CN117651780A - 滚动轴承的组成部件和用于制造该组成部件的对应方法 - Google Patents
滚动轴承的组成部件和用于制造该组成部件的对应方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr]#N CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种滚动轴承的组成部件,特别是具有滚道的滚道元件和/或滚动轴承的滚动元件,滚动轴承的滚动元件设置在所述滚道上用于滚动,其中,从碳含量小于0.3重量%、铬含量大于8.0重量%且氮含量小于0.1重量%的钢开始,所述组成部件通过以下方式制造:高温固溶氮化,之后是中间回火以减小奥氏体晶粒尺寸,然后是重新奥氏体化退火。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种滚动轴承组件的组成部件和一种用于制造该组成部件的对应方法。
背景技术
从DE19707033A1已知使用表面硬化不锈钢(case-hardened stainless steels)制造具有高性能能力的滚动轴承,表面硬化不锈钢在耐腐蚀性、滚子疲劳强度和耐磨性方面优于常规(/传统)(conventional)马氏体基不锈钢,并且还具有高芯韧性(high coretoughness),以生产由合金钢制成的内圈、外圈和滚动元件(滚动体)的组中的至少一个代表,该合金钢基本上包含小于0.5重量%的C、8.0重量%至20.0重量%的Cr、0.1重量%至1.5重量%的Mn、0.1重量%至2.0重量%的Si,其余为Fe和附带杂质元素(incidentalimpurity elements),其中,轴承还包括通过在低于Ac1的温度下氮化或碳氮共渗、随后加热至900℃至1200℃的温度、硬化、低温处理(低于0℃)和回火(tempering)而产生的表面层。这里特别是从生产率的角度来看,在奥氏体范围(1100℃至1250℃)内的氮化不是优选的,因为在奥氏体范围(1100℃至1250℃)内较长时间的氮化(longer nitriding)导致奥氏体晶粒的生长和粗化(coarsening),从而降低钢的强度。在1150℃下高温氮化4h(/4小时)仅用于对比样品。
从V.G.Gavriljuk等人的书籍“High nitrogen steels:structure,properties,manufacture,applications”,Springer-Verlag,1999,第308至311页,已知使用铬含量为13至17质量百分比(mass-percentage)的钢进行马氏体硬化,以使该钢在1150℃的温度下固溶氮化(solution-nitride)24h,然后使其经受中间软回火(soft tempering)以减小奥氏体晶粒尺寸,之后在低于或等于1150℃的固溶氮化温度的温度下进行第二次硬化(hardening),然后在-80℃下深度冷却(deep cooling)1h,最后在450℃下进行3次回火(three temperings)1h。
从H.Berns的文章“Stainless steels suited for solution nitriding”,Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 33(2002),第5至11页,已知适用于固溶氮化的全系列钢。这里,对于马氏体应用,还描述了接近于滚动轴承工业中已知的CRONIDUR30的两种钢。
从R.Mohammadzadeh等人的文章“Grain refinement of a nickel andManganese free austenitic stainless steel produced by pressurized solutionnitriding”,Materials Characterization 93(2014),第119至128页,描述了一种热处理方法,其中,在钢的气体压力固溶氮化后,之后是水淬火和随后的奥氏体晶粒细化(refining),奥氏体晶粒细化进而包括分解等温加热(decomposing isothermalheating),之后是水淬火(water quenching),之后是重新奥氏体化加热,随后是水淬火。这里,规定气体压力氮化的温度为1200℃,压力增加至多至2.5巴(increasing pressures upto 2.5bar),持续时间为1h至18h。对于分解加热,最终设定至700℃,持续4h。最后,重新奥氏体化加热(reaustenitizing heating)在1200℃下进行0.5h。这里用作氮化基础的钢除了铁之外还包含以重量百分比为单位的以下各项:≤0.002的碳、22.753的铬、0.054的镍、0.1的锰、2.42的钼、0.052的硅、≤0.5的铜、0.05的铝、0.03的氮、0.01的磷和0.007的硫。
发明内容
本发明的目的尤其基于提供一种滚动轴承的改进的组成部件,并且提供一种用于制造该改进的组成部件的对应方法。
该目的通过专利技术方案1和7的主题来实现。在专利技术方案2至6中描述了有利的设计。
具体实施方式
利用本发明的解决方案,通过在高温氮化之后使用中间回火来减小奥氏体晶粒尺寸,并且在中间回火之后使用重新奥氏体化退火(reaustenitizing annealing),现在可以利用高温固溶氮化(solution nitriding)的优点(例如,关于可实现的显微组织(microstructures)),同时避免在DE19707033A1中描述的高温固溶氮化的缺点。然而,根据本发明的进一步认识,特别有利地避免了DE19707033A1中未认识到的低温表面硬化的缺点,诸如由于拉伸诱导的马氏体(例如由于先前的车削(turning)、铣削、冷轧、弯曲等)而形成氮化铬,并且避免了常规氮化的缺点,诸如在表面中形成氮化铬。因此,最终不仅能够实现滚动轴承所需的高边缘层硬度,而且总体有利地还能够实现低疲劳易损性并因此实现长使用寿命。由于输出钢的可能的低碳含量和低氮含量,最终有利地保持了这种不锈钢的相对成本效益。因此,有利地提供了滚动轴承的经济的耐腐蚀组成部件,该组成部件也具有长使用寿命。
用不同的温度、持续时间和钢组合物以各种组合进行了大量实验。这里,那些有利的实验结果、特别是已经证明特别有利的值范围,表征了所要求保护的温度和时间范围。当将温度和时间范围组合时,温度范围的下端或上端处的值与时间范围的下端或上端处的值的组合总体上产生比两个范围在其中间的组合或两个范围的不同端处的值的组合不利的(less favorable)总体情况。
作为一个实施方式,图1示出了通过滚动轴承的滚道元件的纵向截面,该滚动轴承具有用于使形成为球20的滚动元件在其上滚动的滚道12,其中作为示例仅示出了一个球20。球20可以布置在未示出的保持架中,其中球轴承最终通过也未示出的球轴承内圈完成。这种组成部件的其他示例性实施方式是滚动轴承的圈和滚子,滚动轴承包括圆锥滚子轴承、圆柱形滚子轴承和球面滚子轴承,并且还包括单列或多列形式的滚针轴承(needleroller bearings)以及它们的组合等。
这里,球轴承外圈10假设为(assumes)由具有13重量%的Cr、3重量%的Co、2重量%的Ni、1重量%的Mo和0.07重量%的N的钢制成的钢管。这里,钢组合物(steelcomposition)最终通过选择经济上最佳的(即,最具成本效益的)钢组合物来确定,钢组合物具有用于相应应用的足够功能。因此,例如,较高比例的C、Cr、Mn、Mo、Ni、N等有益于由此能够实现的硬化和耐腐蚀性,以及制造工艺的过程中所需的持续时间,但也使钢更昂贵。
因此,根据应用,在其他实施方式中,当然也使用不含预期碳添加的钢,而是钢具有至多0.25重量%、实际上甚至至多0.3重量%的碳含量。根据应用,8.0重量%、9.0重量%或甚至11.0重量%的铬含量是足够的,并且不必是17重量%、22重量%或甚至26重量%。此外,钢还可以不含预期的(intended)氮添加,或者例如对于较短的固溶氮化持续时间,甚至具有小于0.1重量%的氮含量。
球轴承外圈10的基本形状最终通过从钢管切割成一定长度并进行对应的弯管(turning)来产生。如下面所解释的,然后对该坯料(blank)进行高温固溶氮化和热处理。在其他实施方式中,坯料例如由钢粉固结(consolidated)、热加工、冷加工和/或以其他方式软加工。
高温固溶氮化在1125℃的温度下等温地(isothermally)进行11h。在固溶氮化之后,坯料在其边缘区域中具有大约0.5重量%的氮含量。进而根据坯料的几何形状也可以起作用的应用,高温固溶氮化在1050℃至1190℃、特别是1100℃至1150℃的温度下进行几小时至多个小时(a few to several hours)、特别是1h至24h、特别是至多12h。在高温固溶氮化之后,将固溶氮化的坯料在油浴中淬火。在其他实施方式中,淬火在盐浴中或用水进行。
之后,为了减小奥氏体晶粒尺寸,使坯料经受中间回火,该中间回火在850℃的温度下等温地进行3.5h。进而以根据应用的方式,在其他实施方式中,中间回火在600℃至1000℃、特别是700℃至900℃的温度下进行几小时、特别是1h至6h、特别是2h至4h。之后,进而进行淬火。
然后在此之后进行再奥氏体化退火(reaustenitizing annealing),再奥氏体化退火在1125℃的温度下等温地进行半小时(a half hour)。进而以根据应用的方式,在其他实施方式中,该退火也在1000℃至1275℃、特别是1050℃至1250℃、特别是到小于或等于高温固溶氮化中的温度的温度下进行多分钟至几小时(a plurality of minutes up to fewhours)、特别是0.1h至2.5h、特别是0.2h至1.5h。
之后,将坯料朝向低温处理淬火,该低温处理在-80℃下进行4h。进而以根据应用的方式,在其他实施方式中,低温处理在低于0℃、特别是从-40℃至-196℃的温度下进行数分钟至多个小时(a number of minutes up to a plurality of hours)、特别是0.3h至8h、特别是1h至6h。之后将坯料进行马氏体硬化。最后,仍然将坯料在250℃的温度下等温回火(tempered)4h。进而根据应用,在其他实施方式中,回火在150℃至450℃、特别是至多(upto)350℃的温度下进行半小时至多个小时(a half hour up to a plurality of hours)、特别是1小时至8小时、特别是2小时至6小时。代替一次拉伸(one stretch)中的回火,还可以循环地重复回火、特别是具有中间低温处理,其中上面提到的时间规格涉及重复的总和(sum of the repetitions)。最后,通过硬加工(特别是包括研磨、珩磨和/或超精加工)将硬化的坯料精加工(finished)成球轴承外圈10。
这里,以这种方式制造的组成部件有利地可用于金属生产和金属加工工业的机器中,而且还可用于造纸工业、泵和(空气)压缩机、航空航天工业的解决方案、食品和奢侈食品工业中,而且还可用于电动车辆和运动自行车中,特别是当在这种用途中出现甚至可能用作轴承润滑剂和/或冷却剂的腐蚀性介质时。
Claims (7)
1.一种滚动轴承的组成部件,特别是具有滚道的滚道元件和/或滚动轴承的滚动元件,滚动轴承的滚动元件设置在所述滚道上用于滚动,其中,从碳含量小于0.3重量%、铬含量大于8.0重量%且氮含量小于0.1重量%的钢开始,所述组成部件通过以下方式制造:高温固溶氮化,之后是中间回火工艺以减小奥氏体晶粒的尺寸,然后是重新奥氏体化退火。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组成部件,其特征在于,所述高温固溶氮化在1050℃至1190℃、特别是1100℃至1150℃的温度下特别是等温地进行几小时至多个小时、特别是1h至24h、特别是至多12h,
所述中间回火在600℃至1000℃、特别是700℃至900℃的温度下特别是等温地进行几小时、特别是1h至6h、特别是2h至4h,和/或所述重新奥氏体化退火在1000℃至1275℃、特别是1050℃至1250℃的温度下、特别是到小于或等于在所述高温固溶氮化期间的温度的温度下特别是等温地进行多分钟至几小时、特别是0.1h至2.5h、特别是0.2h至1.5h。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的组成部件,其特征在于,在所述重新奥氏体化退火之后,特别是等温低温处理,随后特别是等温回火,所述等温低温处理在低于0℃、特别是从-40℃至-196℃的温度下进行多分钟至多个小时、特别是0.3h至8h、特别是1h至6h,所述等温回火在150℃至450℃、特别是至多350℃的温度下进行半小时至多个小时、特别是1h至8h、特别是2h至6h,其中,所述等温回火在一次拉伸中进行一次或重复至少一次,特别是在等温回火之间进行低温处理,其中,在重复的情况下,时间规格涉及重复的总和。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的组成部件,其特征在于,至少在所述高温固溶氮化、所述中间回火和所述重新奥氏体化退火的步骤之间进行淬火,特别是使用油、盐浴或水。
5.根据权利要求1至4中的任一项所述的组成部件,其特征在于,在所述高温固溶氮化之前,所述组成部件由钢粉固结、热加工、冷加工和/或软加工,和/或在所述回火之后进行硬加工,特别是包括研磨、珩磨和/或超精加工。
6.根据权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的组成部件,其特征在于,输出钢的碳含量小于0.25重量%,铬含量大于9.0重量%、特别是大于11.0重量%,所述输出钢不含预期的氮添加,包含镍、钼和/或锰,和/或在所述固溶氮化之后所述组成部件的边缘层中的氮含量大于0.1重量%、特别是大于0.3重量%。
7.一种用于制造根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的组成部件的对应方法。
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