CN117256688A - 一种富含结构脂质opl的油脂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种富含结构脂质opl的油脂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种含有结构脂质OPL的油脂及其制备方法和应用,结构油脂OPL占总脂质的质量百分含量为35%~50%。本发明提供的富含OPL的油脂中棕榈酸主要分布在甘油骨架的sn‑2位上,不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸分布在sn‑1,3位上,这种独特的脂肪酸组成和位置分布具有促进脂肪酸消化和利用,促进幼鱼生长和发育,提高鱼肉蛋白质含量和不饱和脂肪酸,改善肌肉质地的弹性和内聚性,具有保护肠道组织健康和调节肠道菌群等生理功能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品化学与食品营养领域,尤其涉及一种富含结构脂质OPL的油脂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
母乳是婴儿生长发育的理想营养素。乳脂肪占母乳中所含能量的45%-55%,富含多不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸,对机体的发育和健康至关重要。1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯(OPL)和1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(OPO)是母乳中天然存在的两种主要甘油三酯,均属于UPU结构(U:不饱和脂肪酸;P:棕榈酸,PA),其含量因不同地区的饮食习惯而异。OPL是亚洲母乳中最丰富的脂质,尤其是在中国母乳中(17.85%–33.02%)。因此,OPL也可能在婴儿的成长中发挥重要作用。然而,母乳喂养不足或缺乏且牛乳和婴儿配方奶粉中几乎不含OPL,使人乳替代脂OPL需求量増大,因此,制备和开发一种适应当地环境的人乳脂肪酸结构和分布类似的人乳脂替代品具有重要应用前景。
目前,UPU结构脂的制备大多采用棕榈硬脂与油酸、亚油酸或者富含油酸亚油酸的植物油为原料在固定化脂肪酶的催化作用下合成。然而,富含sn-2棕榈酸油脂来源缺乏和高成本的催化酶,限制了人乳替代脂的产业化。婴儿奶粉用油脂几乎占据了OPO产品的大部分市场,然而现在OPO生产工艺尚不成熟,且其技术和生产成本受限于酶制剂,导致OPO和OPL产品价格居高不下。
由于大多数植物油和动物脂肪的sn-1,3棕榈酸的位置分布,在婴儿早期很难被生物体消化和吸收,并往往导致脂质的生物利用度低、矿物质钙流失和婴儿便秘,这对机体的生长和发育不利。目前,许多关于UPU结构脂质功能的研究主要集中于OPO,并发现它们具有一些生理功能,如促进脂肪酸吸收、防止便秘和促进生物体的生长发育。然而,OPL是一种UPU型脂质,其结构与OPO相似,但很少有关于营养功能和对机体健康益处的报道。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种富含结构脂质OPL的油脂及其制备方法和应用具有促进脂肪酸吸收和利用,促进幼鱼生长和发育,保护肠道组合健康和调节肠道菌群等生理功能。
本发明提供了一种富含结构脂质OPL的油脂,所述结构脂质OPL纯度为35%~50%,所述结构脂质OPL由棕榈酸、不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸构成,所述棕榈酸分布在所述甘油骨架的sn-2位上,所述不饱和脂肪酸油酸和所述亚油酸分布在所述甘油骨架的sn-1,3位上。
优选的,所述油脂中,以脂肪酸相对百分含量计,C16:0的含量为35%~50%,C18:1的含量为25%~35%,C18:2n-6的含量为25%~33%,分布在甘油骨架sn-2位C16:0的含量为63%~73%。
优选的,所述不饱和脂肪酸油酸组成还具有以下特征中的一种或多种:以不饱和脂肪酸油酸相对百分含量计,0.3%~1.0%的C12:0、0.25%~0.65%的C14:0、1.2%~2.5%的C18:0。
优选的,所述结构脂质OPL的制备方法包括以下步骤:将PPP和油酸、亚油酸以及固定化酶ANL-MARE混合,在50℃~70℃反应2h~8h获得结构脂质OPL;所述油酸和所述亚油酸的摩尔比为1:(0.5~1.5),所述PPP和所述油酸、所述亚油酸的摩尔比为1:(8~16),所述固定化酶ANL-MARE的用量为PPP和油酸、亚油酸总质量的6%~14%。
本发明第二方面还提供了富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备促进对象生长和发育的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
本发明第三方面提供了富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备促进对象肠道组织健康的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
本发明第四方面还提供了富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备调节对象肠道菌群健康的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
本发明第五方面提供了一种利用上述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂制备得到的鱼饲料,以饲料总重计,包括:鱼粉8%~24%、玉米蛋白粉2%~8%、豆粕8%~30%、花生粕1%~8%、鸡肉粉10%~35%、面粉2%~9%、啤酒酵母0.5%~5%、淡水鱼预混合料0.1%~1%、氯化胆碱0.05%~0.8%、磷酸二氢钙0.2%~2%、蛋氨酸0.04%~0.5%、α-淀粉0.5%~5%和结构脂质OPL 3%-20%。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:本发明提供的富含OPL的油脂中棕榈酸主要分布在甘油骨架的sn-2位上,不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸分布在sn-1,3位上,这种独特的脂肪酸组成和位置分布具有促进脂肪酸吸收和利用,促进幼鱼生长和发育,保护肠道组织健康和调节肠道菌群等生理功能。
本发明提供的鱼饲料中的结构脂质OPL与鱼饲料中其他的原料进行相互配合,可达到脂肪、维生素、矿物质等的合理配合,添加到鱼饲料中不仅能够提高鱼对脂质营养的吸收,而且显著提高鱼肉蛋白质含量和增加肌肉不饱和脂肪酸,同时改善肌肉质地的弹性和内聚性,有利于提高鱼肉的品质。
附图说明
图1(1)是加州鲈鱼模型图;图1(2A)OPL富集后的液相色谱图,图1(2B)是OPL脂质
结构示意图,图1(2C)是富集得到的OPL;图1(3)是OPL对加州鲈鱼肠道组织形态及参数的影
响图;图1(4)是采用LEfSe分析OPL对加州鲈鱼肠道菌群的影响图。
图2是图1(3)的放大图。图2(A)和(B)分别是加州鲈鱼前肠组织切片放大40倍和100倍视野;图2(C)是肠褶皱数量;图2(D)肠褶皱高度;图2(E)是肠粘膜厚度;图2(F)是肠壁厚度。无相同字母的平均值表示具有显著差异(p<0.05)。
图3是试验油脂对加州鲈鱼肠道菌群组成的影响。图3(A)是肠道菌群门水平相对丰度;图3(B)是肠道菌群属水平相对丰度。
图4是图1(4)的放大图。图4(A)是OPL和MO组加州鲈鱼肠道菌群的线性判别分析 (LDA)得分直方图;图4(B)是OPL和PPP组加州鲈鱼肠道菌群的线性判别分析(LDA)得分直方 图。图中仅显示LDA评分大于3的微生物类群。图4(C)是加州鲈鱼肠道菌群差异物种的相对丰度(*p<0.05,**p<0.01)。
具体实施方式
本团队拥有自主知识产权的高稳定性固定化脂肪酶ANL—MARE,可替代国外商业酶制剂,已在大豆单双甘油酯酶法合成中实现产业化,为利用大宗油脂酶法合成OPO和OPL,实现低成本产业化,打下了理论与实际支持。
综上所述,本研究利用新型固定化脂肪酶ANL—MARE酶法合成富含OPL的结构脂,并以加州鲈幼鱼为试验对象,探究OPL的营养和功能特性,为推进OPL结构脂酶法合成产业化工艺的国产化,以及在营养、功能食品的开发和应用都具有重要意义。
本发明提供了一种富含结构脂质OPL的油脂,结构脂质OPL的纯度优选为35%~55%,结构脂质OPL由棕榈酸、不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸构成,棕榈酸分布在甘油骨架的sn-2位上,不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸分布在甘油骨架的sn-1,3位上,进一步优选为40%~50%。
在本发明中,结构油脂OPL的全称为1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯;PPP的全称为三棕榈酸甘油三酯;PA为棕榈酸。
在本发明中,优选的,富含结构脂质OPL的油脂中,以脂肪酸相对百分含量计,C16:0的含量为35%~50%,C18:1的含量为25%~35%,C18:2n-6的含量为25%~33%,分布在甘油骨架sn-2位C16:0的含量为63%~73%。
在本发明中,优选的,富含结构脂质OPL的油脂脂肪酸组成还具有以下特征中的一种或多种:以脂肪酸相对百分含量计,0.3%~1.0%的C12:0、0.25%~0.65%的C14:0、1.2%~2.5%的C18:0。
本发明对结构脂质OPL的来源及制备方法没有特殊限定,采用市售产品或本领域常规方法制备获得满足上述纯度限定的结构脂质OPL均可。在本发明具体实施过程中,结构脂质OPL的制备方法优选的包括以下步骤:将PPP和油酸、亚油酸以及固定化脂肪酶ANL—MARE混合,在50℃~70℃反应2h~8h获得结构脂质OPL。在本发明中,反应的温度进一步优选为50℃;反应的时间优选为4h。在本发明中,油酸和亚油酸的摩尔比为1:(0.5~1.5),进一步优选为1:0.75;PPP和酰基供体油酸、亚油酸的摩尔比为1:(8~16),进一步优选为1:14;固定化脂肪酶ANL—MARE的用量为PPP和油酸、亚油酸总质量的6%~14%,进一步优选为12%。
在本发明中,PPP优选的通过重结晶的方法制备获得,采用重结晶的方法制备获得的PPP的纯度高。在本发明中,PPP的制备方法包括以下步骤:将棕榈硬脂充分溶解,将丙酮以5mL/g的比例与棕榈硬脂混合,在30℃~40℃静置2h-8h,待PPP析出后迅速抽滤,随后将所得硬脂通过旋转蒸发脱去溶剂,获得高纯PPP产物。在本发明中,静止析出温度优选为35℃~40℃,进一步优选为38℃;静止析出时间为2h-8h,进一步优选为4h。本发明在的重结晶方法析后,优选的迅速真空抽滤,随后将所得硬脂通过旋转蒸发脱去溶剂,获得高纯PPP产物。
本发明提供了富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备促进对象生长和发育的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。本发明提供了富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备促进对象肠道组织健康的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。本发明提供了富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备调节对象肠道菌群健康的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
本发明中,对象包括可以是任何感兴趣的对象,包括指哺乳动物,人,鱼,尤其指幼年阶段,人类婴幼儿,幼鱼等。在一些实施方案中,对象为幼鱼。
本发明还提供了一种鱼饲料,其含有本文任一实施方案结构脂质OPL。
在本发明中,结构脂质OPL在鱼饲料中的质量百分含量优选为3%~20%,进一步优选为6%~10%。
在本发明中,优选的,鱼饲料优选的包括以下组分:以饲料总重计,含有鱼粉8%~24%、玉米蛋白粉2%~8%、豆粕8%~30%、花生粕1%~8%、鸡肉粉10%~35%、面粉2%~9%、啤酒酵母0.5%~5%、淡水鱼预混合料0.1%~1%、氯化胆碱0.05%~0.8%、磷酸二氢钙0.2%~2%、蛋氨酸0.04%~0.5%、α-淀粉0.5%~5%和结构脂质OPL 3%-20%。
本发明提供的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂的鱼饲料能够显著提高提高鱼对脂质营养的吸收,而且显著提高鱼肉蛋白质含量和增加肌肉不饱和脂肪酸,同时改善了肌肉质地的弹性和内聚性,有利于提高鱼肉的品质。
本发明对鱼饲料中的其他原料的来源和规格没有特殊限定,采用本领域常规的来源和规格即可。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的技术方案进行详细的说明,但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
PPP的制备
将棕榈硬脂充分溶解,将丙酮以5mL/g的比例与棕榈硬脂混合,在38℃静置4h,待PPP析出后迅速抽滤,随后将所得硬脂通过旋转蒸发脱去溶剂,获得高纯PPP产物。
固定化脂肪酶的制备
取适量脂肪酶Aspergillus niger lipase(ANL)分散于20mM磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH5.6)中,4℃,10000g条件下离心10min,取上清液,制成0.50g/mL的脂肪酶液。称取适量经过缓冲盐溶液预处理和润洗的丙烯酸酯树脂,分散于脂肪酶液中,并以150r/min的速度连续搅拌6h,使脂肪酶和树脂充分接触。最后,磷酸缓冲溶漂洗固定化脂肪酶表面残留的脂肪酶,并在45℃真空干燥5h。
结构脂质OPL的制备
将PPP和油酸、亚油酸为原料,采用脂肪酶ANL-MARE催化酸解法合成OPL。反应条件为油酸、亚油酸的摩尔比为1:0.75;PPP和酰基供体油酸、亚油酸的摩尔比为1:14;固定化脂肪酶ANL—MARE的用量为PPP和油酸、亚油酸总质量的12%;在50℃反应4h,在此条件下获得的结构脂质OPL纯度为45.81%。
将以上结构脂质OPL制备成鱼饲料,其中,鱼饲料的原料及添加量分别以饲料总重计,添加鱼粉16%、玉米蛋白粉4%、豆粕24%、花生粕6%、鸡肉粉30%、面粉6.7%、啤酒酵母3%、淡水鱼预混合料0.5%、氯化胆碱0.1%、磷酸二氢钙1%、蛋氨酸0.2%、α-淀粉2%和结构脂质OPL 6%,混料进行制粒,然后进行冷却、风干,最后得到鱼饲料。
对比例1
对照组PPP的制备
结构改性前油脂PPP的制备参见实施例1记载的方法。
鱼饲料的原料及添加量分别以饲料总重计,添加鱼粉16%、玉米蛋白粉4%、豆粕24%、花生粕6%、鸡肉粉30%、面粉6.7%、啤酒酵母3%、淡水鱼预混合料0.5%、氯化胆碱0.1%、磷酸二氢钙1%、蛋氨酸0.2%、α-淀粉2%和PPP 6%,混料进行制粒,然后进行冷却、风干,最后得到鱼饲料。
对比例2
对照组MO的制备
普通结构油脂大豆调和油的制备按照58℃棕榈油和大豆油按照质量比1:0.79混合得到,确保其脂肪酸组成与富含结构脂质OPL的油脂一致,而sn-2C16:0显著低于富含结构脂质OPL的油脂。
鱼饲料的原料及添加量分别以饲料总重计,添加鱼粉16%、玉米蛋白粉4%、豆粕24%、花生粕6%、鸡肉粉30%、面粉6.7%、啤酒酵母3%、淡水鱼预混合料0.5%、氯化胆碱0.1%、磷酸二氢钙1%、蛋氨酸0.2%、α-淀粉2%和普通结构油脂大豆调和油6%,混料进行制粒,然后进行冷却、风干,最后得到鱼饲料。
实验例
对以上OPL和对照组油脂做进一步的效果检测。
本研究设置结构脂质OPL(高sn-2PA,富含不饱和脂肪酸油酸亚油酸)作为膳食脂肪源,设置对照组分别为混合油脂MO(低sn-2PA,脂肪酸组成与OPL基本一致)和改性前油脂PPP(富含饱和脂肪酸棕榈酸)。富含结构脂质OPL的油脂为实验组,PPP油脂和调配油脂MO为对照组。三组实验油脂脂肪酸组成见表1,动物饲料配方见表2。
表1试验油脂的脂肪酸组成(%)
%sn-2:[sn-2/(3×总脂肪酸)]×100%表示甘油三酯中sn-2位脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的相对百分含量。
-:未检测出。
表2鱼饲料配方组成
实验以加州鲈鱼为实验对象,购自三水淡水鱼苗场(中国,佛山)。加州鲈鱼苗经2周适应性饲养。在适应期结束时,270条相同大小和健康状况的鱼(初始体重6.31±0.12g)被随机饲养在9个玻璃缸(体积300L)中,为期8周,每组3个重复,每个重复30条鱼。每天人工喂养两次(8:00和17:00),以达到明显的饱腹感。鱼被饲养在连续过滤淡水的循环系统中,水质如下:水温27-30℃,pH值7.7-7.9,溶解氧6.0-6.5mg/L。
在0.01%的2-苯氧基乙醇麻醉后,对所有鱼进行计数,并测量个体重量和体长(从嘴的最前端到尾端)用于生长性能指标分析。每缸4条鱼测量全鱼、内脏和肝脏的重量,以及体长和肠长用于形态学指标分析。另外四条鱼收集前肠,并固定在多聚甲醛中进行组织学分析。每缸6条鱼从尾部静脉随机取样,然后在4℃下离心(4000g,10min)进行生化分析。随后,取去除鱼皮的肌肉,分为两部分,分别进行营养成分和质构分析。每缸随机选择3条鱼,储存在-80℃进行全身成分分析。每缸随机选择2条鱼,用70%的乙醇消毒,用于肠道微生物群分析。在无菌条件下,剖开鱼体,将整个肠道的内容物挤入无菌冷冻管中。随后,通过用无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水冲洗,将残余的肠道内容物移入无菌管中。所有的肠道内容物样品经液氮速冻,保存在-80℃以备进一步分析。
鱼类的生长和形态学指标包括增重率(WGR)、饲料转化率(FCR)、存活率(SR)、特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)和肠长比(RGL),根据以下公式计算:
WGR(%)=(最终重量-初始重量)/初始重量×100
SR(%)=最终鱼数/初始鱼数×100
SGR(%)=[ln(最终重量)-ln(初始重量)]/试验天数×100
FCR(g/g)=总饲料量/体重增加量
CF(g/cm3)=体重/(体长)3×100
HSI(%)=肝胰脏重量/体重×100
VSI(%)=内脏重量/体重×100
RGL(%)=肠长/体长×100
总甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)使用商业酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒(中国,南京建成生物工程研究所)进行分析。
脂肪酸组成和sn-2脂肪酸分析
脂肪酸甲酯的制备,简言之,称取油脂样品20-30mg,加入0.5M KOH-CH3OH溶液,于65℃皂化30min,随后加入14wt%BF3-CH3OH溶液衍生化30min。最后加入正己烷和饱和氯化钠溶液,振荡混匀,3000g离心5min,取上层溶液加入无水硫酸钠干燥,采用0.22μm滤膜过滤。采用配备DB-WAX毛细管柱(内径60m×0.25mm,膜厚0.25μm,安捷伦,美国)的气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS,Agilent 6890,安捷伦,美国)测定脂肪酸甲酯。GC条件:以氦气为载气,在不分流的模式下进行分析。进样口和传输温度分别为250℃和280℃。程序升温条件为:初始温度50℃,保持1min,以22.5℃/min速率升温至175℃;以4℃/min速率至230℃,保持20min。MS条件:EI源能量70eV,离子源温度为230℃,四极杆温度为150℃,溶剂延迟6min,扫描质量范围30-500m/z。结果表示为每种脂肪酸的总脂肪酸百分比。
sn-2脂肪酸分析,称取油脂50mg加入Tris-HCl(pH 7.6)7ml、0.05%胆酸钠盐1.75ml、2.2%CaCl20.7 ml充分混合,加入猪胰脂酶50mg在37℃共保温6min,每3min取出,涡旋30s。随后,加入1ml 6mol/ml HCl和乙醚2ml混匀,4000g离心2min取上层有机层,氮气浓缩至体积约为200μl。混合浓缩液通过薄层层析色谱(TLC)分离获得2-单酰基甘油酯,层析液为正己烷-乙醚-乙酸混合液(体积比50:50:1)。待干燥后,刮下的2-单酰基甘油酯条带,乙醚提取2-单酰基甘油酯,经甲酯化,GC-MS检测脂肪酸的组成。
肌肉脂肪酸组成分析
肌肉样本冷冻干燥后,采用改良的Folch法,以氯仿-甲醇溶液(2/1,v/v)提取总脂质,随后甲酯化和脂肪酸组成的测定按照前述方法进行。
全鱼和肌肉营养组成分析
日粮、全鱼和肌肉组织的近似成分按照AOAC(2012)的方法测定。简言之,日粮和组织样品在80℃下干燥以测定其水分含量。用凯氏定氮法测定粗蛋白,用索氏提取法测定粗脂肪,用马弗炉法在550℃下测定灰分含量。
肠道形态学分析
每组随机解剖四条鱼的前肠进行组织学评估。组织样品在中性多聚甲醛中固定24小时,在乙醇中脱水,在二甲苯中清洗,并嵌入石蜡中,然后切成5μm的切片。每张切片用苏木精和伊红(H&E)染色,制备肠道组织切片。然后用装有摄影软件的光学显微镜(OlympusDP72,Olympus公司,日本)观察和拍摄所制备的样本。使用Image J软件测量组织切片中的肠道褶皱数量、肠道褶皱高度、粘膜厚度和肠壁厚度。
肠道微生物16S rRNA分析
采用粪便DNA试剂盒(Omega Bio-tek,美国),根据厂家说明书,从加州鲈鱼肠道内容物样品中提取进行微生物DNA。使用引物27F 5’-AGRGTTYGATYMTGGCTCAG-3’和1492R 5’-RGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’,对V1-V9区域的细菌16srRNA基因进行PCR扩增。扩增子使用AxyPrep DNA凝胶提取试剂盒(AxygenBiosciences公司,美国)进行纯化。SMRTbell文库是根据制造商的说明(Pacific Biosciences公司,美国),从扩增的DNA中制备和纯化,并采用QuantiFluorTM-ST蓝色荧光定量系统(Promega公司,美国)进行检测定量。PacBio的原始序列使用SMRT Link Analysis软件9.0版进行处理,读取去除重复嵌合的循环一致序列(CCS),并使用SMRT Portal对原始序列的长度(<800或>2500bp)和质量进行过滤。序列数据的比较、分析和绘制使用Mothur v.1.35.1、QIIME v1.9.0、UCLUST v1.2.22q、R软件包v.3.6.3进行。将数据库中相似度为98.65%的操作性分类单位(OTU)分类到门、类、目、科、属和种的层次,进行OTU比较和分类丰度分析。计算了α-多样性指数(Chao,Shannon,Simpson,ACE)。主坐标分析(PCoA)采用Bray-curtis法计算样本间距离。ANOSIM用于确定基于微生物群结构距离的统计学意义上的群体。线性判别分析(LDA)采用LEFSE软件计算,并估计每个差异OTU丰度的影响大小。
统计分析
所有数据采用平均数±标准误(Mean±SEM)表示。采用SPSS20.0软件(IBMCorporation,美国)进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。方差齐性分析采用Levene检验。数据的差异是通过Duncan post hoc检验确定。当数据方差不齐时,采用非参数Kruskal-Wallis检验。P<0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。
结构脂质OPL对生长性能的影响
由表3可知,与对照组PPP和MO相比,OPL显著增加了鱼的体长、肠长、体重、WGR和SGR(p<0.05),这表明OPL可以提供更丰富和更优质的营养,并促进幼年期加州鲈鱼的快速生长。此外,OPL组的HSI、VSI和RGL值高于MO组。RGL用于评估饮食对肠道大小的影响,然后反映个体发育的程度。较高的RGL表明肠道发育良好,这进一步表明膳食OPL促进了幼年期的个体发育。所有处理组之间的鱼类SR、FCR和CF没有观察到统计学显著差异(p>0.05),但OPL组的FCR有明显的下降趋势。较低的FCR将表明鱼类对饲料能量的利用率较高。
表3OPL对生长性能、饲料转化、形态指标的影响
同一行中没有相同字母的值有显著差异(p<0.05)。没有字母表示处理组之间没有显著差异。
结构脂质OPL对血清生化指标的影响
由表4可知,OPL组和MO组的血清TG和TC水平高于PPP组(p<0.05),这表明富含油酸和亚油酸的膳食脂质使机体在内源性脂质转运中活跃。HDL-C是一种抗动脉粥样硬化的血浆脂蛋白,是预防冠心病的保护因子,AST和ALT是评估肝脏功能的一般指标。与对照组相比,OPL组的HDL-C和AST水平显著升高(p<0.05),这可能与sn-2PA含量有关,这与之前对大鼠OPO的研究一致,表明较低的AST水平可以保护肝脏免受损伤。在肝脏脂质代谢方面,与MO组相比,OPL组的肝脏TC水平降低(p<0.05),这可能与PA在sn-2位置的较高分布有关。基于这些发现,我们发现由亚油酸和sn-2PA组成的OPL的特定结构促进胆固醇脂质代谢,并减少由sn-1,3-PA的位置分布引起的脂质积累。
表4OPL对血清、肝脏生化指标的影响
同一行中没有相同字母的值有显著差异(p<0.05)。没有字母表示处理组之间没有显著差异。结构脂质OPL对肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响
由表5可知,与对照组相比,OPL显著增加了C16:0含量(p<0.05),表明sn-2棕榈酸酯的结构有助于生物体吸收和利用棕榈酸。淡水鱼有一个转化酶反应系统,具有一定的能力将C18:2和C18:3转化为n-6和n-3系列长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)。同时,受饮食脂质结构(脂肪酸类型或位置分布)的影响,生物体转化和合成长链脂肪酸的能力存在一些差异。在这项研究中,对照组的肌肉具有较高的∑MUFA含量,而OPL组中观察到较高的∑PUFA含量(p<0.05),C20:3n6和EPA更丰富,表明OPL组延长脂肪酸链长度和不饱和度的能力优于对照组。
表5OPL对肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响
1ΣSFA:饱和脂肪酸(C14:0,C15:0,C16:0,C17:0,C18:0)。
2ΣMUFA:单不饱和脂肪酸(C16:1,C18:1,C20:1)。
3ΣPUFA:多不饱和脂肪酸(C18:2n6,C18:3n3,C20:2n6,C20:3n6,C20:4n6,C20:5n3,C22:5n6,C22:6n3)。
4Σn-3PUFA:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(C18:3n3,C20:5n3,C22:6n3)。
5Σn-6PUFA:n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(C18:2n6,C20:2n6,C20:3n6,C20:4n6,C22:5n6)。
结构脂质OPL对全鱼和肌肉营养组成的影响
由表6可知,OPL组的肌肉蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(p<0.05)。同时OPL组的肌肉脂肪含量显著高于PPP组(p<0.05)。研究发现,脂质的高生物利用率可以节约饮食中的蛋白质,并增加幼鱼肌肉的蛋白质含量。这些结果表明,OPL促进了膳食中营养物质的利用,并增加了肌肉中的蛋白质含量。此外,OPL对加州鲈鱼的水分和灰分含量没有显著影响。
表6OPL对全鱼和肌肉营养组成的影响
结构脂质OPL对肌肉质构特性的影响
如表7所示,与MO组相比,OPL组肌肉具有更高的弹性和内聚性(p<0.05)。OPL组的肌肉硬度、CP和WHC具有比PPP和MO组更低的趋势,这表明OPL组的鱼片嫩度优于PPP和MO组。尽管OPL组和PPP组之间的所有质构指标没有明显差异(p>0.05),但OPL组肌肉的弹性和内聚性明显更高。此外,肌肉中的蛋白质通过各种共价或非共价键与脂肪酸和磷脂结合,形成稳定的结构,使肉具有特殊的质构特性。因此,OPL对鱼片品质的有利影响可能是由于肌肉中较高的蛋白质和脂肪含量以及脂肪酸的相互作用。
表7OPL对肌肉质构特性和可食品质的影响
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结构脂质OPL对肠道组织形态的影响
在研究中,OPL组的肠褶高度显著高于对照组(p<0.05),这表明OPL有助于前肠的发育和肠绒毛的形成(图2A-D)。此外,在对照组中观察到不同程度的肠粘膜缺失,而OPL组的肠粘膜厚度和壁厚显著高于对照组(p<0.05)(图2E-F),这表明OPL不会损伤肠粘膜并有助于肠组织的完整性。此外,肠粘膜不仅是消化和吸收营养物质的场所,也是机体的防御屏障,由于其完整性和厚度,这有利于肠道微生物群的快速增殖,并防止病原体的感染。
结构脂质OPL对肠道微生物的影响
鉴于肠道微生物群对宿主早期发育和健康的重要性,本研究基于OPL可促进生长并提高加州鲈鱼营养价值的发现,进一步调查了幼年宿主的肠道微生物群。在门水平上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是三个处理组中的优势门,同时它们也是水生动物肠道中的优势细菌类群。然而,三个处理组中细菌类群的丰度不同。具体而言,与对照组相比,OPL组降低了厚壁菌的丰度,但增加了放线菌的丰度(图3A),这可能归因于亚油酸、棕榈酸及其在OPL中的位置分布。这表明高膳食脂肪通常会导致厚壁菌更高的丰度。厚壁菌门与饮食中棕榈酸含量呈正相关,而亚油酸可以降低厚壁菌的丰度。在属水平上,OPL组中微杆菌(Auantimicrobium)、拉氏拉氏杆菌(Rathayibacter)、链霉菌(Streptomyces)和索氏鲸杆菌(Cetobacterium)丰度较高,而对照组中观察到葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)和罗姆布茨菌(Romboutsia)丰度较高(图3B)。
此外,LEfSe分析用于确定各组的差异物种(图4)。OPL组肠道中丰富的分类群主要是微小金杆菌(Auranticrosbium_minutum)、索氏鲸杆菌(Cetobacterium_sp014250685)和红细菌(Rhodobacterales),它们是鱼类肠道微生物群的重要定植体,对肠粘膜屏障的形成至关重要。索氏鲸杆菌是淡水鱼中的优势属,在改善肽和碳水化合物的代谢以及肠道健康方面具有积极作用。OPL组放线菌门中有益物种的丰度显著高于对照组,主要包括易变链霉菌(Streptomyces_mutabilis)、多糖孢菌(Saccharopolyspora_spinosa),和诺卡氏菌(Nocardiopsis_kunsanensis)。特别是,链霉菌对水生动物的生长和发育具有有益的影响。同时,研究表明,链霉菌、多糖孢菌和诺卡氏菌能够产生多种生物活性次级代谢产物,以抵抗细菌、病毒、耐药病原体和寄生虫,对人类和有益物种的损害很小。
OPL组的潜在病原体丰度显著低于PPP组(p<0.05),主要是尼迫尔葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus_nepalensis)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella_enterica)、γ变杆菌(Gammaproteobacteria)和伯基氏念珠菌(Candidatus_Berkiella)。值得注意的是,与脂肪酸组成相似的MO组相比,OPL组的葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella_enterica)病原体显著减少(图4C)。先前的体外和体内抑菌研究表明,富含油酸和亚油酸的油脂对病原体如葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌的作用,然而,先前的研究缺乏关于这种富含油酸和亚油酸的脂质的结构方面的信息。亚油酸特别是共轭亚油酸(CLA)通常被认为具有抗菌性能。因此,基于上述发现,我们假设由亚油酸和高sn-2PA组成的OPL的特定结构与这些致病菌的减少密切相关。
由上述实施例可知,本发明提供的富含结构脂质OPL油脂的制备及其在加州鲈鱼幼年阶段的鱼饲料中的应用能够提高幼鱼对脂质的消化和吸收,显著提高鱼肉蛋白质和不饱和脂肪酸含量,改善肌肉质地的弹性和内聚性,保护幼鱼肠道组织健康和调节肠道菌群,有利于促进幼鱼的生长和发育以及提高鱼肉的品质。
上述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种富含结构脂质OPL的油脂,其特征在于,所述结构脂质OPL纯度为35%~50%,所述结构脂质OPL由棕榈酸、不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸构成,所述棕榈酸分布在所述甘油骨架的sn-2位上,所述不饱和脂肪酸油酸和所述亚油酸分布在所述甘油骨架的sn-1,3位上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂,其特征在于,所述油脂中,以脂肪酸相对百分含量计,C16:0的含量为35%~50%,C18:1的含量为25%~35%,C18:2n-6的含量为25%~33%,分布在甘油骨架sn-2位C16:0的含量为63%~73%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂,其特征在于,所述不饱和脂肪酸油酸的组成还具有以下特征中的一种或多种:以所述不饱和脂肪酸油酸相对百分含量计,包含0.3%~1.0%的C12:0、0.25%~0.65%的C14:0、1.2%~2.5%的C18:0。
4.一种制备权利要求1~3中任一项所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:将PPP和油酸、亚油酸以及固定化酶ANL-MARE混合,在50℃~70℃反应2h~8h获得结构脂质OPL;所述油酸和所述亚油酸的摩尔比为1:(0.5~1.5),所述PPP和所述油酸、所述亚油酸的摩尔比为1:(8~16),所述固定化酶ANL-MARE的用量为PPP和油酸、亚油酸总质量的6%~14%。
5.一种权利要求1~3任意一项所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备促进对象生长和发育的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
6.一种权利要求1~3任意一项所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备促进对象肠道组织健康的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
7.一种权利要求1~3任意一项所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂在制备调节对象肠道菌群健康的药物或功能性食品和饲料中的应用。
8.一种利用权利要求1~3任意一项所述的富含结构脂质OPL的油脂制备得到的鱼饲料,其特征在于,以饲料总重计,包括:鱼粉8%~24%、玉米蛋白粉2%~8%、豆粕8%~30%、花生粕1%~8%、鸡肉粉10%~35%、面粉2%~9%、啤酒酵母0.5%~5%、淡水鱼预混合料0.1%~1%、氯化胆碱0.05%~0.8%、磷酸二氢钙0.2%~2%、蛋氨酸0.04%~0.5%、α-淀粉0.5%~5%和结构脂质OPL 3%-20%。
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