CN117572632B - Discrete modulation method and system suitable for pyramid wavefront sensor - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of adaptive optics, in particular to a discrete modulation method and a discrete modulation system suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor. Meanwhile, the modulating mirror and the pyramid prism are combined into a whole, so that the complexity of the optical system is reduced, the number of conjugate planes of the system is reduced, and the whole volume of the optical system is also reduced. Further, the main optical axis of the optical system does not move along with the circular modulation of the incident light, so that the pupil position is kept unchanged in the wavefront detection process, the offset influence of modulation in the traditional pyramid on the pupil image is eliminated, the detection precision is improved, the optical design difficulty is reduced, and the optical machine adjustment difficulty is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of adaptive optics, and particularly provides a discrete modulation method and a discrete modulation system suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor.
Background
The adaptive optics technology can compensate the degradation effect of atmospheric turbulence on the telescope imaging terminal in real time, and has been developed into one of the essential parts of the foundation large-scale optical telescope since 1853. The wavefront sensor is used as an important component of the adaptive optical system, can accurately detect the distortion of the incident wavefront in real time, and provides a basis for subsequent aberration compensation. The pyramid wavefront sensor is a novel wavefront sensing method proposed by Raggazion in 1996. Compared with the traditional shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, the pyramid has the advantages of high detection sensitivity, high light energy utilization rate, adjustable sampling rate and the like. The current adaptive optical system based on the pyramid wavefront sensor is already applied to the foundation astronomical telescope, so that a clearer image is obtained compared with shack-Hartmann, and a higher star is observed. At present, a 30-meter-level telescope developed in research and planning adopts a pyramid wavefront sensor, and the pyramid wavefront sensor is also known as a next-generation astronomical telescope wavefront sensor by astronomists.
In practical use, the dynamic range of the pyramid wavefront sensor is small, so that a modulation operation mode is generally adopted to perform wavefront detection with a large dynamic range. The modulation mode is to place a fast reflecting mirror at the front end of the pyramid prism, and control the turning angle of the reflecting mirror in the horizontal and vertical directions, so that the converged incident light spots do circular motion at the tip of the pyramid prism, and usually, the light spots are required to complete at least 1 circular motion in 1 detection period. The traditional modulation pyramid needs to place the quick reflection mirror at the conjugate surface of the entrance pupil, so that the conjugate surface of the optical system is more, the light path is longer, and the volume of the optical system is larger; meanwhile, the offset influence of circular modulation on the position of the exit pupil is considered, and in order to ensure the wavefront detection precision of the pyramid, the offset is usually controlled within 1 pixel, which presents a great challenge to the optical design, and the difficulty of optical machine modulation is also great.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems, and provides a discrete modulation method and a discrete modulation system suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor, which can reduce the complexity of an optical system, the number of conjugate planes of the system, the volume of the system, the offset influence of modulation on an exit pupil image and the difficulty of optical design.
The invention provides a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor, which comprises the following steps:
configuring a modulation mode by utilizing a reflection array and a lens group, wherein an entrance pupil plane and a detection plane are conjugate planes, the reflection array is positioned on an entrance pupil focal plane, the central position of the reflection array coincides with an entrance pupil focal point, the central position of the reflection array is defined as a discrete modulation pyramid central point when the modulation radius is zero, and the size of a single reflection element is defined as a discrete modulation unit step length, wherein the reflection array consists of a plurality of single reflection elements;
determining the number of points of discrete modulation positions according to the number of discrete modulation unit step sizes of the modulation radius, and determining a modulation track based on the number of points of the discrete modulation positions;
determining discrete modulation positions and points according to the size of the modulation radius and the multiple of the modulation radius and the discrete modulation unit step length, and determining a modulation track based on the discrete modulation positions and points;
the detection plane starts exposure, the overturning state of each single reflecting element in the reflecting array is adjusted according to the modulation track, modulation steps corresponding to the discrete modulation positions and the number of points are sequentially completed according to the overturning state, and exposure is stopped to obtain an acquired image;
wavefront local distortion data of the pyramid wavefront sensor is determined based on the acquired image.
Wavefront local distortion data of the pyramid wavefront sensor can be determined from the acquired image, including:
the acquired images are respectively first acquired imagesI 1 A second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 Wavefront local distortion dataSThe method is calculated according to the following formula:
。
as a preferable scheme, when the modulation radius is 3 times of discrete modulation unit step length, the number of the discrete modulation positions is 16, or
When the modulation radius is 2 times of the discrete modulation unit step length, the point number of the discrete modulation position is 12 points, or
When the modulation radius is 1 times of the discrete modulation unit step length, the number of the discrete modulation positions is 8, or
When the modulation radius is 0 times of the discrete modulation unit step length, the number of the discrete modulation positions is 1.
As a preferable scheme, the size of the single reflecting element is in the micron order, the gap between two adjacent single reflecting elements is 10% of the size of the single reflecting element, and the overall filling rate of the reflecting array is more than 80%.
As a preferred solution, the reflective array is a micro-mirror based discrete-plane MEMS deformable mirror or a liquid crystal based reflective spatial light modulator.
As a preferred solution, the modulation radius is discrete and is a multiple of the discrete modulation unit step size.
The invention provides a discrete modulation system suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor, which is applied to the discrete modulation method suitable for the pyramid wavefront sensor.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the discrete modulation method and system suitable for the pyramid wavefront sensor provided by the invention adopt the reflection array to replace the rapid reflector and the pyramid prism in the traditional modulation pyramid, and periodically change the positions and the number of the turnover elements in the reflection array in the wavefront detection process to equivalent the periodic modulation movement of light spots, thereby finally realizing the result of expanding the dynamic range of the pyramid sensor. Meanwhile, the invention combines the modulating mirror and the pyramid prism into a whole, reduces the complexity of the optical system, reduces the number of conjugate planes of the system and reduces the whole volume of the optical system. Finally, the main optical axis of the optical system does not move along with the circular modulation of the incident light, so that the position of the exit pupil is kept unchanged in the wave front detection process, the offset influence of modulation in the traditional pyramid on the exit pupil image is eliminated, the detection precision is improved, the optical design difficulty is reduced, and the optical machine adjustment difficulty is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of discrete modulation positions when the modulation radius is 2 times of discrete modulation unit step length in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a discrete modulation distribution when a modulation radius is 3 times of a discrete modulation unit step in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of discrete modulation positions when the modulation radius is 3 times of a discrete modulation unit step in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a discrete modulation distribution when a modulation radius is 1 time of a discrete modulation unit step in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of discrete modulation positions when the modulation radius is 1 time of a discrete modulation unit step in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of a discrete modulation distribution when a modulation radius is 0 times of a discrete modulation unit step in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of discrete modulation positions when the modulation radius is 0 times of the discrete modulation unit step length in a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a graph of dynamic range of a pyramidal wavefront sensor for different discrete modulation radii in a discrete modulation method for the pyramidal wavefront sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein reference numerals include:
1 entrance pupil plane, 2 first lens, 3 reflective array, 4 second lens, 5 detection plane.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, like modules are denoted by like reference numerals. In the case of the same reference numerals, their names and functions are also the same. Therefore, a detailed description thereof will not be repeated.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, in an embodiment of the present invention, a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor is provided, including:
s101, configuring a modulation mode by utilizing a reflection array and a lens group, wherein an entrance pupil plane and a detection plane are conjugate planes, the reflection array is positioned on an entrance pupil focal plane, the center position of the reflection array coincides with an entrance pupil focal point, the center position of the reflection array is defined as a discrete modulation pyramid center point when the modulation radius is zero, and the size of a single reflection element is defined as a discrete modulation unit step length, wherein the reflection array consists of a plurality of single reflection elements.
The modulation mode environment is built by utilizing the reflection array and the lens group, the reflection array 3 is composed of a plurality of single reflection elements, each single reflection element can realize overturning, the position and the quantity of the single reflection elements in the reflection array 3 are periodically changed, the periodic modulation movement of equivalent light spots can be realized, and the result of expanding the dynamic range of the pyramid sensor is finally realized. Meanwhile, the invention combines the modulating mirror and the pyramid prism into a whole, reduces the complexity of the optical system, reduces the number of conjugate planes of the system and reduces the whole volume of the optical system.
As shown in fig. 2, the lens group is provided with a first lens 2 and a second lens 4, the entrance pupil plane 1 and the detection plane 5 are conjugate planes, the reflection array 3 is positioned on the entrance pupil focal plane, the central position of the reflection array 3 coincides with the entrance pupil focal point, the central position of the reflection array 3 is defined as a discrete modulation pyramid central point when the modulation radius is zero, and the size of a single reflection element is a discrete modulation unit step.
S102, determining discrete modulation positions and points according to the size of the modulation radius and the multiple of the modulation radius and the discrete modulation unit step length, and determining a modulation track based on the discrete modulation positions and the points.
According to the size of the modulation radius, the multiple of the modulation radius and the discrete modulation unit step length, the discrete modulation position and the number of points are determined, and the modulation track is determined based on the discrete modulation position and the number of points, it is noted that the modulation radius can be 3 times of discrete modulation unit step length, 2 times of discrete modulation unit step length, 1 time of discrete modulation unit step length, 0 time of discrete modulation unit step length and the like, and the modulation radius only needs not to exceed the size of the selected reflection array element.
Further, in some embodiments, the modulation radius is discrete and is a multiple of the discrete modulation unit step, when the modulation radius is 3 times the discrete modulation unit step, the number of points of the discrete modulation positions is 16, or when the modulation radius is 2 times the discrete modulation unit step, the number of points of the discrete modulation positions is 12, or when the modulation radius is 1 time the discrete modulation unit step, the number of points of the discrete modulation positions is 8, or when the modulation radius is 0 times the discrete modulation unit step, the number of points of the discrete modulation positions is 1, which can be flexibly selected by those skilled in the art, and the method is not limited thereto.
S103, starting exposure by the detection plane, adjusting the overturning state of each single reflecting element in the reflecting array according to the modulation track, sequentially completing modulation steps corresponding to the discrete modulation positions and the number of points according to the overturning state, and stopping exposure to obtain an acquired image.
The camera of the detection plane 5 starts exposure, the number of points of corresponding discrete modulation positions is determined according to the multiple difference of the selected modulation radius corresponding to the discrete modulation unit step length, four images can be required in the discrete modulation process, each image is acquired after being modulated for a plurality of times by the points of the corresponding discrete modulation positions, namely, for example, the modulation radius is 3 times of the discrete modulation unit step length, the number of points of the discrete modulation positions is 16, each image is acquired after being modulated by 16 steps, and the acquisition of the four images is sequentially completed.
S104, determining the wavefront local distortion data of the pyramid wavefront sensor based on the four acquired images.
Determining wavefront local distortion data of the pyramid wavefront sensor based on the four acquired images, comprising:
specifically, the four acquired images are the first acquired images respectivelyI 1 A second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 Wavefront local distortion dataSCalculated according to the following formula (1):
（1）。
the key idea of the embodiment of the invention is to break through the method of circularly modulating the incident light by the traditional modulation pyramid and innovatively modulate the center point of the pyramid, thereby reducing the number of conjugate planes in the system, reducing the volume of the system and reducing the complexity of the optical system; on the other hand, a discrete sampling method based on a reflection array element is provided for carrying out discrete sampling on a central point modulation process, and in a wavefront detection process, an exit pupil image does not move, so that the offset influence of the traditional modulation on the exit pupil image is reduced, the optical design difficulty is reduced, and the optical machine adjustment difficulty is reduced.
Taking a discrete modulation unit step length with a modulation radius of 2 times as shown in fig. 3, taking the example that the number of points of discrete modulation positions is 12 points, the discrete modulation positions are discrete sampling points, and the dots A-L represent the discrete modulation positions, the working steps of the sensor are that a camera of a detection plane 5 starts exposure, a reflection array 3 adjusts the turning state of each single reflection element as shown in step 1A (wherein light color represents non-turning and dark color represents turning), then the single reflection element is modulated into step 1B, the steps are sequentially carried out until step 1L, then the camera stops exposure, a first collected image is collected, and the collected first collected image is recorded asI 1 And so on to obtain a first acquired imageI 1 A second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 And calculating to obtain the wave front local distortion data.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, the modulation radius is 3 times of discrete modulation unit step length, the number of the discrete modulation positions is 16, and the dots a-P represent the discrete modulation positions, representing that the center point of the reflection array 3 performs discrete modulation at the 16 positions. In the detection plane, the camera starts to expose, the corresponding single reflecting element of the reflecting array is turned over, the steps 1A to 1P are sequentially carried out, then the camera stops exposing, and the obtained image is a first acquired imageI 1 And so on to obtain a second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 The wavefront distortion result is derived according to equation (1).
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the modulation radius is 1 time of discrete modulation unit step, the number of discrete modulation positions is 8, and dots a-H represent discrete modulation positions, representing that the center point of the reflection array 3 performs discrete modulation at the 8 positions. In the detection plane, the camera starts to expose, the corresponding single reflecting element of the reflecting array 3 is turned over, steps 1A to 1H are sequentially performed, and then the camera stops exposing to obtain a first acquired imageI 1 And so on to obtain a second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 The wavefront distortion result is derived according to equation (1).
As shown in fig. 8 and 9, the modulation radius is 0 times the discrete modulation unit step, which may be called a no modulation case, and the number of discrete modulation positions is 1. The camera in the detection plane 5 starts exposure, the corresponding single reflecting element of the reflecting array 3 is flipped to step 1A, and then the camera stops exposure to obtain a first acquired imageI 1 And so on to obtain a second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 The wavefront distortion result is derived according to equation (1).
Specifically, the size of the single reflecting element is in the micron order, the gap between two adjacent single reflecting elements is 10% of the size of the single reflecting element, the overall filling rate of the reflecting array is more than 80%, and the single reflecting element can be flexibly selected by one of ordinary skill in the art without limitation.
Referring to fig. 10, the focal length of the first lens 2 is 1, the f-number is 80, the focal length of the second lens 4 is 1, the wavelength of incident light is 633nm, the size of a single reflecting element is 31×31 μm, the gap between two adjacent single reflecting elements is 3 μm, the filling rate of the reflecting array 3 is 82%, and the dynamic range is calculated by calculating 3 times of discrete modulation unit step length, 2 times of discrete modulation unit step length, 1 time of discrete modulation unit step length and 0 time of discrete modulation unit step length of the discrete modulation radius as shown in fig. 10. The curve a represents the unit step length of discrete modulation with the modulation radius of 3 times, and the dynamic range is +/-0.7 wavelength; the curve b represents 2 times of discrete modulation unit step length, and the dynamic range is +/-0.5 wavelength; c curve represents 1 time discrete modulation unit step length, dynamic range is + -0.3 wavelength; the d curve represents a 0-fold dynamic range of + -0.1 wavelength. The dynamic range value at a modulation radius of 0 times the discrete modulation unit step size is defined as a linear constant. The dynamic range of the pyramid wavefront sensor can be increased along with the increase of the modulation radius, and the dynamic range is increased by 2 times of linear constant every 1 time the modulation radius is increased by a discrete modulation unit step length.
In some embodiments, the reflective array 3 is a micro-mirror based discrete-plane MEMS deformable mirror or a liquid crystal based reflective spatial light modulator, which can be flexibly selected by one of ordinary skill in the art, and is not limited thereto.
The discrete modulation method suitable for the pyramid wavefront sensor provided by the invention adopts the reflection array to replace a rapid reflector and a pyramid prism in the traditional modulation pyramid, and in the wavefront detection process, the position and the number of the turnover elements in the reflection array are periodically changed to equivalent the periodic modulation movement of light spots, so that the dynamic range of the pyramid sensor is finally enlarged. Meanwhile, the invention combines the modulating mirror and the pyramid prism into a whole, reduces the complexity of the optical system, reduces the number of conjugate planes of the system and reduces the whole volume of the optical system. Finally, the main optical axis of the optical system does not move along with the circular modulation of the incident light, so that the position of the exit pupil is kept unchanged in the wave front detection process, the complexity of the optical system is reduced, the number of conjugate surfaces of the system is reduced, the volume of the system is reduced, the offset influence of modulation on the exit pupil image is reduced, the offset influence of the exit pupil in the traditional pyramid is eliminated, the optical design difficulty is reduced, and the optical machine adjustment difficulty is reduced.
Correspondingly, the embodiment of the invention provides a discrete modulation system suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor, which is applied to the discrete modulation method suitable for the pyramid wavefront sensor, and is used for reducing the complexity of an optical system, reducing the number of conjugate surfaces of the system, reducing the volume of the system, reducing the offset influence of modulation on an exit pupil image, eliminating the exit pupil offset influence in a traditional pyramid, reducing the optical design difficulty and reducing the optical machine adjustment difficulty.
While embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described above, it will be appreciated that the above described embodiments are illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention. Variations, modifications, alternatives and variations of the above-described embodiments may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
The above embodiments of the present invention do not limit the scope of the present invention. Any other corresponding changes and modifications made in accordance with the technical idea of the present invention shall be included in the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramid wavefront sensor, comprising:
configuring a modulation mode by utilizing a reflection array and a lens group, wherein an entrance pupil plane and a detection plane are conjugate planes, the reflection array is positioned on an entrance pupil focal plane, the central position of the reflection array coincides with an entrance pupil focal point, the central position of the reflection array is defined as a discrete modulation pyramid central point when the modulation radius is zero, and the size of a single reflection element is defined as a discrete modulation unit step size, wherein the reflection array consists of a plurality of single reflection elements, and a gap between two adjacent single reflection elements is 10% of the size of the single reflection element;
determining discrete modulation positions and points according to the size of the modulation radius and the multiple of the modulation radius and the discrete modulation unit step length, and determining a modulation track based on the discrete modulation positions and points; when the modulation radius is 3 times of the discrete modulation unit step length, the number of the discrete modulation positions is 16, or
When the modulation radius is 2 times of the discrete modulation unit step length, the point number of the discrete modulation position is 12 points, or
When the modulation radius is 1 time of discrete modulation unit step length, the number of the discrete modulation positions is 8;
the detection plane starts exposure, the overturning state of each single reflecting element in the reflecting array is adjusted according to the modulation track, modulation steps corresponding to the discrete modulation positions and the number of points are sequentially completed according to the overturning state, each image is acquired after being modulated for a plurality of times by the corresponding points of the discrete modulation positions, exposure is stopped to obtain acquired images, and four acquired images are sequentially obtained, and the method comprises the following steps: first acquired imageI 1 A second acquired imageI 2 Third acquired imageI 3 Fourth acquired imageI 4 ；
Wavefront local distortion data of pyramid wavefront sensor based on four acquired imagesSThe method is calculated according to the following formula:
;
S x is the partial distortion data of the wave front in the horizontal direction, S y Is the vertical wavefront local distortion data.
2. A discrete modulation method for a pyramid wavefront sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the single reflective element size is on the order of microns and the reflective array overall fill is greater than 80%.
3. The discrete modulation method for a pyramid wavefront sensor of claim 1, wherein the reflective array is a micro-mirror based discrete-surface MEMS deformable mirror or a liquid crystal based reflective spatial light modulator.
4. A discrete modulation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the modulation radius is discrete and a multiple of discrete modulation unit steps.
5. A discrete modulation system suitable for a pyramidal wavefront sensor, characterized by being applied to a discrete modulation method suitable for a pyramidal wavefront sensor as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4.
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