CN117536998A - 液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构 - Google Patents

液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构 Download PDF

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CN117536998A
CN117536998A CN202311573417.2A CN202311573417A CN117536998A CN 117536998 A CN117536998 A CN 117536998A CN 202311573417 A CN202311573417 A CN 202311573417A CN 117536998 A CN117536998 A CN 117536998A
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oil
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张朋海
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Chongqing University
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    • F16C32/0629—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion
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    • F16C32/0651—Details of the bearing area per se
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    • F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
    • F16C32/06—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings
    • F16C32/0629—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion
    • F16C32/064—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion the liquid being supplied under pressure
    • F16C32/0651—Details of the bearing area per se
    • F16C32/0659—Details of the bearing area per se of pockets or grooves
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    • F16C32/00—Bearings not otherwise provided for
    • F16C32/06—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings
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    • F16C32/0681—Construction or mounting aspects of hydrostatic bearings, for exclusively rotary movement, related to the direction of load
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    • F16C32/06—Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings
    • F16C32/0681—Construction or mounting aspects of hydrostatic bearings, for exclusively rotary movement, related to the direction of load
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Abstract

本发明公开了液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，由基础滑块、气垫层和导轨条组成。特征是：基础滑块上设置有进油孔、油腔、进气孔和环形气槽，气垫层上设置有封油面、多个出气孔和矩形槽，基础滑块和气垫层通过连接组成滑块，滑块封油面和导轨条之间构成微小间隙；进油孔和油腔相连，进气孔和环形气槽相连；多个出气孔分布在封油面上并和环形气槽连通，出气孔本身为节流气孔或装有节流器；进油孔处为液体介质，进气孔处为气体介质，在封油面形成了气液复合膜，大幅减小液体内摩擦发热。本发明可广泛应用于液体静压直线、径向和止推等轴承上，减阻原理简单、减阻效果好、结构紧凑，可以获得兼有低发热、高刚度和超精密等三个优点的液体静压轴承。

Description

液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构
技术领域
本发明涉及液体静压轴承用基本油垫结构，具体涉及一种液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构。
背景技术
国家对精密机床的需求日渐增加，其中非常重要的两类机床是精密铣削类机床和精密磨削类机床，它们的加工性能都向着高速、高效、高精发展。精密机床主轴主要采用电主轴，主轴轴承主要有精密滚动轴承、液体静压轴承和气体静压轴承等三种类型。
精密滚动轴承在精密铣削类机床上得到了广泛应用，液体静压轴承在精密磨削类机床上得到了广泛应用，气体静压轴承一般应用于超精密轻切削机床上。在精密铣削类机床上，滚动轴承支撑的电主轴虽然应用广泛，但其回转精度最高水平约在2微米左右，已经日渐不能满足加工精度要求，迫切需要精度升级。气体静压轴承虽然精度高、发热小，但是刚度太小，无法满足精密铣削类机床对主轴的刚度要求。
如果可以将液体静压轴承广泛应用于精密铣削类机床上，将大幅提高这类机床主轴的精度、刚度和精度保持性，从而大幅提高这类机床的加工精度和精度保持性。但由于液体静压轴承高速时油膜剪切发热严重，难以满足该类机床速度要求。这是由于内摩擦功耗正比于速度的平方，随速度增加其发热量急剧增加。要解决这个发热难题，首要途径是减阻。
现有超疏水微织构减阻效果有限且很难在轴承曲面上制备。为此，本发明受气垫船工作原理启发提出了一种适用于液体静压轴承的封油面气垫减阻结构，可以从底层解决高速油膜发热难题，进而获得具有低发热、高刚度和超精密等三个优点的液体静压轴承，可以在精密铣削类机床上广泛应用，提高精密机床部件和整机的加工制造能力。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，其减阻原理简单易行、减阻效果好、结构新颖紧凑、应用广泛，可以获得兼有低发热、高刚度和超精密等三个优点的液体静压轴承。
本发明提供的技术方案是：
液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，包括基础滑块(1)、气垫层(2)和导轨条(3)，基础滑块(1)上设置有进油孔(1-1)、油腔(1-2)、进气孔(1-3)和环形气槽(1-4)，气垫层(2)上设置有封油面(2-1)、多个出气孔(2-2)和矩形槽(2-3)，油腔(1-2)位于封油面(2-1)内部，基础滑块(5)和气垫层(2)通过连接组成滑块，滑块封油面(2-1)和导轨条(3)之间构成微小间隙h0。
进一步，所述进油孔(1-1)和油腔(1-2)相连，所述进气孔(1-3)和环形气槽(1-4)相连，所述油腔(1-2)的形状可以为矩形、圆形、扇形等多种形状，所述环形气槽(1-4)的形状也可以为矩形、圆形、扇形等多种形状。
进一步，多个出气孔(2-2)分布在所述封油面(2-1)上，并和所述环形气槽(1-4)连通，所述出气孔(2-2)为节流气孔或设置有节流器，所述矩形槽(2-3)设置在所述油腔(1-2)相对应的位置，被所述封油面(2-1)包围。
进一步，所述进油孔(1-1)处介质为液压油或者水，所述进气孔(1-3)处介质为压缩空气或者氮气，所述进油口处的介质和进气孔处的介质在所述封油面(2-1)上形成了气液复合膜，减阻原理同气垫船，可以大幅减小液体摩擦发热。
进一步，所述滑块为基本单元结构，可以广泛应用于液体静压直线轴承、径向轴承和止推轴承等典型液体静压轴承上，供油方式可以为恒流式也可以为恒压式。
相对于现有技术中的方案，本发明的优点是：
1.本发明采用气垫减阻方法，滑块类似于气垫船，相比微织构超疏水减阻，减阻原理简单易行。
2.本发明通过在封油面上集成气液两种流体介质，利用气体的低粘度，降低液体的摩擦发热，可以大幅减阻，减阻效果好。
3.本发明采用封油面气垫减阻结构，使滑块分为基础滑块和气垫层，同时集成了气液两种流体的引入结构，结构新颖紧凑。
4.本发明由于是液体静压轴承的基本单元结构，可以适用于液体静压直线轴承(即导轨)、径向轴承和止推轴承等典型液体静压轴承上，供油方式可以为恒压式和恒流式，应用广泛。
5.本发明实施可以获得兼有低发热、高刚度和超精密等三个优点的液体静压轴承。
附图说明
下面结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步描述：
图1为本发明的主要结构实施例，图1(a)为整体结构图示，图1(b)为滑块结构图示。其中，1、基础滑块，1-1、进油孔，1-2、油腔，1-3、进气孔，1-4、环形气槽，2、气垫层，2-1、封油面，2-2、出气孔，2-3、矩形槽，3、导轨条。
图2是本发明应用于液体静压直线轴承(即导轨)的实施例，图2(a)为整体结构图示，图2(b)为滑块结构图示。其中，4、上导轨条、5、气垫层，5-1、封油面，5-2、出气孔，6、基础滑块，7、下导轨条。另外，图中O-XYZβ是为方便理解滑块误差运动的坐标系。
图3是本发明应用于液体静压径向轴承的实施例，图3(a)为整体结构图示，图3(b)为侧剖结构图示。其中，8、基础轴瓦，8-1、进油孔，8-2、油腔，8-3、进气孔，8-4、环形气槽，9、气垫层，9-1、封油面，9-2、出气孔，10、芯轴。另外，图中O-XY是为方便理解芯轴误差运动的坐标系。
图4是本发明应用于液体静压止推轴承的实施例，图4(a)为整体结构图示，图4(b)为轴瓦结构图示。其中，11、上止推板，12、转子轴，13、下止推板，14、基础轴瓦，15、气垫层，15-1、封油面，15-2、出气孔。另外，图中O-XYZαβ是为方便理解转子轴误差运动的坐标系。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对上述方案做进一步说明。应理解，这些实施例是用于说明本发明而不限于限制本发明的范围。实施例中采用的实施条件可以根据具体厂家的条件做进一步调整，未注明的实施条件通常为常规实验中的条件。
实施例1
本实施例描述了液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，该结构的主要结构如图1所示，其中图1(a)为整体结构图示，图1(b)为滑块结构图示。
包括基础滑块1、气垫层2和导轨条3。基础滑块1上设置有进油孔1-1、油腔1-2、进气孔1-3和环形气槽1-4。气垫层2上设置有封油面2-1、出气孔2-2和矩形槽2-3。油腔1-2位于封油面2-1的内部。基础滑块1和气垫层2通过连接构成滑块，滑块封油面2-1和导轨条3之间形成微小间隙h0。进油孔1-1和油腔1-2相连，进气孔1-3和环形气槽1-4相连。油腔1-2形状可以为矩形、圆形、扇形等多种形状，环形气槽1-4也可以为矩形、圆形、扇形等多种形状。多个出气孔2-2分布在封油面2-1上，并和环形气槽1-4连通。出气孔2-2本身为节流气孔或装有节流器。矩形槽2-3正对油腔1-2，形成了新的油腔，被封油面2-1包围。进油孔1-1处介质可以为液压油或者水等液体介质，进气孔1-3处介质可以为压缩空气或者氮气等气体介质，最终在封油面2-1上形成了气液复合膜。
当两种流体介质分别采用液压油和压缩空气工作时，对于恒流式供油，液压油从多头油泵流入进油孔1-1，对于恒压式供油，液压油从单头油泵经节流器流入进油孔1-1。液压油从进油孔1-1流入后，经油腔1-2和矩形槽2-3流到封油面2-1上。压缩空气从进气孔1-3流入后，经环形气槽1-4分配到多个出气孔2-2中，经多个出气孔2-2节流后流到封油面2-1上。由于油腔1-2被环形的封油面2-1包围，液压油必然被压缩空气包围，导致从油腔1-2流出的液压油必然经过由多个出气孔2-2流出的压缩空气，从而在封油面2-1处形成了气液复合膜。
可知，气液复合膜由液压油层和空气层组成，空气层位于液压油层和封油面2-1之间，由于空气的粘度大幅小于液压油的粘度，故而相比于原有纯液膜，当基础滑块1移动时，封油面2-1处可以大幅减少摩擦，从而大幅降低发热。基础滑块1的移动类似于气垫船的移动，气垫船工作时，由于气垫船底部喷出的高压空气隔开了气垫船和河面液体河水的直接接触，进而大幅减少了气垫船在高速行进过程中和河水的摩擦。同样，基础滑块1以速度u高速移动工作时，由于气垫的存在，在封油面2-1处隔开了和液压油的直接接触，从而大幅减小摩擦，大幅降低液压油发热，这是气垫减阻的工作原理。所述封油面气垫减阻结构中将进气结构和进油结构集成在一个滑块上，结构非常紧凑。
当空气层的厚度相比于液压油层的厚度小很多时，由于空气层的气膜刚度反比于气膜厚度，可知，复合膜中气膜同样具有很高的刚度。由于复合膜的刚度相当于气膜和油膜的刚度串联，可知复合膜同样具有和单纯油膜相接近的高刚度。由于气垫减阻结构中气液复合膜相当于气体静压轴承气膜和液体静压轴承油膜的组合状况，可知应用气垫减阻结构的液体静压轴承同样具有和液体静压轴承、气体静压轴承相近的精度，即超精密的特点。
由此可见，本发明提出的液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构不仅紧凑，并且兼有低发热、高刚度和超精密等三个优点。
实施例2
本实施例描述了封油面气垫减阻结构应用于液体静压直线轴承(即导轨)的情况，如图2所示。
包括上导轨条4，气垫层5，基础滑块6和下导轨条7。气垫层5上设置有封油面5-1和多个出气孔5-2。基础滑块6和上下气垫层5组成了滑块。滑块左上、左下、右上、右下一共设置有四个封油面气垫减阻单元，其结构和封油面气垫减阻结构一样。滑块的四个封油面和上下导轨条之间形成了微小间隙h0。滑块的四个油腔通过进油孔供油，气垫层5的多个出气孔5-2通过环形进气槽进气。当滑块以速度u行进在上下导轨条4和7中时，和单个封油面气垫减阻结构一样，在上下微小间隙h0内形成了气液复合膜，可以大幅减小液压油的内摩擦，进而大幅减少发热。
实施例3
本实施例描述了封油面气垫减阻结构应用于液体静压径向轴承的情况，如图3所示。
包括基础轴瓦8，气垫层9和芯轴10。基础轴瓦8上设置有进油孔8-1、油腔8-2、进气孔8-3和环形气槽8-4。气垫层9上设置有封油面9-1和多个出气孔9-2。基础轴瓦8和气垫层9组成了轴瓦。轴瓦径向分布有四个封油面气垫减阻单元，其结构和封油面气垫减阻结构一样。轴瓦封油面和芯轴之间形成了微小间隙h0。轴瓦的四个油腔通过进油孔供油，气垫层9的多个出气孔9-2通过环形气槽8-4进气。当芯轴以转速Ω在轴瓦中转动时，和单个封油面气垫减阻结构类似，在芯轴和轴瓦的微小间隙h0内形成了气液复合膜，可以大幅减小液压油的内摩擦，进而大幅减少发热。
实施例4
本实施例描述了封油面气垫减阻结构应用于液体静压止推轴承的情况，如图4所示。
包括上止推板11，转子轴12，下止推板13，基础轴瓦14和气垫层15。气垫层15上设置有封油面15-1和多个出气孔15-2。基础轴瓦14和上下气垫层15连接组成了轴瓦。上止推板11、下止推板13和转子轴12用螺钉连接构成了H型结构。轴瓦上下止推面上各分布有四个封油面气垫减阻单元，其结构和封油面气垫减阻结构一样。轴瓦上下止推封油面和上下止推板之间形成了微小间隙h0。轴瓦的八个油腔通过进油孔供油，气垫层15的多个出气孔15-2通过环形气槽进气，环形气槽和进气孔连通进气。当H型结构以转速Ω在轴瓦中转动时，和单个封油面气垫减阻结构类似，在轴瓦和上下止推板的微小间隙h0内形成了气液复合膜，可以大幅减小液压油的摩擦，进而大幅减少发热。
综上，本发明揭示了一种液体静压轴承用气垫减阻结构，并给出了基本单元实施例和基本单元应用于三种液体静压轴承的实施例。本发明，减阻原理简单易行、减阻效果好、结构新颖紧凑、应用广泛。
上述实例只为说明本发明的技术构思及特点，其目的在于让熟悉此项技术的人是能够了解本发明的内容并据以实施，并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围。凡根据本发明精神实质所做的等效变换或修饰，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (5)

1.液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，包括基础滑块(1)、气垫层(2)和导轨条(3)，其特征在于，基础滑块(1)上设置有进油孔(1-1)、油腔(1-2)、进气孔(1-3)和环形气槽(1-4)，气垫层(2)上设置有封油面(2-1)、多个出气孔(2-2)和矩形槽(2-3)，油腔(1-2)位于封油面(2-1)内部，基础滑块(5)和气垫层(2)通过连接组成滑块，滑块封油面(2-1)和导轨条(3)之间构成微小间隙。
2.根据权利要求1所述的液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，其特征在于，所述进油孔(1-1)和油腔(1-2)相连，所述进气孔(1-3)和环形气槽(1-4)相连，所述油腔(1-2)的形状可以构造为矩形、圆形或者扇形，所述环形气槽(1-4)的形状构造为矩形、圆形或者扇形。
3.根据权利要求2所述的液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，其特征在于，多个出气孔(2-2)分布在所述封油面(2-1)上，并和所述环形气槽(1-4)连通，所述出气孔(2-2)为节流气孔或设置有节流器，所述矩形槽(2-3)设置在所述油腔(1-2)相对应的位置，被所述封油面(2-1)包围。
4.根据权利要求1所述的液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，其特征在于，所述进油孔(1-1)处介质为液压油或者水，所述进气孔(1-3)处介质为压缩空气或者氮气，所述进油口处的介质和进气孔处的介质在所述封油面(2-1)上形成了气液复合膜，减阻工作原理同气垫船，可以大幅减小液体内摩擦发热。
5.根据权利要求1所述的液体静压轴承用封油面气垫减阻结构，其特征在于，所述滑块为基本单元结构，可以广泛应用于液体静压直线轴承、径向轴承和止推轴承等典型液体静压轴承上，供油方式可以为恒流式也可以为恒压式。
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