CN117450513A - Water-cooled grate cooling system - Google Patents

Water-cooled grate cooling system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN117450513A
CN117450513A CN202311406251.5A CN202311406251A CN117450513A CN 117450513 A CN117450513 A CN 117450513A CN 202311406251 A CN202311406251 A CN 202311406251A CN 117450513 A CN117450513 A CN 117450513A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
cooling
water
cooling water
temperature
flowing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202311406251.5A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
龙吉生
袁旗斌
严浩文
黄立成
郝章峰
杨杨
吴义连
张坡
乔旭
李景伟
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Shanghai SUS Environment Co Ltd
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Shanghai SUS Environment Co Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Shanghai SUS Environment Co Ltd filed Critical Shanghai SUS Environment Co Ltd
Priority to CN202311406251.5A priority Critical patent/CN117450513A/en
Publication of CN117450513A publication Critical patent/CN117450513A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K11/00—Plants characterised by the engines being structurally combined with boilers or condensers
    • F01K11/02—Plants characterised by the engines being structurally combined with boilers or condensers the engines being turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22D—PREHEATING, OR ACCUMULATING PREHEATED, FEED-WATER FOR STEAM GENERATION; FEED-WATER SUPPLY FOR STEAM GENERATION; CONTROLLING WATER LEVEL FOR STEAM GENERATION; AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR PROMOTING WATER CIRCULATION WITHIN STEAM BOILERS
    • F22D1/00—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters
    • F22D1/16—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters with water tubes arranged otherwise than in the boiler furnace, fire tubes, or flue ways
    • F22D1/18—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters with water tubes arranged otherwise than in the boiler furnace, fire tubes, or flue ways and heated indirectly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/002—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor characterised by their grates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46—Recuperation of heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23H—GRATES; CLEANING OR RAKING GRATES
    • F23H3/00—Grates with hollow bars
    • F23H3/02—Grates with hollow bars internally cooled
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/12—Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Abstract

The application discloses water-cooled grate cooling system, wherein, this system includes: the cooling water storage device is used for injecting cooling water into the cooling water pump, the cooling water pump is used for injecting the cooling water into the water cooling furnace row, the temperature of the cooling water rises after passing through the water cooling fire grate and flows into the first distribution device, one path of cooling water flows into the cooling device and the standby cooling device in sequence after flowing out of the first distribution device, the cooling water returns to the cooling water pump, the other path of cooling water flows into the power generation device, the cooling device utilizes condensation water generated by the power generation device to cool the flowing-in cooling water, and when the temperature of the flowing-in cooling water exceeds a set temperature, the standby cooling device is used for cooling the cooling water to be not more than the set temperature, and the power generation device utilizes the flowing-in cooling water to generate power. The service life of the water-cooled grate is ensured, the heat in the cooling water is effectively utilized, and the waste of the heat in the cooling water is avoided.

Description

Water-cooled grate cooling system
Technical Field
The present application relates to the field of water-cooled grate cooling, and more particularly, to a water-cooled grate cooling system.
Background
Because the combustion temperature is high and the material layer is thin when the high-heat-value garbage is burnt, the problem of overtemperature of the fire grate exists when the traditional mechanical fire grate furnace is adopted, the service life of fire grate pieces is greatly shortened, the water cooling design becomes a trend in order to make the fire grate pieces useful in the burning of high-heat-value household garbage, industrial garbage, medical garbage and biomass garbage with higher heat value, the water cooling furnace has the advantages of stronger adaptability to the heat value of the garbage, suitability for the burning of the high-heat-value garbage and possibility of doping and burning various garbage, thereby increasing economic benefits.
In order to ensure the service life of the water-cooled grate, the water-cooled grate is required to be cooled, in the existing cooling mode, low-temperature cooling water is generally injected into a water-cooled grate through a cooling water pump, the temperature of the low-temperature cooling water rises after passing through the water-cooled grate, the low-temperature cooling water becomes high-temperature water, and the high-temperature water is cooled by a cooling device and returns to the cooling water pump. The high-temperature water is cooled by the cooling device and then returns to the cooling water pump, so that heat in the high-temperature water is wasted, the burden of industrial circulating cooling water required by the high-temperature water cooling device is increased, and meanwhile, the high-temperature water cannot be sufficiently cooled when the cooling device fails, so that the service life of the water cooling fire grate cannot be guaranteed.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, this application provides a water-cooled grate cooling system for solve current water-cooled grate cooling mode, because get back to in the cooling water pump after the cooling of cooling device is whole, caused the waste of heat in the high temperature water, and increased the burden to the required industrial circulating water of cooling down to the high temperature water, can't fully cool down to the high temperature water when cooling device breaks down simultaneously, thereby can't guarantee the problem of water-cooled grate's life.
In order to achieve the above object, the following solutions have been proposed:
a water cooled grate cooling system comprising: the cooling device comprises a cooling water storage device, a water cooling grate, a cooling water pump, a cooling device, a standby cooling device, a first distribution device and a power generation device, wherein an outlet of the cooling water storage device is communicated with an inlet of the cooling water pump;
The water-cooling grate is used for incinerating garbage and general industrial waste;
the cooling water storage device is used for injecting cooling water into the passage;
the cooling water pump is used for injecting the cooling water into the water cooling furnace row to cool the water cooling furnace grate, wherein the cooling water rises in temperature after passing through the water cooling furnace grate and flows into the first distribution device, flows out of the first distribution device and is divided into two paths, one path flows into the cooling device and the standby cooling device in sequence and returns to the cooling water pump to form a circulating cooling loop, and the other path flows into the power generation device and then returns to the cooling device, the standby cooling device and the cooling water pump;
the cooling device is used for cooling the cooling water flowing in by utilizing the condensation water generated by the power generation device;
the standby cooling device is used for cooling the cooling water flowing in to the preset temperature when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds the preset temperature;
the power generation device is used for generating power by using the cooling water flowing in.
Preferably, the first distributing device adopts a three-way regulating valve to control the flow flowing into the cooling device and the power generating device, and the two paths are mutually in bypass for standby. When the deaerator and the low-adding equipment are overhauled, the system can still normally operate and the cooling effect of the water-cooling grate system cannot be affected.
Preferably, the method further comprises: a deaerator provided between the first distribution device and the power generation device, the cooling water flowing out of the first distribution device flowing into the power generation device through the deaerator;
the deaerator is used for recovering heat in the cooling water, and removing steam generated after the cooling water flows in and is heated by the water cooling grate, oxygen in the cooling water and non-condensable gas.
Preferably, the method further comprises: and the water supply pump is arranged between the deaerator and the power generation device and is used for delivering the cooling water after the gas is removed to the power generation device.
Preferably, the power generation device includes: the device comprises a waste heat boiler, a steam turbine, a generator and a condenser, wherein an outlet of the deaerator is communicated with an inlet of the waste heat boiler, and an outlet of the waste heat boiler is communicated with an inlet of the steam turbine;
the waste heat boiler is used for heating the cooling water after the gas is removed to form steam;
the steam turbine is used for utilizing the steam to do work and driving the generator to generate electricity;
the outlet of the steam turbine is communicated with the inlet of the condenser, and the outlet of the condenser is communicated with the cooling device;
The steam turbine is also used for discharging the steam which completes the acting;
the condenser is used for condensing the steam discharged by the steam turbine to obtain the condensed water so that the condensed water flows into the cooling device.
Preferably, the method further comprises: the outlet of the condenser is respectively communicated with the cooling device and the low-pressure heater through the second distribution device, the condensed water flowing out of the condenser flows into the second distribution device, the condensed water flowing out of the second distribution device is divided into two paths, one path is used as a cooling medium to flow into the cooling device, the other path is used as a cooling medium to flow into the low-pressure heater, and the outlet of the low-pressure heater is communicated with the inlet of the deaerator;
the low-pressure heater is used for heating the inflow condensed water to a set temperature;
the deaerator is also used for removing oxygen and other non-condensable gases in the condensed water flowing out of the low-pressure heater.
Preferably, the second distributing device is further used for controlling the flow of the condensed water flowing into the cooling device and the low-pressure heater.
Preferably, the second dispensing device comprises a thermostatic mixing valve.
Preferably, the cooling device uses condensed water to cool the cooling water flowing in, and the cooling device comprises:
the cooling device mixes the condensed water with the cooling water flowing in so as to cool the cooling water flowing in the cooling device to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature.
Preferably, the cooling device comprises a water mixer.
Preferably, the method further comprises: the outlet of the cooling device is communicated with the inlet of the third distribution device, and the outlet of the third distribution device is respectively communicated with the standby cooling device and the inlet of the cooling water pump;
the third distribution device is used for controlling the cooling water to flow into the standby cooling device when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds the set temperature so that the standby cooling device cools the cooling water flowing in to not exceed the set temperature, and controlling the cooling water to flow into the cooling water pump when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in does not exceed the set temperature.
Preferably, the third distributing device is further configured to control the flow rate of the cooling water flowing into the backup cooling device and the cooling water pump.
Preferably, the standby cooling device is externally connected with industrial circulating cooling water;
the process of cooling the flowing cooling water to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature by the standby cooling device comprises the following steps:
the standby cooling device enables heat to be transferred from the inflowing cooling water to the externally connected industrial circulating cooling water so as to cool the inflowing cooling water to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature.
Preferably, the method further comprises: and the dosing pipeline is provided with a dosing valve, and when the dosing valve is started, the agent added by the staff flows into the circulating cooling loop through the dosing pipeline, so that the cooling water in the circulating cooling loop meets the set water quality requirement.
Preferably, the method further comprises: the sewage draining pipeline is provided with a sewage draining valve, and when the sewage draining valve is started, the cooling water in the circulating cooling loop is discharged from the sewage draining pipeline.
Preferably, the outlet of the cooling water storage device is communicated with the inlet of the cooling water pump through a water supplementing pipeline, a water supplementing valve is arranged on the water supplementing pipeline, and when the water supplementing valve is started, the cooling water storage device injects the cooling water into the cooling water pump through the water supplementing pipeline.
Preferably, the cooling water storage device is arranged at the highest position of the circulating cooling loop, and a liquid level monitoring device is arranged on one side of the cooling water storage device and used for monitoring the liquid level of the cooling water storage device.
According to the water-cooled grate cooling system, as a part of cooling water after the temperature rise after passing through the water-cooled grate flows into the cooling device to cool, and then flows back to the cooling water pump, so that the cooling water flows into the water-cooled grate to cool, and the other part of cooling water flows into the power generation device to generate power, so that the cooling water-cooled grate is combined with waste heat utilization, the amount of cooling water flowing into the cooling device is reduced, the cooling burden is lightened, the cooling water is guaranteed to be sufficiently cooled, the water-cooled grate can be sufficiently cooled, the service life of the water-cooled grate is guaranteed, the heat in the cooling water is effectively utilized, and the waste of the heat in the cooling water is avoided.
Further, because when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds the set temperature, the standby cooling device cools the cooling water flowing in to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature, and the cooling water cannot be cooled when the cooling device is abnormal, thereby the cooling water exceeding the set temperature flows into the water cooling furnace row, the damage to the water cooling furnace grate is caused, and the cooling water can be fully cooled.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present application, and that other drawings may be obtained according to the provided drawings without inventive effort to a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a water-cooled grate cooling system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another water-cooled grate cooling system according to an embodiment of the present application.
Reference numerals illustrate:
1. the water tank, 2, the cooling water pump, 3, the water-cooling grate, 4, the three-way control valve, 5, the water mixer, 6, first temperature measuring device, 7, the temperature control valve, 8, the heat exchanger, 9, the second temperature measuring device, 10, the deaerator 11, the feed pump, 12, exhaust-heat boiler, 13, the steam turbine, 14, the generator, 15, the condenser, 16, the condensate pump, 17, the constant temperature water mixing valve, 18, the low pressure heater, 19, the liquid level monitoring device, 20, the dosing pipeline, 21, the blow off pipeline, 22, the moisturizing pipeline, 23, the dosing valve, 24, the blow off valve, 25, the moisturizing valve.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present application will be made clearly and fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is evident that the embodiments described are only some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present application. All other embodiments, which can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without undue burden from the present disclosure, are within the scope of the present disclosure.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a water-cooled grate cooling system according to an embodiment of the present application, where the water-cooled grate cooling system provided in the embodiment of the present application may include: the system comprises a cooling water storage device, a water cooling grate, a cooling water pump, a cooling device, a standby cooling device, a first distribution device and a power generation device. The outlet of the cooling water storage device is communicated with the inlet of the cooling water pump, the outlet of the cooling water pump is communicated with the inlet of the water cooling grate, the outlet of the water cooling grate is respectively communicated with the cooling device and the power generation device through the first distribution device, the cooling device is communicated with the standby cooling device, and the outlet of the standby cooling device is communicated with the inlet of the cooling water pump.
The water-cooled grate is used for incinerating garbage and general industrial waste.
Specifically, the water-cooled grate can be used for incinerating high-heat-value garbage and general industrial waste, and the adaptive heat value range can be 2500-4780 kcal/kg. Generally, the water-cooling grate consists of a plurality of rows of grate segments which are arranged in a moving and static staggered way, and the number of the moving grate and the static grate and the number of the water-cooling grate can be set according to actual needs; all the moving grate rows are connected in parallel and then connected with the moving grate inlet and outlet header through a hose, and all the static grate rows are connected in parallel and then connected with the static grate inlet and outlet header through a hard tube; a flowmeter is usually arranged on a cooling water outlet header pipe of the water-cooled grate module, so that enough cooling water is ensured to cool the water-cooled grate.
And a cooling water storage device for injecting cooling water into the passage.
Specifically, when the water-cooled grate burns high-heat-value garbage and general industrial waste, the surface temperature of the water-cooled grate is increased, if the surface temperature of the water-cooled grate is too high, the water-cooled grate is damaged, and the service life of the water-cooled grate is affected, so that the indicated temperature of the water-cooled grate needs to be maintained at a lower temperature, and therefore, cooling water is injected into the passage by the cooling water storage device to flow into the cooling water pump, so that the cooling water pump injects the cooling water into the water-cooled grate to cool the water-cooled grate. Among them, cooling water is a liquid for lowering the temperature of a heat source or a device, and it lowers the temperature to an acceptable range by absorbing heat and taking away heat energy. Demineralized water may be used for the cooling water. The cooling water storage means may be a water tank.
And the cooling water pump is used for injecting cooling water into the water cooling grate to cool the water cooling grate, wherein the cooling water rises in temperature after passing through the water cooling grate and flows into the first distribution device, and is divided into two paths after flowing out of the first distribution device, one path of cooling water flows into the cooling device and the standby cooling device in sequence and returns to the cooling water pump to form a circulating cooling loop, and the other path of cooling water flows into the power generation device. And then returning to the cooling device, the standby cooling device and the cooling water pump.
Specifically, the cooling water can absorb the heat of the water-cooled grate through the water-cooled grate, so that the temperature of the cooling water can be increased after passing through the water-cooled grate, the cooling water after the temperature increase can be cooled in order to reduce the waste of water resources, and then the cooled cooling water is injected into the water-cooled grate to cool the water-cooled grate, so that the cooling water is recycled. Because there is certain heat in the cooling water after the temperature risees, in order to avoid the waste of heat, and reduce the quantity of the cooling water that needs to cool, thereby alleviateed the cooling burden, guarantee to cool down fully to the cooling water, guarantee the life of water-cooled grate, the cooling water flows into first distribution device after the water-cooled grate, flow out from first distribution device and divide into two-way, flow into heat sink in proper order, reserve heat sink all the way, get back to cooling water pump, form the circulative cooling return circuit, another way flows into power generation facility, so that power generation facility utilizes the heat in the cooling water to generate electricity, later get back to heat sink, reserve heat sink and cooling water pump.
And the cooling device is used for cooling the inflow cooling water by utilizing the condensation water generated by the power generation device.
Specifically, in order to recycle the cooling water, reduce the waste of water resources, avoid the high-temperature cooling water to flow into the water cooling grate, damage the water cooling grate, and cool the flowing cooling water by the cooling device through the condensed water. Because the specific heat capacity of water is larger, more heat can be taken away, so the cooling device utilizes the condensation water to cool the inflow cooling water.
And the standby cooling device is used for cooling the inflow cooling water to a temperature which does not exceed the set temperature when the temperature of the inflow cooling water exceeds the set temperature.
Specifically, consider when the heat value of heat sink appears unusual or rubbish when change appears, the heat sink can't fully cool down to the cooling water of temperature rise, in order to avoid not fully cooling down the cooling water to lead to the fact the damage to the water-cooling grate, when the temperature of the cooling water that flows into reserve heat sink exceeds the settlement temperature, reserve heat sink cools down to not exceeding the settlement temperature to avoid the heat sink to can't cool down to the cooling water, thereby lead to the cooling water that exceeds the settlement temperature to flow into the water-cooling grate, lead to the condition that damages to the water-cooling grate, guarantee that the cooling water can be cooled down fully. Wherein the set temperature may be 70 ℃.
And a power generation device for generating power by using the cooling water flowing in.
Specifically, in order to reduce the waste of heat in the cooling water, the power generation device generates power by using the heat in the cooling water flowing in.
According to the water-cooling grate cooling system provided by the embodiment of the application, as a part of cooling water after the temperature rise after passing through the water-cooling grate flows into the cooling device to cool, the cooling water returns to the cooling water pump after cooling, so that the water-cooling grate is cooled by flowing into the water-cooling grate, and the other part of cooling water flows into the power generation device to generate power, the cooling water-cooling grate is combined with waste heat utilization, so that the amount of cooling water flowing into the cooling device is reduced, the cooling burden is reduced, the cooling water is guaranteed to be sufficiently cooled, the water-cooling grate can be sufficiently cooled, the service life of the water-cooling grate is guaranteed, the heat in the cooling water is effectively utilized, and the waste of the heat in the cooling water is avoided.
Further, because when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds the set temperature, the standby cooling device cools the cooling water flowing in to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature, and the cooling water cannot be cooled when the cooling device is abnormal, thereby the cooling water exceeding the set temperature flows into the water cooling furnace row, the damage to the water cooling furnace grate is caused, and the cooling water can be fully cooled.
Alternatively, in order to reduce corrosion and damage to the power generation device, it is considered that the gas in the cooling water causes corrosion and oxidation during power generation using the cooling water, which causes damage to the power generation device. The service life is prolonged, the maintenance and replacement cost is reduced, and the water-cooled grate cooling system can further comprise: and the deaerator is arranged between the first distribution device and the power generation device.
Wherein the cooling water flowing out of the first distribution device flows into the power generation device through the deaerator.
And the deaerator is used for recovering heat in the cooling water and removing steam generated after the cooling water flows in and is heated by the water cooling grate, oxygen in the cooling water and non-condensable gas.
Specifically, in order to reduce corrosion and damage to the power generation device, to extend the service life, to reduce maintenance and replacement costs, the deaerator removes gas from the inflowing cooling water, the gas mainly including oxygen, so that the cooling water after the removal of the gas flows into the power generation device.
In this application embodiment, in the cooling water entering deaerator that flows out from first distribution device, get rid of the gas in the cooling water of inflow by the deaerator, the cooling water after getting rid of gas flows into power generation facility, has reduced corrosion and harm to power generation facility, has prolonged life, reduces the cost of maintenance and change.
Optionally, the water-cooled grate cooling system may further include: and the water supply pump is arranged between the deaerator and the power generation device and is used for delivering cooling water after gas removal to the power generation device.
Optionally, the power generation device may include: the device comprises a waste heat boiler, a steam turbine and a generator, wherein an outlet of the deaerator is communicated with an inlet of the waste heat boiler, and an outlet of the waste heat boiler is communicated with an inlet of the steam turbine.
And the waste heat boiler is used for heating the deoxidized cooling water to form steam.
Specifically, the waste heat boiler is a heat exchange device, and the waste heat boiler uses a heat source to heat the cooling water after the gas is removed, so that the cooling water reaches a certain temperature and pressure. In the waste heat boiler, the cooling water is heated and converted into steam, and the steam is transferred to the steam turbine. Optionally, the exhaust-heat boiler can utilize the flue gas that produces when burning rubbish in the water-cooling grate to heat the cooling water after the deoxidization, forms steam. Optionally, because higher temperature can improve the transfer efficiency of heat energy, promotes the heat transfer effect between the flue gas of water and exhaust-heat boiler inside, helps improving exhaust-heat boiler's thermal efficiency and energy utilization, based on this, the deaerator can also be used to heat the cooling water after removing the gas to get rid of gas and the cooling water after heating flows into exhaust-heat boiler.
And the steam turbine is used for utilizing the steam to do work and driving the generator to generate electricity.
Specifically, the steam turbine is a device for converting heat energy into mechanical energy, and the steam turbine can utilize the kinetic energy of steam to drive the rotor to rotate, so as to drive the generator connected with the steam turbine to generate electricity.
In order to recycle the steam which completes the work in the steam turbine and improve the utilization rate of resources, the water-cooled grate cooling system can further comprise: and the outlet of the steam turbine is communicated with the cooling device.
The steam turbine is also used for discharging the steam which completes the work.
Specifically, in order to recycle the steam which completes work in the steam turbine, the steam turbine discharges the steam which completes work, and the discharged steam enters the condenser.
And the condenser is used for condensing the steam exhausted by the steam turbine to obtain condensate water so that the condensate water flows into the cooling device.
Specifically, the condenser can condense the steam exhausted by the steam turbine to obtain condensate, the temperature of the condensate is about 40 ℃, the temperature of the cooling water with the increased temperature after passing through the water cooling grate is about 90 ℃ generally, so that the outlet of the condenser is communicated with the cooling device so as to condense the steam exhausted by the steam turbine, after the condensate is obtained, the condensate flows into the cooling device, the cooling device cools the inflow cooling water by utilizing the condensate, the recovery and utilization of the steam which completes the work in the steam turbine are realized, and the resource utilization rate is improved.
Optionally, considering not only can be through condensing steam turbine exhaust steam, obtain the condensate water, the condensate water flows into the heat sink, and the heat sink utilizes the condensate water to cool down to the cooling water that flows in, realizes the recycle of the steam that accomplishes the acting in the steam turbine, can also be through heating the condensate water, and the condensate water after heating flows into the deaerator, flows into exhaust-heat boiler through the deaerator, utilizes it to generate electricity, realizes the recycle of the steam that accomplishes the acting in the steam turbine. Based on this, the water-cooled grate cooling system may further include: the condenser outlet is respectively communicated with the cooling device and the low-pressure heater through the second distribution device, condensed water flowing out of the condenser flows into the second distribution device, and flows out of the second distribution device and then is divided into two paths, one path is used as cooling medium to flow into the cooling device, the other path flows into the low-pressure heater, and the outlet of the low-pressure heater is communicated with the inlet of the deaerator. The second distributing device can be used for controlling the flow of the condensed water flowing into the cooling device and the low-pressure heater, and the second distributing device can comprise a constant-temperature water mixing valve.
The low-pressure heater is used for heating the inflow condensed water to a set temperature.
Specifically, since the temperature of the condensed water is low, typically about 40 ℃, the temperature of the water flowing into the waste heat boiler needs to be high, and the low-pressure heater heats the flowing condensed water to a set temperature.
The deaerator is also used for removing oxygen and other non-condensable gases in the condensed water flowing out of the low-pressure heater.
If the condensed water heated by the low-pressure heater does not meet the temperature of the water flowing into the waste heat boiler, the deaerator can further heat the low temperature flowing out of the low-pressure heater.
In this embodiment, the condenser condenses turbine exhaust steam, obtain the condensate water, the condensate water that flows out the condenser flows into second distribution device, divide into two ways after flowing out from second distribution device, flow into heat sink all the way, heat sink utilizes the condensate water to cool down to the cooling water of inflow, the low pressure heater is flowed into to the other way, the low pressure heater heats the condensate water of inflow to the settlement temperature, the deaerator gets rid of the gas in the condensate water that flows out from the low pressure heater, the condensate water after getting rid of the gas flows into exhaust-heat boiler, in order to utilize the condensate water after removing the gas to generate electricity, the recycle of the steam of accomplishing the acting in the turbine has been realized, resource utilization rate has been improved. And the water quantity of the condensed water flowing out of the condenser flowing into the deaerator after passing through the low-pressure heater is reduced, so that the air consumption of the low-pressure heater is reduced, and the power generation benefit is improved.
Optionally, considering that the cooling of the cooling water may be achieved by mixing the condensed water with the cooling water, the cooling device may include:
the cooling device mixes the condensed water with the inflowing cooling water so as to cool the cooling water flowing into the cooling device to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature.
Wherein the cooling device may comprise a water mixer.
Optionally, considering that when the temperature of the cooling water flowing out of the cooling device does not exceed the set temperature, the cooling water can directly flow into the cooling water pump to cool the water-cooled grate, and when the temperature of the cooling water flowing out of the cooling device exceeds the set temperature, the cooling water needs to flow into the standby cooling device to cool the cooling water until the cooling water does not exceed the set temperature, based on the above, the water-cooled grate cooling system may further include: and the outlet of the third distribution device is communicated with the inlets of the standby cooling device and the cooling water pump respectively.
And the third distribution device is used for controlling the cooling water to flow into the standby cooling device when the temperature of the flowing-in cooling water exceeds the set temperature so that the standby cooling device can cool the flowing-in cooling water to be not more than the set temperature, and controlling the cooling water to flow into the cooling water pump when the temperature of the flowing-in cooling water is not more than the set temperature.
Specifically, the outlet of the cooling device is communicated with the inlet of the third distribution device, the cooling water flowing out of the cooling device flows into the third distribution device, when the temperature of the flowing-in cooling water exceeds a set temperature, the third distribution device controls the cooling water to flow into the standby cooling device so that the standby cooling device cools the flowing-in cooling water to be not more than the set temperature, and when the temperature of the flowing-in cooling water is not more than the set temperature, the third distribution device controls the cooling water to flow into the cooling water pump. The third distribution device can also be used for controlling the flow of the cooling water flowing into the standby cooling device and the cooling water pump. The third dispensing means may be a temperature controlled valve.
Optionally, the above-mentioned reserve heat sink can be externally connected with industrial circulation cooling, and reserve heat sink can utilize industrial circulation cooling to cool down to not more than the settlement temperature to the cooling water that flows in, based on this, reserve heat sink cools down to not more than the process of settlement temperature to the cooling water that flows in, can include:
the standby cooling device enables heat to be transferred from the inflow cooling water to the external industrial circulating cooling device so as to cool the inflow cooling water to a temperature which does not exceed a set temperature.
Specifically, the standby cooling device can enable heat to be transferred from the inflow cooling water to the external industrial circulating cooling, so that the inflow cooling water is cooled to the temperature which is not higher than the set temperature. The standby cooling device can be a heat exchanger, and the externally connected industrial circulating cooling device can be industrial circulating cooling water of the incineration power plant, industrial cooling water of a cooling fan or a cooling tower and the like.
Optionally, considering that cooling water needs to continuously circulate, problems such as scale, corrosion, bacteria and algae are easy to generate, and normal operation and service life of the system are further affected. Therefore, in order to maintain the quality of the cooling water to avoid the problems of scale, corrosion, bacteria and algae, the water-cooled grate cooling system may further include: the dosing pipeline is provided with a dosing valve, and when the dosing valve is started, and the dosing valve is used for enabling the dosing agent added by the staff to flow into the circulating cooling loop through the dosing pipeline so as to enable cooling water in the circulating cooling loop to meet the set water quality requirement.
In this application embodiment, when the dosing valve is started, the medicine that the staff added flows into the circulative cooling circuit through dosing pipeline to make the cooling water in the circulative cooling circuit satisfy and set for the quality of water requirement, avoided the production of incrustation scale, corruption, fungus algae scheduling problem, guaranteed the normal operating and the life of system.
Optionally, considering that the cooling water needs to continuously circulate, some dirt, impurities and sediments, such as silt, rust, metal scraps, etc., may be generated in the circulation process, and after the impurities and sediments accumulate in the cooling water, the pipeline is blocked, the water flow is affected, and then the normal operation and the service life of the system are affected. Based on this, the water-cooled grate cooling system may further include: the drain pipe is provided with a drain valve, and when the drain valve is started, cooling water in the circulating cooling loop is discharged from the drain pipe.
Specifically, when the blow-down valve is started, cooling water in the circulating cooling loop can be discharged from the blow-down pipeline to take away dirt, impurities and sediments in the cooling water, so that the normal operation and the service life of the system are ensured.
In this application embodiment, when the blowoff valve is started, the cooling water in the circulation cooling circuit discharges from the blow off pipeline to take away dirt, impurity and the precipitate wherein, avoided blocking the pipeline, influence water flow, guaranteed the normal operating and the life of system.
Optionally, the outlet of the cooling water storage device may be communicated with the inlet of the cooling water pump through a water supplementing pipe, a water supplementing valve is arranged on the water supplementing pipe, and when the water supplementing valve is started, the cooling water storage device injects cooling water into the cooling water pump through the water supplementing pipe.
Alternatively, the cooling water storage device may be provided at the highest position of the circulation cooling circuit in order to ensure pressure stability of the circulation cooling circuit. In order to determine whether the cooling water storage device is required to inject cooling water into the cooling water pump through the water supplementing pipe so as to supplement cooling water into the circulating cooling loop, one side of the cooling water storage device can be provided with a liquid level monitoring device for monitoring the liquid level of the cooling water storage device so as to determine whether cooling water is required to be cold-supplemented according to the liquid level of the cooling water storage device monitored by the liquid level monitoring device. For example, the liquid level of the cooling water storage device monitored by the liquid level monitoring device is low, which indicates that the quantity of cooling water in the circulating cooling water channel is insufficient, and the cooling water needs to be supplemented.
In this embodiment of the application, cooling water storage device sets up in the highest position of circulation cooling circuit, has guaranteed circulation cooling circuit pressure stability. And one side of the cooling water storage device is provided with a liquid level monitoring device for monitoring the liquid level of the cooling water storage device, so that whether cooling water needs to be cold-supplemented or not can be conveniently determined according to the liquid level of the cooling water storage device monitored by the liquid level monitoring device, and the circulation flow and the pressure in the circulation cooling loop are maintained.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of another water-cooled grate cooling system according to an embodiment of the present application, where the water-cooled grate cooling system provided in the embodiment of the present application may include: the water heater comprises a water tank 1, a cooling water pump 2, a water cooling grate 3, a three-way control valve 4, a water mixer 5, a first temperature measuring device 6, a temperature control valve 7, a heat exchanger 8, a second temperature measuring device 9, a deaerator 10, a water supply pump 11, a waste heat boiler 12, a steam turbine 13, a generator 14 connected with the steam turbine 13, a condenser 15, a condensate pump 16, a constant temperature water mixing valve 17, a low-pressure heater 18, a liquid level monitoring device 19, a dosing pipeline 20, a sewage drain pipeline 21 and a water supplementing pipeline 22, wherein the dosing pipeline 20 is provided with the dosing valve 23, the sewage drain pipeline 21 is provided with the sewage drain valve 24, an outlet of the water tank 1 is communicated with an inlet of the cooling water pump 2 through the water supplementing pipeline 22, an outlet of the cooling water pump 2 is communicated with an inlet of the water boiler 3, an outlet of the water cooling grate 3 is respectively communicated with the water mixer 5 and the deaerator 10 through the three-way control valve 4, an outlet of the water mixer 5 is respectively communicated with an inlet of the temperature control valve 7, an outlet of the temperature control valve 7 is respectively communicated with an inlet of the heat exchanger 8, an inlet of the cooling water pump 2, an outlet of the sewage pump 21 is communicated with an inlet of the condensate pump 2, an inlet of the condensate pump 11 is communicated with an inlet of the constant temperature water pump 11, an outlet of the water pump 11 is communicated with an inlet of the water pump 13 is respectively, an outlet of the water heater is communicated with an inlet of the water heater 13, an outlet of the water heater is communicated with an inlet of the water pump is communicated with an inlet of the water pump 13, and an outlet of the water is communicated with an inlet of the water is 13. The outlet of the low pressure heater 18 communicates with the inlet of the deaerator 10. The water tank 1 is disposed at the highest position of the circulation cooling circuit. The liquid level monitoring device 19 is arranged at one side of the water tank 1.
The water-cooled grate 3 is used for incinerating garbage and general industrial waste.
The water tank 1 is used for injecting cooling water into the cooling water pump 2 through the water supplementing pipe 22 when the water supplementing valve 25 is started.
The cooling water pump 2 is used for injecting cooling water into the water-cooling fire grate 3 to cool the water-cooling fire grate 3, wherein the cooling water rises in temperature after passing through the water-cooling fire grate 3 and flows into the three-way control valve 4, and flows out of the three-way control valve 4 to be divided into two paths, one path flows into the water mixer 5 and the temperature control valve 7, the cooling water flowing out of the temperature control valve 7 returns to the cooling water pump 2 or returns to the cooling water pump 2 through the heat exchanger 8 to form a circulating cooling loop, and the other path flows into the deaerator 10.
The water mixer 5 is used for mixing the condensed water with the inflowing cooling water so as to cool the cooling water flowing into the water mixer 5.
A first temperature measuring device 6 for measuring the temperature of the cooling water flowing therethrough.
And a temperature control valve 7 for controlling the flow of the cooling water into the heat exchanger 8 when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds a set temperature so that the heat exchanger 8 cools the cooling water flowing in to a set temperature, and controlling the flow of the cooling water flowing into the heat exchanger 8 and the cooling water pump 2 when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in does not exceed the set temperature.
The heat exchanger 8 is externally connected with condensed water, and is used for transferring heat from the inflowing cooling water to the externally connected condensed water so as to cool the inflowing cooling water to a temperature which does not exceed a set temperature.
A second temperature measuring device 9 for measuring the temperature of the cooling water flowing therethrough.
Deaerator 10 for removing gas from the inflowing cooling water.
A water feed pump 11 for feeding the cooling water from which the gas is removed to a waste heat boiler 12.
And a waste heat boiler 12 for heating the cooling water from which the gas is removed to form steam.
The steam turbine 13 is used for utilizing steam to do work and driving the generator 14 to generate power, and discharging the steam after doing work;
and a condenser 15 for condensing the steam discharged from the steam turbine 13 to obtain condensed water so that the condensed water flows into a condensed water pump 16.
A condensate pump 16 for feeding the inflow condensate into a thermostatic mixing valve 17. After flowing out from the constant temperature water mixing valve 17, the water flows into the water mixer 5 from one path to the low-pressure heater 18 from the other path.
The thermostatic mixing valve 17 is also used for controlling the flow rate of the condensed water flowing into the water mixer 5 and the low-pressure heater 18.
The low-pressure heater 18 heats the inflow condensed water to a set temperature.
Deaerator 10 also serves to remove gases from the condensate exiting low pressure heater 18.
When the dosing valve 23 is activated, the dosing agent added by the staff flows into the recirculating cooling loop through the dosing line 20 so that the cooling water in the recirculating cooling loop meets the set water quality requirements.
When the drain valve 24 is activated, the cooling water in the circulation cooling circuit is discharged from the drain pipe 21.
A liquid level monitoring device 19 for monitoring the liquid level of the water tank 1.
Compared with the structure, the deaerator 10 is added, corrosion and damage to the waste heat boiler 12, the steam turbine 13 and the generator 14 are reduced, the service life is prolonged, and maintenance and replacement costs are reduced. The condenser 15, the condensate pump 16, the constant temperature water mixing valve 17 and the low pressure heater 18 are additionally arranged, the recovery and utilization of the steam which completes work in the steam turbine 13 are realized, the resource utilization rate is improved, the water quantity of the condensate flowing out of the condenser 15 and flowing into the deaerator 10 after passing through the low pressure heater 18 is reduced, the air consumption of the low pressure heater 18 is reduced, the power generation benefit is improved, the constant temperature water mixing valve 17 can also control the flow of the condensate flowing into the water mixer 5 and the low pressure heater 18, and the temperature of the cooling water flowing out of the water mixer 5 is reduced to a proper temperature. A temperature control valve 7 is also added, and the temperature control valve 7 can control the flow of the cooling water flowing into the heat exchanger 8 and the cooling water pump 2, so that the temperature of the cooling water flowing out of the heat exchanger 8 can be ensured not to exceed the set temperature. And a dosing pipeline 20, a dosing valve 23, a sewage drain pipeline 21 and a sewage drain valve 24 are also added, so that the normal operation and the service life of the system are ensured. The water tank 1 is arranged at the highest position of the circulation cooling circuit, so that the pressure stability of the circulation cooling circuit is ensured. The water tank 1 is provided with the liquid level monitoring device 19 on one side for the liquid level of monitoring water tank 1, be convenient for confirm whether need cold patch cooling water according to the liquid level of water tank 1 that liquid level monitoring device 19 monitored, kept circulation flow and the pressure in the circulation cooling circuit. In addition, a first temperature measuring device 6 and a second temperature measuring device 9 are further added, so that the constant-temperature water mixing valve 17 is conveniently adjusted according to the temperature measured by the first temperature measuring device 6, and the temperature control valve 7 is conveniently adjusted according to the temperature measured by the second temperature measuring device 9, and therefore the cooling water finally flowing into the cooling water pump 2 is guaranteed not to exceed the set temperature.
Finally, it is further noted that relational terms such as first and second, and the like are used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one … …" does not exclude the presence of other like elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment is mainly described in a different point from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims (16)

1. A water cooled grate cooling system, comprising: the cooling device comprises a cooling water storage device, a water cooling grate, a cooling water pump, a cooling device, a standby cooling device, a first distribution device and a power generation device, wherein an outlet of the cooling water storage device is communicated with an inlet of the cooling water pump;
the water-cooling grate is used for incinerating garbage and general industrial waste;
the cooling water storage device is used for injecting cooling water into the passage;
the cooling water pump is used for injecting the cooling water into the water cooling furnace row to cool the water cooling furnace grate, wherein the cooling water rises in temperature after passing through the water cooling furnace grate and flows into the first distribution device, flows out of the first distribution device and is divided into two paths, one path flows into the cooling device and the standby cooling device in sequence and returns to the cooling water pump to form a circulating cooling loop, and the other path flows into the power generation device and then returns to the cooling device, the standby cooling device and the cooling water pump;
The cooling device is used for cooling the cooling water flowing in by utilizing the condensation water generated by the power generation device;
the standby cooling device is used for cooling the cooling water flowing in to the preset temperature when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds the preset temperature;
the power generation device is used for generating power by using the cooling water flowing in.
2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a deaerator provided between the first distribution device and the power generation device, the cooling water flowing out of the first distribution device flowing into the power generation device through the deaerator;
the deaerator is used for recovering heat in the cooling water, and removing steam generated after the cooling water flows in and is heated by the water cooling grate, oxygen in the cooling water and non-condensable gas.
3. The system of claim 2, further comprising: and the water supply pump is arranged between the deaerator and the power generation device and is used for delivering the cooling water after the gas is removed to the power generation device.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the power generation device comprises: the device comprises a waste heat boiler, a steam turbine, a generator and a condenser, wherein an outlet of the deaerator is communicated with an inlet of the waste heat boiler, and an outlet of the waste heat boiler is communicated with an inlet of the steam turbine;
The waste heat boiler is used for heating the cooling water after the gas is removed to form steam;
the steam turbine is used for utilizing the steam to do work and driving the generator to generate electricity;
the outlet of the steam turbine is communicated with the inlet of the condenser, and the outlet of the condenser is communicated with the cooling device;
the steam turbine is also used for discharging the steam which completes the acting;
the condenser is used for condensing the steam discharged by the steam turbine to obtain the condensed water so that the condensed water flows into the cooling device.
5. The system of claim 4, further comprising: the outlet of the condenser is respectively communicated with the cooling device and the low-pressure heater through the second distribution device, the condensed water flowing out of the condenser flows into the second distribution device, the condensed water flowing out of the second distribution device is divided into two paths, one path is used as a cooling medium to flow into the cooling device, the other path is used as a cooling medium to flow into the low-pressure heater, and the outlet of the low-pressure heater is communicated with the inlet of the deaerator;
the low-pressure heater is used for heating the inflow condensed water to a set temperature;
The deaerator is also used for removing oxygen and other non-condensable gases in the condensed water flowing out of the low-pressure heater.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the second distribution device is further configured to control the flow of the condensate water into the cooling device and the low pressure heater.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein the second dispensing device comprises a thermostatic mixing valve.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the cooling device uses condensed water to cool the cooling water flowing in, comprising:
the cooling device mixes the condensed water with the cooling water flowing in so as to cool the cooling water flowing in the cooling device to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the temperature reduction device comprises a water mixer.
10. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the outlet of the cooling device is communicated with the inlet of the third distribution device, and the outlet of the third distribution device is respectively communicated with the standby cooling device and the inlet of the cooling water pump;
The third distribution device is used for controlling the cooling water to flow into the standby cooling device when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in exceeds the set temperature so that the standby cooling device cools the cooling water flowing in to not exceed the set temperature, and controlling the cooling water to flow into the cooling water pump when the temperature of the cooling water flowing in does not exceed the set temperature.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the third distribution device is further configured to control the flow of the cooling water into the backup cooling device and the cooling water pump.
12. The system of claim 10, wherein the backup cooling device is externally connected with industrial circulating cooling water;
the process of cooling the flowing cooling water to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature by the standby cooling device comprises the following steps:
the standby cooling device enables heat to be transferred from the inflowing cooling water to the externally connected industrial circulating cooling water so as to cool the inflowing cooling water to the temperature not exceeding the set temperature.
13. The system of claim 1, further comprising: and the dosing pipeline is provided with a dosing valve, and when the dosing valve is started, the agent added by the staff flows into the circulating cooling loop through the dosing pipeline, so that the cooling water in the circulating cooling loop meets the set water quality requirement.
14. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the sewage draining pipeline is provided with a sewage draining valve, and when the sewage draining valve is started, the cooling water in the circulating cooling loop is discharged from the sewage draining pipeline.
15. The system of claim 1, wherein the outlet of the cooling water storage device is in communication with the inlet of the cooling water pump via a water replenishment pipe having a water replenishment valve thereon, the cooling water storage device injecting the cooling water into the cooling water pump via the water replenishment pipe when the water replenishment valve is activated.
16. The system according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein the cooling water storage device is arranged at the highest position of the circulating cooling circuit, and a liquid level monitoring device is arranged at one side of the cooling water storage device for monitoring the liquid level of the cooling water storage device.
CN202311406251.5A 2023-10-26 2023-10-26 Water-cooled grate cooling system Pending CN117450513A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202311406251.5A CN117450513A (en) 2023-10-26 2023-10-26 Water-cooled grate cooling system

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202311406251.5A CN117450513A (en) 2023-10-26 2023-10-26 Water-cooled grate cooling system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN117450513A true CN117450513A (en) 2024-01-26

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202311406251.5A Pending CN117450513A (en) 2023-10-26 2023-10-26 Water-cooled grate cooling system

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN117450513A (en)

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