CN117261291A - Carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method - Google Patents
Carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN117261291A CN117261291A CN202311234774.6A CN202311234774A CN117261291A CN 117261291 A CN117261291 A CN 117261291A CN 202311234774 A CN202311234774 A CN 202311234774A CN 117261291 A CN117261291 A CN 117261291A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- heating
- carbon fiber
- resin
- curing
- electrifying
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001721 transfer moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001374 Invar Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C70/46—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using matched moulds, e.g. for deforming sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or prepregs
- B29C70/48—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using matched moulds, e.g. for deforming sheet moulding compounds [SMC] or prepregs and impregnating the reinforcements in the closed mould, e.g. resin transfer moulding [RTM], e.g. by vacuum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/0272—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould using lost heating elements, i.e. heating means incorporated and remaining in the formed article
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/28—Shaping operations therefor
- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
- B29C70/545—Perforating, cutting or machining during or after moulding
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of fiber composite material molding, and provides a carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method. Injecting resin into a carbon fiber preform, and electrifying and heating the carbon fiber preform to solidify and shape the resin; the voltage of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 24V, and the temperature of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 350 ℃. The invention fully utilizes the characteristics of good conductivity and good heating property of the carbon fiber, designs the curing and forming process of the resin into a heating mode from inside to outside, has simple operation method, does not need external heating equipment such as an autoclave, a drying room and the like, can save the investment of the heating equipment, improves the product quality and the working efficiency, reduces the energy consumption, improves the automation degree, has low cost, wide application range and great engineering and economic significance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fiber composite material molding, in particular to a carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method.
Background
The fiber reinforced resin matrix composite material is a novel material composed of fibers and resin, has the advantages of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance and the like, and is increasingly widely applied to the fields of aerospace, automobiles, rail transit and the like.
In the preparation of fiber reinforced resin matrix composites, it is necessary to add fibers to a resin matrix, or to impregnate a fiber preform into a resin matrix, and then to cure the resin in the resulting preform. In industry, the fiber reinforced resin matrix composite is formed by heating in a hot press, an autoclave, a drying room or the like. However, these heating methods all require heating equipment, and thus have high energy consumption, large equipment investment, and low molding efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a method for curing a self-heating resin for carbon fibers. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple heating mode, no need of external heating equipment such as an autoclave, a drying room and the like, investment of the heating equipment can be saved, and the method is particularly suitable for forming the carbon fiber preform, and has low cost, wide application range and great economic significance.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
a carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method comprises the following steps:
injecting resin into the carbon fiber preform, and electrifying and heating the carbon fiber preform to solidify and shape the resin; the voltage of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 24V, and the temperature of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 350 ℃.
Preferably, the method of injecting the resin into the carbon fiber preform includes: the carbon fiber preform is placed in a cavity of a mold, and a resin is injected into the cavity.
Preferably, the inner surface of the die cavity is provided with an insulating layer; the insulating layer is a temperature-resistant insulating film or an insulating release agent coating.
Preferably, the temperature-resistant insulating film is a polytetrafluoroethylene film.
Preferably, the method of injecting the resin includes a vacuum bagging method, an RTM injection method, and a VARTM injection method.
Preferably, the method for electrically heating the carbon fiber preform comprises the following steps: and coating the two ends of the carbon fiber preform by using electrode plates, respectively connecting the electrode plates at the two ends with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of a power supply, and then carrying out electrifying and heating.
Preferably, the time of the electrifying and heating is 60-150 min.
In the process of electrifying and heating, the method further comprises the step of maintaining the pressure of the die; the pressure maintaining time is 20-60 min, and the pressure of the pressure maintaining is 0.5-1.2 MPa.
Preferably, the resin is a reactive thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin.
Preferably, after the electric heating is finished, the method further comprises the steps of cooling the die to room temperature and then demolding.
The invention provides a carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method, which comprises the following steps: injecting resin into the carbon fiber preform, and electrifying and heating the carbon fiber preform to solidify and shape the resin; the voltage of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 24V, and the temperature of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 350 ℃. The invention fully utilizes the characteristics of good conductivity and good heating property of the carbon fiber, designs the curing and forming process of the resin into a heating mode from inside to outside, has simple operation method, does not need external heating equipment such as an autoclave, a drying room and the like, can save the investment of the heating equipment, improves the product quality and the working efficiency, reduces the energy consumption, improves the automation degree, has low cost, wide application range and great engineering and economic significance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the present invention for heating a carbon fiber preform, wherein: 100-cathode electrode plate, 110-anode electrode plate, 200-upper insulating layer, 210-lower insulating layer, 300-upper die, 310-lower die and 400-carbon fiber preform.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method, which comprises the following steps:
injecting resin into the carbon fiber preform, and electrifying and heating the carbon fiber preform to solidify and shape the resin; the voltage of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 24V, and the temperature of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 350 ℃.
In the present invention, the carbon fiber preform is specifically a continuous carbon fiber preform, and in the specific embodiment of the present invention, a carbon fiber woven preform is used, and the present invention has no special requirement on the carbon fiber woven preform, and may be used as is well known to those skilled in the art.
In the present invention, the resin is preferably a reactive thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin, the reactive thermosetting resin is preferably an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin or a thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, and the thermoplastic resin is preferably a polyamide resin or a polypropylene resin.
In the present invention, the method of injecting a resin into a carbon fiber preform preferably includes: placing the carbon fiber preform in a mold cavity of a mold, and injecting resin into the mold cavity; the mold preferably comprises an upper mold and a lower mold, and a cavity is formed after the upper mold and the lower mold are closed, namely the mold cavity; the invention has no special requirement on the shape of the die cavity, and can be designed according to the shape of the target composite material; the material of the die is preferably metal, more preferably invar steel, P20 alloy steel or aluminum; in the invention, the inner surface of the die cavity is preferably provided with an insulating layer, in particular, the inner surfaces of the upper die and the lower die are provided with insulating layers, namely an upper insulating layer and a lower insulating layer; the insulating layer is preferably a temperature-resistant insulating film or an insulating release agent coating, and the temperature-resistant insulating film is preferably a polytetrafluoroethylene film; in the embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable to lay down a temperature-resistant insulating film on the inner surface of the mold, or to apply an insulating release agent, and then lay down a carbon fiber preform.
In the present invention, the method of injecting the resin preferably includes a vacuum bagging method, an RTM (resin transfer molding) injection method, and a VARTM (vacuum assisted resin transfer molding) injection method; the present invention is not particularly limited to the operating conditions of the above three methods, and may be carried out under conditions well known to those skilled in the art.
In the present invention, the method of electrically heating the carbon fiber preform preferably includes: coating two ends of the carbon fiber preform by using electrode plates, respectively connecting the electrode plates at the two ends with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of a power supply, and then carrying out electrifying and heating; the electrode plates at two ends of the carbon fiber are respectively marked as an anode electrode plate and a cathode electrode plate; the electrode plate is preferably copper foil or copper sheet; the carbon fiber has excellent conductivity, and the electrodes are coated at the two ends of the carbon fiber and then electrified, so that current can pass through all areas of the carbon fiber preform, and uniform electrification and heating of the carbon fiber preform are facilitated. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the present invention for heating a carbon fiber preform.
In the invention, the voltage of the electrified heating is less than or equal to 24V, preferably 12-24V, the temperature of the electrified heating is less than or equal to 350 ℃, preferably 130-350 ℃, more preferably 130-150 ℃, and in the specific embodiment of the invention, a temperature controller is preferably adopted to monitor and control the heating temperature; the time of the electrifying and heating is preferably 60-150 min, more preferably 80-120 min; in the process of electrifying and heating, the method preferably further comprises the step of maintaining the pressure of the die, wherein the time of maintaining the pressure is preferably 20-60 min, more preferably 30-40 min, and the pressure of maintaining the pressure is preferably 0.5-1.2 MPa, more preferably 0.8-1 MPa. In the embodiment of the invention, the pressure is preferably maintained from the start of the power-on, and the pressure is preferably stopped after 20-60 min of the pressure maintaining.
After the electrifying and heating are finished, the invention preferably reduces the temperature of the die to room temperature, and then the die is removed to obtain the fiber reinforced resin matrix composite; in a specific embodiment of the present invention, the demolding preferably further comprises subjecting the resulting composite material to a surface treatment; the surface treatment preferably comprises one or more of grinding, putty applying, glue supplementing and polishing; the volume fraction of the carbon fiber preform in the fiber reinforced resin matrix composite is preferably more than or equal to 20%, and more preferably 20% -65%.
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will clearly and fully describe the technical solutions of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
And (3) paving a polytetrafluoroethylene film on the inner surface of the die, and then paving the carbon fiber woven preform on the polytetrafluoroethylene film on the inner surface of the metal die. Reactive epoxy resin is injected into the carbon fiber woven preform in the mold cavity by an RTM injection method. And coating the two ends of the carbon fiber preform by adopting copper sheets, wherein one copper sheet is connected with the positive electrode of the power supply, and the other end is connected with the negative electrode of the power supply. The voltage is 24V, the temperature is controlled to be 150+/-5 ℃ through a control device, the temperature is kept for 120min, the pressure is maintained for 30min after the power is on, the pressure is 0.8MPa, and the resin is cured through high-temperature reaction under the pressure.
After finishing heat preservation, pressure maintaining, time preservation and cooling to room temperature, opening the die to take out the composite material product, polishing, putty applying, glue supplementing, polishing and other surface treatments, inspecting the product, packaging and warehousing.
Example 2
And (3) paving a polytetrafluoroethylene film on the inner surface of the die, and then paving the carbon fiber woven preform on the polytetrafluoroethylene film on the inner surface of the metal die. The thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin is injected into the carbon fiber woven preform in the mold cavity by the VARTM injection method. And coating the two ends of the carbon fiber preform by adopting copper sheets, wherein one copper sheet is connected with the positive electrode of the power supply, and the other end is connected with the negative electrode of the power supply. The voltage is 24V, the temperature is controlled to 130+/-5 ℃ through a control device, the temperature is kept for 120min, the pressure is maintained for 20min after the power is on, the pressure is 1.2MPa, and the resin is cured under the pressure and the high temperature.
After finishing heat preservation, pressure maintaining, time preservation and cooling to room temperature, opening the die to take out the composite material product, polishing, putty applying, glue supplementing, polishing and other surface treatments, inspecting the product, packaging and warehousing.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and it should be noted that modifications and adaptations to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the principles of the present invention, which are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
injecting resin into the carbon fiber preform, and electrifying and heating the carbon fiber preform to solidify and shape the resin; the voltage of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 24V, and the temperature of the electrifying heating is less than or equal to 350 ℃.
2. The method of curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 1, wherein the method of injecting a resin into a carbon fiber preform comprises: the carbon fiber preform is placed in a cavity of a mold, and a resin is injected into the cavity.
3. The method for curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 2, wherein an inner surface of the cavity is provided with an insulating layer; the insulating layer is a temperature-resistant insulating film or an insulating release agent coating.
4. The method for curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 3, wherein the temperature-resistant insulating film is a polytetrafluoroethylene film.
5. The method for curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the method for injecting the resin comprises a vacuum bagging method, an RTM injection method, and a VARTM injection method.
6. The method for curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the method for electrically heating the carbon fiber preform comprises: and coating the two ends of the carbon fiber preform by using electrode plates, respectively connecting the electrode plates at the two ends with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of a power supply, and then carrying out electrifying and heating.
7. The method for curing the carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 1, wherein the energizing and heating time is 60-150 min.
8. The method for curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 2, wherein the step of maintaining the pressure of the mold is further performed during the energization heating process; the pressure maintaining time is 20-60 min, and the pressure of the pressure maintaining is 0.5-1.2 MPa.
9. The method for curing a carbon fiber self-heating resin according to claim 1, wherein the resin is a reactive thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin.
10. The method for curing a self-heating resin for carbon fibers according to claim 2, further comprising cooling the mold to room temperature after the completion of the energization heating, and then releasing the mold.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202311234774.6A CN117261291A (en) | 2023-09-25 | 2023-09-25 | Carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202311234774.6A CN117261291A (en) | 2023-09-25 | 2023-09-25 | Carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN117261291A true CN117261291A (en) | 2023-12-22 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202311234774.6A Pending CN117261291A (en) | 2023-09-25 | 2023-09-25 | Carbon fiber self-heating resin curing method |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN117261291A (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080283174A1 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-11-20 | Honeywell International Inc. | Bonding of carbon fibers to metal inserts for use in composites |
| CN103770341A (en) * | 2014-01-16 | 2014-05-07 | 北京航空航天大学 | Processing system for carbon fiber reinforced composite material and controllable carbon fiber self-heating method adopting liquid molding technology |
| CN105479768A (en) * | 2015-11-23 | 2016-04-13 | 西北工业大学 | Self-resistance electric heating curing method for resin-based carbon fiber composite material |
| CN110202799A (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2019-09-06 | 河北工程大学 | The basalt fibre reinforcing rib and preparation method thereof of embedded carbon fiber heating cable |
| CN110757831A (en) * | 2018-09-27 | 2020-02-07 | 山东非金属材料研究所 | Resistance heating forming method of carbon fiber reinforced high-performance thermoplastic composite material |
-
2023
- 2023-09-25 CN CN202311234774.6A patent/CN117261291A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080283174A1 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-11-20 | Honeywell International Inc. | Bonding of carbon fibers to metal inserts for use in composites |
| CN103770341A (en) * | 2014-01-16 | 2014-05-07 | 北京航空航天大学 | Processing system for carbon fiber reinforced composite material and controllable carbon fiber self-heating method adopting liquid molding technology |
| CN105479768A (en) * | 2015-11-23 | 2016-04-13 | 西北工业大学 | Self-resistance electric heating curing method for resin-based carbon fiber composite material |
| CN110757831A (en) * | 2018-09-27 | 2020-02-07 | 山东非金属材料研究所 | Resistance heating forming method of carbon fiber reinforced high-performance thermoplastic composite material |
| CN110202799A (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2019-09-06 | 河北工程大学 | The basalt fibre reinforcing rib and preparation method thereof of embedded carbon fiber heating cable |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 益小苏: "《先进树脂基复合材料高性能化理论与实践》", 31 May 2011, 国防工业出版社, pages: 273 * |
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