CN117651724A - 植物启发的两性离子单体、聚合物及其用途 - Google Patents
植物启发的两性离子单体、聚合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117651724A CN117651724A CN202280046074.1A CN202280046074A CN117651724A CN 117651724 A CN117651724 A CN 117651724A CN 202280046074 A CN202280046074 A CN 202280046074A CN 117651724 A CN117651724 A CN 117651724A
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Classifications
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F26/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F26/06—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F226/06—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
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- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
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- A61L26/0014—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form containing macromolecular materials obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
- A61L26/0061—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
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Abstract
公开了包含多种单体的聚合物,其中至少一些单体是两性离子,其包含具有吡啶鎓基团和羧酸根基团的甜菜碱。还公开了包含此类聚合物的过滤膜、涂层材料、伤口敷料、电解质、电池和制剂。另外公开了制备此类聚合物的方法。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2021年6月28日提交的美国临时申请号63/215,781的优先权的权益;其内容通过引用并入本文。
政府支持
本发明是在政府支持下根据国家科学基金会授予的授权号1802729进行的。政府享有本发明的某些权利。
背景技术
两性离子(ZI)聚合物是一类不同的材料子类,其是很多领域的研究重点,包括:药物递送、生物植入物、防垢材料和电化学储能。已经有多种不同类型的两性离子化学物质和材料突出了其在电池电解质中的独特性质和潜力。
然而,市售的ZI单体包括非常有限的官能团选择,如不能增强Li+转运的磺基甜菜碱型(例如,甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱,SBMA)和生产成本高昂的磷酰胆碱型(例如,2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基磷酰胆碱,MPC)。
因此,两性离子广泛使用的一个主要缺点是商业上可获得或易于合成的化学物质数量有限。因此,需要继续开发新的两性离子化学物质,特别是含有羧基甜菜碱(CB)和磷酰胆碱(PC)基序的两性离子,这些基序还可以降低合成屏障,并且增加两性离子在未来应用中的可用性。
发明内容
在一些方面中,本发明提供了一种聚合物,其包含多种单体,其中至少一些单体是两性离子,其包含具有吡啶鎓基团和羧酸根基团的甜菜碱。
在某些实施方式中,该聚合物是水凝胶。
在某些实施方式中,该羧酸根基团连接至该吡啶鎓基团的C3。
在某些实施方式中,该两性离子进一步包含烷基、烯丙基、芳基、乙烯基苄基、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺基团。
在某些实施方式中,该两性离子包含:
R代表丙烯酸酯(-OC(O)CH=CH2)、甲基丙烯酸酯(-OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2)、丙烯酰胺(-NHC(O)CH=CH2)或甲基丙烯酰胺(-NHC(O)C(CH3)=CH2)。
在某些实施方式中,该聚合物是进一步包含疏水性单体、带电荷单体、可离子化单体或其任何的组合的共聚物。
在其他方面中,本发明提供了一种过滤膜(例如,水过滤膜),其包含本发明的聚合物。
在其他方面中,本发明提供了一种涂层材料(例如,生物植入物涂层材料、植入物表面涂层材料、生物医学器械涂层材料和防垢材料),其包含本发明的聚合物。
在其他方面中,本发明提供了一种伤口敷料材料,其包含本发明的聚合物。
在其他方面中,本发明提供了一种基于离子液体的电解质(例如,离子凝胶电解质)或聚合物电解质,其包含本发明的聚合物。
在其他方面中,本发明提供了锂离子电池,其包含本发明的基于离子液体的电解质或聚合物电解质。
在其他方面中,本发明提供了药物递送制剂,其包含本发明的聚合物。
在一些方面中,本发明提供了制备羧基甜菜碱单体的方法,其包括使烟酸与亲电子试剂反应以获得阳离子中间体;并且使该阳离子中间体和碱反应以获得该羧基甜菜碱单体。
在某些实施方式中,该方法进一步包含溶剂,例如,DMF。
在某些实施方式中,该亲电子试剂是卤化物或环氧化物。
在某些实施方式中,该亲电子试剂是 并且R是取代的或未取代的烷基、烯丙基,或乙烯基,并且X是卤素(例如,溴、氯、氟或碘)。
在某些实施方式中,该亲电子试剂是卤化物;并且该卤化物是烯丙基溴、4-乙烯基苄基氯或丙烯酸2-氯乙酯。
在某些实施方式中,该羧基甜菜碱单体是:
并且R是取代的或未取代的烷基、烯丙基或乙烯基。
在某些实施方式中,该阳离子中间体是:
在某些实施方式中,该碱是碱金属氢氧化物(例如,氢氧化钠)。
在某些实施方式中,该羧基甜菜碱单体是:
在一些方面中,制备包含羧基甜菜碱单体的聚合物的方法包括使多种羧基甜菜碱单体聚合,该羧基甜菜碱单体通过使烟酸与卤化物反应以获得阳离子中间体;并且使阳离子中间体与碱反应以获得羧基甜菜碱单体获得。
通过回顾以下具体实施方式和权利要求,本公开内容的这些和其他方面将变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1:生物启发两性离子单体的合成路线:(a)通过使烟酸与烯丙基溴反应制备CBZ1和(b)通过使烟酸与4-乙烯基苄基氯反应制备CBZ2。
图2:含有新型CB型两性离子的单体溶液的照片。在含有0.3ZI单元:Li+摩尔比的1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI中的CBZ1(左图)和CBZ2(右图)。在该摩尔比下,大致浓度是含有22mgCBZ1和33mg CBZ2的500μL 1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI。
图3:1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI和两性离子单体溶液的7Li NMR光谱。该图包括1MLiTFSI/BMP TFSI溶液(下图)和含有CBMA、CBZ1、SB2VP和CBZ2的ZI单体溶液的NMR光谱。
图4:通过使烟酸与丙烯酸2-氯乙酯反应合成CBZ3的推荐合成路线。
图5:CBZ1单体的1H NMR光谱。由烟酸与烯丙基溴按照在实验方法中概述的程序反应合成。峰归属显示在插图中,并且使用D2O作为溶剂进行NMR。1H NMR(D2O,500MHz):9.14,8.82,8.79,8.01(m,Pr),5.9-6.01(1H,=CH),5.35-5.4(2H,=CH2),5.14(2H,-CH2N)。
图6:CBZ2单体的1H NMR光谱。由烟酸与4-乙烯基苄基氯反应制备。峰归属显示在插图中,并且使用D2O作为溶剂进行NMR。1H NMR(D2O,500MHz):8.75,8.41,8.05,7.89(m,Pr),7.18-7.33(m,苯),6.49-6.55(2H,=CH2),5.6(1H,=CH),5.16(2H,-CH2N)。
图7:1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI溶液和两性离子单体溶液的19FNMR光谱。图中包括1MLiTFSI/BMP TFSI溶液(下图)和含有CBMA、CBZ1、SB2VP和CBZ2的ZI单体溶液的NMR光谱。所有样品都含有特定的ZI单元:Li+摩尔分数,如图中图例所示,并且所有样品指在-79.15ppm处在D2O中的0.5M LiTFSI。
图8:离子电导率的温度依赖性。测量1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI溶液(绿色)和含有两性离子CBZ1(紫色)和pCBZ2(粉色)的电解质样品,其具有0.3ZI单元:Li+摩尔分数。每种电解质离子电导率的计算活化能如名称旁边的图例所示。
图9:在基于1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI的电解质极化前后的电池阻抗应答(Nyquist图)。样品包括:(a)离子液体(IL)溶液、(b)CBZ1单体溶液,和(c)pCBZ2凝胶。在(b)和(c)中两性离子的浓度为0.3ZI单元:Li+摩尔分数值,并且插图显示了计时电流法对10mV施加电势的应答。
图10:原酸与各种单体构建块反应形成两性离子单体CBZ4、CBZ5、CBZ6、CBZ7和CBZ8的合成方案。R=丙烯酸酯(H2C=CHC(O)O~)、甲基丙烯酸酯(H2C=C(CH3)C(O)O~)、丙烯酰胺(H2C=CHC(O)NH~),或甲基丙烯酰胺(H2C=C(CH3)C(O)NH~)基团;X=Cl或Br。箭头通常代表两步过程(使烟酸氮四甲基化反应,然后与碱反应,通过使羧酸基团去质子化来进行两性离子化)。
图11:CBZ9单体(酸形式)的1H NMR光谱。由烟酸与甲基丙烯酸2-溴乙酯反应制备。峰归属显示在插图中,并且使用D2O作为溶剂进行NMR。1H NMR(D2O,500MHz):9.38,9.00,8.93,8.11,(m,Pr),5.60-5.96(2H,=CH2),4.96(2H,-CH2O),4.60(2H,-CH2N),1.73(3H,-CH3)。
具体实施方式
本公开内容涉及CB型ZI单体,其首次以烟酸作为前体以简单的两步方法合成(参见,例如,图1)。这些材料的优点是其使用天然存在的试剂(烟酸,niacin)简单合成。另一个潜在优点是与Li+配位的羧酸根阴离子单元强结合的其吡啶鎓阳离子单元的疏水性。
本公开内容描述了一种化学合成一类新型两性离子(ZI)单体及其(共)聚合物的策略,其衍生自天然存在且无毒、低成本的起始原料:烟酸,也称为niacin或维生素B3的一种形式。ZI单体及其(共)聚合物由于其防垢性能、高度水合、生物相溶性以及与离子的强静电相互作用而在实践中是重要的。所公开的实验证明,使用烟酸作为起始原料成功合成了不同ZI单体,产生了新ZI官能团,其受葫芦巴碱(1-甲基吡啶-l-鎓-3-甲酸内盐)的启发,这是一种存在于几种植物中的生物碱ZI小分子,包括咖啡植物(例如,小果咖啡)。迄今为止,关于合成单体/(共)聚合物,这种特定的ZI官能团尚未被广泛研究或报道。因此,其代表了ZI单体/聚合物群体的一个重要的新添加。通过NMR光谱,这些ZI单体的羧酸根阴离子单元已被证明与Li+阳离子强烈相互作用,并且可以在基于离子液体的电解质(例如,锂离子电池)中改善Li+电导率。此外,预期这些ZI单体的相对疏水的吡啶鎓阳离子单元允许增强基于引入这些ZI单元的共聚物选择性层的过滤膜中的纳米孔性质的可调性。
本文公开的ZI单体和(共)聚合物代表了一类新型羧基甜菜碱(CB)型两性离子。我们已经证明了一种此类新型均聚物(pCBZ2)与另一种更昂贵且难以合成的CB型两性离子均聚物(pCBMA)相比在基于离子液体的离子凝胶电解质内改善Li+导电性的能力(表1)。因此,这类新型单体/(共)聚合物还能够为非挥发性锂离子电池凝胶电解质以及可能的固体聚合物电解质提供益处。这些材料还将允许基于其的CB型和疏水性吡啶鎓基序的组合,对用于水过滤应用的共聚物选择性层进行微调。更通常地,这些(共)聚合物可以是防垢的和生物相容的,从而导致生物医学应用(如伤口敷料或植入物表面涂层)。本公开内容还可用于电池开发、水净化和生物医学器械。
在一个方面中,聚合物包含多种单体,其中至少一些单体是两性离子,其包含具有吡啶鎓基团和羧酸根基团的甜菜碱。
在一些实施方式中,聚合物是水凝胶。在一些实施方式中,羧酸根基团连接至吡啶鎓基团的C3。在一些实施方式中,两性离子进一步包含烷基、烯丙基、芳基、乙烯基苄基、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺基团。在一些实施方式中,两性离子包含CBZ1(如图1中所示)、CBZ2(如图1中所示)、CBZ3(如图4中所示)、CBZ4(如图10中所示)、CBZ5(如图10中所示)、CBZ6(如图10中所示)、CBZ7(如图10中所示)、CBZ8(如图10中所示),或其组合。在一些实施方式中,聚合物是共聚物,其进一步包含疏水性单体、带电荷单体、可离子化单体,或其组合。
在一些方面中,过滤膜(例如,水过滤膜)、涂层材料(例如,生物植入物涂层材料、植入物表面涂层材料、生物医学器械涂层材料、防垢材料)、伤口敷料材料、基于离子液体的电解质(例如,离子凝胶电解质)、聚合物电解质、使用基于离子液体的电解质或聚合物电解质的Li离子电池或药物递送制剂包含所公开的聚合物。
在一些方面中,制备羧基甜菜碱单体的方法包括使烟酸与卤化物反应以获得阳离子中间体;并且使阳离子中间体与碱反应以获得羧基甜菜碱单体。
在一些方面中,制备包含羧基甜菜碱单体的聚合物的方法包括使多种羧基甜菜碱单体聚合,该羧基甜菜碱单体通过使烟酸与卤化物反应以获得阳离子中间体;并且使阳离子中间体与碱反应以获得羧基甜菜碱单体获得。
定义
除非本文另有定义,否则本申请中使用的科学和技术术语应具有本领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义。通常,本文所述的与化学、细胞和组织培养、分子生物学、细胞和癌症生物学、神经生物学、神经化学、病毒学、免疫学、微生物学、药理学、遗传学以及蛋白质和核酸化学相关的命名法和技术是本领域公知和常用的命名法和技术。
除非另有指示,否则本公开内容的方法和技术通常是根据本领域公知的常规方法执行的,并且如在本说明书中引用和讨论的各种一般和更具体的参考文献中所描述的。参见,例如,“Principles of Neural Science”,McGraw-Hill Medical,New York,N.Y.(2000);Motulsky,“Intuitive Biostatistics”,Oxford University Press,Inc.(1995);Lodish等,“Molecular Cell Biology,第4版”,W.H.Freeman&Co.,New York(2000);Griffiths等,“Introduction to Genetic Analysis,第7版”,W.H.Freeman&Co.,N.Y.(1999);和Gilbert等,“Developmental Biology,第6版”,Sinauer Associates,Inc.,Sunderland,MA(2000)。
除非本文另有定义,否则本文中使用的化学术语是根据本领域的常规用法使用的,如通过“The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms”,Parker S.编著,McGraw-Hill,San Francisco,C.A.(1985)所示例的。
如本文所用,术语“任选的”或“任选地”意指随后描述的事件或情况可能发生或可能不发生,并且描述包括其中事件或情况发生的实例以及其中其不发生的实例。例如,“任选地取代的烷基”是指可以被取代的烷基以及其中烷基未被取代。
可以理解,本发明化合物上的取代基和取代模式可以由本领域普通技术人员选择,以产生化学稳定的化合物,该化合物可以通过本领域已知的技术以及下面所述的那些方法,从容易获得的起始材料容易地合成。如果取代基本身被多于一个基团取代,则可以理解,只要得到稳定的结构,这些多个基团可以在同一个碳上或在不同的碳上。
如本文所用,术语“任选地取代的”是指用特定取代基的基团取代给定结构中的一至六个氢基团,包括但不限于:羟基、羟烷基、烷氧基、卤素、烷基、硝基、甲硅烷基、酰基、酰氧基、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、氨基、氨基烷基、氰基、卤代烷基、卤代烷氧基、-OCO-CH2-O-烷基、-OP(O)(O-烷基)2或-CH2-OP(O)(O-烷基)2。优选地,“任选地取代的”是指用上述取代基取代给定结构中的一至四个氢基团。更优选地,一至三个氢基团被如上所述的取代基取代。可以理解的是,取代基可以被进一步取代。
诸如“一个(a)”、“一种(an)”和“所述(the)”的术语可以意指一个或多于一个,除非有相反指示或者从上下文中明显可见。如果一个或多个组成员中的一个、多个或所有成员都存在于给定的产品或方法中,或以其他方式与该产品或方法相关,则包括“或”的权利要求或说明书被视为满足,除非另有相反指示或从上下文中明显可见。本发明包括其中恰好一个组成员存在于给定产品或方法中、用于给定产品或方法中或以其他方式与给定产品或方法相关的实施方式。本发明包括其中多于一个或全部的组成员存在于给定产品或方法中、用于给定产品或方法中或以其他方式与给定产品或方法相关的实施方式。
如本文所用,术语“烷基”是指饱和脂族基团,包括但不限于C1-C10直链烷基基团或C1-C10支链烷基基团。优选地,“烷基”基团是指C1-C6直链烷基基团或C1-C6支链烷基基团。最优选地,“烷基”基团是指C1-C4直链烷基基团或C1-C4支链烷基基团。“烷基”的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、1-丙基、2-丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、1-戊基、2-戊基、3-戊基、新戊基、1-己基、2-己基、3-己基、1-庚基、2-庚基、3-庚基、4-庚基、1-辛基、2-辛基、3-辛基或4-辛基等。“烷基”基团可以是任选地取代的。
实施例
将参考以下具体实例来进一步说明本公开内容。这些实例是通过说明的方式给出的,并不意指限制本公开内容或随后的权利要求。
前言
两性离子(ZI)聚合物是一类不同的材料子类,其是很多领域的研究重点,包括:药物递送、生物植入物、防垢材料和电化学储能。1-6已经有多种不同类型的两性离子化学物质和材料突出了其在电池电解质中的独特性质和潜力。7-11然而,两性离子广泛使用的一个主要缺点是商业上可获得或易于合成的化学物质数量有限。12在文献中可以找到各种化学物质,但只有少数可以很容易地从商业上购买,并且大多数是磺基甜菜碱(SB)两性离子。即使在那些可用的化合物中,合成也可能非常困难并且产率低。出于这个原因,需要继续开发新的两性离子化学物质,特别是含有羧基甜菜碱(CB)和磷酰胆碱(PC)基序,这也降低了合成屏障并增加了两性离子在未来应用中的可用性。
在文献中研究和合成的两性离子中,很多是由自然界中发现的现有结构启发的。2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC)是市售的最众所周知的ZI单体之一,其受启发于细胞膜中发现的磷脂。13-15由于其高度的生物相容性和亲水性,多年来MPC已被用于很多生物应用,如植入物的防垢涂层。16,17受自然启发的两性离子聚合物的另一个最近的实例来自三甲胺N-氧化物(TMAO)。TMAO是一种在咸水鱼中发现的有机渗透剂,是一类新型两性离子材料,不属于三大类(羧基甜菜碱、磺基甜菜碱、磷酰胆碱)之一。特征在于TMAO衍生的两性离子聚合物在阳离子和阴离子两性离子部分之间仅具有单一共价键,表现出极高的亲水性和防垢潜力,这对开发新型生物材料很重要。18一种天然存在的两性离子分子,称为葫芦巴碱(N-甲基烟酸),含有CB型羧酸根阴离子和吡啶鎓阳离子。19葫芦巴碱存在于咖啡豆和其他植物种子中,当在高温下烘焙时会变成烟酸,其是合成新型CB型两性离子单体的有用前体材料。20
以具有不同可聚合基团的烟酸为原料,合成了两种新型生物启发的CB型两性离子。然后将单体混合到含锂离子液体电解质中,并将其对离子转运性能的影响与几种现有化学物质进行比较。11第一种单体是用烯丙基溴合成的,显示出适度的7Li 1D NMR化学位移,仅略低于CBMA观察到的。然而,由于难以通过自由基聚合来聚合烯丙基,无法形成离子凝胶,这导致离子转运的变化最小。而相反的是,由4-乙烯基苄基氯(VBC)制成的第二种单体显示出可忽略的化学位移,同时通过DC极化和AC阻抗光谱测量也显示出对锂导电性的适度改善。这些结果说明了连接的聚合物网络和聚两性离子溶解度对离子液体(IL)环境中Li+转运的重要性,并且在设计和合成新的两性离子单体时应考虑这些因素。可用化学物质的结果表明,烟酸衍生的两性离子易于合成,并且可对离子凝胶电解质的性能产生有益影响。
实验方法
材料
N-丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓双(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺(BMP TFSI)(高纯级)、双(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)和2-羟基-2-甲基丙酮(HOMPP)购自MilliporeSigma,并且储存在充满N2的手套箱(H2O,O2<1ppm)中。合成试剂烟酸、烯丙基溴、4-乙烯基苄基氯、无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和四氢呋喃(THF)购自Sigma Aldrich。锂箔(99.9%,0.75mm厚)购自Alfa Aesar,并且储存在充满Ar的手套箱(H2O,O2<0.5ppm)中,直到制备纽扣电池。Celgard分离器(25μm厚)和不锈钢(SS)纽扣电池部件(CR2032)购自MTI Corp。
CBZ1的合成
以1:15的摩尔比将烟酸溶解在无水DMF中,并且在50℃下搅拌直至完全溶解。在弱光条件下,将烯丙基溴以1:1的摩尔比加入烟酸,并且反应进行过夜(可以通过溶液中的颜色变化来确认)。通过在THF中沉淀DMF溶液回收单体产物,并在冰浴中冷却直至形成固体。然后用另外的THF洗涤单体产物,再沉淀,并在真空中在低温下干燥过夜。为了将产物制成两性离子,将单体加入5wt%NaOH的H2O溶液中并搅拌至少一小时。两性离子单体(CBZ1)最终通过在冰浴中在丙酮中沉淀并在真空下干燥来回收。将最终产物在室温下减压干燥并储存在冰箱中直到使用。在Bruker AVANCE III 500MHz NMR光谱仪中使用D2O作为溶剂进行NMR光谱分析。1HNMR(D2O,500MHz):9.14,8.82,8.79,8.01(m,Pr),5.9-6.01(1H,=CH),5.35-5.4(2H,=CH2),5.14(2H,-CH2N)。
CBZ2的合成
对于CBZ2合成,再次将烟酸以1:15的摩尔比溶解在无水DMF中,并且在50℃下搅拌直至完全溶解。由于单体的反应性,在将4-乙烯基苄基氯(VBC)以1∶1摩尔比加入溶液之前,首先将溶液冷却至室温。反应进行过夜,可以观察到溶液的不透明度发生明显变化(变成乳白色)。通过在四氢呋喃(THF)中沉淀DMF溶液回收单体产物,并在冰浴中冷却直至形成固体。然后用另外的THF洗涤单体产物,再沉淀,并在真空中在低温下干燥过夜。也尝试在二乙醚中沉淀,但总的来说,证明THF是更好的非溶剂,即使在室温下也能很好地工作。为了将产物制成两性离子,将单体加入5wt%NaOH的H2O溶液中并搅拌至少一小时。通过在丙酮中低温沉淀回收两性离子单体(CBZ2),并在真空下干燥。将最终产物储存在冰箱中直至使用。在Bruker AVANCE III 500MHz NMR光谱仪中使用D2O作为溶剂进行CBZ2的NMR光谱分析。1HNMR(D2O,500MHz):8.75,8.41,8.05,7.89(m,Pr),7.18-7.33(m,苯),6.49-6.55(2H,=CH2),5.6(1H,=CH),5.16(2H,-CH2N)。
CBZ9的合成
以1:15的摩尔比将烟酸溶解在无水DMF中,并且在60℃下搅拌直至完全溶解。接下来,将甲基丙烯酸2-溴乙酯以与烟酸以1.1:1的摩尔比缓慢滴加到混合物中,并且反应进行48小时(通过溶液中的颜色变化确证)。通过在冰浴中冷却反应混合物并在THF(以1:20的比例)中沉淀至少一天来回收单体产物。然后过滤沉淀物并在室温下干燥一天,之后在真空下再干燥一天。在Bruker AVANCE III 500MHz NMR光谱仪中使用D2O作为溶剂对酸形式的单体进行NMR光谱分析。1H NMR(D2O,500MHz):9.38,9.00,8.93,8.11,(m,Pr),5.60-5.96(2H,=CH2),4.96(2H,-CH2O),4.60(2H,-CH2N),1.73(3H,-CH3)。
含锂离子液体电解质和离子凝胶的制备
通过将LiTFSI以1M的浓度溶解在BMP TFSI中,并在50℃下在充满N2的手套箱中搅拌过夜,直到获得均匀的溶液,制备传统的IL/锂盐溶液电解质。通过以所需ZI单元:Li+比例添加ZI单体并搅拌过夜来制备单体溶液。在CBZ2的情况下,不能获得澄清的单体溶液,这表明溶解度有限,但聚合仍然可以进行。在1MLiTFSI/BMP TFSI电解质中采用了ZI单元:Li+摩尔比范围为1:4至2:3,对应于0.2-0.4的ZI单元/(ZI单元+Li+)摩尔分数(即,0.25-0.67M的ZI单元浓度)。为了清楚起见,将ZI单元:Li+摩尔分数值用于标记实验数据。为了制备离子凝胶,将HOMPP光引发剂(基于2wt%单体)添加到单体溶液中,将其搅拌10分钟,然后使用手持式灯(Spectronic Corp.,8W)通过365nm的UV照射实现聚合10分钟。在使用前将离子凝胶样品在手套箱中储存过夜。
纽扣电池的制备
用于DC极化测量的纽扣电池是通过将液体电解质负载到Celgard分离器的孔中或使离子凝胶在Celgard分离器的孔内聚合来制备,以标准化电池电解质层的几何形状和厚度。在温和的真空条件下(在UV照射之前,在离子凝胶前体溶液的情况下)将电解质溶液注入Celgard分离器(直径17mm,厚度25μm)中至少2小时。在使用前,将Li|电解质|Li纽扣电池在充满Ar手套箱内组装,并使用玻璃小瓶轧制Li+金属盘(直径约15mm)以提亮锂金属表面。为了确定离子电导率的温度依赖性,使用SS圆盘电极(直径15.5mm)制备SS|电解质|SS纽扣电池;使用放置在SS电极之间的环形Teflon垫片(7.6mm内径和1.6mm厚度)限制电解质。使用数字压力控制的电压卷边机(MTI Corp)密封所有纽扣电池。
核磁共振光谱测量
使用具有z梯度的标准多核宽带观测探针的Bruker AVANCE III 500MHz NMR光谱仪来获得ID NMR光谱。在室温(20℃)下,使用0.1ms的弛豫延迟和共计32次扫描进行光谱测量,检查的原子核分别为7Li和19F,以观察Li+和TFSI-局部环境。使用0.5M LiTFSI在D2O中的溶液作为所有样品的参考和锁定溶液。所有样品在玻璃毛细管(内径1.5mm)中制备,将玻璃毛细管放置在含有用于测量的参考溶液的标准NMR管(内径5mm)中。
电化学测量
所有电化学测量均使用带有内置频率分析仪(Princeton Applied Research)的VersaSTAT 3恒电位仪进行。AC阻抗谱用于测量IL、SIL和聚两性离子支撑的两种电解质体系的离子凝胶的离子电导率。在充满N2的手套箱中使用定制的Teflon电池进行室温离子电导率测量,并使用10mV的正弦电压振幅在1Hz-100kHz的频率范围内进行测量。使用固定在温度控制显微镜台(Linkam Scientific Instruments,LTS 420)上的对称SS|电解质|SS纽扣电池进行温度依赖性离子电导率测量。在加热和冷却循环期间,在每个温度下使用10分钟的保持期以确保热平衡,并且所有与温度相关的阿伦尼斯模型趋势线都拟合为0.99或更高的R2值。
利用Bruce及其同事开发的方法通过DC极化计算对称Li|电解质|Li纽扣电池的Li+迁移数(tLi+)。在测量之前,使用0.01mA cm-2的两小时恒电流充电周期对电池进行预处理,然后进行两小时恒电位保持,最后在-0.01mA cm-2下进行两小时的恒电流放电。预处理步骤完成后,在进行任何实验之前,再进行12小时的休息期。使用10mV的外加电势,通过DC极化/计时电流法测量两小时,确定Li+迁移数,并在测量前后记录AC阻抗谱。
结果和讨论
合成和表征
在该研究中,我们设计并合成了两种从烟酸起始的基于羧基甜菜碱的两性离子单体。在这两种情况下,将烟酸溶解在无水DMF中,并与烷基卤化物单体反应以产生中间阳离子产物。然后将单体溶解在5wt%NaOH水溶液中以使COO-阴离子基团去质子化并制备两性离子单体。两种单体的合成和最终化学结构如图1中所示。在第一步合成单体的过程中,通过溶液变成不透明的白色,可以直观地确认产物形成。此外,当单体在NaOH溶液中形成两性离子时,会出现轻微的颜色变化。
合成的两种单体都具有相同的CB型两性离子部分(吡啶鎓阳离子和羧酸根阴离子),但可聚合基团非常不同,这影响了其溶液行为。在水性体系中,两种单体都很容易溶解(尽管CBZ2上有很大的非极性苄基),并且在两者之间观察到的差异很小。然而,在含锂的IL电解质中观察到的溶解度存在更大的差异,如图2所示,其是CBZ1和CBZ2在1M LiTFSI/BMPTFSI中的溶液。将这些溶液选择为具有0.3ZI单元:Li+摩尔比,这对于CBZ1等于约3wt%,对于CBZ2等于4.5wt%。在约3wt%下,CBZ1在1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI中显示出中等溶解度,并且在溶液中可观察到轻微的黄色。降低浓度并没有导致澄清的溶液,这表明基于吡啶鎓的阳离子基团与特定的IL环境之间存在一定程度的不相容性。相比之下,CBZ2单体的可溶性甚至更低,这可能是由于苯环的原因,并且在所有测试浓度下都形成不透明的白色溶液。
这些单体之间的另一个关键区别是可聚合基团的性质。已知CBZ1上的烯丙基很难通过自由基聚合反应,并且在IL、有机和水性溶剂环境中使用热引发剂和光引发剂的所有尝试都没有成功。作为结果,CBZ 1不能制备离子凝胶,并且本研究中所有随后的电化学测量都是用指定浓度的单体溶液进行的。相反,用CBZ2实现聚合,这是通过1H NMR中乙烯基峰的还原和非流动离子凝胶的形成来观察的。值得注意的是,类似浓度的纯BMP TFSI(不含锂盐)仍然是液体,不是凝胶,这可能表明与ZI单体络合的Li+离子可以作为桥在凝胶中形成物理交联。
1D NMR化学位移
使用ID NMR化学位移筛选单体溶液,以探测ZI部分和Li离子之间的相互作用。通过分析在不同ZI部分存在下IL的7Li化学位移,可以深入了解局部电子环境的变化。测试的其他一些单体溶液是明显透明的均匀溶液。相比之下,在相当的浓度下,基于烟酸的两性离子在1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI中显示出较低的溶解度。然而,ID NMR仍然可以提供有用的见解,如图3所示是IL电解质、本实验合成的两种两性离子以及CBMA和SB2VP的光谱。
在另一项研究中,相对于IL电解质环境的峰,观察到CBMA的单体溶液的7Li NMR信号峰位置的最大低场位移。这种位移表明CB型两性离子部分之间存在显著的库仑相互作用,第一种新合成的ZI单体CBZ1也有类似的效果。如图3中所示,CBZ1产生适度的低场7Li峰位移(针对ZI单元:Li+摩尔分数为0.3,Δδ为~0.4ppm),其与略低浓度的CBMA相当。化学位移的差异可能是由于CBZ1在IL中的溶解度较低,或者是阳离子部分的不同行为所致。然而,这一结果确实支持了我们的理解,即在CB型两性离子中发现的阴离子COO-基团可以与Li+离子具有强相互作用。相比之下,CBZ2没有观察到同样的情况,其不仅显示出与SB两性离子更相似的非常小的低场位移(针对ZI单元:Li+摩尔分数为0.3,Δδ为~0.1ppm)。这种差异可能是由于苯环的存在导致CBZ2的溶解度显著降低而引起的结果。未溶解的单体的大团块可能限制两性离子部分的可及性,并降低与Li+离子相互作用的可能性。19F峰化学位移也观察到类似趋势(参见图7)。峰强度的平坦化进一步支持了这一点,这可以看出是由于溶液的溶解度差和粘度增加引起的。据推测,在两种ZI单体都很好溶解的IL环境中,由于相同的两性离子基序,化学位移将明显更接近。
离子转运的表征
分别使用AC阻抗谱和DC极化测量了相同电解质制剂在环境条件(约0℃至100℃)附近的总离子电导率和室温锂离子迁移数值(tLi+,Li+在外加电场中携带的总电流的分数)的温度依赖性。在表1中总结了1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI和相应两性离子样品的这些值。还包括含有pCBMA和pSB2VP的离子凝胶样品的数据,用于在相同ZI单元:Li+摩尔比下进行比较。还获得了新CB型单体的温度相关离子电导率数据,以及用于确定tLi+值的DC极化和AC阻抗谱数据(参见图8和图9)。在室温下,含两性离子的样品表现出与纯液体几乎相同的离子电导率(σ)值,这表明ZI基团促进了电解质中更高程度的离子簇/离子对离解。
更有趣的是,尽管具有可比的总离子电导率,但两种新的两性离子的tLi+和Ea值存在显著差异。对于CBZ1,这些值大致相当于纯液体,并且没有像在CBMA中观察到的那样改善锂迁移。这似乎与之前的趋势相矛盾,即具有大的低场7Li化学位移的两性离子也将表现出改善的Li离子转运。然而,tLi+不随CBZ1的加入而改变的原因的一个潜在解释是因为其不是聚两性离子样品。我们的团队在之前的一项研究中假设,锂离子沿着聚两性离子链的跳跃是SBVT:MPC共聚物离子凝胶中改善锂离子迁移率的机制,8这可能是不可聚合的CBZ1没有显示出相同益处的原因。pCBZ2测量的tLi+和Ea值进一步支持了这一点,其显示出与纯IL和CBZ1的适度差异。尽管两性离子部分相同,但用pCBZ2观察到的Ea略有下降,锂电导率适度增加,这表明聚两性离子对改善离子转运性能至关重要。虽然锂电导率(σLi+)低于使用pCBMA获得的最高值,但这可能是pCBZ2的低溶解度降低了可用两性离子的有效浓度所致。目前,很难直接比较这两种化学物质,但与纯IL电解质相比,pCBZ2的性能有所改善,这确实表明来源于烟酸的两性离子可以有效地用于离子凝胶电解质。
表1:1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI电解质及其相应的聚两性离子负载凝胶的室温离子电导率(s)、总离子电导率的活化能(Ea)、锂离子转移数(tLi +)和室温Li+电导率(σLi +)值的总结。
这些CB型两性离子CBZ1和CBZ2在1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI中进行测试,并与一些其他化学物质进行比较。观察到含pCBZ2的离子凝胶的锂导电性有所改善,苯环引起的低溶解度限制了两性离子和IL之间的相互作用。通过7Li 1D NMR化学位移观察到的CBZ1和CBZ2之间的化学位移差异突出了这一点-尽管具有相同的两性离子基序,但CBZ1的位移更接近CBMA,而CBZ2的位移最小。合成如图4中所示,其以丙烯酸2-氯乙酯为聚合基团制备第三种基于烟酸的两性离子。一些其他的两性离子单体合成变化如图10中所示。与CBZ1上发现的烯丙基相比,丙烯酸酯更容易通过自由基聚合反应,并且在化学上与一些两性离子单体上发现的官能团相似。此外,该结构中不存在大的非极性环,因此预期CBZ2在1M LiTFSI/BMP TFSI中的溶解度将显著改善。虽然与CBMA相比可能存在较低的溶解度限度,但假设这种基于丙烯酸酯的两性离子单体(CBZ3)将能够形成促进Li离子转运的离子凝胶。
尽管本文已经详细描绘和描述了各种实施方式,但是对于相关领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本公开内容的精神的情况下可以进行各种修改、添加、替换等是显而易见的,并且因此这些被认为在如以下权利要求所定义的本公开内容的范围内。
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通过引用并入
本文提及的所有美国专利以及美国和PCT专利申请公开文本均以引用的方式整体并入本文,就好像每个单独的专利或专利申请公开文本都被明确且单独地指示以引用的形式并入本文一样。在冲突的情况下,将以本申请(包括本文中的任何定义)为准。
等同物
本领域技术人员将认识到或能够使用不多于常规实验来确定本文所述的本发明的特定实施方式的很多等同物。这些等同物旨在被以下权利要求所涵盖。本文所述的本实施方式的范围并不旨在限于上述描述,而是如所附权利要求中所阐述的。本领域普通技术人员将理解,在不偏离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,可以对本说明书进行各种改变和修改,如以下权利要求所定义的。
Claims (32)
1.一种聚合物,其包含多种单体,其中至少一些所述单体是两性离子,其包含具有吡啶鎓基团和羧酸根基团的甜菜碱。
2.根据权利要求1所述的聚合物,其中所述聚合物是水凝胶。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的聚合物,其中所述羧酸根基团连接至所述吡啶鎓基团的C3。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的聚合物,其中所述两性离子进一步包含烷基、烯丙基、芳基、乙烯基苄基、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺或甲基丙烯酰胺基团。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的聚合物,其中所述两性离子包含:
或其任何的组合;并且R代表丙烯酸酯(-OC(O)CH=CH2)、甲基丙烯酸酯(-OC(O)C(CH3)=CH2)、丙烯酰胺(-NHC(O)CH=CH2)或甲基丙烯酰胺(-NHC(O)C(CH3)=CH2)。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的聚合物,其中所述聚合物是进一步包含疏水性单体、带电荷单体、可离子化单体或其任何的组合的共聚物。
7.一种过滤膜,其包含根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的聚合物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的过滤膜,其中所述膜是水过滤膜。
9.一种涂层材料,其包含根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的聚合物。
10.根据权利要求9所述的涂层材料,其中所述材料是生物植入物涂层材料。
11.根据权利要求9所述的涂层材料,其中所述材料是植入物表面涂层材料。
12.根据权利要求9所述的涂层材料,其中所述材料是生物医学器械涂层材料。
13.根据权利要求9所述的涂层材料,其中所述材料是防垢材料。
14.一种伤口敷料材料,其包含根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的聚合物。
15.一种基于离子液体的电解质,其包含根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的聚合物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的基于离子液体的电解质,其中所述电解质是离子凝胶电解质。
17.一种聚合物电解质,其包含根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的聚合物。
18.一种锂离子电池,其包含根据权利要求15-17中任一项所述的电解质。
19.一种药物递送制剂,其包含根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的聚合物。
20.一种制备羧基甜菜碱单体的方法,其包括:
使烟酸与亲电子试剂反应以获得阳离子中间体;并且使所述阳离子中间体和碱反应以获得所述羧基甜菜碱单体。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其进一步包含溶剂。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述溶剂是DMF。
23.根据权利要求20-22中任一项所述的方法,其中所述亲电子试剂是卤化物或环氧化物。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述亲电子试剂是
并且R是取代的或未取代的烷基、烯丙基或乙烯基,并且X是卤素。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述卤素是溴、氯、氟或碘。
26.根据权利要求23所述的方法,其中所述亲电子试剂是卤化物;并且所述卤化物是烯丙基溴、4-乙烯基苄基氯或丙烯酸2-氯乙酯。
27.根据权利要求20-26中任一项所述的方法,其中所述羧基甜菜单体是:
并且R是取代的或未取代的烷基、烯丙基或乙烯基。
28.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其中所述阳离子中间体是:
29.根据权利要求20-28中任一项所述的方法,其中所述碱是碱金属氢氧化物。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述碱金属氢氧化物是氢氧化钠。
31.根据权利要求20-30中任一项所述的方法,其中所述羧基甜菜碱单体是:
32.一种制备包含羧基甜菜碱单体的聚合物的方法,其包括:
使多种羧基甜菜碱单体(例如,通过根据权利要求20-31中任一项所述的方法获得的羧基甜菜碱单体)聚合,从而制备所述聚合物。
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