CN117483766A - 一种激光增材修复叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法 - Google Patents
一种激光增材修复叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种激光增材修复叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,属于激光加工技术领域,主要用于叶片叶冠耐磨层制备过程缺陷的修复。本发明基于激光增材修复技术的优势,选择与耐磨层制备同种材料的耐磨材料粉末,在叶片耐磨层上进行了激光增材修复试验,并对修复区域进行荧光探伤检测,并进行微观组织检测。激光束的能量密度高,加热与冷却速度快,对基材的热影响较小,可将基材的稀释作用限制在极低的程度,一般约为0.2mm;激光光斑小,热量束集中,在修复区可形成较深的熔池,而对修复周边区域影响小;此外对耐磨层修复热输入小,引起叶片的热变形可靠;同时沉积宽度小,可修复尺寸较小的缺陷,如磨削裂纹;该工艺同样可保留沉积材料的优异性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种激光增材修复叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,属于激光加工技术领域,主要用于叶片叶冠耐磨层制备过程缺陷的修复。
背景技术
发动机和燃气轮机动力涡轮工作叶片,全部采用高温合金精密铸造成型,各类型叶片结构类似,为锯齿形带冠结构,叶片叶冠模型近似如图1所示。在航空发动机与燃气轮机运行过程中,由于叶片振动或者高温变形,相邻叶片叶冠不可避免的发生碰撞和摩擦。一旦叶冠由于碰撞和摩擦发生变形或磨损,将导致叶片间隙过大,从而导致叶片振动过大,叶片易发生断裂,导致发动机或燃气轮机报废。因此相邻叶片叶冠一般都采用高温耐磨块进行间隔。目前,叶片叶冠位置的耐磨块常用氩弧焊堆焊工艺进行制备,CoCrMo、CoCrW、CoCrMoW焊丝是叶片叶冠耐磨块堆焊的使用最广泛的几种材料。
在焊接过程中,由于国产的CoCrMo类焊丝流动性较差,而焊工为使得焊丝形成正常的液滴过渡就会本能地加大电流,利用电弧形成的更大电弧收缩力使焊丝熔滴下落。这就导致焊接过程中电流输入大,在焊接区引入了更大的焊接热输入,使得叶片形成较大的温度梯度,产生更大的应力,在冷却过程中,应力进行释放容易导致叶片耐磨块区域产生孔洞及裂纹。同时更大的热输入会使得焊接过程中母材及热影响区的某些铸造高温合金产生富Al、Ti的低熔点共晶脆性相,极易在熔合线位置产生液化裂纹,而这种裂纹很容易在外力作用过载开裂,耐磨块在焊后磨削加工中开裂延伸,形成荧光超标缺陷。此外,焊丝焊接成的耐磨块切削加工性差,机加工进行磨削后,容易在表面产生磨削裂纹。以目前使用国产CoCrMo焊丝耐磨块堆焊工艺,叶片经无损检测,叶片耐磨块的工序合格率仅达到60%,会导致大量叶片毛坯报废,加工成本大幅上升,加工周期延长。
为减少叶片报废,提高叶片产品交付的合格率,会针对耐磨层缺陷进行修复,目前多数工厂使用的是同原始工艺一致的手工氩弧焊,使用焊丝进行焊接修复。然后手工氩弧焊电弧弧柱大,热影响区较大,通常超过1mm,然而耐磨层制备要求厚度一般为0.8~2.5mm(此厚度为机加工后的余量)。现有的两种修复方法,一是对耐磨块整体磨削掉1mm左右,再进行补焊,补焊后再次磨削加工,二是进行挖排缺陷后,再进行手工氩弧焊补焊。这两种方法都很容易在熔深的影响下,使得厚度超标导致叶片报废。此外,氩弧焊热输入大,对于耐磨层热影响区位置一次焊接产生的液化裂纹,很容易在二次补焊时,受热应力影响而拉裂开。同时对于已经加工到位的叶冠位置,也可能会产生叶片局部位置的变形,影响叶片尺寸,因此这种氩弧焊修复的方式存在一定的局限性。
发明内容
本发明设计提供了一种采用激光增材修复叶片叶冠耐磨层制造缺陷的工艺方法,目的是修复飞机发动机或燃气轮机涡轮叶片叶冠耐磨层制备过程中产生的缺陷。
本发明技术方案的具体内容是:
一种激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)对耐磨层缺陷进行检测,对出现的超标缺陷使用记号笔进行标定;
(2)耐磨层缺陷的清理。针对有超标缺陷的叶片耐磨层位置进行局部位置的腐蚀,腐蚀使用棉球蘸腐蚀液体对耐磨层表面进行擦拭,待显示出耐磨层轮廓即可,打磨清理过程,需要荧光检测后一日内,在荧光灯下,使用风动或电动旋转锉,对缺陷进行打磨挖排,针对位于耐磨层啮合面的缺陷,在荧光灯下将缺陷彻底挖排,对于耐磨层上表面和下表面的缺陷,将裂纹全部挖排,挖排后的表面再打磨成70°以上的开口角度,开口底部导圆过渡,打磨的坡口用丙酮擦洗,露出金属光泽;
(3)修复用粉末材料准备:用成分与原焊丝牌号一致的耐磨材料,制备粒度为15μm~53μm的球形粉末材料,粉末使用前用烘箱100℃下进行烘干1小时;
(4)激光增材修复:采用激光增材方法恢复耐磨块缺陷位置的尺寸,并留有0.1~0.3mm的加工余量,激光沉积的单层厚度控制在0.1~0.3mm之间,采用多层沉积完成,每增材沉积一层后,观察修复区的余量是足够,若不足则继续沉积,直至沉积材料完全覆盖缺陷区域;
(5)叶片修复后退火热处理:按照叶片耐磨层制备规范要求,对耐磨层修复后的叶片进行760℃±10℃,保温4~4.5h,充氩气至0.05~0.1MPa进行冷却。
(6)下表面的修复后打磨;
(7)啮合面和上表面的修复后机加工;
(8)无损检测。
所述步骤1依据叶片叶冠耐磨层研制的规范要求,针对机加工后的叶片,使用荧光检测方法对耐磨层进行检验,
所述步骤2腐蚀液体为高温合金腐蚀液。
所述步骤4在增材修复过程中,应倾斜角度来沉积,通过夹具夹持叶片使得待修复缺陷的表面成45°~70°,倾角方向为使得激光束向耐磨层处形成熔深而非叶片基体处形成熔深。
所述步骤4激光沉积的工艺参数为:激光功率400~600W,光斑直径0.3~0.8mm,扫描速率300~500mm/min,相邻沉积道搭接率为40%-50%,送粉速率0.8~2.0rpm,送粉气5~10L/min,保护气体10~15L/min。
所述步骤7具体为:先后采用电动旋转锉、手工打磨锉和油石打磨工具磨抛下表面修复区域,使得修复区边缘与基体平滑过渡,修复区光滑平整。
所述步骤8具体为:将叶片重新装夹定位,使用多轴磨床进行锯齿冠磨削加工,磨削加工耐磨层上表面和啮合面,得到尺寸与表面质量合格的叶片。
所述步骤9具体为:按照叶片耐磨层制备规范要求,采用荧光探伤方法,对激光增材修复的耐磨层进行检查,判定要求依据制备规范。
所述叶片材料为DD5、DD6单晶、DZ125定向合金、K438等轴晶。
所述耐磨层材料主要为CoCrMo、CoCrW、CoCrMoW合金材料。
本发明的有益效果:激光增材修复耐磨层与氩弧焊接修复方法相比有以下优势:激光束的能量密度高,加热与冷却速度快,对基材的热影响较小,可将基材的稀释作用限制在极低的程度,一般约为0.2mm;激光光斑小,热量束集中,在修复区可形成较深的熔池,而对修复周边区域影响小;此外对耐磨层修复热输入小,引起叶片的热变形可靠;同时沉积宽度小,可修复尺寸较小的缺陷,如磨削裂纹;该工艺同样可保留沉积材料的优异性能。
基于激光增材修复技术的优势,选择与耐磨层制备同种材料的耐磨材料粉末,在叶片耐磨层上进行了激光增材修复试验,并对修复区域进行荧光探伤检测,并进行微观组织检测。结果显示:宏观上,修复区无裂纹、孔洞等荧光超标缺陷,微观组织观察,修复层与基体结合紧密,组织致密、无裂纹、夹杂缺陷,耐磨层厚度经激光增材修复后无明显增加,在合格范围内。
附图说明
图1为耐磨块焊接示意图;
图2为叶片耐磨块下表面贯穿性裂纹和叶片耐磨块工作面贯穿性裂纹。
具体实施方式
以下将结合附图及实例对本发明技术方案作进一步详述:
根据待修复叶片叶冠耐磨层的缺陷情况,针对缺陷进行挖排去除,分析待修复缺陷的位置,确定修复沉积的方向,选择需要沉积的材料,通过以上分析和确认,实施以下具体步骤:
(1)耐磨层缺陷的检测。依据叶片叶冠耐磨层研制的规范要求,针对机加工后的叶片,使用荧光检测方法对耐磨层进行检验,对出现的超标缺陷使用记号笔进行标定。
(2)耐磨层缺陷的清理。针对有超标缺陷的叶片耐磨层位置进行局部位置的腐蚀,腐蚀使用棉球蘸腐蚀液体(通用的高温合金腐蚀液即可)对耐磨层表面进行擦拭,待显示出耐磨层轮廓即可。荧光检测出缺陷后,在荧光灯下,使用风动或电动旋转锉,对缺陷进行打磨挖排。针对位于耐磨层啮合面的缺陷,应在荧光灯下将缺陷彻底挖排。对于耐磨层上表面和下表面的缺陷,可以将耐磨层区域的裂纹全部挖排,对于热影响区和基体位置的液化裂纹不必去打磨挖排(该裂纹通常尺寸较小,一般不会成为超标缺陷,且出现的可能性较小)。挖排后的表面再打磨成约90的开口角度,开口底部使用旋转锉导圆过渡。打磨的坡口最后用丙酮擦洗,去除污物,露出金属光泽。
(3)修复用粉末材料准备。用成分与原焊丝牌号一致的耐磨材料,CoCrMo材料的棒料,制备粒度为15μm~53μm的球形粉末材料,粉末使用前用烘箱100℃下进行烘干1小时。
(4)激光增材修复。采用激光增材方法恢复耐磨块缺陷位置的尺寸,并留有0.1~0.3mm的加工余量。在增材修复过程中,应倾斜角度来沉积,通过夹具夹持叶片使得待修复缺陷的表面成50°左右,针对上、下表面缺陷,激光头应倾向与基体侧向耐磨块处沉积,对啮合面修复激光头可以倾向上表面和下表面。激光沉积的工艺参数为:激光功率400~600W,光斑直径0.3~0.8mm,扫描速率300~500mm/min,相邻沉积道搭接率为40%-50%,送粉速率0.8~2.0rpm,送粉气5~10L/min,保护气体10~15L/min。激光沉积的单层厚度控制在0.1~0.3mm之间,采用多层沉积完成,每增材沉积一层后,观察修复区的余量是足够,若不足则继续沉积,直至沉积材料完全覆盖缺陷区域。
(5)修复后目视检查。激光增材修复后,目视检查耐磨层区域,保证所有缺陷均已被修复,修复区无裂纹、咬边、孔洞等缺陷,并留有0.1~0.3mm的加工余量。
(6)叶片修复后退火热处理。按照叶片耐磨层制备规范要求,对耐磨层修复后的叶片进行760℃±10℃,保温4~4.5h,充氩气至0.05~0.1MPa进行冷却。
(7)下表面的修复后打磨。先后采用电动旋转锉、手工打磨锉和油石等打磨工具磨抛下表面修复区域,使得修复区边缘与基体平滑过渡,修复区光滑平整。
(8)啮合面和上表面的修复后机加工。将叶片重新装夹定位,使用多轴磨床进行锯齿冠磨削加工,得到尺寸与表面质量合格的叶片。
(9)无损检测。按照叶片耐磨层制备规范要求,采用荧光探伤方法,对激光增材修复的耐磨层进行检查,判定要求依据制备规范。
实例1
如图2所示,采用激光增材修复某型燃气轮机涡轮工作叶片叶冠耐磨层缺陷
1、叶片叶冠耐磨层缺陷情况确认
(1)某型叶片叶冠耐磨层缺陷原因分析,该叶片材料为K438合金,耐磨块焊接过程很容易在熔合线附近的基体晶间形成富Al、Ti的低熔点共晶脆性相,在焊接应力下,容易形成微小的液化裂纹,这些小裂纹在后续叶片叶冠的磨削加工下容易在加载应力和振动下向耐磨层拓展开裂,导致形成耐磨层缺陷。
2、修复过程和检查
(2)对叶片叶冠位置的耐磨块进行缺陷清除,在下表面缺陷打磨时,进行预先腐蚀,确定了耐磨层的位置再进行打磨去除,形成坡口。在沉积修复时,选用同材料的CoCrMo粉末,针对下表面沉积修复时,激光头倾向于叶身侧约50°,向耐磨方向沉积。在修复啮合面时,因缺陷位置靠近下表面,激光头同样倾向于叶身侧约50°,向上表面方向沉积。修复后,对叶片进行了760℃退火热处理。下表面进行了手工抛修,啮合面进行了机加工。后续经无损检测,叶片耐磨层无超标缺陷显示。
3、与现有技术相比,采用本发明技术方案修复的叶片叶冠耐磨层缺陷,修复后耐磨层处无裂纹等缺陷;磨抛加工后,修复区表面光整,与基体平滑过渡,厚度无明显增加,符合标准。现已实现生产应用。
Claims (10)
1.一种激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)对耐磨层缺陷进行检测,对出现的超标缺陷使用记号笔进行标定;
(2)耐磨层缺陷的清理。针对有超标缺陷的叶片耐磨层位置进行局部位置的腐蚀,腐蚀使用棉球蘸腐蚀液体对耐磨层表面进行擦拭,待显示出耐磨层轮廓即可,打磨清理过程,需要荧光检测后一日内,在荧光灯下,使用风动或电动旋转锉,对缺陷进行打磨挖排,针对位于耐磨层啮合面的缺陷,在荧光灯下将缺陷彻底挖排,对于耐磨层上表面和下表面的缺陷,将裂纹全部挖排,挖排后的表面再打磨成70°以上的开口角度,开口底部导圆过渡,打磨的坡口用丙酮擦洗,露出金属光泽;
(3)修复用粉末材料准备:用成分与原焊丝牌号一致的耐磨材料,制备粒度为15μm~53μm的球形粉末材料,粉末使用前用烘箱100℃下进行烘干1小时;
(4)激光增材修复:采用激光增材方法恢复耐磨块缺陷位置的尺寸,并留有0.1~0.3mm的加工余量,激光沉积的单层厚度控制在0.1~0.3mm之间,采用多层沉积完成,每增材沉积一层后,观察修复区的余量是足够,若不足则继续沉积,直至沉积材料完全覆盖缺陷区域;
(5)叶片修复后退火热处理:按照叶片耐磨层制备规范要求,对耐磨层修复后的叶片进行760℃±10℃,保温4~4.5h,充氩气至0.05~0.1MPa进行冷却。
(6)下表面的修复后打磨;
(7)啮合面和上表面的修复后机加工;
(8)无损检测。
2.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1依据叶片叶冠耐磨层研制的规范要求,针对机加工后的叶片,使用荧光检测方法对耐磨层进行检验。
3.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤2腐蚀液体为高温合金腐蚀液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤4在增材修复过程中,应倾斜角度来沉积,通过夹具夹持叶片使得待修复缺陷的表面成45°~70°,倾角方向为使得激光束向耐磨层处形成熔深而非叶片基体处形成熔深。
5.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤4激光沉积的工艺参数为:激光功率400~600W,光斑直径0.3~0.8mm,扫描速率300~500mm/min,相邻沉积道搭接率为40%-50%,送粉速率0.8~2.0rpm,送粉气5~10L/min,保护气体10~15L/min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤7具体为:先后采用电动旋转锉、手工打磨锉和油石打磨工具磨抛下表面修复区域,使得修复区边缘与基体平滑过渡,修复区光滑平整。
7.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤8具体为:将叶片重新装夹定位,使用多轴磨床进行锯齿冠磨削加工,磨削加工耐磨层上表面和啮合面,得到尺寸与表面质量合格的叶片。
8.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述步骤9具体为:按照叶片耐磨层制备规范要求,采用荧光探伤方法,对激光增材修复的耐磨层进行检查,判定要求依据制备规范。
9.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述叶片材料为DD5、DD6单晶、DZ125定向合金、K438等轴晶。
10.根据权利要求1所述的激光增材补修叶片叶冠耐磨层制备缺陷的工艺方法,其特征在于:所述耐磨层材料主要为CoCrMo、CoCrW、CoCrMoW合金材料。
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