CN117406018A - Cable soft fault positioning evaluation method and device based on broadband time reversal - Google Patents
Cable soft fault positioning evaluation method and device based on broadband time reversal Download PDFInfo
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/088—Aspects of digital computing
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
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Abstract
The embodiment discloses a cable soft fault positioning evaluation method and device based on broadband time reversal, comprising the following steps: presetting a reference signal; inputting the reference signal into a cable to be detected, and reflecting the incident signal at a cable soft fault point to obtain a reflected signal; performing time inversion on the reflected signal and re-injecting the reflected signal into the cable, wherein the signal energy is focused at a fault point; an algorithm is established to estimate the fault location and the fault reflection coefficient, which is used to evaluate the degree of the fault. The invention provides a fault positioning method with low error and an accurate fault degree assessment method.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment belongs to the technical field of cable soft fault positioning and cable health state monitoring, and particularly relates to a cable soft fault positioning and evaluating method and device based on broadband time reversal.
Background
Cables are widely used in various fields of industrial systems, such as power transmission, instrument control, aerospace, traffic, etc., and are indispensable industrial equipment. After the cable is put into operation for a certain period of time, the cable is easily affected by external factors, such as thermal stress, mechanical attraction, moisture invasion, nuclear radiation and the like, and soft faults are gradually generated in the cable. Soft failures are potential factors threatening the safety and stability of industrial systems. With the increase of the cable operation time, soft faults gradually evolve into hard faults, accidents such as explosion and fire are caused, and huge economic losses are caused for enterprises and people. Thus, inspection of the cable and timely removal of soft faults is an important step in cable maintenance. However, the conventional manual inspection consumes huge manpower and material resources, and has the problems of large detection errors and the like, so that development of the cable state automatic monitoring system transposition is required. However, the most widely used TDR at present has the problems of low positioning accuracy, short detection distance and low sensitivity to soft faults. Other fault detection schemes are mostly capable of locating fault locations only, and cannot evaluate the degree of fault, and are in the theoretical research stage. The embodiment aims to provide a cable soft fault detection device, a fault positioning method with low error and an accurate fault degree assessment method.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the present embodiment provides a cable soft fault positioning evaluation method and device based on broadband time reversal, and provides a fault positioning method with low error and an accurate fault degree evaluation method.
In order to achieve the above objective, this embodiment provides a cable soft fault positioning evaluation method based on broadband time reversal, including:
generating a reference signal based on the signal source;
injecting the reference signal into the cable to be tested, wherein the reference signal injected into the initial end of the cable to be tested becomes an incident signal, and the incident signal is reflected at a cable fault point;
performing time inversion on the reflected signal and reinjecting the reflected signal into the cable to be tested, wherein the signal energy of the reflected signal is focused at a fault point;
based on the focused signal energy, a fault location is obtained and the degree of the fault is evaluated.
Optionally, the reference signal is a wideband step frequency signal;
the expression of the step frequency signal is:
wherein x is i (t) is a step frequency signal, i is a step frequency point number, t is time, f 0 Δf is the initial frequency and the frequency change rate, D i For the duration of the ith sinusoidal signal, T is the frequency variation cycle time.
Optionally, the incident signal is:
V i ＝2*V s /3
wherein V is i For incident signal V s Is a reference signal.
The reflected signal is:
wherein V is f For reflected signals, gamma is the propagation constant of the cable, l f 、Γ f The distance from the fault to the cable start and the fault reflection coefficient, respectively.
Optionally, time-inverting the reflected signal comprises:
modeling the propagation process of an incident signal in a cable to be detected to obtain a cable model to be detected;
and after performing time inversion on the reflected signals, inputting the reflected signals into the cable model to be detected again, simulating a time inversion process based on the cable model to be detected, and extracting the position of the fault, the amplitude of the signals and the energy of the amplitude of the signals.
Optionally, the signal of the fault location is expressed as:
wherein V is focus For the focused representation of the signal at the fault location, α is the attenuation constant of the cable, l f Indicating the distance of the fault to the beginning of the cable, i.e. the fault location.
Optionally, performing the fault assessment includes:
performing attenuation detection on the signal amplitude of the fault position to obtain a preset loss source; the energy loss of the preset loss source is energy loss caused by discontinuous impedance of a fault position;
acquiring a fault reflection coefficient based on the preset loss source;
based on the fault reflection coefficient, the degree of the fault is evaluated.
To achieve the above object, this embodiment further provides a cable soft fault location and evaluation device based on broadband time reversal, including: a signal generator, a measuring instrument and a signal processing system;
the signal generator, the measuring instrument and the cable to be detected are connected through a tee coaxial converter;
the signal generator is used for generating a preset reference signal and entering the cable to be detected through the tee coaxial converter;
the measuring instrument is used for measuring an incident signal entering the cable to be detected and a reflected signal after encountering a fault point;
the signal processing system is used for controlling and operating the signal generator and the measuring instrument, acquiring a fault position based on the measurement data of the measuring instrument and performing fault evaluation.
Optionally, the reference signal is a wideband step frequency signal;
the expression of the step frequency signal is:
wherein x is i (t) is a step frequency signal, i is a step frequency point number, t is time, f 0 Δf is the initial frequency and the frequency change rate, D i For the duration of the ith sinusoidal signal, T is the frequency variation cycle time.
Optionally, the signal processing system performs time reversal on the reflected signal to obtain a fault position;
performing a time reversal on the reflected signal includes:
modeling the propagation process of an incident signal in a cable to be detected to obtain a cable model to be detected;
and after performing time inversion on the reflected signals, inputting the reflected signals into the cable model to be detected again, simulating a time inversion process based on the cable model to be detected, and extracting the position of the fault, the amplitude of the signals and the energy of the amplitude of the signals.
Optionally, the signal processing system is configured to,
performing attenuation detection on the signal amplitude of the fault position to obtain a preset loss source; the energy loss of the preset loss source is energy loss caused by discontinuous impedance of a fault position;
acquiring a fault reflection coefficient based on the preset loss source;
based on the fault reflection coefficient, the degree of the fault is evaluated.
Compared with the prior art, the embodiment has the following advantages and technical effects:
the invention aims to provide a cable soft fault detection method and device, and provides a fault positioning method with low error and an accurate fault degree assessment method.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the application, illustrate and explain the application and are not to be construed as limiting the application. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a cable soft fault positioning and evaluating device according to the present embodiment;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit model of the three-way converter according to the present embodiment;
fig. 3 is a flow chart of a cable soft fault positioning and evaluating method according to the present embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the experimental results of the present embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a signal generator according to the present embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the measuring apparatus of the present embodiment;
fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a three-way coaxial converter according to the present embodiment.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that, in the case of no conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments may be combined with each other. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with embodiments.
It should be noted that the steps illustrated in the flowcharts of the figures may be performed in a computer system such as a set of computer executable instructions, and that although a logical order is illustrated in the flowcharts, in some cases the steps illustrated or described may be performed in an order other than that illustrated herein.
The embodiment mainly solves the problem that a high-precision cable soft fault positioning and evaluating device is lacking at present. Some current cable soft fault detection methods or devices have limited detection capability for cable soft faults, such as TDR; some methods have low positioning accuracy for soft faults and cannot evaluate the fault level, and some methods have limited accuracy although they can evaluate the fault level. The embodiment mainly solves the problem that the existing method and device for detecting the cable soft faults lack high precision.
The embodiment provides a cable soft fault positioning evaluation method and device based on broadband time reversal, wherein the device is shown in fig. 1. The device comprises a signal generator for generating a reference signal, and a measuring instrument for measuring incident wave and reflected wave, wherein the two measuring instruments form a lower computer of the detection device; and the signal processing system is used for controlling and operating the lower computer, transmitting and processing the measurement data and forming an upper computer of the detection device. The upper computer and the lower computer are connected by using a standard cable with characteristic impedance of 50 omega. The signal generator, the measuring instrument and the cable to be detected are connected through a tee coaxial converter.
Measurement principle:
time inversion theory: the time inversion theory in engineering application is based on the time inversion symmetry in the physical system, namely, the physical system performs time inversion T:after that, it remains unchanged. The time-reversal theory is first applied to a radar system, is used for estimating the arrival Direction (DOA) of a detected object, and is later introduced into the field of cable fault diagnosis. According to transmission line theory, a signal injected into the cable will be reflected back to the cable start at the fault point, the reflected signal measured at the cable start is time-reversed and then injected into the cable again, and the energy of the signal will be focused at the fault point. Estimating the location of this focus locates the fault.
As shown in fig. 3, a design process of the cable soft fault location evaluation method based on broadband time reversal in this embodiment is as follows:
(1) Reference signal design
The reference signal of the soft fault positioning method based on broadband time reversal in this embodiment adopts a step frequency signal (Stepped frequency signal, SFS) composed of a set of frequency step sinusoidal signals, the step frequency signal is injected into the cable, and a part of the signal is reflected back to the cable start at the fault point, which is a set of signals with the same frequency as the incident signal. In fact, the time reversal can be performed by using a single-frequency sinusoidal signal, so that the positioning and evaluation of the cable soft fault can be completed. However, since the cable is frequency dependent, i.e., the cable has dispersion, propagation characteristics (propagation speed, attenuation, etc.) of signals of different frequencies in the cable are not uniform, and detection accuracy and accuracy of detection results can be improved with a broad-band stepped frequency signal.
The expression of the step frequency signal is as follows:
wherein f 0 Δf is the initial frequency and the frequency change rate, respectively; d (D) i And NP i Respectively the duration and the period number of the ith sinusoidal signal, and the frequency f of the ith signal i ＝f 0 +iΔf; t is the frequency variation cycle time. Let it be assumed that at the initial frequency f 0 The duration of the sinusoidal signal is D 0 Then NP is used to ensure that each sinusoidal signal has an integer period i The required specifications are as follows:
next, D i The solution can be found by:
D i ＝NP i /f i (3)
in addition, in order to ensure that the reflected signal of the ith sine wave does not overlap with the i+1 sine wave at the input end, it is necessary to apply D i And T is limited:
wherein l is the length of the standard cable, and v is the signal transmission speed.
(2) Signal forward propagation process
The wideband step frequency signal shown in the formula (1) is programmed in a signal generator, so that the signal generator can output a step frequency waveform with the amplitude corresponding to the step frequency waveform. Let the reference signal amplitude output by the signal generator be Vs, as shown in fig. 1. After the reference signal has passed through the three-way coaxial converter, part of the signal is reflected and the remaining signal is transmitted as an incident signal (Vi) to the beginning of the cable. A cable soft fault is a point of impedance discontinuity at which a signal injected into the cable is reflected and then transmitted back to the beginning of the cable, as shown by Vf in fig. 1. Vf becomes Vm after attenuation by the three-way coaxial converter and is then measured by the measuring instrument.
The equivalent model of the three-way converter is shown in fig. 2, in which three identical impedances are star-connected, and the expression of the incident signal can be calculated as follows:
Vi＝2*Vs/3(6)
according to transmission line theory, the expression of the reflected signal transmitted to the fault location and then reflected back to the beginning of the cable is as follows:
here, γ is the propagation constant of the cable, characterizing the propagation characteristics of the signal in the cable; l (L) f 、Γ f The distance from the fault to the beginning of the cable and the fault reflection coefficient, respectively, the latter being expressed as follows:
wherein Z is c 、Z f The characteristic impedance of healthy and faulty cables, respectively.
By combining the formula (6) and the formula (7), the signals acquired by the measuring instrument can be obtained by the following steps:
(3) Time inversion process
The time inversion performed in the time domain is equivalent to complex conjugation in the frequency domain, which is manifested in that the phase of the signal in the frequency domain is inverted. Thus, the measurement signal after time-reversal is represented as follows:
where α and β are the attenuation constant and the phase constant of the cable, respectively.
The propagation process of a signal in a cable can be modeled as e -γl L is the distance the signal propagates and γ is the propagation constant of the cable. The propagation constant can be estimated by:
in the RS open 、RS short The reflection coefficient spectrum measured at the head end of the cable when the cable terminals are in open circuit and short circuit states respectively is the fault-free cable, and l is the length of the cable, atanh. Is an archyperbolic tangent function.
The time-reversed signal is injected into the cable and its propagation process is symmetrical to that of the incoming signal in the cable, including both transmission and reflection processes. The signal will be representable after focusing at the fault location as:
of course, the time inversion process does not have to inject the inverted signal into the actual cable, but is based on model e -γl The process of time reversal was simulated. I.e. when the reflected signal V is measured m After that, the rest inversion positioning process is completed by a signal processing system, and then the fault position, the signal amplitude and the energy of the fault can be extracted.
(4) Failure degree assessment
The focused signal amplitude shown in formula (6) has a brightThe apparent attenuation is that the attenuation sources are three, namely, the energy loss caused by the impedance discontinuity of the three-way coaxial converter, the energy loss in the signal propagation process in the lossy cable, and the energy loss caused by the impedance discontinuity of the fault position. Wherein the third loss source is determined by the fault reflection coefficient, which indicates the extent to which the signal is reflected back to the beginning of the cable at the point of failure. As can be seen from equation (8), the more serious the fault, the Z f Deviation from Z c The larger the reflection coefficient is, and thus the degree of failure can be estimated using the reflection coefficient.
The need to estimate the reflection coefficient compensates for the first loss and the second loss of the signal and then divides by the signal source voltage as shown in the following equation.
The technical effects of this embodiment are verified by experiments as follows.
In the experimental setup, the cable length was 40 meters, the characteristic impedance was 50Ω, and the termination was open. The fault set was located at 10 meters of the cable, and the series fault was simulated using a 50 ohm resistor, with a calculated fault reflection coefficient of 1/3.
The experimental results are shown in fig. 4, wherein the detected fault location is 9.99 meters, the relative error from the actual fault location is 0.1%, the estimated reflectance is 0.3328, and the relative error from the actual reflectance is 0.16%. The positioning precision is obviously higher than that of a TDR fault positioning instrument commonly used in the current market. And the fault reflection coefficient is accurately estimated. From the cable fault detection methods presented in the existing documents, the detection precision of the cable fault in the embodiment, including positioning precision and reflection coefficient estimation precision, belong to advanced technologies.
One specific implementation of this embodiment is as follows:
1. reference signal
As a specific embodiment, the initial frequency f0 of the reference signal is set to 10MHz, the cut-off frequency f end 100MHz, a frequency change rate Δf of 0.5MHz, twoThe total time T lasting between the secondary frequency changes was set to 2 mus, the sinusoidal signal initial duration D0 was 0.1 mus and NP0 was 1.5. The signal amplitude was set to 5V.
2. Device part:
(1) Signal source: the arbitrary waveform generator is used as a signal source to generate a designed reference signal, the model of a certain arbitrary waveform generator is SDG6052X-E, the maximum output signal frequency can reach 500MHz, the sampling rate can reach 2.4GSa/s, and the high similarity between the output waveform and the designed waveform is realized in a point-by-point output mode. The instrument is shown in fig. 5:
(2) Measuring instrument: the method comprises the steps of capturing an incident waveform and a reflected waveform by using an oscilloscope, and transferring the incident waveform and the reflected waveform into a data format for standby by a signal processing system, wherein the model of the oscilloscope is MDO3024, the maximum frequency of a signal is 200MHz, and the maximum sampling rate is 2.5GSa/s. The instrument is shown in fig. 6:
(3) The signal processing system is a personal computer, and a series of programs for signal processing are embedded in the signal processing system.
(4) The three-way coaxial converter is shown in fig. 7, and is T-shaped, wherein the interface at one end is a BNC male head, the other two ends are BNC female heads, and the impedance of each end is 50Ω.
The embodiment designs a broadband step frequency signal as a reference signal, uses a signal source to generate an incident signal, uses an oscilloscope to measure a reflected signal, obtains the condition that the broadband signal propagates and is reflected in a cable, and then performs equivalent time inversion on the signal in a frequency domain and locates a fault position. And the time inversion operation is carried out on the signals in a wide frequency range, and faults are positioned, so that the fault positioning accuracy can be obviously improved.
On the basis of realizing positioning, the attenuation of the signal is compensated, then the reflection coefficient is estimated, and the method for estimating the fault degree by using the reflection coefficient is used.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present application, but the scope of the present application is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions easily conceivable by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present application should be covered in the scope of the present application. Therefore, the protection scope of the present application shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A cable soft fault positioning evaluation method based on broadband time reversal is characterized by comprising the following steps:
generating a reference signal based on the signal source;
injecting the reference signal into the cable to be tested, wherein the reference signal injected into the initial end of the cable to be tested becomes an incident signal, and the incident signal is reflected at a cable fault point;
performing time inversion on the reflected signal and reinjecting the reflected signal into the cable to be tested, wherein the signal energy of the reflected signal is focused at a fault point;
based on the focused signal energy, a fault location is obtained and the degree of the fault is evaluated.
2. The method for evaluating cable soft fault location based on broadband time reversal according to claim 1, characterized in that,
the reference signal adopts a broadband step frequency signal;
the expression of the step frequency signal is:
wherein x is i (t) is a step frequency signal, i is a step frequency point number, t is time, f 0 Δf is the initial frequency and the frequency change rate, D i For the duration of the ith sinusoidal signal, T is the frequency variation cycle time.
3. The method for evaluating cable soft fault location based on broadband time reversal according to claim 1, characterized in that,
the incident signal is:
V i ＝2*V s /3
wherein V is i For incident signal V s Is a reference signal;
the reflected signal is:
wherein V is f For reflected signals, gamma is the propagation constant of the cable, l f 、Γ f The distance from the fault to the cable start and the fault reflection coefficient, respectively.
4. The method for evaluating cable soft fault localization based on broadband time reversal of claim 1, wherein time reversing the reflected signal comprises:
modeling the propagation process of an incident signal in a cable to be detected to obtain a cable model to be detected;
and after performing time inversion on the reflected signals, inputting the reflected signals into the cable model to be detected again, simulating a time inversion process based on the cable model to be detected, and extracting the position of the fault, the amplitude of the signals and the energy of the amplitude of the signals.
5. The method for evaluating cable soft fault location based on broadband time reversal according to claim 1, characterized in that the signal of the fault location is expressed as:
wherein V is focus For the focused representation of the signal at the fault location, α is the attenuation constant of the cable, l f Indicating the distance of the fault to the beginning of the cable, i.e. the fault location.
6. The method for evaluating cable soft fault localization based on broadband time reversal according to claim 1, wherein performing fault evaluation comprises:
performing attenuation detection on the signal amplitude of the fault position to obtain a preset loss source; the energy loss of the preset loss source is energy loss caused by discontinuous impedance of a fault position;
acquiring a fault reflection coefficient based on the preset loss source;
based on the fault reflection coefficient, the degree of the fault is evaluated.
7. A cable soft fault location assessment device based on broadband time reversal, applying the method of any one of claims 1-6, comprising: a signal generator, a measuring instrument and a signal processing system;
the signal generator, the measuring instrument and the cable to be detected are connected through a tee coaxial converter;
the signal generator is used for generating a preset reference signal and entering the cable to be detected through the tee coaxial converter;
the measuring instrument is used for measuring an incident signal entering the cable to be detected and a reflected signal after encountering a fault point;
the signal processing system is used for controlling and operating the signal generator and the measuring instrument, acquiring a fault position based on the measurement data of the measuring instrument and performing fault evaluation.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the reference signal is a wideband step frequency signal;
the expression of the step frequency signal is:
wherein x is i (t) is a step frequency signal, i is a step frequency point number, t is time, f 0 Δf is the initial frequency and the frequency change rate, D i For the duration of the ith sinusoidal signal, T is the frequency variation cycle time.
9. The cable soft fault location evaluation device based on broadband time reversal according to claim 7, wherein the signal processing system performs time reversal on the reflected signal to obtain a fault location;
performing a time reversal on the reflected signal includes:
modeling the propagation process of an incident signal in a cable to be detected to obtain a cable model to be detected;
and after performing time inversion on the reflected signals, inputting the reflected signals into the cable model to be detected again, simulating a time inversion process based on the cable model to be detected, and extracting the position of the fault, the amplitude of the signals and the energy of the amplitude of the signals.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the signal processing system,
performing attenuation detection on the signal amplitude of the fault position to obtain a preset loss source; the energy loss of the preset loss source is energy loss caused by discontinuous impedance of a fault position;
acquiring a fault reflection coefficient based on the preset loss source;
based on the fault reflection coefficient, the degree of the fault is evaluated.
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