CN117309675A - Uranium ore density measurement method - Google Patents
Uranium ore density measurement method Download PDFInfo
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- CN117309675A CN117309675A CN202311111400.5A CN202311111400A CN117309675A CN 117309675 A CN117309675 A CN 117309675A CN 202311111400 A CN202311111400 A CN 202311111400A CN 117309675 A CN117309675 A CN 117309675A
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- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 102100037651 AP-2 complex subunit sigma Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 101000806914 Homo sapiens AP-2 complex subunit sigma Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 29
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009933 burial Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012633 leachable Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012173 sealing wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a uranium ore density measurement method, which relates to the technical field of uranium ore geophysics and comprises the following steps: performing density logging and natural gamma logging on uranium-containing ore drilling, and calibrating a density logging equation according to the density of surrounding rock samples, the long spacing and the short spacing of the positions of the surrounding rock samples, and the long spacing data and the short spacing data of natural gamma data and radioactive heightening sections; calculating the logging density according to a density logging equation; measuring uranium ore density by a paraffin method to obtain actual measurement density; fitting the logging density and the actually measured density to obtain a density fitting equation; and (5) accurately calculating the uranium ore density according to a density fitting equation. According to the invention, a density logging equation is combined with uranium ore density determination by a paraffin method to obtain a density fitting equation, and the density of sandstone uranium ore is accurately calculated through the density fitting equation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of uranium ore geophysics, in particular to a uranium ore density measurement method.
Background
The in-situ leaching sandstone type uranium ore is a blind deposit, the burial depth of the ore body is generally hundreds of meters to thousands of meters, the current investigation method mainly comprises drilling, namely, drilling holes into the ground through a drilling machine, taking rock and ore samples from different depths, or observing in the holes by using an instrument, so that necessary data are provided for geological and mineral research. Ore density is an important technical parameter in the calculation of the deposit reserves of the on-site leachable sandstone type uranium ores, and the accuracy of measurement thereof affects the accuracy and reliability of the calculation of the deposit reserves. The existing method for measuring the density of the sandstone-type uranium ores can be a paraffin method and a gamma-gamma density logging method. The paraffin method is to sample the rock ore at a relatively complete place, obtain relevant data through the processes of weighing, wax sealing, volume measurement and the like, and calculate a sample density value. The gamma-gamma density well logging method is to lower the probe tube into the borehole, to emit gamma rays to the well wall through the radioactive source carried by the well logging probe tube, and to receive the gamma rays and the elements in the rock layer minerals by the crystals in the long-distance and short-distance detectors in the probe tube after Compton effect, to obtain the density of the stratum by combining the measured long-distance and short-distance channel data and calibrated parameters.
The gamma-gamma density well logging method is characterized in that due to the influence of gamma rays in stratum, especially uranium ore belongs to radioactive mineral products, gamma rays released by mineral deposits and gamma rays which reflect stratum density and are emitted by radioactive sources are simultaneously accepted by long-distance and short-distance detectors, and the two types of ray data are overlapped, so that the finally calculated ore density is smaller. The stronger the gamma rays in the ore, the smaller the calculated density.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a uranium ore density measurement method, which solves the problem of small calculated ore density existing in a gamma-gamma density well logging method.
The invention provides a uranium ore density measurement method, which comprises the following steps:
collecting surrounding rock samples in uranium-bearing ore drilling holes, performing density logging on the uranium-bearing ore drilling holes, and recording long intervals and short intervals corresponding to the positions of the surrounding rock samples;
collecting long-distance data and short-distance data of a radioactive heightening section in a uranium-bearing ore drilling hole;
natural gamma logging is carried out on the drilling holes containing uranium ores, and natural gamma data are collected;
calibrating a density logging equation according to the density of the surrounding rock sample, the long spacing and the short spacing of the positions of the surrounding rock sample, the long spacing data and the short spacing data of the natural gamma data and the radioactive heightening section;
calculating the logging density according to the calibrated density logging equation;
measuring uranium ore density by a paraffin method to obtain actual measurement density;
fitting the logging density and the actually measured density to obtain a density fitting equation;
and calculating the uranium ore density according to a density fitting equation.
Preferably, density logging of cesium sources is carried out on uranium-containing ore drilling holes, and long intervals and short intervals corresponding to positions of surrounding rock samples are recorded;
and carrying out density well logging without cesium source on the uranium-bearing ore drilling, and collecting long-distance data and short-distance data of the radioactive heightened section in the uranium-bearing ore drilling.
Preferably, the surrounding rock sample comprises a mudstone sample and a conglomerate sample, and the weight and the volume of the mudstone sample and the conglomerate sample are measured to obtain the mudstone density and the conglomerate density.
Preferably, the density logging equation is calibrated according to the density of the surrounding rock sample, the long spacing and the short spacing of the surrounding rock sample position, the natural gamma data and the long spacing data and the short spacing data of the radioactivity increasing section, and the method comprises the following steps:
calculating the density of the surrounding rock sample;
substituting the densities, long intervals and short intervals of the mudstone samples and the conglomerate samples into a compensation density logging formula to obtain coefficient items and constant items;
fitting long-distance data and short-distance data of the radioactive heightening section through natural gamma values to obtain a fitting equation;
calculating long-distance parameters and short-distance parameters through a fitting equation;
and calibrating the density logging equation according to the coefficient term, the constant term, the long-distance parameter and the short-distance parameter. Preferably, the compensated density logging formula is as follows:
σ1＝a×ln(N S 1)-ln(N L 1)+c1
σ2＝a×ln(N S 2)-ln(N L 2)+c2
wherein σ1 and σ2 are mudstone density and conglomerate density, respectively, a is a coefficient term, c1+c2 is a constant term, c=c1+c2, N S 1 and N S 2 are respectively the long intervals of the mudstone sample and the conglomerate sample, N L 1 and N L 2 are the short spacing of the mudstone sample and the conglomerate sample, respectively.
Preferably, the fit equation is as follows:
N S ＝d×GR+n
N L ＝e×GR+m
wherein N is S For short distance parameter N L For long-distance parameters, GR is natural gamma data, d is a short-distance fitting formula coefficient, e is a long-distance fitting formula coefficient, n is a short-distance fitting formula constant term, and m is a long-distance fitting formula constant term.
Preferably, the density logging equation is calibrated according to coefficient items, constant items and long and short interval parameters, and the method comprises the following steps:
substituting the coefficient term, the constant term and the long and short distance parameters into a long source distance density formula and a short source distance density formula to obtain a long source distance density sum and a short source distance density;
and obtaining a density logging equation according to the long-source distance density and the short-source distance density.
Preferably, the long-source distance density formula and the short-source distance density formula are as follows:
long source distance density = -1 x ln (N) L )+c
Short source distance density=a×ln (N) S )
Wherein a is a coefficient term, c is a constant term, N S For short distance parameter N L Is a long pitch parameter.
Preferably, the density logging equation is as follows:
σ＝-1×ln(N L -d×GR-n)+c+a×ln(N S -e×GR-m)
where σ is the log density.
Preferably, the density fitting equation is as follows:
ρ＝f×σ
where ρ is the measured density and f is the fitting coefficient.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a uranium ore density measurement method, which comprises the steps of collecting surrounding rock samples in uranium-bearing ore drilling holes, carrying out density logging on the uranium-bearing ore drilling holes, recording long spacing and short spacing corresponding to positions of the surrounding rock samples, collecting long spacing data and short spacing data of a radioactive heightening section, calibrating a density logging equation according to the data, and fitting natural gamma values with long and short spacing parameters to eliminate the influence of radioactive ore layers. And then combining the density logging equation with the uranium ore density measured by a paraffin method to obtain a density fitting equation, and accurately calculating the density of the sandstone uranium ore through the density fitting equation.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a uranium ore density measurement method according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a combined density probe according to the present embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the natural gamma-long source distance fitting equation of the present embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the natural gamma-short source distance fitting equation of the present embodiment;
fig. 5 is a log density contrast plot of uranium ore depleted radioactivity of the present example.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the invention provides a uranium ore density measurement method, which includes the following steps:
the first step: and substituting the measured density into a compensation density logging formula to obtain a coefficient a and a constant term c.
And (3) electrifying to check the working state of the instrument of the combined density probe tube, and checking the stability of three crystals with natural gamma and long and short intervals, wherein the requirement is less than 5%.
A cesium source (Cs-137, 3.7E+9Bq) is installed at the lower part of the combined density probe, communication is started, instrument operation is conducted to open the well diameter, and well logging is conducted by the well wall.
Density logging is carried out on a designated drilling hole, and fresh mudstone and conglomerate samples with radioactivity as background are collected in a designated drilling hole core.
The weight of the density sample was measured, the volume of the density sample was calculated, and the density of the density sample was further calculated, wherein the mudstone density was σ1 and the conglomerate density was σ2. Recording long interval N corresponding to mudstone and conglomerate sampling positions L And a short distance N S . Wherein the mud rock length interval is N L 1, short distance N S 1, the long distance of the conglomerate is N L 2, short distance is N S 2。
Sigma 1 and sigma 2, long pitch N L 1、N L 2 and short spacing N S 1、N S 2 are taken into equations (1) and (2), solving for a and c, c=c1+c2.
σ1＝a×ln(N S 1)-ln(N L 1)+c1 (1)
σ2＝a×ln(N S 2)-ln(N L 2)+c2 (2)
Substituting a and c into formulas (3) and (4) to calculate long and short source distances, and substituting (3) and (4) into (5) to obtain logging density sigma.
Long source distance density = -1 x ln (N) L )+c (3)
Short source distance density=a×ln (N) S ) (4)
Sigma = 1 x long source distance density +1 x short source distance density (5)
And a second step of: natural gamma values fit long and short pitch parameters.
Natural gamma logging is performed on a borehole containing uranium ores to acquire natural gamma data.
And (3) performing density well logging without cesium source in the drilling holes containing uranium ores, and collecting long and short interval data of the radioactive heightened sections.
And (3) performing data fitting by using the natural gamma data and the long and short interval data to obtain fitting equations (6) and (7).
N S ＝d×GR+n (6)
N L ＝e×GR+m (7)
And a third step of: and calculating the logging density.
Processing the collected original data, and calculating the density: eliminating the influence of radioactive ore layers, substituting the formulas (6) (7) into the formulas (3) (4) (5).
σ＝-1×ln(N L - d×GR- n)+c + a ×ln (N S - e×GR-m) (8)
Fourth step: and taking an ore density sample of the industrial uranium ore holes, and carrying out paraffin density measurement on the uranium ore sample to obtain the actual measurement density rho.
Fifth step: in order to eliminate the influence of dead time, logging speed parameters, accidental errors and the like of the radioactive instrument, a fitting equation of the measured uranium ore density and logging density is established, and a more accurate logging ore density value is obtained.
And (3) adjusting the positions of the geological logging core and the sample to the real positions through core homing.
And reading a well logging density value at the uranium ore density position.
And (3) establishing a density fitting equation (9) of uranium ore paraffin determination and well logging calculation.
ρ＝f×σ (9)
Where f is a fitting coefficient. And (5) accurately calculating the uranium ore density according to a density fitting equation.
Examples
The invention is further described in detail in connection with drilling holes ZKZ-1 in sandstone uranium ores in the land in the southwest region of the Hudos basin, and density log fitting to eliminate the effects of the ore deposit by natural gamma curves.
And 1, taking density samples of surrounding rock and uranium ore.
Taking complete cylindrical fresh surrounding rock samples, namely mudstone and conglomerate, in a drilling rock core, preparing standard density samples with the length of 10cm and the diameter of 5cm, measuring weight on site by using a balance, calculating the density, and calculating the average value according to lithology.
According to geological-geophysical exploration and recording conditions and quantitative gamma logging interpretation results, performing on-site sampling on the density of sandstone uranium ores, scraping off the slurry pollution part, weighing, sealing wax, performing volume measurement, and calculating the density.
And 2, determining a density equation for eliminating the radioactivity of the uranium deposit layer.
Performing density logging of assembling cesium sources and density logging without installing cesium sources on drilling holes containing uranium ores respectively, and acquiring natural gamma data and long-short interval data by natural gamma logging;
finding out long and short distance data corresponding to the surrounding rock sample from density logging data of the cesium source, and calculating a=1.69 and c= -4.94 by using the formulas (1) and (2);
the long and short spacing data were fitted in EXCEL software using natural gamma data of density log data without cesium source fitting, resulting in parameters d=0.1059, n=3.3357, e=0.0416, m= 0.7575 in the fitting equation.
Substituting a, c, d, n, e, m obtained by calculation into formula (8)
Sigma= -1 xln (Nl-0.1059 xgr-3.3357) -4.94+1.69 xln (Ns-0.0416 xgr-0.7575), i.e. the density formula of uranium deposit radioactivity is eliminated.
And 3, fitting the logging density to the actually measured density.
In order to reduce the influence of dead time, logging speed parameters, accidental errors and the like of the radioactive instrument, the measured density value measured by the paraffin method in the step 1 is subjected to data fitting with the density of the uranium deposit radioactivity eliminated in the step 2, so that more accurate density is obtained. As can be seen from Table 1 and FIG. 5, the density error measured by the density logging fitting technology for eliminating the influence of the mineral seam by utilizing the natural gamma curve is 0.02g/cm < 3 >, which is smaller than 0.03 required by the specification, and the consistency is higher, so that the invention has high reliability.
TABLE 1 Density logging fitting technique error statistics (g/cm) for eliminating mineral seam effects by natural gamma curves 3 )
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. It is therefore intended that the following claims be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention also include such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A uranium ore density measurement method, comprising the steps of:
collecting surrounding rock samples in uranium-bearing ore drilling holes, performing density logging on the uranium-bearing ore drilling holes, and recording long intervals and short intervals corresponding to the positions of the surrounding rock samples;
collecting long-distance data and short-distance data of a radioactive heightening section in a uranium-bearing ore drilling hole;
natural gamma logging is carried out on the drilling holes containing uranium ores, and natural gamma data are collected;
calibrating a density logging equation according to the density of the surrounding rock sample, the long spacing and the short spacing of the positions of the surrounding rock sample, the long spacing data and the short spacing data of the natural gamma data and the radioactive heightening section;
calculating the logging density according to the calibrated density logging equation;
measuring uranium ore density by a paraffin method to obtain actual measurement density;
fitting the logging density and the actually measured density to obtain a density fitting equation;
and calculating the uranium ore density according to a density fitting equation.
2. A uranium ore density measurement method as claimed in claim 1, characterized by performing density logging of cesium sources on a borehole containing uranium ore, recording long and short pitches corresponding to positions of surrounding rock samples;
and carrying out density well logging without cesium source on the uranium-bearing ore drilling, and collecting long-distance data and short-distance data of the radioactive heightened section in the uranium-bearing ore drilling.
3. A uranium ore density measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the surrounding rock samples include a mudstone sample and a conglomerate sample, and the weights and volumes of the mudstone sample and the conglomerate sample are measured to obtain a mudstone density and a conglomerate density.
4. A method of uranium ore density measurement as claimed in claim 3 wherein the density logging equation is calibrated based on the density of the surrounding rock sample, the long and short spacing of the surrounding rock sample locations, the long and short spacing data of the natural gamma data and the radioactive enhancement section, comprising the steps of:
calculating the density of the surrounding rock sample;
substituting the densities, long intervals and short intervals of the mudstone samples and the conglomerate samples into a compensation density logging formula to obtain coefficient items and constant items;
fitting long-distance data and short-distance data of the radioactive heightening section through natural gamma values to obtain a fitting equation;
calculating long-distance parameters and short-distance parameters through a fitting equation;
and calibrating the density logging equation according to the coefficient term, the constant term, the long-distance parameter and the short-distance parameter.
5. A uranium ore density measurement method according to claim 4, wherein the compensated density logging formula is as follows:
σ1＝a×ln(N S 1)-ln(N L 1)+c1
σ2＝a×ln(N S 2)-ln(N L 2)+c2
wherein, sigma 1 and sigma 2 are mudstone density and conglomerate density respectively,a is a coefficient term, c1+c2 is a constant term, c=c1+c2, N S 1 and N S 2 are respectively the long intervals of the mudstone sample and the conglomerate sample, N L 1 and N L 2 are the short spacing of the mudstone sample and the conglomerate sample, respectively.
6. A method of uranium ore density measurement according to claim 5, wherein the fit equation is as follows:
N S ＝d×GR+n
N L ＝e×GR+m
wherein N is S For short distance parameter N L For long-distance parameters, GR is natural gamma data, d is a short-distance fitting formula coefficient, e is a long-distance fitting formula coefficient, n is a short-distance fitting formula constant term, and m is a long-distance fitting formula constant term.
7. A method of uranium ore density measurement as claimed in claim 6, wherein the calibration of the density logging equation is based on coefficient terms, constant terms and long and short spacing parameters, comprising the steps of:
substituting the coefficient term, the constant term and the long and short distance parameters into a long source distance density formula and a short source distance density formula to obtain a long source distance density sum and a short source distance density;
and obtaining a density logging equation according to the long-source distance density and the short-source distance density.
8. A uranium ore density measurement method according to claim 7, wherein the long-range density formula and the short-range density formula are as follows:
long source distance density = -1 x ln (N) L )+c
Short source distance density=a×ln (N) S )
Wherein a is a coefficient term, c is a constant term, N S For short distance parameter N L Is a long pitch parameter.
9. A method of uranium ore density measurement according to claim 8, wherein the density logging equation is as follows:
σ＝-1×ln(N L -d×GR-n)+c+a×ln(N S -e×GR-m)
where σ is the log density.
10. A method of uranium ore density measurement according to claim 9, wherein the density fitting equation is as follows:
ρ＝f×σ
where ρ is the measured density and f is the fitting coefficient.
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Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106990453A (en) * | 2017-04-10 | 2017-07-28 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Litho-density tool changes the scale transmission method of radioactive source |
| CN114545515A (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-05-27 | 核工业二0八大队 | Gamma logging interpretation method for in-situ leachable sandstone type uranium deposit |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106990453A (en) * | 2017-04-10 | 2017-07-28 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Litho-density tool changes the scale transmission method of radioactive source |
| CN114545515A (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2022-05-27 | 核工业二0八大队 | Gamma logging interpretation method for in-situ leachable sandstone type uranium deposit |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
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| 李磊 等: "砂岩型铀矿实测密度拟合研究", 地质评论, vol. 69, 1 June 2023 (2023-06-01), pages 163 - 164 * |
| 李继安 等: "砂岩型铀矿勘查中密度曲线的校正及应用—以十红滩铀矿床为例", 铀矿地质, vol. 31, no. 4, 31 July 2015 (2015-07-31), pages 459 - 466 * |
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