the resistor R29 and the resistor R116. The "-" terminal of the operational amplifier "U10A" is connected to "+av5", "+" terminal is connected to "U9B" through R56, and also connected to "GND" through a capacitor C5 "," + "terminal is connected to" +av4"," - "terminal is connected to" GND ", the output is connected to" AL MCU "through a resistor R35 and one terminal of a capacitor C8, and the other terminal of the capacitor C8 is connected to" GND ". The output of "U10B" is connected to the point marked "AHMCU" through resistor R36, while being grounded through capacitor C9. The "+" end of "U10B" is grounded through a capacitor C6, and is connected to "U9A" and "U9B" through a resistor R57. Other resistors and capacitors in the circuit diagram are mainly used to set the gain and filter characteristics of the op amp.
The processing module is used for: and the third power supply is connected with the output of the third power supply and is used for supplying power. The processing module is connected with the filtering and amplifying module and is used for receiving the output signal of the filtering and amplifying module, carrying out analog-to-digital conversion on the signal, converting the electric signal into a digital signal, carrying out data processing on the digital signal to calculate the wind speed, and outputting the wind speed result to the communication module. The processing module is connected with the communication module and the storage module and is used for storing data. The processing module is connected with the two-way independent driving module and is used for sending driving signals; the processing module is connected with the receiving and transmitting switching module and is used for transmitting switching signals to the receiving and transmitting switching module. Specifically, the transmission of the driving signal and the switching signal is controlled by an internal timer of the singlechip, and the transmitting and receiving operations are performed at a fixed time point.
As shown in FIG. 6, the U11A is a single chip microcomputer, and pins of the "PA1", "PA2", "PA3", "PA7", "PC6" and "PC7" are respectively connected with one ends of the resistor R9, the resistor R10, the resistor R11, the resistor R13, the resistor R14 and the resistor R15. "PA8" connection "SW2", "PA9" connection "LED1", "PA10" connection "LED2", "PA11" connection "LED3", "PA12" connection "LED4", "PA13" connection "SWDIO", "PA14" connection "SWCLK", "PC3" connection "AIN MCU", "PC8" connection "KZ EN", "PC9" connection "SW1", "PE2" connection "KQ in1", "PE3" connection "KQ in2", "PE4" connection "KQ out1", "PE5" connection "KQ out2", "PE8" connection "SPI CS", "PE9" connection "SPI MISO", "PE10" connection "SPI WP", "PE11" connection "SPI MOSI", "PE12" connection "SPI CLK", "PB13" connection "SYNC", "PB14" connection "through R18" connection "PWM PB15" through R19 "," SYNC "," PD15 "through resistor R16" and "XT 12 connection" P ", PH13 connection" N NRST "through resistor R66", "VCAP" through resistor R16 "," VCAP "connection" through "to" capacitance "55". The two ends of the crystal oscillator Y1 are respectively connected to the BOOT0 through the capacitor C1 and the capacitor C2, and generally, the two capacitors are the same in size, so that the loss in the oscillating process is smaller.
The crystal oscillator and the two capacitors form a crystal oscillator circuit for providing a stable clock signal. The single chip microcomputer is a microcomputer, and comprises a CPU, a memory, an input/output port and the like, wherein the components need to work synchronously, and the crystal oscillator provides synchronous clock signals. The crystal oscillator has the following functions: 1. providing a clock signal: the frequency generated by the crystal oscillator is very stable, and a constant clock signal can be provided for the singlechip. The signal is used for controlling the time sequence of the internal operation of the singlechip, such as the execution of instructions, the transmission of data and the like. 2. Determining a processing speed: the frequency of the crystal oscillator directly influences the processing speed of the singlechip. The higher the frequency, the faster the single-chip microcomputer generally works. 3. Ensuring time precision: in applications requiring accurate timing, such as a timer/counter function, the stable clock signal provided by the crystal oscillator ensures time accuracy, and the timer/counter function affects the PWM output of the design. 4. System stability: a high-quality crystal oscillator can ensure that the singlechip can stably work under different working environments (such as temperature change, voltage fluctuation and the like). Meanwhile, the capacitor can play a role in filtering in the crystal oscillator circuit, and can inhibit stray noise caused by power supply fluctuation or other environmental factors, so that the purity of clock signals is improved, and meanwhile, the signal-to-noise ratio under low-voltage driving is improved; the capacitance in the crystal oscillator circuit is not only important to maintain the accuracy and stability of the oscillation frequency, but also helps to start up, maintain stability and suppress noise of the circuit. Specifically, in the crystal oscillator circuit, the capacitance plays the following roles: 1. stabilizing the oscillation frequency: the crystal oscillator (quartz crystal oscillator) has very high frequency stability, and the resonance frequency of the circuit can be further optimized through being matched with a capacitor. The capacitor and the crystal form an LC oscillating circuit, and the value of the capacitor affects the resonant frequency of the circuit. This configuration enables the crystal oscillator circuit to operate at a very accurate and stable frequency. 2. And (3) phase adjustment: the capacitance in the crystal oscillator circuit also helps to adjust the phase of the oscillating waveform, which is important to ensure that the oscillator starts up properly and maintains stable oscillation. By adjusting the value of the capacitance, the start-up time of the oscillator and its stability under different operating conditions can be influenced. 3. Temperature compensation: the high-precision crystal oscillator circuit can use a temperature compensation capacitor to reduce the influence of temperature change on the oscillation frequency. The capacitance helps the circuit to remain at a relatively fixed frequency, which remains unchanged even if the ambient temperature changes. 4. Load capacitance: the crystal oscillator specification typically specifies a load capacitance that is required to ensure proper operation of the crystal oscillator at the design frequency. The capacitors (usually two capacitors are respectively connected to the ground) connected in parallel to the two ends of the crystal oscillator are load capacitors, and have direct influence on the frequency stability and the oscillation starting condition of the crystal oscillator. 5. Noise reduction: the bypass capacitor (decoupling capacitor) is added between the power line and the crystal oscillator circuit to help filter power noise, so that the overall stability and performance of the circuit are improved.
The circuit schematic diagrams of the communication module, the storage module, the first power supply, the second power supply and the third power supply are as follows:
A schematic circuit diagram of the memory module is shown in fig. 7. U13 is an eight pin Integrated Circuit (IC) and the model is not particularly limited and may be FM25CL64B-GTR. The "1" pin is connected to the "3.3V" interface through R60 and to the signal line labeled "SPI CS" through R20. The "2" pin is connected to "GND" through R61, and to a signal line labeled "SPI MISO" through R21. The "3" pin is connected to "GND" through R63 and to a signal line labeled "SPI WP" through R23. The "4" pin is connected to "GND". The "5" pin is connected to "3.3V" through R65 and to a signal line labeled "SPI MOSI" through R24. The "6" pin is connected to "3.3V" through R64 and to a signal line labeled "SPI CLK" through R22. The "7" pin is connected to "3.3V" through R62. The "8" pin is connected to "3.3V" through R1 and to "GND" through C30. R20, R21, R23, R22, and R24 are resistances associated with SPI communications, labeled "SPICS", "SPIMISO", "SPIWP", "SPICLK", and "SPIMOSI", respectively. R60, R61 and R63 are pull resistors connected to pins "1", 2 "and" 3 "of U13, ensuring that these pins have a certain voltage level when no signal is connected. R1 is a resistor connected to the "8" pin of U13 and connected in parallel with the C30 capacitor for stabilizing the power supply.
The schematic circuit diagram of the communication module is shown in fig. 8. U14 is an eight pin Integrated Circuit (IC), model SP3485EN in this embodiment, for RS-485 communications. Its "1" pin (RO) is connected to a signal line labeled "RX" through R46, its "2" pin (RE) is connected to "GND" through R67, to a signal line labeled "RS", its "3" pin (DE) is connected to "GND" through R67, to a signal line labeled "RS", and its "4" pin (DI) is connected to a third power supply through R50. The "5" pin (GND) is directly connected to "GND", and the "7" pin (B) and the "6" pin (a) are connected to differential signal lines labeled "D-" and "d+" through R50 and R51, respectively. The "8" pin (VCC) is connected to the "3.3V" power supply through R2, D1 is a Light Emitting Diode (LED) for indicating communication activity, its anode is connected to the first power supply, and its cathode is connected to the "R" pin of U14 through R46. R67 is a resistor pulled to ground to ensure that the "RE" pin of U14 remains low when inactive. D12 is a Light Emitting Diode (LED) for indicating communication activity, with its anode connected to a third power supply and its cathode connected to the "D" pin of U14 through R50. One end of C98 is connected with a third power supply, and the other end is connected with 'GND'. One end of the C99 and R2 are connected in series and then connected with a third power supply, the other end of the C99 and R2 are connected with 'GND', and one end of the capacitor C31 is connected between the capacitor C99 and the resistor R2 and the other end of the capacitor C is connected with 'GND'. C45, C47 are capacitors that work with resistors and integrated circuits to stabilize the power supply or signal. SM712 is a bi-directional Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) used to protect the "d+" and "D-" signal lines. F2 and F3 are fuses for overcurrent protection. D13 is a diode for protecting the circuit before F3.
The schematic of the circuit of the first power supply is shown in fig. 9. Q5 is a PMOS transistor whose source ("S") is connected to a power supply line labeled "pw+" through F5, D4, D5, and D6. F5 is a PTC reset fuse connected to the "pw+" power line for overcurrent protection. D4, D5 and D6 are diodes connected in series after F5 for rectification and protection. The drain ("D") is connected to a power supply line labeled "12V" through FB1 and FB 2. Its gate ("G") is connected through R90 to a power line labeled "PW-". FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4 are magnetic beads, which are connected in series on the lines of the capacitor C14, the capacitor C16, the capacitor C13 and the "GND", respectively, for suppressing high frequency noise. C14, C15, C16 and C17 are capacitors, distributed at different locations in the circuit, for power supply stabilization or decoupling. A magnetic bead between the capacitor C14 and the capacitor C15 for additional noise suppression; thus the signal to noise ratio of the signal is better. And the diode D14 is connected to a power line of the first power supply and used for voltage rectification or reverse current protection. 0251001 nrtl is a fuse connected to the power line of the first power source for overcurrent protection.
The schematic of the circuit of the second power supply is shown in fig. 10. U19 is a six pin switching regulator integrated circuit, model BL9342 is used in this embodiment. BST ("1" leg) is connected to SW ("6" leg) through capacitor C36, G ("2" leg) is directly connected to GND, through R84 and R97 resistors to the "5V" output line, F ("3" leg) is connected to the 5V output line through C3 capacitor, E ("4" leg) is connected to "GND" through D15 resistor, and IN ("5" leg) is directly connected to "12V". Pin SW ("6" pin) is connected to "GND" through D10, and inductor L2 has one end connected to one pin of capacitor C36 and the anode of diode D10 and the other end connected to the "5V" output. D10 is a diode with its anode connected to L2 and its cathode connected to the "5V" output line. The three elements C68, C69 and D16 are connected in parallel and are respectively connected with a 5V output line and GND. Capacitor C65 and capacitor C37 are connected in parallel and are connected to the "12V" power line and "GND", respectively. One end of the capacitor C38 is connected with the 4 pin of the U19, and the other end is connected with GND. The resistor R91 and the resistor R87 are connected in series, and a 12V power line and a GND are respectively connected.
The third power supply is shown in schematic circuit diagram in fig. 11. U21 is an integrated circuit, and in the embodiment of the present application, model number BL8028CBSTR is used for voltage conversion. Integrated circuit U21 has five pins: EN ("1" pin) is connected to the 5V input; g ("2" leg) is directly connected to ground "GND"; SW ("3" leg) is connected to inductance L3; the V ("4" leg) is connected to the "5V" input through resistor R60; FB ("5" leg) is connected to ground "GND" through resistor R85. L3 is an inductor with one end connected to the "SW" pin of U21 and the other end connected to the "3.3V" output line. The capacitor C75, the capacitor C43, the capacitor C79 and the capacitor C80 are respectively connected between the input of 5V, the output of 3.3V and GND for voltage stabilization and decoupling. Resistor R85, resistor R98, resistor R114 form a voltage divider network for setting and stabilizing the output voltage of the U21 regulator. FB9 and FB5 are magnetic beads or inductors for suppressing noise, and are connected between the "3.3V" output line and "AVDD", respectively. The capacitors C44, C78, C77 are connected between "AVDD" and "GND" for decoupling.
The fourth power supply is a schematic circuit diagram as shown in fig. 12, 13 and 14. As shown in fig. 12, U17 and U20 are two linear regulators ("LDOs") for converting input voltages ("hv+" and "HV-") to stable output voltages of-4.02V and 3.32V. U18 is a switching regulator (model MT3608 in the present embodiment). Pin "IN" (input) is connected to voltage source "HV1" through capacitor C59 (capacitor size 10000000 pF). U17 pins "IN" and "EN" (Enable) are connected to "HV-", pin "PG" (Power good indication) is not connected to other elements. The pin "PGF" (power failure indication) is not connected to other elements. The pin "GND" (ground) is directly connected to ground. Pin "SET" is connected in parallel to ground through resistor R88 (labeled "40.2K") and C64 for setting the output voltage. Pin "IL" is connected to ground ("GND") through resistor R68 (10 kΩ value), which allows the device to operate. The pin "VOIC" is not connected to other elements. The pin "O" and "OS" are connected to "-4.02V". Two parallel capacitors C62 and C35 are connected to ground. Finally, the output voltage is labeled "-4.02V", indicating that the LDO output is a negative voltage. HV-is coupled to the anode of a capacitor C57 via a diode D7, the cathode "U181" pin of capacitor C57, and in parallel with capacitor C56, the cathode of capacitor C56 is also grounded. "HV+" is also connected to a parallel network of resistor R96 and capacitor C60 via diode D9, with the other end of C60 being grounded.
The other end of the parallel network of R96 and C60 is connected to ground ("GND") through a resistor R69, R69 being connected in parallel with a capacitor C61, the other end of the capacitor C61 also being connected to ground. The junction of the parallel network of resistor R96, resistor R69 and resistor C61 is connected via a 10K resistor to the "2" pin of one integrated circuit U18, which is labeled "GND". U18 is a six pin IC, model MT3608, with the following pin functions: the "1" foot is labeled "SW" and is connected to "hv+" through D9. The "2" pin is labeled "GND" and is connected to the 10K resistor as previously described. The "3" leg is labeled "F" and the "4" leg connected to the other end of the 10K resistor is labeled "E" and connected to the "5" leg. The "5" leg, labeled "IN", is connected to one end of a capacitor C66, the other end of the capacitor C66 being grounded. Capacitor C66 is connected in parallel with capacitor C67, and capacitor C67 is grounded. The "6" leg is labeled "N" and is not connected to other elements. LDO chip ("U20"): the input terminal ("IN") is connected to the high voltage input ("hv1+") through capacitor C71 to ground "GND"; the enable terminal ("EN") is connected to the input terminal ("IN") and "IL" is connected to ground ("GND") through resistor R73. The output terminal ("OUT") is connected to one end of a capacitor C85, the other end of which is connected to the "3.3V" output.
Meanwhile, the output terminal is also connected to one terminal of "+av2" through resistors R5 and R7. The ground terminal (GND) is connected to ground ("GND"), the SET terminal is connected to one end of a capacitor C76, and the other end of the capacitor is also connected to ground ("GND"). Bypass capacitors C72, C73, C74 are connected to ground ("GND") from different points, respectively, for filtering and decoupling. The capacitors C82, C39, C70 are connected between different supply points and ground ("GND"). One end of the inductor L1 is connected to an output end ('OUT') of the LDO chip, a capacitor C85, a resistor R5 and a resistor R7; the other end is connected to a feedback resistor R8 and a feedback terminal ("FB") of the LDO chip. The voltage divider consisting of resistor R70 and resistor R71 is connected between the 3.3V output and ground ("GND") for setting the output voltage. The other voltage output ("+av 3") is connected to ground ("GND") through resistor R72.
As shown in fig. 13, the resistance values of R79 and R80 are 10kΩ, and one end thereof is connected to a voltage source of "3.32V", and the other end is connected to "+av5" and one ends of the capacitor C83 and the capacitor C84. The resistances of R41 and R81 are 51Ω and 10KΩ, respectively, and the two resistors are connected in series between R79 and R80 and ground ("GND"). C83 and C84 are capacitors having a capacitance value of 22000000pF, and are connected at one end to the two ends of R80, respectively, and at the other end to ground ("GND") through C48. C48 is a capacitance with a capacitance value of 100000pF, which is connected to "+AV5", the other end being grounded.
As shown in fig. 14, Q9 is an S9018 transistor having a collector (labeled "3") connected to resistor R28 and bead FB11, an emitter (labeled "2") connected to "hv1+", and a base (labeled "1") connected to capacitor C100 and directly connected to capacitor C101 through resistor R117. Q10 is an S9015 transistor having a collector (labeled "3") connected to "HV-" through resistor R26 and bead FB12, an emitter (labeled "2") connected to "HV1-", and a base (labeled "1") connected to capacitor C102 and directly connected to capacitor C103 through resistor R118.
The types mentioned in the present application are not limiting elements, but are merely examples in one embodiment.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, but various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. The working circuit of the ultrasonic anemometer is characterized by comprising a power supply module, a communication module, a storage module, a processing module, a filtering and amplifying module and an executing module, wherein the executing module is connected with the processing module, the filtering and amplifying module and the power supply module, the executing module comprises a first ultrasonic transducer and a second ultrasonic transducer and is used for receiving driving signals and switching signals of the processing module so as to change the states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer, the filtering and amplifying module is connected with the processing module and the power supply module, the processing module is connected with the power supply module, the communication module and the storage module, the driving voltage of the driving signals is smaller than 15vpp, and the distance between the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer is more than or equal to 8 meters; in the filtering and amplifying module, a negative electrode 'AIN_N' of an analog input signal is connected with one end of a capacitor C18, a positive electrode 'AIN_P' of the analog input signal is connected with one end of a capacitor C21, the other end of the capacitor C21 is connected with a '+' pin of an operational amplifier U22, the other end of the capacitor C18 is connected with a '-' pin of the operational amplifier U22, the model of the operational amplifier U22 is AD8421, the capacitance values of the capacitor C18 and the capacitor C21 are 10000pF, and one ends of the capacitor C18 and the capacitor C21, which are connected with the operational amplifier U22, are connected with a 20K ohm resistor and then grounded;
The execution module comprises a double-path independent driving module and a receiving and transmitting switching module, wherein the double-path independent driving module is connected with the receiving and transmitting switching module and is used for driving the correspondingly connected first ultrasonic transducer or second ultrasonic transducer to transmit ultrasonic waves; the receiving and transmitting switching module receives a switching signal and is used for switching states of the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer, and the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are sequentially switched in a first state and a second state; the first state is: the first ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the two-way independent driving module, the second ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the filtering and amplifying module, the first ultrasonic transducer is in a transmitting state, and the second ultrasonic transducer is in a receiving state; the second state is: the second ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the two-way independent driving module, the first ultrasonic transducer is communicated with the filtering and amplifying module, the second ultrasonic transducer is in a transmitting state, and the first ultrasonic transducer is in a receiving state; the model of an integrated circuit U15 in the two-way independent driving module is EG27324, the integrated circuit U15 is of a two-way structure, one of the two driving circuits is a positive signal, the other is a negative signal, and the first ultrasonic transducer and the second ultrasonic transducer are driven together;
The first ultrasonic transducer is connected with the first photoelectric coupler, the second photoelectric coupler, the third photoelectric coupler and the fourth photoelectric coupler; the first photoelectric coupler and the third photoelectric coupler are connected with the two-way independent driving module; the second photoelectric coupler and the fourth photoelectric coupler are connected with the filtering and amplifying module; the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the fifth photoelectric coupler, the sixth photoelectric coupler, the seventh photoelectric coupler and the eighth photoelectric coupler; the sixth photoelectric coupler and the eighth photoelectric coupler are connected with the two-way independent driving module; the fifth photoelectric coupler and the seventh photoelectric coupler are connected with the filtering and amplifying module; the positive electrode of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with one ends of the first photoelectric coupler and the second photoelectric coupler, the other end of the first photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the two-way independent driving module, the other end of the second photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the filtering amplification module, the negative electrode of the first ultrasonic transducer is connected with one ends of the third photoelectric coupler and the fourth photoelectric coupler, the other end of the third photoelectric coupler is connected with the negative electrode of the two-way independent driving module, the other end of the fourth photoelectric coupler is connected with the negative electrode of the filtering amplification module, the positive electrode of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with one ends of the fifth photoelectric coupler and the sixth photoelectric coupler, the other end of the fifth photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the filtering amplification module, the other end of the sixth photoelectric coupler is connected with the positive electrode of the two-way independent driving module, the negative electrode of the second ultrasonic transducer is connected with the seventh photoelectric coupler and the negative electrode of the eight photoelectric coupler, and the other end of the eight photoelectric coupler is connected with the negative electrode of the eight photoelectric coupler;
The power supply module comprises a first power supply, a second power supply, a third power supply and a fourth power supply; the voltage of the second power supply is smaller than that of the first power supply, and the voltage of the third power supply is smaller than that of the second power supply; the voltage of the first power supply is 12V, the voltage of the second power supply is 5V, and the voltage of the third power supply is 3.3V; the first power supply is connected with the second power supply, and the second power supply is connected with the third power supply and the fourth power supply; the third power supply is connected with the processing module, the communication module and the storage module; the fourth power supply is connected with the filtering and amplifying module, and the fourth power supply is connected with the two-way independent driving module.
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