CN117373743A - Superconducting CICC conductor for fusion reactor and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Superconducting CICC conductor for fusion reactor and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
- H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
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Abstract
The invention discloses a superconductive CICC conductor for a fusion reactor and a manufacturing method thereof, wherein the superconductive CICC conductor comprises a copper framework and a metal cladding, the copper framework is cylindrical, a plurality of cooling flow channels and a plurality of wire grooves are formed in the copper framework along the length direction, two ends of each cooling flow channel and each wire groove penetrate through the end face of the copper framework, all the cooling flow channels and all the wire grooves are annularly and uniformly distributed around the axis of the copper framework, and superconductive stacking belts are embedded in the wire grooves; the metal cladding is coated on the side wall of the copper framework. The superconducting CICC conductor can solve the problems that the mechanical stability and the thermal stability of the existing superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor are not compatible, the manufacturing process does not have the feasibility of kilometer-level jointless conductor preparation, and the superconducting strip is easy to delaminate and damage in a high background field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of controllable nuclear fusion superconducting conductors, in particular to a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Controlled thermonuclear fusion is one of the important hopes for solving the human energy problem, tokamak has been experimentally proven to be the most feasible way to achieve controlled magnetic confinement nuclear fusion over 40 years of development as the mainstream device for controlled nuclear fusion. The superconducting magnet is one of core systems of the tokamak device, a strong magnetic field generated by the superconducting magnet is a precondition of plasma confinement, and the superconducting magnet is mainly prepared by a copper conductor or a low-temperature superconducting material at present. Compared with copper conductors, the low-temperature superconducting material has tens of times of current carrying capacity and can provide a stronger magnetic field. At the same time, the zero resistance characteristics of the superconducting material greatly reduce energy losses during operation, but the low temperature environment required adds complexity and construction costs to the device. Therefore, high temperature superconducting materials with higher current carrying capability, irreversible fields and operating temperatures are of great interest. In recent years, with the rapid development of high-temperature superconducting material preparation technology, the performance and the economy of the commercial second-generation coated conductor YBCO are remarkably improved, so that the commercial second-generation coated conductor YBCO can replace a low-temperature superconducting material to prepare a large-sized magnet, and is widely regarded as the optimal choice of an advanced fusion reactor in the future.
However, YBCO is a ribbon-like structure with a multilayer structure, and has a bottleneck problem in the following applications: (1) The YBCO superconducting strip is a two-dimensional material, has remarkable mechanical anisotropy, and has much lower peel strength and shear strength than the axial tensile strength, so that the YBCO superconducting strip is easy to peel and shear under the action of mechanical stress and electromagnetic stress; (2) The critical current attenuation speed of YBCO in a vertical field is far greater than that of a parallel field, and the direction of a strip needs to be controlled to improve the utilization rate of the current carrying performance of the strip; (3) YBCO has the problems of overhigh alternating current loss, difficult quench detection and protection and the like.
In view of the above problems, in recent years, scholars at home and abroad propose various YBCO cable designs, such as spiral wound CORC, stacked torsion TSTC, and cut braided Rutherford, on the basis of which an armored conductor cic is formed after being reinforced by a multi-core cable and a structure, and the conductor has the advantages of strong single current carrying capability and high mechanical strength, is considered to be the most potential high-temperature superconductive conductor structure applicable to a fusion reactor, but still has the problem of incapability of achieving mechanical stability and thermal stability, limits the application of the conductor in a high-background field magnet, and is specifically expressed in: (1) In order to enhance the mechanical stability, a plurality of layers of cladding materials, filling materials and supporting materials are often arranged between the refrigerant and the superconducting tape, and the thermal resistance of each layer is a main reason for the insufficient cooling efficiency of the CICC high-temperature superconducting conductor; (2) In order to achieve higher engineering current density, the existing CICC high-temperature superconductive conductor is too compact in structure, and insufficient in cooling efficiency and difficult in quench detection due to insufficient area of a refrigerant channel; (3) The existing manufacturing process does not have the feasibility of kilometer-level jointless conductor preparation, but the introduction of a superconducting lap joint can bring unacceptable joint resistance heat, and an additional cooling device is required to be added to the joint, so that the geometric mutation of a magnet at the joint is caused; (4) When the conductor cladding is encapsulated by adopting TIG welding, laser welding and the like, welding heat is conducted from the welding line of the cladding to the superconducting strip, so that serious degradation of current carrying performance is easily caused; (5) The copper backbone and the superconducting tape are difficult to ensure tight connection, so that the copper backbone and the superconducting tape cannot provide effective support for the superconducting stacked tape in the normal direction, and delamination or damage occurs under the action of a huge electromagnetic force in a fusion reactor intense field service environment. (6) The copper skeleton with large cross section has large eddy current heat generation under the variable electric field and the magnetic field in the excitation process, and greatly influences the thermal stability of the CICC conductor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor and a manufacturing method thereof, which solve the problems that the mechanical stability and the thermal stability of the traditional superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor are not compatible, the manufacturing process does not have the feasibility of kilometer-level jointless conductor preparation, and the superconducting tape is easy to delaminate and damage under a high background field.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor, comprising: the copper framework is cylindrical, a plurality of cooling flow channels and a plurality of wire grooves are formed in the copper framework along the length direction, two ends of each cooling flow channel and each wire groove penetrate through the end face of the copper framework, all the cooling flow channels and all the wire grooves are uniformly distributed annularly around the axis of the copper framework, and superconducting stacking belts are embedded in the wire grooves; and the metal cladding is coated on the side wall of the copper framework.
Optionally, the copper wire groove is located at any circular section of the copper skeleton, the section of the copper wire groove is rectangular, and the copper wire groove is radially arranged with the axis of the copper skeleton as the center.
Optionally, the wire grooves and the cooling flow channels are distributed in a staggered manner.
Optionally, the cooling flow channel and the wire groove are all arranged in a winding shape by taking the axis of the copper framework as the shaft.
Optionally, one side of the wire groove, which is close to the side wall of the copper skeleton, penetrates through the copper skeleton to form a stacking notch; the groove walls of the stacking groove openings are widened outwards to form cover plate grooves, and supporting edges are formed at the groove bottoms of the cover plate grooves; the copper cover plate is embedded in the cover plate groove, and when the inner surface of the copper cover plate is overlapped with the supporting edge, the outer surface of the copper cover plate is level with the side wall of the copper framework; the resistivity of the copper cover plate is slightly higher than that of the copper skeleton.
Optionally, the bottom of the cover plate groove is inwards dug towards the axial direction of the copper skeleton to form a packing groove, and the width of the packing groove is smaller than that of the cover plate groove and larger than that of the conductor groove; and solid brazing filler metal is filled in the filler groove.
Optionally, a detector is arranged in the cooling flow channel.
A preparation method of a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor comprises the following steps:
obtaining a framework section material by adopting a hot extrusion and cold drawing forming mode, and then welding a plurality of sections of framework section materials to a kilometer level at first by adopting vacuum brazing to obtain the copper framework;
embedding the superconducting stacking belt in the wire groove of the copper skeleton to obtain a prefabricated member;
the prefabricated part is subjected to cold drawing and twisting in sequence, so that the cooling flow channel and the wire groove are in a winding state by taking the axis of the copper skeleton as an axis, and an adjusting piece is obtained;
and sleeving the metal cladding outside the adjusting piece, and then carrying out hot drawing and diameter reduction to obtain the superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor.
Optionally, the obtaining the preform further comprises the steps of:
after the superconducting stacking belt is embedded in the wire groove, filling the solid brazing filler metal in the filling groove;
and the copper cover plate is embedded and welded in the cover plate groove in a mode of realizing connection by adopting static shaft shoulder friction stir welding.
Optionally, the length of the framework section material is 10-20m; the diameter of the copper skeleton is 10-1000mm; the aperture of the cooling flow passage is 2-10mm; the difference between the groove depth of the wire groove and the width of the superconducting stacking belt is 0.1-0.5mm; the difference between the groove width of the wire groove and the thickness of the superconducting stacking belt is 0.05-0.5mm; the depth of the packing groove is 0.05-0.2mm; the amplitude of the twist is 200-400 mm/360.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
according to the superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor, the copper framework is arranged to provide a mechanical structure supporting foundation, and the cooling flow channels are axially arranged on the foundation, so that two ends of each cooling flow channel respectively penetrate through the end faces of two ends of the copper framework, all the cooling flow channels are annularly distributed around the axis of the copper framework, and the cooling effect is uniformly distributed over the copper framework while the cooling channels are provided, so that the cooling effect of the copper framework is effectively improved, and the induced current of the copper framework with a large area under a changed magnetic field is reduced by reducing the sectional area of the copper framework, so that the eddy current loss is reduced; on the basis, a plurality of wire grooves are formed in the copper framework along the axial direction of the copper framework, all the wire grooves are annularly arranged around the axis of the copper framework, the resistance of the copper framework is improved by forming long and narrow grooves in the section of the copper framework, the alternating current loss of a composite conductor is reduced, and the wire grooves and the cooling flow channels are uniformly distributed in the copper framework, so that a superconductive stacking belt embedded in the wire grooves and the cooling flow channels can be mutually close to each other in the length direction of the copper framework, and the heat exchange efficiency is improved; on the basis, the two ends of the wire groove are arranged to penetrate through the end faces of the copper skeleton, so that the superconducting stacking belt can be conveniently embedded in the wire groove and connected in a brazing manner, and the wire groove can effectively support the superconducting stacking belt embedded in the wire groove in a normal direction so as to solve the problems of delamination and shearing damage easily caused by the influence of mechanical stress and electromagnetic stress; on the basis, by arranging the metal cladding, the radial structural reinforcement and rigidization are carried out on the copper skeleton by utilizing the metal cladding, and defects such as air holes, cracks and the like on the connecting interface of the superconducting stacking belt and the copper skeleton are further removed by utilizing drawing and diameter reduction integration. Drawing the necking also generates larger residual compressive stress on each interface of the whole CICC composite conductor, thereby effectively improving the fatigue mechanical property of the conductor. The invention obtains the high-temperature superconductive CICC conductor with mechanical stability and thermal stability through structural design and manufacturing process design: the problems of insufficient cooling efficiency (poor thermal stability), difficult quench monitoring and protection, high alternating current loss, difficult current diversion after local quench and the like of the conventional superconductive CICC conductor which is intended to be used in a fusion reactor high background field environment are effectively solved in the aspect of structural design of the conductor. In terms of manufacturing process design, the problems of multi-material (copper, stainless steel, superconducting tape and brazing filler metal) between each functional component of the kilometer-level high-temperature superconducting CICC conductor, cross-scale (two-dimensional superconducting tape and three-dimensional framework and cladding material) and high-quality connection (copper framework and cover plate, copper framework and superconducting tape) are solved, and the preparation feasibility and service stability of the fusion reactor engineering magnet under a strong-field service environment are ensured.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor provided in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an end face of a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an untwisted copper skeleton obtained by the method for producing a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an end face of an untwisted copper skeleton obtained by the method for producing a superconducting cic conductor for a fusion reactor according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor after an untwisted copper skeleton is embedded in a superconducting stack tape according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor after filling solid solder with untwisted copper skeleton;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor after twisting according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a coated metal sheath in a method for preparing a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a hot extrusion and cold drawing copper skeleton in a method for preparing a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of a stationary shoulder friction stir welding process in the method for manufacturing a superconducting cic conductor for a fusion reactor according to an embodiment of the invention.
In the drawings, the reference numerals and corresponding part names:
10-copper skeleton; 11-cooling flow channels; 12-wire grooves; 121-stacking slots; 122-cover plate groove; 123-supporting edges; 124-a filler tank; 13-superconducting stacked tape; 14-copper cover plate; 15-solid solder; 20-metal cladding.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making apparent the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples and the accompanying drawings, wherein the exemplary embodiments of the present invention and the descriptions thereof are for illustrating the present invention only and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 8, an embodiment of the present invention provides a superconducting cic conductor for a fusion reactor, comprising: the copper skeleton 10 is cylindrical, the copper skeleton 10 is provided with a plurality of cooling flow channels 11 and a plurality of wire grooves 12 along the length direction, both ends of the cooling flow channels 11 and the wire grooves 12 are communicated with the end face of the copper skeleton 10, all the cooling flow channels 11 and all the wire grooves 12 are annularly and uniformly distributed around the axis of the copper skeleton 10, and superconducting stacking belts 13 are embedded in the wire grooves 12; the second metal cladding 20 is included, and the metal cladding 20 is coated on the side wall of the copper skeleton 10.
According to the superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor, the copper skeleton 10 is arranged to provide a conductor mechanical structure supporting foundation of the superconducting CICC, and the plurality of cooling flow channels 11 are arranged along the axial direction of the conductor mechanical structure supporting foundation, so that two ends of each cooling flow channel 11 respectively penetrate through the end faces of two ends of the copper skeleton 10, all the cooling flow channels 11 are annularly distributed around the axis of the copper skeleton 10, a plurality of cooling channels are provided, and meanwhile, the cooling effect is uniformly distributed over the copper skeleton 10, so that the cooling effect of the copper skeleton 10 is effectively improved; on the basis, a plurality of wire grooves 12 are arranged on the copper skeleton 10 along the axial direction of the copper skeleton 10, and all the wire grooves 12 are annularly arranged around the axial direction of the copper skeleton 10, so that the wire grooves 12 are uniformly distributed on the copper skeleton 10, and the wire grooves 12 and the cooling flow channels 11 can be mutually close to each other, thereby improving the heat exchange efficiency; on the basis, the two ends of the wire groove 12 are arranged to penetrate through the end surfaces of the copper skeleton 10, so that the superconducting stacking belt 13 is conveniently embedded in the wire groove 12, and the wire groove 12 can effectively support the superconducting stacking belt 13 embedded in the wire groove in a normal direction, so that the problems that the shearing resistance is weaker, and delamination and shearing damage are easy to occur under the influence of mechanical stress and electromagnetic stress are solved; on the basis, by arranging the metal cladding 20, the copper skeleton 10 embedded with the stacked superconducting tapes is radially structurally supported through drawing integration, and the mechanical properties of the conductor are further improved through residual compressive stress provided through drawing integration.
In order to improve the conductive uniformity of the entire cic conductor (shown in fig. 1) of the superconducting stacked tape 13 and reduce the ac loss of the entire cic conductor, the conductive grooves 12 are rectangular in cross section and the conductive grooves 12 are radially arranged with the axis of the copper skeleton 10 as the center.
In order to uniformly cool the superconducting stacked tape 13 in each of the wire grooves 12, the wire grooves 12 are staggered with the cooling flow channels 11.
Through the arrangement, the two sides of each wire groove 12 are clamped by the two cooling flow channels 11, so that the wire grooves 12 are covered in the whole surface in the axial direction and the width direction, and the cooling effect of the superconductive stacking tape 13 in each wire groove 12 is effectively ensured; and the two points are combined, so that the isotropy of the mechanical property and the current-carrying property of the copper skeleton 10 of the whole CICC conductor (shown in figure 1) can be simultaneously improved, and a larger copper proportion is ensured, thereby realizing quench protection when the superconductive stacking belt 13 is locally quenched, and realizing rapid quench detection through the pressure and temperature change of the refrigerants of the two cooling channels.
Preferably, the cooling flow channel 11 and the wire groove 12 are each provided around the axis of the copper frame 10.
To facilitate the installation of the superconducting stacking tape 13, a side of the wire groove 12 close to the side wall of the copper bobbin 10 penetrates the copper bobbin 10 to form a stacking notch 121; the groove walls of the stacking groove 121 are widened outwards to form a cover plate groove 122, and a supporting edge 123 is formed at the groove bottom of the cover plate groove 122; the copper cover plate 14 is embedded in the cover plate groove 122, and when the inner surface of the copper cover plate 14 is overlapped with the supporting edge 123, the outer surface of the copper cover plate 14 is flush with the side wall of the copper skeleton 10; the resistivity of the copper cover plate 14 is slightly higher than the resistivity of the copper skeleton 10.
Through the arrangement, during installation, the superconductive stacking belt 13 is uniformly embedded into the wire groove 12 through the stacking notch 121, then the copper cover plate 14 is embedded into the cover plate groove 122 until the inner side of the copper cover plate 14 is contacted with the supporting edge 123 and supported, the copper cover plate 14 and the copper framework 10 are welded by adopting the static shoulder friction stir welding with extremely low heat input, the supporting edge 123 can radially limit the copper cover plate 14, and the copper cover plate 14 is prevented from being extruded along the width direction of the superconductive stacking belt 13, so that the copper cover plate is sheared.
By providing the copper cover plate 14 with a slightly higher resistivity than the copper skeleton 10, a low-resistance closed ring surface can be avoided from being formed on the outer edge of the copper skeleton 10 after welding, which is beneficial to reducing the alternating current loss (eddy current loss).
In order to connect the copper skeleton 10 and the superconducting stacking tape 13, a filler groove 124 is formed by digging the groove bottom of the cover plate groove 122 inwards towards the axis direction of the copper skeleton 10, and the groove width of the filler groove 124 is smaller than the groove width of the cover plate groove 122 and larger than the groove width of the wire groove 12; the filler groove 124 is filled with the solid solder 15.
Through the arrangement, under the action of welding heat generated when the copper cover plate 14 and the copper skeleton 10 are connected by friction stir welding at the static shaft shoulder, the low-melting-point brazing filler metal 15 is melted and filled in a gap between the copper skeleton 10 and the superconducting stacking belt 13 to form a good joint, and the low-melting-point brazing filler metal has good electric conduction and heat conduction properties. Further, after the low-melting solder 15 is melted and flowed into the gap, a gap can be further formed between the inner side of the copper cover plate 14 and the superconducting stack tape 13, and the gap further ensures that the superconducting stack tape 13 does not squeeze and shear in the width direction when the CICC conductor is subjected to electromagnetic force; meanwhile, the spare filling grooves 124 can play a role of a reservoir so as to store the redundant brazing filler metal extruded by drawing necking in the subsequent hot drawing and necking process, and avoid the damage of the superconducting stacking belt 13 caused by the extrusion of the redundant liquid brazing filler metal in the cavity in the extrusion process.
Preferably, in order to improve the accuracy of quench detection, a detector (not shown) is disposed in the cooling flow channel 11.
Through the arrangement, the quench detection can be carried out on the superconducting stacking belt 13 in the adjacent wire groove 12 through the detector by utilizing the position relation between the cooling flow channel 11 and the wire groove 12, so that the running stability of the fusion reactor magnet is improved.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a preparation method of the superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor, which comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining a framework section material by adopting a hot extrusion and cold drawing forming mode, and then welding a plurality of sections of framework section materials to a kilometer level at first by adopting vacuum brazing to obtain the copper framework 10;
s2, embedding the superconducting stacking belt 13 in the wire groove 12 of the copper skeleton 10 to obtain a prefabricated member;
s3, sequentially carrying out cold drawing and twisting on the prefabricated part so that the cooling flow channel 11 and the wire groove 12 are in a winding state by taking the axis of the copper skeleton 10 as the axis to obtain an adjusting piece;
and S4, sleeving the metal cladding 20 outside the adjusting piece, and then carrying out hot drawing and diameter reduction to obtain the superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor.
In the above preparation method, in the steps S2-S3, during the twisting process, the superconducting stacking tape 13 is completely wrapped and clamped by the copper skeleton 10, compared with the scheme of twisting the superconducting stacking tape 13 first and then welding (preparing the extruded twisted copper skeleton 10 and then embedding and welding the superconducting stacking tape 13), the welding difficulty of the copper skeleton 10 and the superconducting stacking tape 13 is greatly reduced, the welding quality of the copper skeleton is also improved, and the welding difficulty of the wire groove 12 of the copper skeleton 10 and the copper cover plate 14 is also greatly reduced.
The obtaining of the preform further comprises the steps of:
s2.1, after the superconducting stacking belt 13 is embedded in the wire groove 12, filling the solid brazing filler metal 15 in the filler groove 124;
s2.2, the copper cover plate 14 is embedded and welded in the cover plate groove 122 in a mode of realizing connection by adopting low-heat input static shaft shoulder friction stir welding.
The friction stir welding of the stationary shaft shoulder is a specific welding process, and is related to friction stir welding; friction stir welding is a solid state welding method that heats and joins two metal workpieces that rub against each other by mechanical stirring and friction. In friction stir welding, the welding head is called a stirrer and consists of a rotating shoulder and a stirring pin inserted into a workpiece, and the rotating shoulder and the surface of the workpiece generate a large amount of heat by high-speed friction, so that the material of a part to be welded reaches a semi-solid state; the pin tail is inserted into a weld joint to be welded for stirring, and finally, the weld joint is formed under the upsetting action of the shaft shoulder; in the traditional friction stir welding, the shoulder is rotated, the workpiece is stationary, the heat input is high, the temperature at the copper welding seam can reach 700-900 ℃, the temperature of the superconducting tape connected with the shoulder is kept for a long time at the temperature of more than 300 ℃, and the current carrying performance of the superconducting tape under a high field is greatly influenced. However, in static shoulder friction stir welding, the shoulder is stationary and the workpiece is inserted with the pin from the side or bottom only. The generated heat is greatly reduced, so that the stay time of the superconducting tape in a temperature region above 300 ℃ is greatly shortened, and the problem of critical current degradation caused by welding heat can be well relieved.
The low-temperature connection between the copper cover plate 14 and the copper skeleton 10 and between the copper skeleton 10 and the superconducting stacking belt 13 can be simultaneously realized by adopting a static shaft shoulder friction stir welding technology, and the connection technology has a semi-solid molten pool temperature of 500-700 ℃ (the temperature of the semi-solid molten pool temperature conducted onto the superconducting stacking belt 13 is not more than 300 ℃), and the superconductivity is not degraded). Meanwhile, a large amount of heat is deposited on the copper skeleton 10, so that the peak temperature of the superconducting stacking belt 13 can be reduced, the influence of welding thermal cycle on the current carrying performance of the superconducting stacking belt 13 is reduced, the low-melting-point solid brazing filler metal 15 between the superconducting stacking belt 13 and the copper skeleton 10 is melted, and the copper skeleton 10 and the superconducting stacking belt 13 are formed with high quality under the action of transverse shrinkage of welding seams of the copper cover plate 14 and the copper skeleton 10 and welding heat.
Based on the characteristic that the compressive strength of the superconducting stacking belt 13 perpendicular to the belt surface is high, a static shaft shoulder friction stir welding technology of the copper cover plate 14 and the copper skeleton 10 is controlled to obtain proper transverse shrinkage of a welding seam, the groove wall of the wire groove 12 of the copper skeleton 10 is pressed and clamped to the superconducting stacking belt 13 by utilizing the transverse shrinkage of the welding seam, so that the interface connection quality of the superconducting stacking belt 13 and the wire groove 12 is ensured, the residual compressive stress with proper value exists between the copper skeleton 10 and the superconducting stacking belt 13, the electromagnetic force resistance capability in a fusion reactor high background field is improved, the mechanical strength of a superconducting conductor is effectively improved compared with that of a flat belt, and the mechanical property accuracy and the isotropy are realized under the strengthening effect of the copper skeleton 10.
The shrinkage of the welding seam formed by friction stir welding of the copper cover plate 14 and the copper skeleton 10 through the static shaft shoulder will form larger residual compressive stress between the wire groove 12 of the copper skeleton 10 and the superconductive stacking belt 13, so that defects such as air holes and cracks are avoided in the forming process, and the fatigue performance of the conductor is greatly improved after the forming is finished.
The length of the framework section material is 10-20m; the diameter of the copper skeleton 10 is 10-1000mm; the aperture of the cooling flow channel 11 is 2-10mm; the difference between the groove depth of the wire groove 12 and the width of the superconducting stacked tape 13 is 0.1-0.5mm; the difference between the groove width of the wire groove 12 and the thickness of the superconducting stacked tape 13 is 0.05-0.5mm; the depth of the packing groove 124 is 0.05-0.2mm; the amplitude of the twist is 200-400mm/360 DEG; the thickness of the metal shell 20 is 1-5mm.
Based on the twisting angle of the superconducting stacking belt 13 and the actual data of the second generation degradation of the current-carrying performance, 200-400mm/360 DEG twisting is carried out on the superconducting conductor, so that the alternating current loss can be effectively reduced, and then the superconducting conductor penetrates into a square or round metal shell 20 to be subjected to necking drawing, so that the mechanical performance of the superconducting conductor is further enhanced.
The superconductive CICC conductor for the fusion reactor, which is prepared by the preparation method, has a single current carrying equivalent to ITER and can reach the level of 40KA-100KA, but has a compact structure, and the engineering current density is 4-6 times that of a longitudinal field coil of the ITER serving in a background field of 4.5K and 10T.
Example 1
The high-temperature superconductive CICC conductor with smaller winding radius is designed and an advanced forming method thereof comprises the following specific steps:
the high temperature superconductive conductor with the outer diameter of phi 28mm is designed as shown in figure 1, the torsion intercept is 400mm in order to reduce the alternating current loss, wherein the outer diameter of the copper skeleton is phi 26mm, 6 cooling flow passages with the diameter of 6 phi 4mm are arranged on the copper skeleton, and in addition, 6 grooves with the width of 2.05mm and the depth of 8.05mm are also arranged on the copper skeleton, and can be embedded into YBCO high temperature superconductive tape stacking tapes with the cross section of 2-8 mm.
According to the test data, the critical current in the 10T background field of 20K,10mm wide strip is 529A, the current density of the superconducting conductor using 8mm strip as raw material in the 20K,10T background field is estimated to be about (529 x 0.8 x 20 x 6)/3.14 x 14 = 82A/mm2, 5.1 times that of the longitudinal field coil serving the ITER in the 4.5K 10T background field, the critical current of the conductor at 20K,10T is 50kA, the designed operating current is 30kA, the main manufacturing steps are as follows:
1) Stacking and forming the second-generation high-temperature superconducting strip with high precision;
the method comprises the steps of using YBCO superconductive flat belts with the width of 8mm, the thickness of 0.085mm and the length of 1000m, loading kilometer YBCO superconductive belts on 20 wire reels on special equipment, carrying out stacking operation, specifically, pulling out kilometer YBCO belts on 20 wire reels under an inert gas protection environment through a traction mechanism under a certain prestress, immersing the YBCO belts In an acid pickling tank together to remove copper oxide films, then hanging rosin flux, finally sending the copper oxide films into a low-melting-point solder pool such as Sn-Pb or Sn-In, hanging redundant liquid solder on each belt through a grid device after the copper oxide films come out of the solder pool, then sending the copper oxide films into an inert gas protection constant-temperature welding cavity, stacking the copper oxide films into blocks under the beam-receiving action of a square mold, and preventing any layer from delamination. The dimension deviation of the stacked brazing formed superconducting flat belts in the thickness direction is lower than 0.01mm, the dimension fluctuation in the width direction is lower than 0.1mm, and 4 angles of the rectangular cross section of the stacked brazing formed superconducting flat belts are within 88-92 degrees, so that the subsequent high-precision brazing connection of the copper frameworks is facilitated.
2) Drawing or extrusion molding of the copper skeleton with the square groove;
in the embodiment, a rod-shaped ultra-pure oxygen-free copper blank with the disc diameter of 500mm is adopted, a kilometer-level porous special-shaped copper skeleton is manufactured in 8000 tons of forward extrusion molding, and the extrusion scheme is shown in fig. 2:
drilling solid anaerobic blank by machining, heating to 500-700deg.C, penetrating perforating needle into blank, mounting drawing die on the other side of extrusion die, and using proper lubricant between die and blank
Putting the blank into an extrusion die, reducing the cross section of the blank from 500mm to 28mm, and continuously reciprocating a perforating needle in the extrusion process to enable the kilometer-level porous copper tube to be formed smoothly;
when the porous copper pipe reaches the tail end of the extrusion die, the temperature of the copper pipe is still maintained at 400-500 ℃ under the action of the cutting die, the excircle of the porous copper pipe is cut, and the step is preliminary forming of the groove;
rapidly cooling the copper skeleton to normal temperature under the protection of inert gas, further correcting the copper skeleton by cold drawing, and controlling the size of a square groove to be within 0.02mm (the copper skeleton obtained by finishing is shown in figure 3);
pickling a copper skeleton, drying the copper skeleton by using inert gas, and then coiling the copper skeleton into rolls with the diameter of 1 m; using Ag-based brazing filler metal, butting a plurality of copper frameworks of about 20m-50m on the end face into a kilometer-level long framework in a vacuum furnace under the action of a special fixture
3) Filling the stacked superconducting tapes wrapped with the low-melting-point brazing filler metal into a groove of a copper skeleton;
as shown in fig. 4, kilometer-scale stacked superconducting tapes are placed in square grooves of a copper skeleton, and then strip-shaped filiform brazing filler metals are filled above the superconducting tapes.
4) A static shaft shoulder is adopted for friction stir welding of a copper cover plate (meanwhile, the connection between a stacked superconducting tape and a copper framework is realized);
as shown in fig. 5, the copper skeleton and the copper plate are welded by adopting a static shaft shoulder FSW, and the static shaft shoulder has the characteristics that the heat input is only 40% of that of the traditional FSW, and is particularly suitable for the longitudinal long and straight welding seam between the copper skeleton and the thin cover plate, and the temperature of the YBCO stacked flat belt in the welding process cannot be higher than 300 ℃ so as to avoid the degradation of the superconducting belt as much as possible. And the ovality of the section of the whole high-temperature superconductor is ensured to be within 3% by adopting a symmetrical welding mode, so that the later pipe penetrating and hot drawing diameter reduction are facilitated. The welding process parameters of the further stationary shaft shoulder FSW are as follows: the rotating speed is 300-600rad/Min, the upsetting force is 1000-20000N, and the welding speed is 50-200mm/Min.
5) Mechanically shaping the welded superconducting conductor, and drawing and correcting at 150-200 ℃;
polishing and rounding the welded copper skeleton of the tape superconducting stacked tape, penetrating into a heating tape, heating to 150-200 ℃, and then drawing to further compact the superconducting stacked tape, wherein redundant brazing filler metal is extruded into a filler groove 7; at the same time, the roundness of the composite conductor can be accurately controlled by drawing, so that the subsequent pipe penetrating and drawing are facilitated. The whole conductor was then twisted with an intercept of 400mm to give a pre-poling CICC composite conductor as shown in FIG. 6.
6) Penetrating into a high-precision stainless steel tube for hot drawing micro-reducing,
penetrating the corrected copper skeleton into a metal tube (stainless steel or copper tube) heated to 200 ℃, and finally carrying out micro drawing to enable the high-temperature metal outer tube to be tightly attached to the copper skeleton, so that the mechanical property of the copper skeleton is further improved, and the CICC composite conductor shown in figure 1 is obtained.
Example 2
The design and advanced forming method of the high-temperature superconductive CICC conductor with larger winding radius comprises the following specific steps:
the high-temperature superconductive conductor with the outer diameter of phi 40mm is designed, the torsion intercept is 400mm in order to reduce the eddy current loss, wherein the outer diameter of a copper skeleton is phi 36mm, the copper skeleton contains 6 cooling flow channels with the diameter of phi 6mm, and besides, the copper skeleton also contains 6 grooves with the width of 3.05mm and the depth of 12.05mm, and the grooves can be embedded into a YBCO high-temperature superconductive tape stacking tape with the cross section of 3 x 12 mm.
According to the test data, the critical current of the YBCO strip with the width of 10mm at 20K in the 10T background field is 529A, and it is presumed that the current density of the superconducting conductor manufactured by taking the strip with the width of 12mm as the raw material in the 20K and 10T background fields is about (529×1.2×30×6)/3.14×20×20=90A/mm 2, which is 5.5 times that of the ITER toroidal field coil low-temperature superconducting conductor serving in the 4.2K and 12T background fields. The critical current of the conductor at 20K and 10T is 110kA, the designed running current is 60kA, and the main steps of the manufacture are as follows:
1) Stacking and forming the second-generation high-temperature superconducting strip with high precision;
the method comprises the steps of using YBCO superconducting flat belts with the width of 12mm, the thickness of 0.085mm and the length of 1000m, loading the YBCO superconducting belts with kilometer levels on 30 wire reels on special equipment, carrying out stacking operation, specifically pulling out the YBCO belts with kilometer levels on 30 wire reels under the protection of inert gas through a traction mechanism under a certain prestress, immersing the YBCO belts In an acid pickling tank together to remove copper oxide films, then hanging rosin flux, finally sending the rosin flux into a Sn-Pb or Sn-In solder pool, hanging redundant liquid solder on each belt through a grid device after the rosin flux comes out of the solder pool, then sending the liquid solder into a constant temperature welding cavity protected by inert gas, and stacking the liquid solder into blocks under the beam-receiving effect of a square die. The dimension precision of the stacked brazing formed superconducting flat belt in the thickness direction is better than 0.01mm, the dimension precision in the width direction is better than 0.1mm, delamination cannot occur in any layer, and 4 angles of the rectangular cross section of the stacked brazing formed superconducting flat belt are within 88-92 degrees, so that the subsequent high-precision brazing connection of a copper framework is facilitated.
2) Drawing or extrusion molding of the copper skeleton with the square groove;
in the embodiment, a rod-shaped ultra-pure oxygen-free copper blank with the disc diameter of 1000mm is adopted, a kilometer-level porous special-shaped copper skeleton is manufactured by forward extrusion molding on an 8000 ton extruder, and the extrusion scheme comprises the following steps:
drilling solid anaerobic blank by machining, heating to 500-700deg.C, penetrating perforating needle into blank, mounting drawing die on the other side of extrusion die, and using proper lubricant between die and blank
Putting the blank into an extrusion die, reducing the cross section of the blank from 500mm to 28mm, and continuously reciprocating a perforating needle in the extrusion process to enable the kilometer-level porous copper tube to be formed smoothly;
when the porous copper pipe reaches the tail end of the extrusion die, the temperature of the copper pipe is still maintained at 400-500 ℃ under the action of the cutting die, the excircle of the porous copper pipe is cut, and the step is preliminary forming of the groove;
rapidly cooling the copper skeleton to normal temperature by using inert use, further correcting the copper skeleton by using cold drawing, and controlling the size of the square groove to be within 0.02 mm;
pickling the copper pipe, drying the copper pipe by using inert gas, and coiling the copper pipe into a coil with the diameter of 1 m; using Ag-based brazing filler metal, butt-jointing a plurality of copper skeleton end faces of about 20m-50m into a kilometer-level long skeleton in a vacuum furnace.
3) Filling the stacked superconducting tapes wrapped with the low-melting-point brazing filler metal into a groove of a copper skeleton;
the kilometer-level stacked superconducting tape is placed into a square groove of a copper framework, and then strip-shaped filiform brazing filler metal is filled above the superconducting tape.
4) A static shaft shoulder is adopted for friction stir welding of a copper cover plate (the process simultaneously realizes the connection of a stacked superconducting tape and a copper framework);
the copper skeleton and the copper plate are welded by adopting a static shaft shoulder FSW, and the static shaft shoulder has the characteristics that the heat input is only 40% of that of the traditional FSW, is particularly suitable for welding longitudinal copper alloy welding seams of thin-wall pipes, and the temperature of the YBCO stacked flat belts in the welding process cannot be higher than 200 ℃ so as to avoid the degradation of superconducting strips as much as possible. And the ovality of the section of the whole high-temperature superconductor is ensured to be within 3% by adopting a symmetrical welding mode, so that the later pipe penetrating and hot drawing diameter reduction are facilitated. The welding process parameters of the further stationary shaft shoulder FSW are as follows: the rotating speed is 300-600rad/Min, the upsetting force is 1000-20000N, and the welding speed is 50-200mm/Min.
5) Mechanically shaping the welded superconducting conductor, and drawing and correcting at 150-200 ℃;
polishing and rounding the welded copper skeleton of the tape superconducting stacked tape, penetrating into a heating tape, heating to 150-200 ℃, and then drawing to further compact the superconducting stacked tape, wherein redundant brazing filler metal is extruded into a filler groove 7; and meanwhile, drawing and controlling ovality of the copper skeleton so as to facilitate subsequent pipe penetrating and drawing. The whole conductor was then twisted with an intercept of 400 mm.
6) Penetrating into a high-precision stainless steel tube for hot drawing micro-reducing,
penetrating the corrected copper skeleton into a metal tube heated to 200 ℃, and finally carrying out micro drawing to enable the high-temperature metal outer tube to be tightly attached to the copper skeleton, so that the mechanical property of the copper skeleton is further improved, and the CICC composite conductor shown in figure 7 is obtained.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention, but to limit the invention to the particular embodiments, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc. that fall within the spirit and principles of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor, comprising:
the copper framework (10), copper framework (10) is cylindric, copper framework (10) is opened along length direction has many cooling runner (11) and many metallic channel (12), cooling runner (11) with the both ends of metallic channel (12) all link up copper framework (10) terminal surface, all cooling runner (11) and all metallic channel (12) are the cyclic annular around copper framework (10) axis evenly distributed, metallic channel (12) are embedded to be equipped with superconductive stack area (13);
and the metal cladding (20) is coated on the side wall of the copper framework (10).
2. The superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the cross section of the wire grooves (12) is rectangular at any circular cross section of the copper skeleton (10), and the wire grooves (12) are arranged radially with the axis of the copper skeleton (10) as the center.
3. Superconducting CICC conductor for fusion stacks according to claim 2, characterized in that the conductor grooves (12) are staggered with respect to the cooling flow channels (11).
4. A superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the cooling flow channel (11) and the wire channel (12) are each arranged around the axis of the copper skeleton (10).
5. The superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to claim 4, wherein a side of the wire trench (12) adjacent to a side wall of the copper skeleton (10) penetrates the copper skeleton (10) to form a stacking notch (121);
the groove walls of the stacking groove openings (121) are widened outwards to form cover plate grooves (122), and supporting edges (123) are formed at the groove bottoms of the cover plate grooves (122);
the copper cover plate (14) is embedded in the cover plate groove (122), and when the inner surface of the copper cover plate (14) is overlapped with the supporting edge (123), the outer surface of the copper cover plate (14) is flush with the side wall of the copper framework (10);
the resistivity of the copper cover plate (14) is slightly higher than the resistivity of the copper skeleton (10).
6. The superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to claim 5, wherein a filler groove (124) is formed by digging inward a groove bottom of the cover plate groove (122) toward an axis direction of the copper skeleton (10), and a groove width of the filler groove (124) is smaller than a groove width of the cover plate groove (122) and larger than a groove width of the wire groove (12);
the filler groove (124) is filled with solid solder (15).
7. Superconducting CICC conductor for fusion stacks according to claim 6, characterized in that a detector is provided in the cooling flow channel (11).
8. A method of preparing a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to claim 6 or 7, comprising the steps of:
obtaining a framework section material by adopting a hot extrusion and cold drawing forming mode, and then adopting vacuum brazing to weld a plurality of sections of framework section materials to kilometer levels at first to obtain the copper framework (10);
embedding the superconducting stacking belt (13) in the wire groove (12) of the copper skeleton (10) to obtain a prefabricated member;
the prefabricated part is subjected to cold drawing and twisting in sequence, so that the cooling flow channel (11) and the wire groove (12) are wound around the axis of the copper skeleton (10) to obtain an adjusting part;
and sleeving the metal cladding (20) outside the adjusting piece, and then carrying out hot drawing and diameter reduction to obtain the superconducting CICC conductor for the fusion reactor.
9. The method of producing a superconducting CICC conductor for a fusion reactor according to claim 8, wherein the obtaining the preform further comprises the steps of:
after the superconducting stacking belt (13) is embedded in the wire groove (12), the solid brazing filler metal (15) is filled in the filler groove (124);
and the copper cover plate (14) is embedded and welded in the cover plate groove (122) by adopting a mode of realizing connection through static shaft shoulder friction stir welding.
10. The method for preparing a superconducting cic conductor for a fusion reactor according to claim 8, wherein:
the length of the framework section material is 10-20m;
the diameter of the copper skeleton (10) is 10-1000mm;
the aperture of the cooling flow channel (11) is 2-10mm;
the difference between the groove depth of the wire groove (12) and the width of the superconducting stacking tape (13) is 0.1-0.5mm;
the difference between the groove width of the wire groove (12) and the thickness of the superconducting stacking belt (13) is 0.05-0.5mm;
the depth of the packing groove (124) is 0.05-0.2mm;
the amplitude of the twist is 200-400 mm/360.
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