CN117321219A - 预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明是测定分子的体外药代动力学的方法,其包括以下的步骤:(a)通过使分子与表达FcRn的细胞在水性介质中接触,以吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞的方式使前述分子吸收到前述细胞的步骤,该步骤具有选自下述(i)~(iii)的至少1个特征:(i)前述分子与前述细胞的接触时间是5小时以上,(ii)不在酸性条件下洗涤与前述分子接触后的前述细胞,和(iii)前述细胞在细胞表面表达前述分子的靶标;以及(b)测定前述分子的体外药代动力学的步骤,其中前述分子包含FcRn结合结构域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及测定分子的体外药代动力学的方法、预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法、分子的筛选方法等。
背景技术
在抗体药物等药物的开发过程中成为必要的药代动力学(Pharmacokinetics;PK)的评价中,应用猴、小鼠等实验动物。但是,应用实验动物评价多数样本是困难的,预先锁定样本数后进行体内药代动力学的评价。此外,从伦理的观点看来,需要削减实验动物的使用数。从这些方面看来,基于体外分析的结果预测体内药代动力学的方法的重要性正在提高。
自以往,作为预测体内药代动力学的方法,已知利用应用细胞的体外分析的结果的方法(非专利文献1~3)。
Grevys等公开了方法,其应用在人微小血管内皮细胞株(HMEC1)中表达人胎儿性Fc受体(FcRn)的细胞(HMEC1-hFcRn),通过命名为HERA分析(基于人内皮细胞的再循环分析)的方法,在体外测定IgG抗体经由FcRn向细胞外排出的量,预测转基因小鼠中的半衰期(非专利文献1)。
Jaramillo等公开了,应用在Madin-Darby狗肾脏(MDCK)细胞中表达人FcRn或大鼠FcRn的细胞,测定抗体经由FcRn透过该细胞的活性、即胞吞转运活性,由此进行抗体的体内清除率的分级(非专利文献2)。
Chung等也公开了,与Jaramillo等的方法同样地,应用在MDCK细胞中表达人FcRn的细胞测定胞吞转运活性,观察到其测定结果与人中体内清除率之间存在相关关系(非专利文献3)。
现有技术文献
非专利文献
非专利文献1:Grevys et al,Nat Commun.2018.Vol.9:621
非专利文献2:Jaramillo et al,MAbs.2017.Vol.9:781
非专利文献3:Chung et al.J Immunol方法s.2018.Vol.462:101。
发明概述
发明要解决的问题
基于应用细胞的体外分析的结果预测体内药代动力学的以往的方法的精度不充分。
例如,在Grevys等的方法中,观察到从体外的测定结果算出的HERA评分((R X/RWT)/(RA X/RA WT):R表示在规定时间内在细胞中吸收的蛋白向细胞外放出的量,RA表示残存量,X表示目的蛋白(突变体),WT表示结果的标准化中应用的亲本蛋白。)与体内药代动力学的相关性限于比较的抗体彼此的药代动力学的差异大的情形。此外,未显示能够预测具有如超过11天的长血中半衰期的抗体的体内药代动力学。
此外,在Jaramillo等的方法中,在Fc改变抗体的情形中,观察到在体外的胞吞转运活性(flux)的倒数和体内清除率之间存在相关关系,但在比较体内清除率的差异小的抗体彼此的情形中,未得到可以从体外的测定结果预测体内清除率的精度(参考非专利文献2的图6A)。此外,在对抗原不同的抗体进行分析的结果中,未观察到体外的数据和体内的数据之间存在相关关系(参考非专利文献2的图6B)。
在Chung等的方法中,在比较体内清除率的差异小的抗体彼此的情形中,也未得到可以从体外的测定结果预测体内清除率的精度。
因此,本发明的目的是,提供基于体外药代动力学的测定结果,以比以往高的灵敏度,更准确地预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法等。
用于解决问题的手段
本发明人等对以往的方法中基于体外药代动力学的体内药代动力学的预测精度不充分的原因进行了深入研究。其结果发现,在以往的方法中,由于分子向细胞的吸收不充分而预测精度变低,通过增加分子向细胞的吸收量,预测精度提高。本发明人等基于这些知识通过进一步反复研究而完成了本发明。
即,本发明提供以下的发明。
[1]测定分子的体外药代动力学的方法,其包括以下的步骤:
(a)通过使分子与表达FcRn的细胞在水性介质中接触,以吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×10 5细胞的方式使前述分子吸收到前述细胞的步骤,该步骤具有选自下述(i)~(iii)的至少1个特征,
(i)前述分子与前述细胞的接触时间是5小时以上,
(ii)不在酸性条件下洗涤与前述分子接触后的前述细胞,和
(iii)前述细胞在细胞表面表达前述分子的靶标,以及
(b)测定前述分子的体外药代动力学的步骤,
其中前述分子包含FcRn结合结构域。
[2][1]中记载的方法,其中分子是包含FcRn结合结构域和靶标结合结构域的抗体。
[3][1]或[2]中记载的方法,其中前述细胞是以表达FcRn的方式转化的细胞。
[4][1]~[3]的任一项中记载的方法,其中前述细胞是以在细胞表面表达前述分子的靶标的方式转化的细胞。
[5][3]或[4]中记载的方法,其中前述细胞是CHO细胞、HEK293细胞、COS-1细胞、COS-7细胞、MDCK细胞、HMEC1细胞、HELA细胞、HepG2细胞、或BaF细胞。
[6][1]或[2]中记载的方法,其中前述细胞是肝脏实质细胞、肝脏非实质细胞、肝窦内皮细胞、Kupffer细胞、人脐静脉内皮细胞、外周血单核细胞PBMC、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、B细胞、T细胞、血小板、NK细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、粒细胞、或树突细胞。
[7][1]~[6]的任一项中记载的方法,其中以吸收量成为高于0.10pmol/2×105细胞的方式使前述分子吸收到前述细胞。
[8][1]~[7]的任一项中记载的方法,其中体外药代动力学是从细胞内向培养液中的排出量、从细胞内向培养液中的排出速度、内化速度、胞吞转运量、Kp值、细胞内分子减少速度、与FcRn或靶标的结合速度、或从FcRn或靶标的解离速度。
[9][1]~[8]的任一项中记载的方法,其中FcRn是人FcRn、猴FcRn、迷你猪FcRn、大鼠FcRn、小鼠FcRn、兔FcRn、狗FcRn、或豚鼠FcRn。
[10][1]~[9]的任一项中记载的方法,其进一步包括以下的步骤:
(c)从步骤(b)中得到的测定结果,算出体外评价参数的步骤。
[11][10]中记载的方法,其中体外评价参数是清除指数或HERA评分。
[12][1]~[11]的任一项中记载的方法,其用于包含前述分子的药物的品质确保或药效的预测。
[13][1]~[12]的任一项中记载的方法,其中前述分子的靶标是膜蛋白。
[14][13]中记载的方法,其中前述分子的靶标是人IL6受体。
[15]预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法,其包括:
(a’)通过[1]~[14]的任一项中记载的方法,测定体外药代动力学的步骤,和
(b’)从步骤(a’)中得到的测定值或体外评价参数,预测将前述分子施用于生物体的情形中的体内药代动力学的步骤。
[16][15]中记载的方法,其中体内药代动力学是生物利用度、分布容积、血中非结合型分数、清除率、尿中排泄率、血中浓度半衰期、或平均滞留时间。
[17][15]或[16]中记载的方法,其中生物体是人、猴、迷你猪、大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗、或豚鼠。
[18][15]~[17]的任一项中记载的方法,其作为应用动物的药代动力学试验的替代使用。
[19]分子的筛选方法,其包括:
(a”)准备与同一靶标结合的不同的2个以上分子的步骤,
(b”)分别对步骤(a”)中准备的2个以上分子,通过[1]~[14]的任一项中记载的方法,测定体外药代动力学的步骤,和
(c”)将步骤(b”)中得到的2个以上分子各自的测定值或体外评价参数相互比较,选择显示期望的值的分子的步骤。
发明效果
根据本发明,基于体外药代动力学的测定结果,能够以比以往高的灵敏度,更准确地预测分子的体内药代动力学。因此,在药物的开发阶段初期,可简便地以高精度预测多个候选物质的体内药代动力学。
此外,本发明通过削减体内药代动力学试验的次数,可以有助于实验动物的使用数削减。
进一步,本发明通过提供高效筛选具有期望的药代动力学的药剂的方法,可以有助于药理效果更高的药物的开发。
附图简述
[图1]显示具有不同Fc区的抗体(H237-G1d、H237-F1847m、H237-F1886m、H237-F1927m、和H237-F890)的小鼠血浆中药代动力学评价的结果。将1mg/kg各抗体和1000mg/kgSanglopor向人FcRn转基因小鼠(Tg32)施用后,采血直至第28天,用ECL分析测定血浆中的抗体浓度。分别地,黑色实线黑色圆形标记表示H237-G1d,黑色短虚线黑色三角标记表示H237-F1847m,黑色实线白色圆形标记表示H237-F1886m,黑色长虚线黑色方形标记表示H237-F1927m,黑色实线白色三角标记表示H237-F890。
[图2]显示测定具有不同Fc区的抗体的体外向细胞的吸收量的结果。显示将各抗体在37℃吸收到hFcRn-hIL6R-CHO细胞或hFcRn-CHO细胞24小时、用含有冷的2%FBS的PBS洗涤后的向细胞的吸收量。
[图3-1]显示经时测定具有不同Fc区的抗体向细胞的吸收的结果。(a)用FBS-PBS洗涤细胞的情形的测定结果。在细胞中吸收抗体后,用FBS-PBS洗涤细胞。检出与细胞表面结合的抗体和内化的抗体两者。(b)用酸性培养基洗涤细胞的情形的测定结果。在细胞中吸收抗体后,用酸性培养基洗涤。与细胞表面结合的抗体被除去,仅检出内化的抗体。分别地,黑色实线黑色圆形标记表示H237-G1d,黑色短虚线黑色三角标记表示H237-F1847m,黑色实线白色圆形标记表示H237-F1886m,黑色长虚线黑色方形标记表示H237-F1927m,黑色实线白色三角标记表示H237-F890。
[图3-2]显示经时测定具有不同Fc区的抗体向细胞的吸收的结果。(c)显示应用(a)和(b)的测定结果,进行Integration plot分析的结果。分别地,黑色实线黑色圆形标记表示H237-G1d,黑色短虚线黑色三角标记表示H237-F1847m,黑色实线白色圆形标记表示H237-F1886m,黑色长虚线黑色方形标记表示H237-F1927m,黑色实线白色三角标记表示H237-F890。
[图4]显示具有不同Fc区的抗体的细胞内残存量和向培养基中的排出量的经时推移。在37℃将各抗体吸收到细胞24小时后,交换为新鲜培养基,经时测定进一步温育直至4小时时的细胞内的抗体残存量(a)和培养基中排出的抗体量(b)。分别地,黑色实线黑色圆形标记表示H237-G1d,黑色短虚线黑色三角标记表示H237-F1847m,黑色实线白色圆形标记表示H237-F1886m,黑色长虚线黑色方形标记表示H237-F1927m,黑色实线白色三角标记表示H237-F890。
[图5]显示实施例4中算出的清除指数、和小鼠中血浆中半衰期(a)或清除率(b)的相关性。
用于实施发明的方式
以下,对本发明的实施方式进行详细说明。但是,本发明不限于这些,能够以在所述范围内加入各种变形的方式实施。另外,除非本说明书中特别描述,表示数值范围的“A~B”意味着“A以上(包含A且大于A)且B以下(包含B且小于B)”。此外,除非本说明书中特别描述,“A和/或B”意味着“A、B、或它们两者”。此外,本说明书中引用的全部现有技术文献通过参考并入本说明书。
I.测定分子的体外药代动力学的方法
本发明的第一方式涉及测定分子的体外药代动力学的方法(以下,也称为本发明的测定方法)。
在本说明书中,“体内药代动力学”指施用药剂(即,本发明中的分子)后,经过在生物体内吸收、分布、代谢、和排泄的一系列过程,生物体内的该药剂的浓度(量)的推移。
施用药剂后,在生物体内,吸收(absorption)、分布(distribution)、代谢(metabolism)、和排泄(excretion)的过程并行进行。作为用于分解描述这些过程的基本的药代动力学(PK)参数,(1)生物利用度(bioavailability:F)、(2)分布容积(volume ofdistribution:Vd或V)、(3)血中非结合型分数(fraction unbound in blood:fuB)、(4)清除率(clearance:CL)、和(5)尿中排泄率(cumulative amount of drug excreted inurine:Ae)被确立(计量生物学Vol.36,Special Issue,S 3-S18(2015))。作为生物利用度的指标,已知血中浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)、最高血中浓度(Cmax)、最高血中浓度到达时间(Tmax)等。作为分布容积的指标,已知稳态中的分布容积(V ss)等。作为其它的PK参数,已知血中浓度半衰期(t 1/2)、平均滞留时间(MRT)、1阶矩时间曲线下面积(AUMC)、消失速度常数(kel)、施用后零时点浓度(C0)等。
在本说明书中,“体外药代动力学”指在生物体外的人工构成的条件下,通过使对象分子与细胞接触测定的该分子的行为。“体外药代动力学”例如,可由从细胞内向细胞外的排出量、从细胞内向细胞外的排出速度、内化速度、胞吞转运量、Kp值、细胞内分子减少速度、与FcRn或靶标的结合速度、或从FcRn或靶标的解离速度表示,但不限于这些。
从细胞内向细胞外的排出量(Efflux量)通过下列确定:使对象分子与细胞接触规定时间后,将水性介质(例如培养基、缓冲液等)交换为不包含对象分子的那种后,通过检出水性介质中的对象分子,测定从细胞向细胞外排出的对象分子的量。
从细胞内向细胞外的排出速度(Efflux速度)通过测定每单位时间的对象分子的Efflux量而确定。
内化速度通过使对象分子与细胞接触规定时间、测定每单位时间从细胞外(例如从培养基、缓冲液等)吸收到细胞的对象分子的量而确定。在优选方式中,与对象分子接触规定时间的细胞在对象分子的量的测定前用酸性(低于pH6.0,例如pH5.5以下,pH5.0以下,pH4.5以下,pH4.0以下,pH3.5以下,或pH3.0以下)的水性介质洗涤,除去与细胞表面结合的对象分子。由此,可以更准确测定吸收到细胞内的(内化的)对象分子的量。
胞吞转运量通过对细胞层测定从一侧至另一侧的透过量而确定。例如,可以应用Transwell(注册商标)系统(Corning)等测定(参考非专利文献2和3)。
Kp值在体内药代动力学中已知为组织-血浆间药物浓度比(即,组织与血浆之间的对象分子的浓度的比率),在本说明书中的体外药代动力学中,指细胞和水性介质(例如培养基)之间的对象分子的浓度的比率。Kp值通过测定细胞中的量和水性介质中的量而确定。在本说明书中,作为体外药代动力学的Kp值是通过(细胞中的量)/(水性介质中的量)算出的值。
细胞内分子减少速度通过下列确定:使对象分子与细胞接触规定时间后,将水性介质(例如培养基、缓冲液等)交换为不包含对象分子的那种后,通过检出细胞内的对象分子,测定每单位时间从细胞减少的对象分子的量。
与FcRn或靶标的结合速度通过使对象分子与细胞接触规定的短时间(例如数秒~数分钟),测定每单位时间与FcRn或靶标结合的对象分子的量而确定。
从FcRn或靶标的解离速度通过下列确定:使对象分子与细胞接触规定时间(例如达到平衡状态的充分的时间)后,将水性介质(例如培养基、缓冲液等)交换为不包含对象分子的那种后,通过检出水性介质中的对象分子,测定每单位时间向水性介质中排出的对象分子的量。在优选的实施方式中,对象分子与细胞的接触和对象分子向水性介质中的放出可以在对象分子向细胞内的内化被抑制的温度(例如4℃或其以下的温度)进行。
在本说明书中,“分子”(也称为“本发明中的分子”。)具有吸收到本发明的测定方法中应用的细胞、并且经由细胞内作为细胞内小器官的内体上的胎儿性Fc受体(FcRn)分子向细胞外排出的性质。该性质是由于分子包含FcRn结合结构域。
FcRn是识别IgG抗体的Fc区的受体之一。FcRn除了在胎儿期的胎盘中表达并承担从母亲到胎儿的IgG的胞吞转运,在成体中也在血管内皮、肠道上皮细胞、和血细胞系的细胞等中表达,已知其承担IgG、白蛋白从细胞内的胞吐作用和胞吞转运(Nature ReviewsImmunology Vol.7,p.715-725(2007))。
人FcRn是由称为β2m亚基的轻链、和具有跨膜区的称为α亚基的重链组成的二聚体蛋白,其结构类似于主要组织相容性基因复合物(MHC)I类分子。该FcRn二聚体进一步二聚化,与一分子的IgG结合(Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology Vol.12,p.181-220(1996))。FcRn与其它IgG抗体Fc受体不同,已知其显示经由自身的α2结构域上的阴离子残基与IgG的CH2-CH3铰链区的静电相互作用的pH依赖性结合性(Nature ReviewsImmunology Vol.7,p.715-725(2007))。
在低于pH6.5的内体内,通过胞饮作用吸收到细胞内的IgG与FcRn以高亲和性结合,从溶酶体中的分解逃离,其后通过向中性条件下(pH7.4)的细胞表面移动而解离。该pH依赖性结合方式使IgG的胞吞转运、胞吐作用成为可能,有助于IgG从母亲向胎儿输送、生物体内IgG的血中半衰期延长(约20天)(Protein Cell Vol.9(1),p.15-32(2018))。
作为FcRn结合结构域,例如,列举抗体的重链恒定区(Fc区)和其片段。此外,作为FcRn结合结构域的另一实例,列举白蛋白和其片段。白蛋白与FcRn结合通过文献(J.Exp.Med.(2003)197(3),315-322)已知。
FcRn结合结构域只要可在低于pH6.5的内体内的pH环境下与FcRn结合,则可以包含突变。作为包含突变的Fc结合结构域,例如,列举WO 2012/133782A1、WO 2013/046704A2、和WO 2017/046994A1中记载的抗体的突变Fc区,但不限于这些。
本发明中的分子可进一步具有与靶标结合的性质(即靶标结合活性)或催化靶标中反应的性质(即酶活性或催化活性)。具有靶标结合活性的分子也可作为激动剂或拮抗剂起作用。在具有这些性质的情形中,分子具有靶标结合结构域或催化结构域。在优选的实施方式中,本发明中的分子包含靶标结合结构域。由此,可增加向在细胞表面表达靶标的细胞的吸收量。
在本说明书中,“靶标”指与本发明中的分子结合的另一分子或结构体、或受到通过本发明中的分子的催化作用的另一分子或结构体。“靶标”包含蛋白、核酸、糖链等。此外,“靶标”由于与本发明中的分子的关系有时也称为抗原、受体、底物等。
靶标结合结构域只要能够与靶标结合,其结构没有特别限定,任何结构的结构域都可使用。作为靶标结合结构域,例如,列举:抗体的抗原结合结构域、包含生物体内的多样细胞膜蛋白所包含的35个氨基酸左右的模块(A结构域)的Avimer(国际公开WO2004/044011、WO2005/040229)、包含作为细胞膜中表达的糖蛋白的纤连蛋白中的10Fn3结构域的Adnectin(国际公开WO2002/032925)、将由Protein A的58个氨基酸组成的IgG结合结构域作为支架的Affibody(国际公开WO1995/001937)、包含作为33个氨基酸的重复序列的锚蛋白重复序列(ankyrin repeat:AR)作为骨架的DARPins(Designed Ankyrin Repeatproteins)(国际公开WO2002/020565)、包含中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL))等脂质运载蛋白作为骨架的Anticalin(国际公开WO2003/029462)、七鳃鳗、蒲氏粘盲鳗等无颚类的获得免疫系统中发挥功能的蛋白、即包含富含亮氨酸残基的重复(leucine-rich-repeat(LRR))模块的可变性淋巴细胞受体(variable lymphocyte receptor(VLR))(国际公开WO2008/016854)等。
在本说明书中,抗原结合结构域可由一或多个抗体的可变结构域提供。优选地,抗原结合结构域包含抗体轻链可变区(VL)和抗体重链可变区(VH)。作为这种抗原结合结构域的实例,优选列举“scFv(单链Fv)”、“单链抗体”、“Fv”、“scFv2(单链Fv 2)”、“Fab”或“F(ab′)2”等。
在特定的方式中,靶标结合结构域包含抗体的重链和/或轻链的可变区。在优选方式中,靶标结合结构域包含抗体的重链和轻链的可变区,或由它们组成。
作为催化结构域。列举酶中的催化结构域。
在优选方式中,本发明中的分子包含FcRn结合结构域和靶标结合结构域,更优选地,包含抗体的Fc区以及重链和轻链的可变区。
本发明中的分子包含药物和其候选物,例如,除了作为实施例中记载的分子的抗体等蛋白,还列举肽化合物、核酸、毒素、病毒、纳米粒子/微粒子等DDS制剂等,但只要可以与FcRn结合,则不限于这些。在制备本发明中的分子的情形中,只要相应于其种类,应用本技术领域已知的技术通过常规方法制备即可。根据本发明的测定方法,对于这些分子可以与本申请实施例同样地测定体外药代动力学,可以预测其体内药代动力学。
在本说明书中,“蛋白”是经由肽键连接的氨基酸的聚合物,也可包含肽化合物。蛋白可以是天然存在的那种,也可以是重组蛋白等非天然存在的那种。作为蛋白,例如,列举细胞因子、生理活性肽、生物体酶、抗体、或它们的突变体。
在本说明书中,“抗体”指天然的那种或者通过部分或完全合成制备的免疫球蛋白。抗体可从天然存在其的血浆、血清等天然资源或产生抗体的杂交瘤细胞的培养上清分离,或可通过应用基因重组等方法而部分或完全合成。作为抗体的实例,优选列举免疫球蛋白的同种型(即IgG、IgA、IgD、IgE、和IgM)和这些同种型的亚类。作为人的免疫球蛋白,已知IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1、IgA2、IgD、IgE、IgM的9种亚类。在优选方式中,本发明的测定方法中的抗体是IgG。
抗体可以是多克隆抗体或单克隆抗体的任一种。此外,在本发明中,以降低异种抗原性等为目的,可以使用人为改变的基因重组型抗体,例如,嵌合抗体、人源化抗体、人抗体等。此外,抗体可以是双特异性抗体(双特异抗体)。抗体只要包含“FcRn结合结构域”,也可以是抗体的片段。作为这样的抗体的片段,例如,列举Fc片段、scFv-CH1-Fc等。
抗体的“FcRn结合结构域”只要与FcRn结合即可,例如,列举抗体的重链恒定区(Fc区)。
作为本发明中的分子的抗体优选包含“抗原结合结构域”,更优选包含抗体的重链和轻链的可变区。由此,细胞在细胞表面表达抗原的情形中,可增加本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收量。
制备这些抗体的方法是本领域技术人员公知的(例如,WO 2013/081143等)。
在本说明书中,“抗原”只要包含抗原结合结构域结合的表位,则其结构没有特别限定。抗原可以是无机物,也可以是有机物。在几个方式中,作为抗原,列举17-IA、4-1BB、4Dc、6-酮-PGF1a、8-异-PGF2a、8-氧代-dG、A1腺苷受体、A33、ACE、ACE-2、激活素、激活素A、激活素AB、激活素B、激活素C、激活素RIA、激活素RIA ALK-2、激活素RIB ALK-4、激活素RIIA、激活素RIIB、ADAM、ADAM10、ADAM12、ADAM15、ADAM17/TACE、ADAM8、ADAM9、ADAMTS、ADAMTS4、ADAMTS5、地址素、aFGF、ALCAM、ALK、ALK-1、ALK-7、α-1-抗胰蛋白酶、α-V/β-1拮抗剂、ANG、Ang、APAF-1、APE、APJ、APP、APRIL、AR、ARC、ART、神经鞘胚素(Artemin)、抗Id、ASPARTIC、心钠素(atrial natriuretic factor)、av/b3整合素、Axl、b2M、B7-1、B7-2、B7-H、B-淋巴细胞刺激因子(BlyS)、BACE、BACE-1、Bad、BAFF、BAFF-R、Bag-1、BAK、Bax、BCA-1、BCAM、Bcl、BCMA、BDNF、b-ECGF、bFGF、BID、Bik、BIM、BLC、BL-CAM、BLK、BMP、BMP-2、BMP-2a、BMP-3成骨素(Osteogenin)、BMP-4、BMP-2b、BMP-5、BMP-6、Vgr-1、BMP-7(OP-1)、BMP-8(BMP-8a、OP-2)、BMPR、BMPR-IA(ALK-3)、BMPR-IB(ALK-6)、BRK-2、RPK-1、BMPR-II(BRK-3)、BMP、b-NGF、BOK、蛙皮素、骨衍生神经营养因子、BPDE、BPDE-DNA、BTC、补体因子3(C3)、C3a、C4、C5、C5a、C10、CA125、CAD-8、降钙素、cAMP、癌胚抗原(CEA)、癌相关抗原、组织蛋白酶A、组织蛋白酶B、组织蛋白酶C/DPPI、组织蛋白酶D、组织蛋白酶E、组织蛋白酶H、组织蛋白酶L、组织蛋白酶O、组织蛋白酶S、组织蛋白酶V、组织蛋白酶X/Z/P、CBL、CCI、CCK2、CCL、CCL1、CCL11、CCL12、CCL13、CCL14、CCL15、CCL16、CCL17、CCL18、CCL19、CCL2、CCL20、CCL21、CCL22、CCL23、CCL24、CCL25、CCL26、CCL27、CCL28、CCL3、CCL4、CCL5、CCL6、CCL7、CCL8、CCL9/10、CCR、CCR1、CCR10、CCR10、CCR2、CCR3、CCR4、CCR5、CCR6、CCR7、CCR8、CCR9、CD1、CD2、CD3、CD3E、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD7、CD8、CD10、CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD13、CD14、CD15、CD16、CD18、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD25、CD27L、CD28、CD29、CD30、CD30L、CD32、CD33(p67蛋白)、CD34、CD38、CD40、CD40L、CD44、CD45、CD46、CD49a、CD52、CD54、CD55、CD56、CD61、CD64、CD66e、CD74、CD80(B7-1)、CD89、CD95、CD123、CD137、CD138、CD140a、CD146、CD147、CD148、CD152、CD164、CEACAM5、CFTR、cGMP、CINC、肉毒杆菌毒素、产气荚膜梭菌毒素、CKb8-1、CLC、CMV、CMVUL、CNTF、CNTN-1、COX、C-Ret、CRG-2、CT-1、CTACK、CTGF、CTLA-4、PD1、PDL1、LAG3、TIM3、半乳凝素-9、CX3CL1、CX3CR1、CXCL、CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3、CXCL4、CXCL5、CXCL6、CXCL7、CXCL8、CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11、CXCL12、CXCL13、CXCL14、CXCL15、CXCL16、CXCR、CXCR1、CXCR2、CXCR3、CXCR4、CXCR5、CXCR6、细胞角蛋白肿瘤相关抗原、DAN、DCC、DcR3、DC-SIGN、补体抑制因子(衰变促进因子)、des(1-3)-IGF-I(脑IGF-1)、Dhh、地高辛、DNAM-1、Dnase、Dpp、DPPIV/CD26、Dtk、ECAD、EDA、EDA-A1、EDA-A2、EDAR、EGF、EGFR(ErbB-1)、EMA、EMMPRIN、ENA、内皮素受体、脑啡肽酶、eNOS、Eot、嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子(Eotaxin)1、EpCAM、Ephrin B2/EphB4、EPO、ERCC、E-选择素、ET-1、因子IIa、因子VII、因子VIIIc、因子IX、成纤维细胞活化蛋白(FAP)、Fas、FcR1、FEN-1、铁蛋白、FGF、FGF-19、FGF-2、FGF3、FGF-8、FGFR、FGFR-3、纤维蛋白、FL、FLIP、Flt-3、Flt-4、促卵胞激素、断裂因子、FZD1、FZD2、FZD3、FZD4、FZD5、FZD6、FZD7、FZD8、FZD9、FZD10、G250、Gas6、GCP-2、GCSF、GD2、GD3、GDF、GDF-1、GDF-3(Vgr-2)、GDF-5(BMP-14、CDMP-1)、GDF-6(BMP-13、CDMP-2)、GDF-7(BMP-12、CDMP-3)、GDF-8(肌肉生长抑制素)、GDF-9、GDF-15(MIC-1)、GDNF、GDNF、GFAP、GFRa-1、GFR-α1、GFR-α2、GFR-α3、GITR、胰高血糖素、Glut4、糖蛋白IIb/IIIa(GPIIb/IIIa)、GM-CSF、gp130、gp72、GRO、生长激素释放因子、半抗原(NP-cap或NIP-cap)、HB-EGF、HCC、HCMV gB包膜糖蛋白、HCMV gH包膜糖蛋白、HCMV UL、造血生长因子(HGF)、Hep B gp120、乙酰肝素酶、Her2、Her2/neu(ErbB-2)、Her3(ErbB-3)、Her4(ErbB-4)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)gB糖蛋白、HSV gD糖蛋白、HGFA、高分子量黑色素瘤相关抗原(HMW-MAA)、HIV gp120、HIVIIIB gp 120V3环、HLA、HLA-DR、HM1.24、HMFG PEM、HRG、Hrk、人心肌球蛋白、人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)、人生长激素(HGH)、HVEM、I-309、IAP、ICAM、ICAM-1、ICAM-3、ICE、ICOS、IFNg、Ig、IgA受体、IgE、IGF、IGF结合蛋白、IGF-1R、IGFBP、IGF-I、IGF-II、IL、IL-1、IL-1R、IL-2、IL-2R、IL-4、IL-4R、IL-5、IL-5R、IL-6、IL-6R、IL-8、IL-9、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13、IL-15、IL-18、IL-18R、IL-21、IL-23、IL-27、干扰素(INF)-α、INF-β、INF-γ、抑制素、iNOS、胰岛素A链、胰岛素B链、胰岛素样生长因子1、整合素α2、整合素α3、整合素α4、整合素α4/β1、整合素α4/β7、整合素α5(αV)、整合素α5/β1、整合素α5/β3、整合素α6、整合素β1、整合素β2、干扰素γ、IP-10、I-TAC、JE、激肽释放酶2、激肽释放酶5、激肽释放酶6、激肽释放酶11、激肽释放酶12、激肽释放酶14、激肽释放酶15、激肽释放酶L1、激肽释放酶L2、激肽释放酶L3、激肽释放酶L4、KC、KDR、角质形成细胞生长因子(KGF)、层粘连蛋白5、LAMP、LAP、LAP(TGF-1)、潜伏型TGF-1、潜伏型TGF-1bp1、LBP、LDGF、LECT2、Lefty、Lewis-Y抗原、Lewis-Y相关抗原、LFA-1、LFA-3、Lfo、LIF、LIGHT、脂蛋白、LIX、LKN、Lptn、L-选择素、LT-a、LT-b、LTB4、LTBP-1、肺表面、促黄体激素、淋巴毒素β受体、Mac-1、MAdCAM、MAG、MAP2、MARC、MCAM、MCAM、MCK-2、MCP、M-CSF、MDC、Mer、金属蛋白酶、MGDF受体、MGMT、MHC(HLA-DR)、MIF、MIG、MIP、MIP-1-α、MK、MMAC1、MMP、MMP-1、MMP-10、MMP-11、MMP-12、MMP-13、MMP-14、MMP-15、MMP-2、MMP-24、MMP-3、MMP-7、MMP-8、MMP-9、MPIF、Mpo、MSK、MSP、粘蛋白(Muc1)、MUC18、缪勒管抑制物质、Mug、MuSK、NAIP、NAP、NCAD、N-C粘附因子、NCA90、NCAM、NCAM、脑啡肽酶、神经营养素-3、神经营养素-4、或神经营养素-6、Neurturin、神经生长因子(NGF)、NGFR、NGF-β、nNOS、NO、NOS、Npn、NRG-3、NT、NTN、OB、OGG1、OPG、OPN、OSM、OX40L、OX40R、p150、p95、PADPr、甲状旁腺激素、PARC、PARP、PBR、PBSF、PCAD、P-钙黏蛋白、PCNA、PDGF、PDGF、PDK-1、PECAM、PEM、PF4、PGE、PGF、PGI2、PGJ2、PIN、PLA2、胎盘碱性磷酸酶(PLAP)、PlGF、PLP、PP14、胰岛素原、松弛素原、蛋白C、PS、PSA、PSCA、前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)、PTEN、PTHrp、Ptk、PTN、R51、RANK、RANKL、RANTES、RANTES、松弛素A链、松弛素B链、肾素、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)F、RSV Fgp、Ret、类风湿因子、RLIP76、RPA2、RSK、S100、SCF/KL、SDF-1、SERINE、血清白蛋白、sFRP-3、Shh、SIGIRR、SK-1、SLAM、SLPI、SMAC、SMDF、SMOH、SOD、SPARC、Stat、STEAP、STEAP-II、TACE、TACI、TAG-72(肿瘤相关糖蛋白-72)、TARC、TCA-3、T细胞受体(例如,T细胞受体α/β)、TdT、TECK、TEM1、TEM5、TEM7、TEM8、TERT、睾丸PLAP样碱性磷酸酶、TfR、TGF、TGF-α、TGF-β、TGF-β泛特异性(Pan Specific)、TGF-βRI(ALK-5)、TGF-βRII、TGF-βRIIb、TGF-βRIII、TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β4、TGF-β5、凝血酶、胸腺Ck-1、促甲状腺激素、Tie、TIMP、TIQ、组织因子、TMEFF2、Tmpo、TMPRSS2、TNF、TNF-α、TNF-αβ、TNF-β2、TNFc、TNF-RI、TNF-RII、TNFRSF10A(TRAIL R1 Apo-2、DR4)、TNFRSF10B(TRAIL R2 DR5、KILLER、TRICK-2A、TRICK-B)、TNFRSF10C(TRAIL R3 DcR1、LIT、TRID)、TNFRSF10D(TRAIL R4 DcR2、TRUNDD)、TNFRSF11A(RANK ODF R、TRANCE R)、TNFRSF11B(OPG OCIF、TR1)、TNFRSF12(TWEAK R FN14)、TNFRSF13B(TACI)、TNFRSF13C(BAFF R)、TNFRSF14(HVEM ATAR、HveA、LIGHT R、TR2)、TNFRSF16(NGFR p75NTR)、TNFRSF17(BCMA)、TNFRSF18(GITR AITR)、TNFRSF19(TROY TAJ、TRADE)、TNFRSF19L(RELT)、TNFRSF1A(TNF RI CD120a、p55-60)、TNFRSF1B(TNF RIICD120b、p75-80)、TNFRSF26(TNFRH3)、TNFRSF3(LTbR TNF RIII、TNFC R)、TNFRSF4(OX40 ACT35、TXGP1 R)、TNFRSF5(CD40 p50)、TNFRSF6(Fas Apo-1、APT1、CD95)、TNFRSF6B(DcR3 M68、TR6)、TNFRSF7(CD27)、TNFRSF8(CD30)、TNFRSF9(4-1BB CD137、ILA)、TNFRSF21(DR6)、TNFRSF22(DcTRAIL R2 TNFRH2)、TNFRST23(DcTRAIL R1 TNFRH1)、TNFRSF25(DR3 Apo-3、LARD、TR-3、TRAMP、WSL-1)、TNFSF10(TRAIL Apo-2配体、TL2)、TNFSF11(TRANCE/RANK配体ODF、OPG配体)、TNFSF12(TWEAK Apo-3配体、DR3配体)、TNFSF13(APRIL TALL2)、TNFSF13B(BAFF BLYS、TALL1、THANK、TNFSF20)、TNFSF14(LIGHT HVEM配体、LTg)、TNFSF15(TL1A/VEGI)、TNFSF18(GITR配体AITR配体、TL6)、TNFSF1A(TNF-a黏附素(Conectin)、DIF、TNFSF2)、TNFSF1B(TNF-b LTa、TNFSF1)、TNFSF3(LTb TNFC、p33)、TNFSF4(OX40配体gp34、TXGP1)、TNFSF5(CD40配体CD154、gp39、HIGM1、IMD3、TRAP)、TNFSF6(Fas配体Apo-1配体、APT1配体)、TNFSF7(CD27配体CD70)、TNFSF8(CD30配体CD153)、TNFSF9(4-1BB配体CD137配体)、TP-1、t-PA、Tpo、TRAIL、TRAIL R、TRAIL-R1、TRAIL-R2、TRANCE、运铁蛋白受体、TRF、Trk、TROP-2、TLR(Toll-样受体)1、TLR2、TLR3、TLR4、TLR5、TLR6、TLR7、TLR8、TLR9、TLR10、TSG、TSLP、肿瘤相关抗原CA125、肿瘤相关抗原表达Lewis-Y相关碳水化物、TWEAK、TXB2、Ung、uPAR、uPAR-1、尿激酶、VCAM、VCAM-1、VECAD、VE-钙黏蛋白、VE-钙黏蛋白-2、VEFGR-1(flt-1)、VEGF、VEGFR、VEGFR-3(flt-4)、VEGI、VIM、病毒抗原、VLA、VLA-1、VLA-4、VNR整合素、冯维勒布兰德因子、WIF-1、WNT1、WNT2、WNT2B/13、WNT3、WNT3A、WNT4、WNT5A、WNT5B、WNT6、WNT7A、WNT7B、WNT8A、WNT8B、WNT9A、WNT9A、WNT9B、WNT10A、WNT10B、WNT11、WNT16、XCL1、XCL2、XCR1、XCR1、XEDAR、XIAP、XPD、HMGB1、IgA、Aβ、CD81、CD97、CD98、DDR1、DKK1、EREG、Hsp90、IL-17/IL-17R、IL-20/IL-20R、氧化LDL、PCSK9、激肽释放酶原、RON、TMEM16F、SOD1、嗜铬粒蛋白A、嗜铬粒蛋白B、tau、VAP1、高分子激肽原、IL-31、IL-31R、Nav1.1、Nav1.2、Nav1.3、Nav1.4、Nav1.5、Nav1.6、Nav1.7、Nav1.8、Nav1.9、EPCR、C1、C1q、C1r、C1s、C2、C2a、C2b、C3、C3a、C3b、C4、C4a、C4b、C5、C5a、C5b、C6、C7、C8、C9、因子B、因子D、因子H、备解素、硬骨素(sclerostin)、纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白、凝血酶原、凝血酶、组织因子、因子V、因子Va、因子VII、因子VIIa、因子VIII、因子VIIIa、因子IX、因子IXa、因子X、因子Xa、因子XI、因子Xia、因子XII、因子XIIa、因子XIII、因子XIIIa、TFPI、抗凝血酶III、EPCR、血栓调节蛋白、TAPI、tPA、纤溶酶原、纤溶酶、PAI-1、PAI-2、GPC3、多配体蛋白聚糖-1、多配体蛋白聚糖-2、多配体蛋白聚糖-3、多配体蛋白聚糖-4、LPA、S1P等。在几个方式中,作为抗原,列举用于激素和生长因子的受体等。
在如双特异性抗体等抗体与抗原分子中的多个表位结合的情形中,可与该抗体形成复合物的抗原是上述示例的抗原的任一种或其组合,换言之可为单体或异源多聚体。作为异源多聚体的非限定实例,列举包含IL-12p40和IL-12p35的IL-12、包含IL-12p40和(也称为IL-30B)IL-23p19的IL-23、或包含EBI-3和IL27p28的IL-23、或包含IL-12p35和EBI-3的IL-35等异源二聚体。
上述的抗原的示例也记载了受体,但这些受体有时在血浆中等生物体液体中以可溶型存在。这样的可溶型受体也包含在本发明中的抗原中。作为可溶型受体的非限定的一个方式,例如,示例如由Mullberg等(J.Immunol.(1994)152(10),4958-4968)记载的可溶型IL-6R(例如,WO 2013/081143中记载的由序列编号:1表示的IL-6R多肽序列中,由第1至357个氨基酸组成的蛋白)。
上述的抗原的示例也记载了可溶型抗原,该抗原所存在的溶液没有限定,本可溶型抗原可存在于生物体液、即充满生物体内的脉管或组织/细胞之间的全部液体中。在非限定的一个方式中,抗体所结合的抗原可以在细胞外液存在。细胞外液指脊椎动物中血浆、组织间液、淋巴液、致密结缔组织、脑脊液、脊髓液、穿刺液、或关节液等骨和软骨中的成分、肺胞液(支气管肺泡灌洗液)、腹水、胸水、心包水、囊液、或眼房水(房水)等细胞透过液(细胞的主动运输/分泌活动的结果产生的各种腺腔内的液体、和消化管腔其它的体腔内液)的总称。
上述的抗原的示例包含可溶型抗原和膜型抗原,本领域技术人员公知各抗原相当于哪一种。例如,在UniProtKB(https://www.uniprot.org/)、Human Protein Atlas(https://www.proteinatlas.org/)等网站中,可以通过检索各个抗原而分类。
在本发明中的分子是抗体的情形中,抗体优选可为IgG。在特定的实施方式中,本发明中的分子是抗IL-6R抗体,更详细地,可为人源化抗IL-6R抗体。
本发明中的“核酸”指DNA、RNA、它们的类似物,可以是天然的核酸也可以是合成的核酸。作为类似物,列举PNA、LNA等人工核酸。核酸可以是单链也可以是双链。此外,核酸可以是修饰物。作为修饰物,列举在核苷间键、碱基和/或糖中化学修饰的那种,在5′末端和/或3′末端具有修饰基的那种等。作为核苷间键的修饰,列举向磷酸二酯键、硫代磷酸酯键、二硫代磷酸酯键、甲基膦酸酯键、磷酸胺酯键、非磷酸键和甲基硫代膦酸酯键的任一种或它们的组合的变更。作为碱基的修饰,列举向5-丙炔基尿嘧啶、2-氨基腺嘌呤等的变更。作为糖的修饰,列举向2′-氟核糖、2′-O-甲基核糖等的变更。
核酸相应于其功能或用途有时也称为siRNA、反义RNA、miRNA、shRNA、核酶、或适体。本发明中应用的核酸也包含作用于Toll样受体9(TLR9)而活化先天免疫的CpG寡核苷酸。
核酸的碱基长度只要是经由Stabilin可吸收到细胞的长度即可,例如4~100碱基长度、10~50碱基长度、10~40碱基长度、或10~30碱基长度的范围。
在一个实施方式中,在本发明中的分子是核酸的情形中,该靶标(或受体)可为Stabilin。
在本说明书中,Stabilin指属于已知为核酸受体的跨膜蛋白的家族的蛋白。在哺乳动物中,已知Stabilin-1和Stabilin-2的2种同系物,在本发明中Stabilin可以是它们中的任一种。在人中,已知Stabilin-1(NCBI登录号:NP_055951.2)和Stabilin-2(NCBI登录号:NP_060034.9),据报告在LSEC、脾脏、肾上腺皮质、淋巴结、和窦巨噬细胞中表达。
本发明中的“肽化合物”是氨基酸或氨基酸类似物酰胺键合或酯键合形成的化合物。肽化合物的分子形式列举直链状、环状、或具有直链部分的环状的那种。
酰胺键或酯键的数目(氨基酸或氨基酸类似物的数目/长度)没有特别限定,在具有直链部分的情形中,总计环状部分和直链部分优选30个残基以内。总计环化部位和直链部位更优选总氨基酸数目是13个残基以下。为了获得高代谢稳定性,更优选总氨基酸数目是9个以上。除上述,构成环状部分的氨基酸和氨基酸类似物的数目还优选5~12。进一步,除上述记载,构成环状部分的氨基酸和氨基酸类似物的数目还更优选5~11、进一步优选7~11个残基。特别优选9~11个残基。直链部分的氨基酸和氨基酸类似物的数目(单元的数目)优选0~8。进一步,优选0~3。另外,只要本申请中不特别限定,氨基酸有时也包含氨基酸类似物。
另外,在本说明书中,构成肽化合物的“氨基酸”、“氨基酸类似物”有时分别称为“氨基酸残基”、“氨基酸类似物残基”。
氨基酸是α、β和γ氨基酸,不限于天然型氨基酸(本申请中,天然型氨基酸指蛋白中包含的20种氨基酸。具体地,指Gly、Ala、Ser、Thr、Val、Leu、Ile、Phe、Tyr、Trp、His、Glu、Asp、Gln、Asn、Cys、Met、Lys、Arg、Pro。),也可以是非天然型氨基酸。在α-氨基酸的情形中,可以是L型氨基酸也可以是D型氨基酸,也可以是α,α-二烷基氨基酸。氨基酸侧链的选择不设特别限制,除氢原子外,还自由选自例如烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、环烷基。可以各自赋予取代基,这些取代基也从例如包含N原子、O原子、S原子、B原子、Si原子、P原子的任意官能团中自由选择(即,任选被取代的烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基、杂芳基、芳烷基、环烷基等)。
构成肽化合物的“氨基酸”、“氨基酸类似物”包含分别对应的全部同位素。“氨基酸”、“氨基酸类似物”的同位素是至少1个原子被原子编号(质子数)相同、质量数(质子和中子数之和)不同的原子取代的那种。作为构成本发明肽化合物的“氨基酸”、“氨基酸类似物”中包含的同位素的实例,有氢原子、碳原子、氮原子、氧原子、磷原子、硫原子、氟原子、氯原子等,分别含有2H、3H、13C、14C、15N、17O、18O、31P、32P、35S、18F、36Cl等。
在为了检出肽化合物应用荧光标记试剂盒Alexa Fluor(R)488Protein LabelingKit(invitrogen)的情形中,期望具有含氨基的氨基酸。作为这样的氨基酸,列举Lys(赖氨酸)。另外,具有硫醇基的氨基酸也可以通过硫醇反应性荧光染料标记。作为这样的氨基酸,列举Cys(半胱氨酸)。
在本发明中的分子是肽化合物的情形中,优选地,该靶标(或受体)是PEPT1或PEPT2。
已知纳米粒子/微粒子在以药物递送(药物递送系统、Drug Delivery System、通称DDS)为目的的制剂中应用。作为实例,列举脂质体、胶束、树枝状聚合物、纳米乳剂、铁纳米粒子、金纳米粒子、PLGA粒子(Organ Biology VOL.24NO.1 2017、54-60),但不限于此。
在优选的实施方式中,本发明中的分子包含结合了与特定的细胞特异性结合的分子的纳米粒子/微粒子。例如,可以使针对该细胞的表面抗原的抗原结合分子与这些粒子结合。此外,例如,可以使包含FcRn结合结构域的分子与这些粒子结合。在一个实施方式中,本发明中的分子可为结合了包含FcRn结合结构域和/或靶标结合结构域的抗体的纳米粒子/微粒子。
本发明中的“毒素”只要是可以将细胞毒剂、毒素、或放射性同位素向特定的细胞特异性递送、损伤的那种则没有特别限定。例如,可以制备使细胞毒剂、毒素、或放射性同位素结合于与该细胞特异性结合的分子(例如针对该细胞的细胞表面抗原的抗原结合分子)的分子。作为“与细胞特异性结合的分子”,列举上述的抗体、核酸、肽化合物等。通过应用这样的分子,可以对该细胞有效递送细胞毒剂、毒素、或放射性同位素。其结果,可以特异性损伤该细胞。
作为细胞毒剂的实例,列举美登醇(参考美国专利第5,208,020号、第5,416,064号、和欧洲专利第0,425,235号B1);例如一甲基澳瑞他汀药剂部分DE和DF(MMAE和MMAF)(参考美国专利第5,635,483号和第5,780,588号和第7,498,298号)等澳瑞他汀(auristatins);多拉司他汀(dolastatins);卡奇霉素或其衍生物(参考美国专利第5,712,374号、第5,714,586号、第5,739,116号、第5,767,285号、第5,770,701号、第5,770,710号、第5,773,001号、和第5,877,296号;Hinman et al.,Cancer Res.53:3336-3342(1993);以及Lode et al.,Cancer Res.58:2925-2928(1998));柔红霉素或阿霉素等蒽环类(参考Kratz et al.,Current Med.Chem.13:477-523(2006);Jeffrey et al.,Bioorganic&Med.Chem.Letters16:358-362(2006);Torgov et al.,Bioconj.Chem.16:717-721(2005);Nagy etal.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 97:829-834(2000);Dubowchik et al.,Bioorg.&Med.Chem.Letters 12:1529-1532(2002);King et al.,J.Med.Chem.45:4336-4343(2002);和美国专利第6,630,579号);甲氨蝶呤;长春地辛;多西他赛、紫杉醇、拉洛他赛(larotaxel)、替司他赛、和沃塔紫杉醇(Ortataxel)等紫杉烷;单端孢霉烯(trichothecenes);以及CC1065。
作为毒素的实例,列举包含以下的酶活性毒素或其片段:白喉A链、白喉毒素的非结合活性片段、外毒素A链(来自绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa))、蓖麻毒素A链、相思豆毒素A链、蒴莲根毒素A链、α-帚曲霉毒、油桐(Aleurites fordii)蛋白、石竹素蛋白、美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana)蛋白(PAPI、PAPII和PAP-S)、苦瓜(momordica charantia)抑制剂、麻风树毒蛋白(curcin)、巴豆毒蛋白、肥皂草(saponaria officinalis)抑制剂、白树毒素、丝林霉素(mitogellin)、局限曲霉素、酚霉素、伊诺霉素、以及单端孢霉烯,但不限于这些。
作为放射性同位素的实例,列举211At、131I、125I、90Y、186Re、188Re、153Sm、212Bi、32P、212Pb和Lu的放射性同位素。
作为本发明中的分子,也可以应用病毒。根据本发明的测定方法,例如,可以测定以下所示病毒或病毒蛋白或其一部分的体外的动力学。作为病毒,列举基因治疗中应用的病毒,例如逆转录病毒、腺病毒、腺伴随病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、慢病毒、痘病毒、EB病毒等(AdvBiomed Res.(2012)1:27.doi:10.4103/2277-9175.98152),药物递送用病毒例如红三叶坏死花叶病毒(Red clover necrotic mosaic virus,RCNMV)等(Methods Mol Biol.2011;726:207-221)。作为病毒蛋白或其一部分,列举HIV-1的tat蛋白的部分肽、人乳头瘤病毒的L2肽、HBV的包膜L蛋白等。
在一个方式中,本发明的测定方法包括以下的步骤:
(a)通过使分子与表达FcRn的细胞在水性介质中接触,以吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞的方式将前述分子吸收到前述细胞的步骤,和
(b)测定前述分子的体外药代动力学的步骤。
在本发明的测定方法中,步骤(b)可以不在步骤(a)结束后开始。即,步骤(b)可以在步骤(a)中本发明中分子向细胞吸收结束后开始,也可以在步骤(a)中该分子置于可吸收到细胞的状态时开始。
本发明的测定方法中使用的细胞只要是可以在体外进行与对象分子的接触、并且表达FcRn的那种则没有特别限定,例如,可为从生物体采取的细胞、原代培养细胞、或株化细胞。FcRn的表达通过下列确认:用荧光标记的抗FcRn抗体来染色细胞,通过FACS测定荧光,直方图移动到比对照抗体(例如同种型对照抗体)高的荧光强度侧。在进行更定量的评价的情形中,可以通过液相色谱质谱仪(LC-MS)分析细胞,测定来自FcRn的肽的存在量。
在优选方式中,FcRn可以是要预测体内药代动力学的生物物种的FcRn,例如,可为人FcRn、猴FcRn、迷你猪FcRn、大鼠FcRn、小鼠FcRn、兔FcRn、狗FcRn、豚鼠FcRn、仓鼠FcRn、黑猩猩FcRn、狨FcRn、雪貂FcRn、或猫FcRn。
在一个实施方式中,细胞可为以表达FcRn的方式转化的细胞。这样的转化例如,可以通过将编码FcRn的多核苷酸导入细胞而进行。作为启动子,可以使用在一般动物细胞中的表达中应用的启动子,例如,列举CMV、PGK、RSV、CAG、EF-1alpha、SV40、TRE、Oct3/4、Nanog等启动子(PLoS One.2010;5(5):e10611)。通过使用它们,可以表达足够量的FcRn。
在一个实施方式中,细胞可为以在细胞表面表达本发明中的分子的靶标的方式转化的细胞。在靶标是蛋白的情形中,这样的转化可以通过将编码该蛋白的多核苷酸导入细胞而进行。靶标的表达量越多,本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收量可以越大。作为启动子,可以使用与表达FcRn的情形同样的那种,由此可以表达足够量的靶标。
上述转化的细胞的制备中应用的细胞只要是可以适用于转染、转导等将外来基因导入细胞的转化技术的细胞则没有特别限定。作为这样的细胞,例如,列举CHO细胞、HEK293细胞、COS-1细胞、COS-7细胞、MDCK细胞、HMEC1细胞、HELA细胞、HepG2细胞、或BaF细胞,在特定的实施方式中可为CHO细胞。
在一个实施方式中,细胞可为表达内源性的FcRn的细胞,即,不接受强制表达外源性的FcRn的操作而表达FcRn的细胞。作为这样的细胞,例如,列举肝脏实质细胞、肝脏非实质细胞、肝窦内皮细胞、Kupffer细胞、人脐静脉内皮细胞、外周血单核细胞PBMC、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、B细胞、T细胞、血小板、NK细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、粒细胞、或树突细胞。
在一个实施方式中,细胞可为在细胞表面表达作为本发明中的分子的靶标的内源性的蛋白的细胞,即,不接受强制表达外源性的靶标蛋白的操作而在细胞表面表达靶标蛋白的细胞。这样的细胞可相应于靶标蛋白适当选择。
在一个实施方式中,作为细胞,可以使用内吞作用活性高的细胞或细胞株。由此,可增加本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收量。作为这样的细胞或细胞株,例如,列举巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、单核细胞等吞噬细胞或其株化细胞。关于吞噬细胞,其吞噬作用强,具有高吸收能力。巨噬细胞包含例如,肝脏的Kupffer细胞、肺胞巨噬细胞、脑的小胶质细胞等。
在优选的实施方式中,细胞是以表达FcRn的方式转化的细胞,更优选地,可为以表达FcRn的方式转化、并且以在细胞表面表达本发明中的分子的靶标的方式转化的细胞。
在本说明书中,“水性介质”意味着以水为必需构成成分的液体。水性介质只要是本发明的测定方法中使用的细胞不丧失内吞作用等细胞功能、本发明中的分子能够稳定存在的那种,则没有特别限制。作为水性介质,例如,列举磷酸缓冲生理盐水(PBS)等缓冲液、Dulbecco′s改良Eagle培养基(DMEM)等液体培养基。在优选的实施方式中,水性介质从减轻对细胞的负荷的观点看来可为液体培养基。
在步骤(a)的一个实施方式中,本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收可通过在使用的细胞不丧失内吞作用等细胞功能的条件下,在水性介质中使该分子与细胞接触而进行。这样的条件可以相应于使用的细胞适当设定。例如,在使用CHO细胞等来自哺乳动物的细胞的情形中,可以在液体培养基中,在30~40℃、优选36~38℃进行温育。
在步骤(a)的特定的实施方式中,本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收可通过在对象分子向细胞内的内化被抑制的温度(例如4℃或其以下的温度),在水性介质中使该分子与细胞接触而进行。由此,可以将与细胞表面结合但不内化的该分子作为测定对象,例如,可更准确地测定从FcRn或靶标的解离速度。
本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收以吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞的方式进行。通过相应于测定的各体外药代动力学,使本发明中的分子与细胞接触规定时间后,除去包含未被吸收到细胞的该分子的水性介质,测定细胞中内化的该分子和/或在细胞表面结合的该分子的量,进行吸收量的测定。吸收量的测定可以相应于该分子应用适当的测定手段,例如,列举利用荧光染料等标记的测定手段、ELISA法(酶联免疫吸附分析)等利用针对该分子的抗体的测定手段、通过液相色谱质谱仪(LC-MS)定量该分子或其片段的测定手段等。在应用ELISA法或通过LC-MS的测定方法的情形中,只要将细胞可溶化、定量细胞溶解液中包含的该分子的浓度即可,可以应用本领域中一般应用的技术通过常规方法进行。
在一个实施方式中,吸收量的测定可利用向本发明中的分子附加的标记进行。例如,在本发明中的分子是蛋白的情形中,可以向该蛋白附加荧光染料等标记,利用该标记测定该蛋白的存在量。蛋白的标记方法不限于特定的方法,可以应用本领域中一般应用的技术通过常规方法进行。作为标记蛋白的方法,例如,列举荧光标记、生物素标记、通过肽性标签的标记(His标签、FLAG标签、HA标签等)、通过金胶体的标记、通过磁珠的标记、RI(RadioIsotope;放射性同位素)标记、和酶标记(HRP(辣根过氧化物酶)、AP(碱性磷酸酶)等)。作为一般应用的荧光标记,例如,列举Rhodamin、VioBlue、DyLight 405、DY-405、Alexa Fluor405、AMCA、AMCA-X、Pacific Blue、DY-415、Royal Blue、ATTO 425、Cy2、ATTO 465、DY-475XL、NorthernLights 493、DY-490、DyLight 488、Alexa Fluor 488、5-FITC、5-FAM、DY-495-X5、DY-495、荧光素(Fluorescein)、FITC、ATTO 488、HiLyte Flour 488、MFP488、ATTO495、和Oyster 500。
吸收量高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞时,可提高从体外药代动力学预测体内药代动力学的精度。在优选方式中,本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收以吸收量成为高于0.070pmol/2×105细胞的方式、成为高于0.080pmol/2×105细胞的方式、成为高于0.090pmol/2×105细胞的方式、或成为高于0.10pmol/2×105细胞的方式进行。吸收量的上限没有特别限定,例如,可为小于0.42pmol/2×105细胞、小于0.40pmol/2×105细胞、小于0.30pmol/2×105细胞、小于0.20pmol/2×105细胞、或小于0.16pmol/2×105细胞。本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收可以以吸收量成为例如高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞、优选高于0.070pmol/2×105细胞、高于0.080pmol/2×105细胞、高于0.090pmol/2×105细胞、或高于0.10pmol/2×105细胞、并且小于0.42pmol/2×105细胞、优选小于0.40pmol/2×105细胞、小于0.30pmol/2×105细胞、小于0.20pmol/2×105细胞、或小于0.16pmol/2×105细胞的方式进行。
在一个实施方式中,本发明中的分子是蛋白,步骤(a)可以以利用向该分子附加的荧光染料而测定的吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞的方式进行。
在一个方式中,步骤(a)具有选自下述(i)~(iii)的至少1个特征:
(i)前述分子与前述细胞的接触时间是5小时以上,
(ii)不在酸性条件下洗涤与前述分子接触后的前述细胞,和
(iii)前述细胞在细胞表面表达前述分子的靶标。
关于(i),接触时间可为5小时以上,例如,6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、或24小时以上。接触时间的上限只要本发明中的分子稳定存在、不丧失内吞作用等细胞功能,则没有特别限定。接触时间例如可为72小时以下,48小时以下,或36小时以下。因此,接触时间可为5小时以上(例如,6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、或24小时以上)、且72小时以下(例如,48小时以下,或36小时以下)。
关于(ii),有时在步骤(b)的体外药代动力学的测定前洗涤细胞(例如,作为体外药代动力学,测定从细胞内向细胞外的排出量、从细胞内向细胞外的排出速度、细胞内分子减少速度、或从FcRn或靶标的解离速度的情形),此时,在酸性条件下洗涤时,在细胞表面结合的分子可被除去。因此,通过不在酸性条件下洗涤,可以增加本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收量。此处,酸性条件指低于pH6.0,例如pH5.5以下,pH5.0以下,pH4.5以下,pH4.0以下,pH3.5以下,或pH3.0以下。此外,在该方式中,本发明中的分子与细胞的接触时间只要本发明中的分子稳定存在、不丧失内吞作用等细胞功能,则没有特别限定,例如,可为5小时以上,例如,6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、或24小时以上、且72小时以下,48小时以下,或36小时以下。
关于(iii),细胞可以是以在细胞表面表达本发明中的分子的靶标的方式转化的细胞,或不进行这样的转化、在细胞表面表达作为本发明中的分子的靶标的内源性的蛋白的细胞的任一种。通过本发明中的分子与细胞表面存在的靶标结合,可以增加该分子向细胞的吸收量。靶标的表达量越多越优选,例如,通过使用一般的动物细胞中的表达中应用的启动子,例如CMV、PGK、RSV、CAG、EF-1alpha、SV40、TRE、Oct3/4、Nanog等启动子等作为启动子,可以表达足够量的靶标。
在一个方式中,通过步骤(a)中包含选自下述(iv)~(vii)的至少1个步骤,可增加本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收量:
(iv)将水性介质的pH调整至5.0~6.0的步骤,
(v)在前述分子是抗体的情形中,在该抗体与其抗原之间形成免疫复合物(IC)的步骤,
(vi)在前述分子包含Fc区的情形中,在水性介质中添加抗Fc抗体的步骤,和
(vii)在水性介质中添加吸收促进剂的步骤。
关于(iv),在将pH调整至5.0~6.0的水性介质中,本发明中的分子通过带正电荷而容易进入细胞内。此外,在本发明中的分子包含Fc区的情形中,Fc区对FcRn的结合力在pH低于6.5的内体内的pH环境下变高,因此变得容易进入细胞内。由此,通过将水性介质的pH调整至5.0~6.0,可增加本发明中的分子向细胞的吸收量。因此,在优选的实施方式中,本发明中的分子可包含Fc区,步骤(a)可包含步骤(iv)。
关于(v),已知抗体与抗原的复合物、即免疫复合物容易吸收到细胞(JImmunol.1962Oct;89:471-82和Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol.1974;46(2):230-48)。在本发明中的分子是抗体的情形中,通过使包含该分子的免疫复合物与细胞接触,可增加该分子向细胞的吸收量。
关于(vi),已知通过抗Fc抗体与本发明中的分子的Fc区结合,多个分子缔合,由此变得容易吸收到细胞(J Immunol.2013Jun15;190(12):6694-706)。在本发明中的分子包含Fc区的情形中,通过使经抗Fc抗体的添加缔合的该分子与细胞接触,可增加该分子向细胞的吸收量。
关于(vii),作为吸收促进剂,列举针对蛋白的吸收促进剂。作为针对蛋白的吸收促进剂的实例,列举BioPORTER(注册商标)蛋白输送试剂(Genlantis Inc.)、PULSin(注册商标)Kit(Polyplus-transfection(注册商标)SA)、Pro-DeliverIN(OZ Biosciences)、L17E Cytosolic Delivery Peptide((株)肽研究所)等。
吸收促进剂也包含内吞作用促进剂。作为内吞作用促进剂,例如,列举冈田酸(Drug Delivery System 2016年31卷1号p.83-84)等。
吸收促进剂也包含抑制本发明中的分子从细胞的排出的物质。作为这样的物质,例如,列举ABC转运蛋白(ATP-结合盒转运蛋白)的抑制剂。作为ABC转运蛋白的抑制剂,可以利用本领域中一般使用的那种,例如,列举已知为MRP2的抑制剂的MK571、CeefourinTM 1(abcam公司制)、CeefourinTM 2(abcam公司制)、红霉素、异硫氰酸噻吩基丁酯等。
在步骤(a)中,也可以在水性介质中进一步添加药学活性成分。由此,可以在该成分的存在下评价本发明中的分子的体外药代动力学。药学活性成分只要是可与该分子在体内联用的药剂则没有特别限定,例如,列举癌、自身免疫疾病、感染症、神经疾病、骨质疏松、变形性膝关节病/肩关节周围炎、血友病A等疾病的治疗剂。
在步骤(b)中体外药代动力学的测定中,相应于体外药代动力学的种类,测定适当的数值。测定可以在特定的时点进行,也可以经时进行多次。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由从细胞内向细胞外的排出量(Efflux量)表示的情形中,排出量通过下列确定:在步骤(a)之后,将培养基等水性介质交换为不包含本发明中的分子的那种后,通过检出水性介质中的该分子,测定从细胞向细胞外排出的该分子的量。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学是从细胞内向细胞外的排出速度(Efflux速度)的情形中,排出速度通过下列确定:在步骤(a)之后,将培养基等水性介质交换为不包含本发明中的分子的那种后,通过检出水性介质中的该分子,测定每单位时间的该分子的排出量。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由细胞内分子减少速度表示的情形中,细胞内分子减少速度通过下列确定:在步骤(a)之后,将培养基等水性介质交换为不包含本发明中的分子的那种后,通过检出细胞内的该分子,测定每单位时间从细胞减少的该分子的量。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由从FcRn或靶标的解离速度表示的情形中,从FcRn或靶标的解离速度通过下列确定:在步骤(a)之后,将培养基等水性介质交换为不包含本发明中的分子的那种后,通过检出水性介质中的该分子,测定每单位时间水性介质中排出的该分子的量。
步骤(b)可以是步骤(a)中将本发明中的分子吸收到细胞的阶段中测定体外药代动力学的步骤。作为如此测定的体外药代动力学,例如,列举内化速度、胞吞转运量、Kp值、与FcRn或靶标的结合速度等。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由内化速度表示的情形中,内化速度通过下列确定:在步骤(a)中本发明中的分子置于可吸收到细胞的状态后,测定每单位时间从细胞外吸收到细胞的该分子的量。在优选方式中,与本发明中的分子接触规定时间的细胞在测定该分子的量前用酸性(低于pH6.0,例如pH5.5以下,pH5.0以下,pH4.5以下,pH4.0以下,pH3.5以下,或pH3.0以下)的水性介质洗涤,除去与细胞表面结合的该分子。此外,例如,吸收开始后经时测定细胞中吸收的分子的量,应用得到的测定值进行Integration plot分析,可以从初始斜率算出内化速度。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由胞吞转运量表示的情形中,胞吞转运量通过下列确定:在步骤(a)中本发明中的分子置于可吸收到细胞的状态后,测定该分子透过细胞的量。为了该目的,可以应用培养为层状的细胞。也可以应用胞吞转运量测定中可应用的市售产品(例如Transwell(注册商标)permeable support(Corning)等)。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由Kp值表示的情形中,Kp值通过下列确定:在步骤(a)中本发明中的分子置于可吸收到细胞的状态、经过规定时间后,测定该分子的细胞中的量和水性介质中的量。Kp值通过(细胞中的量)/(水性介质中的量)算出。
在一个实施方式中,在体外药代动力学由与FcRn或靶标的结合速度表示的情形中,与FcRn或靶标的结合速度通过下列确定:在步骤(a)中本发明中的分子置于可吸收到细胞的状态后,测定每单位时间与FcRn或靶标结合的该分子的量。
在一个方式中,本发明的测定方法可进一步包括以下的步骤:
(c)从步骤(b)中得到的测定结果,算出体外评价参数的步骤。
在本说明书中,“体外评价参数”意味着从作为体外药代动力学测定的数值算出的指标。通过算出体外评价参数,体外药代动力学的评价和体内药代动力学的预测变得容易。
作为体外评价参数,例如,列举“清除指数”、“HERA指数”等指标。
“清除指数”基于从细胞内向细胞外的排出量(Efflux量),通过如下的3个方法的任一种算出。
方法1:测定排出开始后0分钟时细胞内的分子的量和排出开始后240分钟时细胞外的分子的量,将通过(240分钟时细胞外的分子的量)/(0分钟时细胞内的分子的量)算出的值作为清除指数。
方法2:测定排出开始后0分钟时细胞内的分子的量以及排出开始后120分钟和240分钟时细胞外的分子的量,将通过(120分钟和240分钟时细胞外的分子的量的平均值)/(0分钟时细胞内的分子的量)算出的值作为清除指数。
方法3:测定排出开始后0分钟时细胞内的分子的量以及排出开始后60分钟、120分钟和240分钟时细胞外的分子的量,将通过(60分钟、120分钟和240分钟时细胞外的分子的量的平均值)/(0分钟时细胞内的分子的量)算出的值作为清除指数。
在优选的实施方式中,作为体外评价参数,算出通过方法3的清除指数。
“HERA指数”基于从细胞内向细胞外的排出量(Efflux量),通过以下的方法算出。
通过将本发明中的分子与细胞在pH6.0的缓冲液中温育4小时,将该分子吸收到细胞内。其后,洗涤细胞,添加pH7.4的缓冲液,从细胞排出该分子。测定缓冲液中排出的分子的量(Rx)和细胞内残存的分子的量(RAx)。关于参考分子(例如,在本发明中的分子是突变型蛋白的情形中的野生型蛋白)也同样地,测定排出量(Rwt)和残存量(RAwt)。将通过(Rx/Rwt)/(RAx/RAwt)算出的值作为HERA评分(非专利文献1)。
在优选的实施方式中,本发明的测定方法是测定抗体的体外药代动力学的方法,其包括以下的步骤:
(a)通过使抗体与表达FcRn的细胞在水性介质中接触,以吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞的方式将前述抗体吸收到前述细胞的步骤,其具有下述(i)~(iii)的特征,
(i)前述抗体与前述细胞的接触时间是24小时以上,
(ii)不在酸性条件下洗涤与前述抗体接触后的前述细胞,和
(iii)前述细胞在细胞表面表达前述抗体的靶标,
(b)测定前述抗体的体外药代动力学的步骤,以及
(c)从步骤(b)中得到的测定结果,算出体外评价参数的步骤,
其中,前述抗体包含FcRn结合结构域和靶标结合结构域,
体外药代动力学是从细胞内向细胞外的排出量,
体外评价参数是清除指数。
本发明的测定方法可用于包含本发明中的分子的药物的品质确保或药效的预测。
在一个实施方式中,为了确保药物的品质,例如,可以将本发明的方法作为药物的标准试验并入药物的制备步骤的一部分。通过将体外药代动力学的测定值或应包含体外评价参数的范围定为标准,制备满足该标准的产品,可以将药物的品质保持为一定。
在一个实施方式中,通过经本发明的测定方法测定体外药代动力学,可预测药效。例如,在一些自身免疫性疾病中,已知通过针对自身抗原的自身抗体增加并攻击末梢,引起自身免疫反应。作为通过抑制吸收到细胞内的自身抗体经由FcRn向细胞外排出而减少自身抗体的尝试,报告了大量静注来自人血浆的IgG的免疫球蛋白制剂(例如,Heizentra(注册商标)(CSF Behring公司))的使用,此外,也报告了FcRn抑制剂作为自身免疫疾病治疗药开发的可能性(日药理志(Folia Pharmacol.Jpn.)136,280~284(2010))。因此,有时通过经本发明的测定方法测定对象分子的体外药代动力学,基于其评价该分子与FcRn的结合性,可以预测药效。
此外,通过经本发明的测定方法测定体外药代动力学,基于其预测体内药代动力学,可预测药效(后述的II)。
在特定的实施方式中,药效的预测可为药物间相互作用的预测。例如,通过步骤(a)中将本发明中的分子与药学活性的其它成分和细胞接触,测定该成分存在下的体外药代动力学,可以预测该成分对该分子的药效给予何种影响。
II.预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法
本发明的第二方式涉及预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法(以下,称为本发明的预测方法)。
本发明的预测方法包括以下的步骤:
(a’)通过本发明的测定方法,测定体外药代动力学的步骤,和
(b’)从步骤(a’)中得到的测定值或体外评价参数,预测将前述分子施用于生物体的情形中的体内药代动力学的步骤。
步骤(a’)按照上述I的记载进行。
在步骤(b’)中,从步骤(a’)中得到的测定值或体外评价参数,基于预先算出的体外药代动力学的测定值或体外评价参数与体内药代动力学之间的相关关系,预测体内药代动力学。与应用以下所示小鼠的情形的具体实例同样地,相应于各分子、生物物种、以及体外药代动力学和体内药代动力学的种类,确定相关关系。
此处,关于参考分子,显示作为体外药代动力学测定从细胞内向细胞外的排出量、作为体外评价参数算出清除指数(方法3)、作为体内药代动力学预测血浆中半衰期或清除率的实例。参考分子选自作为与本发明中的分子相同种类的分子(例如,蛋白、肽化合物、核酸、毒素、病毒、纳米粒子/微粒子等DDS制剂等)的、具有相同靶标的分子。例如,在本发明中的分子与参考分子是抗体的情形中,它们与相同抗原(优选地,相同表位)结合。例如,在本发明中的分子是人工物(例如,突变型蛋白、突变型肽化合物、突变型核酸等)的情形中,参考分子可为其制备中作为基准的分子(例如,野生型蛋白、野生型肽化合物、野生型核酸等)和/或与该人工物同样制备的另一分子。用于确定相关关系的参考分子是1个以上,优选2个以上(例如,3个以上、4个以上、5个以上、10个以上)。
参考分子的体外药代动力学与本发明中的分子同样地通过本发明的测定方法测定。按需要,从体外药代动力学的测定结果算出体外评价参数。
关于体内药代动力学,向表达FcRn的小鼠尾静脉施用参考分子,从施用至28天后经时测定血浆中抗体浓度,通过非房室模型分析算出血浆中半衰期或清除率。
关于参考分子,绘制体外药代动力学的测定值或体外评价参数的值、和血浆中半衰期或清除率的值。可以基于取得的数据,制成回归直线。如此可以算出体外药代动力学的测定值或体外评价参数与体内药代动力学之间的相关关系。
本发明的预测方法中的体内药代动力学没有特别限定,例如,可为生物利用度、分布容积、血中非结合型分数、清除率、尿中排泄率、血中浓度半衰期、或平均滞留时间。在优选方式中,体内药代动力学是清除率或血中浓度半衰期,体外评价参数是清除指数。
在一个实施方式中,生物体可为人、猴、迷你猪、大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗、豚鼠、仓鼠、黑猩猩、狨、雪貂、或猫。在本发明的预测方法以实验动物的使用数的削减为目的使用的情形中,生物体是非人动物,例如,可为猴、迷你猪、大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗、或豚鼠。
根据本发明的预测方法,通过体外的试验,可以预测血浆中半衰期、清除率等体内药代动力学。因此,本发明的预测方法可作为应用动物的体内药代动力学试验的替代使用。其结果,可以削减体内药代动力学试验次数和实验动物的使用数,本发明从动物伦理的观点看来也有用。
III.分子的筛选方法
本发明的第三方式涉及分子的筛选方法(以下,称为本发明的筛选方法)。
本发明的筛选方法包括以下的步骤:
(a”)准备与同一靶标结合的不同的2个以上分子的步骤,
(b”)分别对步骤(a”)中准备的2个以上分子,通过本发明的测定方法,测定体外药代动力学的步骤,和
(c”)将步骤(b”)中得到的2个以上分子各自的测定值或体外评价参数相互比较,选择显示期望的值的分子的步骤。
步骤(a”)中的2个以上分子各自为上述I中记载的本发明中的分子。该2个以上分子是相同种类的分子,具有相同靶标,并且是彼此不同的分子。例如,在该2个以上分子是抗体的情形中,它们可为来自相同亲本抗体的彼此不同的改变体。
步骤(b”)分别对2个以上分子按照上述I的记载进行。
在步骤(c”)中,选择显示期望的体外药代动力学的测定值或体外评价参数的值的分子。期望的值可根据体外药代动力学的种类改变,例如,可为显示与FcRn或靶标的结合活性更高的值。在体外药代动力学是从细胞内向细胞外的排出量、从细胞内向细胞外的排出速度、胞吞转运量、或细胞内分子减少速度的情形中,值越高显示与FcRn的结合活性越高。此外,体外药代动力学是内化速度,在细胞表达靶标的情形中,值越高显示与靶标的结合活性越高。选择的各分子可以用于相应于该特征的用途(药物等),也可以进一步提供给试验。
根据本发明的筛选方法,可以不进行体内药代动力学试验,选择具有期望特征的分子。其结果,可以削减体内药代动力学试验次数和实验动物的使用数,本发明从动物伦理的观点看来也有用。
另外,本说明书中引用的全部现有技术文献通过参考并入本说明书。
通过实施例进一步详细说明本发明。
实施例
实施例1各Fc改变体的小鼠血浆中药代动力学评价
(1-1)吸收评价中应用的抗体的Fc区的特性
应用H237-G1d、H237-F1847m、H237-F1886m、H237-F1927m、H237-F890,其为WO2012/133782 A1、WO 2013/046704 A2、WO 2017/046994A1、WO 2009/125825A1中记载的具有Fc的抗IL-6R抗体。
H237-G1d的重链序列是WO 2012/133782 A1的序列编号:79的氨基酸序列。
H237-F1847m的重链序列是WO 2017/046994 A1的序列编号:50的氨基酸序列。
H237-F1886m的重链序列是WO 2017/046994 A1的序列编号:52的氨基酸序列。
H237-F1927m的重链序列是WO 2017/046994 A1的序列编号:54的氨基酸序列。
H237-F890的重链序列是WO 2013/046704 A2的序列编号:6的氨基酸序列。
这些轻链序列均为WO 2009/125825 A1的序列编号:27的氨基酸序列。
(1-2)小鼠的血浆中药代动力学评价
在小鼠FcRn敲除/人FcRn转基因小鼠(Tg#32、雄性)中,尾静脉施用H237-G1d、H237-F1847m、H237-F1886m、H237-F1927m、和H237-F890的任1个抗体1mg/kg、和Sanglopor(干燥的pH4处理人免疫球蛋白、CSL Behring)1000mg/kg,从5分钟后至28天后经时进行颈静脉采血。将得到的血液离心分离(12000rpm、4℃、5分钟),得到血浆。血浆中抗体浓度应用使用针对施用抗体的捕获抗体/检出抗体的电化学发光免疫测定法(ECL)测定。此外,应用得到的PK曲线,进行非房室模型分析,算出半衰期和清除率。
结果示于1。H237-F1847m、H237-F1886m、和H237-F1927m与H237-G1d和H237-F890相比在消失相中的斜率平缓,显示从血浆中的消失更平缓的倾向。算出的PK参数示于表1。关于终末相中的半衰期,H237-F1886m最长,H237-F1927m和H237-F1847m也比H237-G1d长。H237-F890显示最短的半衰期。此外,关于清除率,H237-F1886m最小,H237-F1927m和H237-F1886m也比H237-G1d小。
[表1]
表1:血浆中各抗体的半衰期和清除率
实施例2各Fc改变体的细胞吸收比较
(2-1)Fc区改变抗体的Alexa647标记
应用Alexa flour 647labeling kit(Thermo Fisher Scientific),按照所附方案将H237-G1d、H237-F1847m、H237-F1886m、H237-F1927m、和H237-F890用Alexa647(AF647)标记。用Nanodrop(Thermo Fisher Scientific)测定吸光度,按照所附方案中记载的算式算出各抗体的浓度、和荧光物质的标记效率。
(2-2)Fc区改变抗体的hFcRn-hIL6R-CHO细胞和hFcRn-CHO细胞中的吸收评价
向完全培养基(CHO-S-SFMII(Invitrogen))中包含2x105个强制表达人FcRn和人IL-6R的CHO细胞(hFcRn-hIL6R-CHO细胞(Chiome Bioscience);向CHO细胞导入包含CMV启动子的表达载体(pcDNA3.1载体,Invitrogen)而制备。)或仅强制表达人FcRn的CHO细胞(hFcRn-CHO细胞(Chiome Bioscience);向CHO细胞导入包含CMV启动子的表达载体(pcDNA3.1载体,Invitrogen)而制备。)的50μL细胞溶液,以终浓度成为50μg/mL的方式添加AF647标记的抗体,在96-孔板中成为100μL/孔。其后,在CO2培养箱内在37℃反应24小时。其后冰冷,用冷的含有2%FBS的PBS(FBS-PBS)洗涤细胞。细胞的荧光强度应用FACS CantoII(Becton,Dickinson and Company)测定。
除了进行分析的细胞,还应用Quantum MESF(Bangs Laboratories),按照所附方案,测定荧光标记的标品珠的荧光强度。按照所附方案,从各标品的几何平均荧光强度绘制标准曲线,从吸收各抗体的样品的几何平均荧光强度,算出各抗体的吸收量。
结果示于2。与hFcRn-CHO细胞相比,在hFcRn-hIL6R-CHO细胞中,各抗体的吸收量以2.2~36倍的范围增加。
实施例3各Fc改变体的经时细胞吸收评价
在包含2x10 5个hFcRn-hIL6R-CHO细胞的50μL细胞溶液中,以终浓度成为50μg/mL的方式添加AF647标记的抗体,在96-孔板中成为100μL/孔。其后,边搅拌板,边在37℃经时反应直至最多24小时。其后冰冷,加入冷的含有2%FBS的PBS,用FBS-PBS或调整至pH3.0的培养基(酸性)洗涤细胞1次。其后,通过离心(1000g,3min)回收细胞。细胞的荧光强度应用FACS CantoII测定。
除了进行分析的细胞,还应用Quantum MESF(Bangs Laboratories),按照所附方案,测定荧光标记的标品珠的荧光强度。按照所附方案,从各标品的几何平均荧光强度绘制标准曲线,从吸收各抗体的样品的几何平均荧光强度,算出各抗体的吸收量。
结果示于3(a)和(b)。对于各抗体,观察到时间依赖性吸收量的增大。与H237-G1d、H237-F1847m、和H237-F1927m相比,H237-F890和H237-F1886m在FBS-PBS洗涤和酸性洗涤的任一中,都显示略高的吸收量。
应用得到的抗体吸收量的测定值进行Integration plot分析,从初始的斜率算出内化速度。Integration plot分析的结果示于3(c)。此外,算出的内化速度示于表2。与H237-G1d、H237-F1847m、H237-F1886m、和H237-F1927m相比,H237-F890显示略高的值。
[表2]
表2:各抗体的内化速度(kint)
实施例4各Fc改变体的细胞内抗体量和向培养基中的排出(efflux)量的经时评价
(4-1)细胞内抗体量和向培养基中的排出量的经时评价
在包含2x105个hFcRn-hIL6R-CHO细胞的50μL细胞溶液中,以终浓度成为50μg/mL的方式添加AF647标记的抗体,在96-孔板中成为100μL/孔。其后,在37℃温育24小时。其后冰冷,进行冷的含有2%BSA的培养基的添加和除去,加入100μL新鲜的含有2%BSA的培养基,在37℃反应直至最多4小时,经时采样。离心各时点的样品后,回收上清,同时用FBS-PBS洗涤细胞。应用电化学发光免疫测定法(ECL)测定上清中的抗体浓度。此外,应用FACSCantoII测定细胞的荧光强度,从标品珠的荧光强度算出细胞中包含的抗体量。
结果示于4(a)。关于任一抗体,都确认到时间依赖性细胞内抗体量的减少。H237-F890的细胞内抗体量以高值推移。
此外,培养基中排出的抗体量的时间推移示于图4(b)。确认到任一抗体都急速排出直至排出开始后30分钟前后,其后达到平台。直至排出开始后10分钟,关于任一抗体的图都显示同样的倾向,但60分钟以后,对于各抗体观察到在培养基中的抗体量中存在差异,显示H237-F1886m最多、H237-G1d最少的量。
(4-2)清除指数的算出
应用排出开始后0分钟时细胞内抗体量、和直至各时点培养基中排出的抗体量,用如下所示3个算式算出清除指数。
方法1:(240分钟时培养基中的抗体量)/(0分钟时细胞内的抗体量)
方法2:(120分钟和240分钟时培养基中的抗体量的平均值)/(0分钟时细胞内的抗体量)
方法3:(60分钟、120分钟、和240分钟时培养基中的抗体量)/(0分钟时细胞内的抗体量)
用上述的各方法算出的清除指数的值示于表4。任一抗体的数值都为0.30~0.70左右。关于各抗体,用3个方法算出的值显示大致相同程度的值。在3个方法中,抗体间的值的大小也显示相同倾向。
[表3]
表3:各抗体的清除指数
实施例5清除指数与体内药代动力学的相关性
评价实施例4中算出的清除指数与实施例1中测定的体内的半衰期或清除率的相关性。结果示于5。观察到体内的半衰期和清除率的任一种都与清除指数之间存在强的相关性(分别为R2=0.961和R2=0.822)。因此显示,通过经方法1~3算出的清除指数,可预测体内的血浆中半衰期或清除率。
产业上的可利用性
根据本发明,能够比以往更简便地以高精度预测多个药物候选物质的体内药代动力学。此外,本发明可以有助于实验动物的使用数削减、药理效果更高的药物的开发等。
Claims (19)
1.测定分子的体外药代动力学的方法,其包括以下的步骤:
(a)通过使分子与表达FcRn的细胞在水性介质中接触,以吸收量成为高于0.068pmol/2×105细胞的方式使所述分子吸收到所述细胞的步骤,所述步骤具有选自下述(i)~(iii)的至少1个特征,
(i)所述分子与所述细胞的接触时间是5小时以上,
(ii)不在酸性条件下洗涤与所述分子接触后的所述细胞,和
(iii)所述细胞在细胞表面表达所述分子的靶标,以及
(b)测定所述分子的体外药代动力学的步骤,
其中所述分子包含FcRn结合结构域。
2.权利要求1中所述的方法,其中分子是包含FcRn结合结构域和靶标结合结构域的抗体。
3.权利要求1或2中所述的方法,其中所述细胞是以表达FcRn的方式转化的细胞。
4.权利要求1~3的任一项中所述的方法,其中所述细胞是以在细胞表面表达所述分子的靶标的方式转化的细胞。
5.权利要求3或4中所述的方法,其中所述细胞是CHO细胞、HEK293细胞、COS-1细胞、COS-7细胞、MDCK细胞、HMEC1细胞、HELA细胞、HepG2细胞、或BaF细胞。
6.权利要求1或2中所述的方法,其中所述细胞是肝脏实质细胞、肝脏非实质细胞、肝窦内皮细胞、Kupffer细胞、人脐静脉内皮细胞、外周血单核细胞PBMC、巨噬细胞、单核细胞、B细胞、T细胞、血小板、NK细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、粒细胞、或树突细胞。
7.权利要求1~6的任一项中所述的方法,其中以吸收量成为高于0.10pmol/2×105细胞的方式使所述分子吸收到所述细胞。
8.权利要求1~7的任一项中所述的方法,其中体外药代动力学是从细胞内向培养液中的排出量、从细胞内向培养液中的排出速度、内化速度、胞吞转运量、Kp值、细胞内分子减少速度、与FcRn或靶标的结合速度、或从FcRn或靶标的解离速度。
9.权利要求1~8的任一项中所述的方法,其中FcRn是人FcRn、猴FcRn、迷你猪FcRn、大鼠FcRn、小鼠FcRn、兔FcRn、狗FcRn、或豚鼠FcRn。
10.权利要求1~9的任一项中所述的方法,其进一步包括以下的步骤:
(c)从步骤(b)中得到的测定结果算出体外评价参数的步骤。
11.权利要求10中所述的方法,其中体外评价参数是清除指数或HERA评分。
12.权利要求1~11的任一项中所述的方法,其用于包含所述分子的药物的品质确保或药效的预测。
13.权利要求1~12的任一项中所述的方法,其中所述分子的靶标是膜蛋白。
14.权利要求13中所述的方法,其中所述分子的靶标是人IL6受体。
15.预测分子的体内药代动力学的方法,其包括:
(a’)通过权利要求1~14的任一项中所述的方法,测定体外药代动力学的步骤,和
(b’)从步骤(a’)中得到的测定值或体外评价参数,预测将所述分子施用于生物体的情形中的体内药代动力学的步骤。
16.权利要求15中所述的方法,其中体内药代动力学是生物利用度、分布容积、血中非结合型分数、清除率、尿中排泄率、血中浓度半衰期、或平均滞留时间。
17.权利要求15或16中所述的方法,其中生物体是人、猴、迷你猪、大鼠、小鼠、兔、狗、或豚鼠。
18.权利要求15~17的任一项中所述的方法,其作为应用动物的药代动力学试验的替代使用。
19.分子的筛选方法,其包括:
(a”)准备与同一靶标结合的不同的2个以上分子的步骤,
(b”)分别对步骤(a”)中准备的2个以上分子,通过权利要求1~14的任一项中所述的方法,测定体外药代动力学的步骤,和
(c”)将步骤(b”)中得到的2个以上分子各自的测定值或体外评价参数相互比较,选择显示期望的值的分子的步骤。
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