CN117178007A - 苯醚低聚物和包含所述苯醚低聚物的可固化热固性组合物 - Google Patents
苯醚低聚物和包含所述苯醚低聚物的可固化热固性组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN117178007A CN117178007A CN202280029723.7A CN202280029723A CN117178007A CN 117178007 A CN117178007 A CN 117178007A CN 202280029723 A CN202280029723 A CN 202280029723A CN 117178007 A CN117178007 A CN 117178007A
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- Prior art keywords
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- ether oligomer
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- curable
- methyl
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 160
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 131
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M acrylate group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)[O-] NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- YCUALLYXPZGZFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyclohexyl-6-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C2CCCCC2)=C1O YCUALLYXPZGZFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- OMIHGPLIXGGMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC2=C1 OMIHGPLIXGGMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 49
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
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- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 14
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- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 9
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- CMLFRMDBDNHMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-1,2-benzoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CNOC2=C1 CMLFRMDBDNHMRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 8
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- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- XQUPVDVFXZDTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[4-[[4-(2,5-dioxopyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]methyl]phenyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)N1C(C=C1)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N2C(C=CC2=O)=O)C=C1 XQUPVDVFXZDTLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- PNWOTXLVRDKNJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylperoxybenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC1=CC=CC=C1 PNWOTXLVRDKNJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- UQMOLLPKNHFRAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutyl silicate Chemical compound CCCCO[Si](OCCCC)(OCCCC)OCCCC UQMOLLPKNHFRAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPRCMFSFXRSRLY-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F FPRCMFSFXRSRLY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQZCOBSUOFHDEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapropyl silicate Chemical compound CCCO[Si](OCCC)(OCCC)OCCC ZQZCOBSUOFHDEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(2+) Chemical compound [Sn+2] IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002088 tosyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1C([H])([H])[H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012745 toughening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YZVRVDPMGYFCGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetyloxysilyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)O[Si](OC(C)=O)(OC(C)=O)OC(C)=O YZVRVDPMGYFCGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005409 triarylsulfonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960001124 trientine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ASAOXGWSIOQTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[2-(2-triethoxysilylethyltetrasulfanyl)ethyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCSSSSCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC ASAOXGWSIOQTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBBATURSCRIBHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[3-(3-triethoxysilylpropyldisulfanyl)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCSSCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC FBBATURSCRIBHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLFNHRIZTXWZHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[3-(3-triethoxysilylpropyltrisulfanyl)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCSSSCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC KLFNHRIZTXWZHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JXUKBNICSRJFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCOCC1CO1 JXUKBNICSRJFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSXKIRYGYMKWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[2-(2-trimethoxysilylethyltetrasulfanyl)ethyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCSSSSCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC JSXKIRYGYMKWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JTTSZDBCLAKKAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfanyl)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCSSSSCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC JTTSZDBCLAKKAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOCC1CO1 BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OOZBTDPWFHJVEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-nonylphenyl) phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)CCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1CCCCCCCCC OOZBTDPWFHJVEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DSROZUMNVRXZNO-UHFFFAOYSA-K tris[(1-naphthalen-1-yl-3-phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)oxy]alumane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=1C=C2C=CC=CC2=C(C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=1O[Al](OC=1C(=C2C=CC=CC2=CC=1C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)OC(C(=C1C=CC=CC1=C1)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 DSROZUMNVRXZNO-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVWDCTQRORVHHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tropone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC=CC=C1 QVWDCTQRORVHHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsilane Chemical class [SiH3]C=C UKRDPEFKFJNXQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- BNEMLSQAJOPTGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dioxido(oxo)tin Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Sn]([O-])=O BNEMLSQAJOPTGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PJEUXMXPJGWZOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;diphenylphosphinate Chemical compound [Zn+2].C=1C=CC=CC=1P(=O)([O-])C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1P(=O)([O-])C1=CC=CC=C1 PJEUXMXPJGWZOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BHTBHKFULNTCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc;tin(4+);hexahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Zn+2].[Sn+4] BHTBHKFULNTCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
直链双官能苯醚低聚物包含衍生自2‑甲基‑6‑环己基苯酚的重复单元并且具有(甲基)丙烯酸酯端基。直链双官能苯醚低聚物在可固化组合物、热固性组合物、和由其形成的制品中特别有用。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及封端的苯醚低聚物、形成其的方法、包含其的可固化的热固性组合物、以及由其衍生的制品。
背景技术
热固性树脂是固化形成极硬塑料的材料。这些材料可以用于各种各样的消费品和工业产品中。例如,热固性材料用于保护涂层、粘合剂、电子层压材料(如用于制造计算机电路板的那些)、地板和铺路应用、玻璃纤维增强的管、以及汽车部件(包括板簧、泵、以及电气部件)。聚(亚芳基醚)共聚物通常具有良好的介电性能。由于它们的广泛应用,特别是在电子应用中,如用于印刷电路板的层压制品,期望提供包括聚(亚芳基醚)共聚物的可固化的热固性组合物,其具有较低的粘度,同时保持或改善介电常数、耗散因子、耐热性和吸水性。
因此,本领域仍然需要具有用于可固化热固性组合物的一组所需性质的封端亚芳基醚聚合物和低聚物。如果封端的亚芳基醚材料可以提供具有改善的介电常数、耗散因子、耐热性和吸水性的可固化的热固性组合物,这将是进一步的优点。
发明内容
提供了包含衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元并具有(甲基)丙烯酸酯端基的直链双官能苯醚低聚物。
还提供了用于形成直链双官能苯醚低聚物的方法,包括:在催化剂存在下氧化聚合2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚以提供苯醚低聚物;以及使苯醚低聚物与含(甲基)丙烯酸酯的化合物反应以提供直链双官能苯醚低聚物。
进一步提供了包含直链双官能苯醚低聚物的可固化热固性组合物和源自可固化热固性组合物的制品。
通过以下详细描述举例说明上述和其他特征。
具体实施方式
本发明人已经有利地发现,衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚并且被(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团封端的苯醚低聚物可以包含在可固化的热固性组合物中,以实现改善的性能,优于不包含衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元的苯醚低聚物的热固性组合物。例如,衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的苯醚低聚物可以提供改善的性能组合,如溶液粘度、耗散因子、树脂流动和介电常数。
因此,本公开的一个方面是包含衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元的直链双官能苯醚低聚物。因此,苯醚低聚物包含具有以下结构的重复单元:
低聚物可以由上述衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元组成,或可以包含衍生自不同于2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的一元酚的重复单元。当低聚物包含另外的重复单元时,苯醚低聚物包含小于30重量%(基于苯醚低聚物的总重量)的衍生自在2-位和6-位具有相同取代基的一元酚(例如,2,6-二甲基苯酚、2,3,6-二甲基苯酚等、或它们的组合)的重复单元。优选地,苯醚低聚物包含小于20、或小于15、或小于10、或小于5、或小于2、或小于1、或小于0.5或小于0.1重量%的衍生自在2-位和6-位具有相同取代基的一元酚的重复单元。低聚物可以不包含衍生自在2-位和6-位具有相同取代基的一元酚的重复单元。在一个方面,本公开的苯醚低聚物不包括衍生自2-环己基苯酚的重复单元。
苯醚低聚物进一步包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯端基。因此,苯醚低聚物具有以下结构的端基:
其中,R是氢或甲基。在一个方面,R是甲基,并且苯醚低聚物包含甲基丙烯酸酯端基。在一个方面,R是氢并且苯醚低聚物包含丙烯酸酯端基。
苯醚低聚物具有直链结构并且是双官能的。如在本文中使用的,“双官能”是指苯醚低聚物在低聚物链的两个末端具有官能团。在低聚物链的两个末端具有官能团的双官能低聚物也称为“远螯”低聚物。因此,苯醚低聚物平均每个低聚物链具有2个官能端基(即,(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团)。例如,该双官能低聚物具有至少1.5至2、或至少1.70至2、或至少1.8至2、或至少1.9至2、或至少1.95至2(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团/分子、或至多1.99(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团/分子。
在一个方面,苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
其中,R1和R2各自独立地是卤素、未取代或取代的C1-12伯或仲烃基、C1-12烃硫基、C1-12烃氧基、或C2-12卤代烃氧基,其中至少两个碳原子分隔卤素和氧原子;每次出现的R3和R4各自独立地是氢、卤素、未取代或取代的C1-12伯或仲烃基、C1-12烃硫基、C1-12烃氧基、或C2-12卤代烃氧基,其中至少两个碳原子分隔卤素和氧原子;x和y独立地是0至30、优选0至20、更优选0至15、还更优选0至10、甚至更优选0至8,条件是x和y的和是至少2、优选至少3、更优选至少4;并且Y具有以下结构:
其中,每次出现的R7独立地是氢或C1-12烃基,并且每次出现的R8和R9独立地是氢、C1-12烃基、或C1-6亚烃基,其中R8和R9一起形成C4-12亚烷基;并且z是0或1。
在一个方面,苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
其中,R1-R4是如以上所定义的。
在一个方面,苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
其中,R1-R4是如以上所定义的。
在一个方面,每次出现的R1和R2是甲基,每次出现的R3和R4是氢,z是1,以及Y是异亚丙基,并且苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
在一个方面,每次出现的R1和R2是甲基,每次出现的R3和R4是氢,z是1,以及Y是异亚丙基,并且苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
可以通过在催化剂存在下氧化聚合2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚以提供苯醚低聚物来制备本公开的苯醚低聚物。通过向包含单体、溶剂和聚合催化剂的反应混合物中连续添加氧,可以由包含2-甲基-6-苯基苯酚和二元酚的单体的聚合形成苯醚低聚物。
二元酚具有以下结构:
其中,R1至R4、Y1、以及z是如以上所定义的。
例如,二元酚可以是1,1-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)乙烷、1,1-双(3-氯-4-羟基苯基)乙烷、1,1-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)-乙烷、1,2-双(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-1,2-二苯基乙烷、1,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)-1,2-二苯基乙烷、1,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)乙烷、2,2’-联萘酚,2,2’-联苯酚、2,2’-二羟基-4,4’-二甲氧基二苯甲酮、2,2’-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、2,2’-二羟基二苯甲酮、2,2-双(3,5-二氯-4-羟苯基)丙烷、2,2-双(3-溴-4-羟苯基)丙烷,2,2-双(3-苯基-4-羟基苯基)丙烷、2,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)丙烷、2,2-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)丙烷、1,1-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)-1-苯基乙烷、1,1-双(3-氯-4-羟基苯基)-1-苯基乙烷、1,1-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)-1-苯基乙烷、2,2-双(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-1-苯基丙烷、2,2-双(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)己烷、2,2-双(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)戊烷、2,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基萘基)丙烷、2,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)-1-苯基丙烷、2,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)己烷,2,2-双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)戊烷、2,2”-亚甲基双(4-甲基苯酚)、2,2’-亚甲基双[4-甲基-6-(1-甲基环己基)苯酚]、3,3’,5,5’-四甲基-4,4’-双酚,3,3’-二甲基-4,4’-双酚、双(2-羟基苯基)-甲烷、双(4-羟基-2,6-二甲基-3-甲氧基苯基)甲烷、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷、双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷,双-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-环己基甲烷、双(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)苯基甲烷、双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)环己基甲烷、双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷、双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷,双(3-甲基-4-羟苯基)苯基甲烷、2,2’,3,3’,5,5’-六甲基-4,4’-双酚、八氟-4,4’-双酚、2,3,3’,5,5’-五甲基-4,4’-双酚、1,1-双(3,5-二溴-4-羟苯基)环己烷1,1-双(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)环己烷、双(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)环己烷、四溴双酚、四溴双酚A、四溴双酚S、2,2’-二烯丙基-4,4’-双酚A、2,2’-二烯丙基-4,4’-双酚S、3,3’,5,5’-四甲基-4,4’-双酚硫化物、3,3’-二甲基双酚硫醚、3,3’,5,5’-四甲基-4,4’-双酚砜、或它们的组合
分子氧(O2)可以作为空气或纯氧提供。聚合催化剂是包含过渡金属阳离子的金属络合物。金属阳离子可以包括来自周期表的VIB、VIIB、VIIIB或IB族的离子,或其组合。其中,可以使用铬、锰、钴、铜以及包含上述离子中的至少一种的组合。在方面,金属离子是铜离子(Cu+和Cu2+)。可用作金属阳离子来源的金属盐包括氯化亚铜、氯化铜、溴化亚铜、溴化铜、碘化亚铜、碘化铜、硫酸亚铜、硫酸铜、四胺硫酸亚铜、四胺硫酸铜、乙酸亚铜、乙酸铜、丙酸亚铜、丁酸铜、月桂酸铜、棕榈酸亚铜、苯甲酸亚铜以及相应的锰盐和钴盐。代替使用任何上述列举的金属盐,还可以添加金属或金属氧化物和无机酸、有机酸或这种酸的水溶液并原位形成相应的金属盐或水合物。例如,可以添加氧化亚铜和氢溴酸以原位产生溴化亚铜。
聚合催化剂还包含至少一种胺配体。胺配体可以是,例如,一元胺、亚烷基二胺、或包含前述至少一种的组合。一元胺包括二烷基一元胺(如二正丁胺或DBA)和三烷基一元胺(如N,N-甲基丁基胺或DMBA)。二胺包括亚烷基二胺,如N,N’-二叔丁基乙二胺或DBEDA。合适的二烷基单胺包括二甲胺、二正丙胺、二正丁胺、二仲丁胺、二叔丁基胺、二戊胺、二己胺、二辛胺、二癸胺、二苄胺、甲基乙基胺、甲基丁基胺、二环己胺、N-苯基乙醇胺、N(对甲基)苯基乙醇胺、N-(2,6-二甲基)苯基乙醇胺、N(对氯)苯基乙醇胺、N-乙基苯胺、N-丁基苯胺、N-甲基-2-甲基苯胺、N-甲基-2,6-二甲基苯胺、二苯胺等,或它们的组合。合适的三烷基单胺包括三甲胺、三乙胺、三丙胺、三丁胺、丁基二甲胺、苯基二乙胺等,或它们的组合。
合适的亚烷基二胺包括具有下式的那些:
(Rd)2N–Rc–N(Rd)2
其中,Rc是取代或未取代的二价残基;并且每个Rd独立地是氢或C1-8烷基。在上式的一些实例中,两个或三个脂肪族碳原子在这两个二胺氮原子之间形成最紧密的连接。具体的亚烷基二胺配体包括其中Rc是二亚甲基(–CH2CH2–)或三亚甲基(–CH2CH2CH2–)的那些。Rd可以独立地是氢、甲基、丙基、异丙基、丁基或C4-8α-叔烷基。亚烷基二胺配体的实例包括N,N,N’,N’四甲基乙二胺(TMED)、N,N’-二叔丁基乙二胺(DBEDA)、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷(TMPD)、N-甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷、N,N’-二甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷、N,N,N’-二甲基-1,3-二氨基丙烷、N-乙基-1,3-二氨基丙烷、N-甲基-1,4-二氨基丁烷、N,N’-三甲基-1,4-二氨基丁烷、N,N,N’-三甲基-1,4-二氨基丁烷、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基-1,4-二氨基丁烷、N,N,N’,N’-四甲基-1,5-二氨基戊烷、或它们的组合。在一个方面,胺配体是二正丁胺(DBA)、N,N-二甲基丁胺(DMBA)、N,N”-二叔丁基乙二胺(DBEDA)、或它们的组合。催化剂可以通过混合金属离子源(例如,氧化亚铜和氢溴酸)和胺配体原位制备。在一个方面,聚合催化剂包括铜离子、溴离子和N,N’-二-叔丁基乙二胺。
制备官能化的苯醚低聚物的方法进一步包括使苯醚低聚物(例如,“未封端的”羟基封端的苯醚低聚物)与包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的化合物反应以提供官能化的苯醚低聚物。例如,该方法可以包括使羟基封端的苯醚低聚物与(甲基)丙烯酰氯反应。苯醚低聚物与包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的化合物之间的反应可以在溶剂中。在一些方面,可以作为粉末获得苯醚低聚物,随后将其与包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的化合物和溶剂组合。在其他方面,未封端的苯醚低聚物可以作为溶液从氧化聚合反应中获得而不去除溶剂,并且未封端的苯醚低聚物不是作为粉末从溶剂溶液中分离的。例如,可以将包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的化合物直接添加至未封端的苯醚低聚物的溶液中,该未封端的苯醚低聚物通过在溶剂中氧化聚合2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚和二元酚直接获得,其中在与包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的化合物反应之前,不从反应产物中除去溶剂。在以下工作实施例中进一步描述了示例性合成。包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团和对羟基封端的苯醚低聚物具有反应性的基团的合适的化合物可以由本领域技术人员容易地确定。
苯醚低聚物可以具有600至5,000克/摩尔,例如600至3,500克/摩尔,或1,000至5,000克/摩尔,或1,000至3,500克/摩尔的数均分子量(Mn)。数均分子量可以通过例如凝胶渗透色谱法相对于聚苯乙烯标准物来确定。
本公开的苯醚低聚物可以具有小于0.15分升/克、或0.02至0.15分升/克、或0.03至0.10分升/克、或0.035至0.075分升/克的特性粘度。特性粘度可以通过乌氏粘度计在25℃下在氯仿中测量。
还提供了一种可固化热固性组合物,其包含具有(甲基)丙烯酸酯端基的直链双官能苯醚低聚物。例如,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,双官能苯醚低聚物可以以1至95重量%(wt%)、或5至95wt%、或10至85wt%、或20至80wt%、30至70wt%、或5至30wt%、或5至15wt%的量存在于可固化的热固性组合物中。
可固化的热固性组合物可以进一步包含交联剂、固化剂、固化催化剂、固化引发剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。在一些方面,可固化的热固性组合物可以进一步包含阻燃剂、填料、偶联剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。例如,可固化的热固性组合物可以包括以下中的一种或多种:交联剂、固化剂、固化催化剂、固化引发剂、或它们的组合;并且可以进一步包括阻燃剂、填料、偶联剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。
热固性树脂、交联剂和偶联剂之间存在相当大的重叠。如在本文中使用的,术语“交联剂”包括可以用作热固性树脂、交联剂、偶联剂、或它们的组合的化合物。例如,在一些情况下,作为热固性树脂的化合物也可以用作交联剂、偶联剂或两者。
热固性树脂没有特别限制,并且热固性树脂可以单独使用或以两种或更多种热固性树脂(例如,包括一种或多种辅助热固性树脂)的组合使用。示例性热固性树脂包括环氧树脂、氰酸酯树脂、(双)马来酰亚胺树脂、(聚)苯并噁嗪树脂、乙烯基树脂(例如,乙烯基苄基醚树脂)、酚醛树脂、醇酸树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、芳基环丁烯树脂、全氟乙烯基醚树脂、具有可固化不饱和度(例如,乙烯基官能度)的单体、低聚物或聚合物等、或它们的组合。
环氧树脂通常可以是适用于热固性树脂的任何环氧树脂。在此上下文中,术语“环氧树脂”是指如下描述的含有环氧乙烷环的化合物的可固化组合物,例如,C.A.May,EpoxyResins,2.sup.nd Edition,(New York&Basle:Marcel Dekker Inc.),1988。环氧树脂可以包括双酚A型环氧树脂,如由双酚A获得的那些和通过用卤素原子、具有6个或更少碳原子的烷基或苯基取代双酚A的2-位、3-位和5-位中的至少一个位置获得的树脂;双酚F型环氧树脂,如由双酚F和通过用卤素原子、具有6个或更少碳原子的烷基或苯基取代双酚F的2-位、3-位和5-位中的至少一个位置而获得的树脂获得的那些;缩水甘油基醚化合物,其衍生自二价或三价或更多价酚,例如氢醌、间苯二酚、三-4-(羟苯基)甲烷和1,1,2,2-四(4-羟苯基)乙烷;酚醛清漆型环氧树脂,其由酚醛清漆树脂衍生,所述酚醛清漆树脂是苯酚如苯酚与邻甲酚和甲醛之间的反应产物,包括双酚A酚醛清漆型环氧树脂和甲酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂;脂环族环氧化合物如2,2-双(3,4-环氧环己基)丙烷、2,2-双[4-(2,3-环氧丙基)环己基]丙烷、乙烯基环己烯二氧化物、3,4-环氧环己基甲基-3,4-环氧环己烷羧酸酯;含有二环戊二烯的聚环氧化物;衍生自苯胺、对氨基苯酚、间氨基苯酚、4-氨基-间甲酚、6-氨基-间甲酚、4,4’-二氨基二苯基-乙烷、3,3’-二氨基二苯基甲烷、4,4’-二氨基二苯基醚的胺型环氧树脂、3,4’-二氨基二苯醚、1,4-双(4-氨基苯氧基)苯、1,4-双(3-氨基苯氧基)-苯、1,3-双(4-氨基苯氧基)-苯、1,3-双(3-氨基苯氧基)苯、2,2-双(4-氨基-苯氧基苯基)丙烷,对苯二胺、间苯二胺、2,4-甲苯二胺、2,6-甲苯二胺、对苯二甲基二胺、间苯二甲基二胺、1,4-环己烷-双(甲胺)、5-氨基-1-(4’-氨基苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基茚满、6-氨基-1-(4’-氨基苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基-茚满等;杂环环氧化合物和缩水甘油酯型环氧化合物,例如,衍生自芳族羧酸如对羟基苯甲酸、间羟基苯甲酸、对苯二甲酸和间苯二甲酸的缩水甘油酯的那些。“环氧树脂”还可以包括包含两个或更多个环氧基的化合物和芳香族二羟基化合物的反应产物,其可以是可选地卤素取代的并且可以单独地或以两种或更多种的组合使用。
氰酸酯不受限制,并且可以使用由氰酸酯单体组成的任何树脂,这些单体聚合以形成包含多个氰酸酯(-OCN)官能团的聚合物。氰酸酯单体、预聚物(即部分聚合的氰酸酯单体或氰酸酯单体的共混物)、使用氰酸酯前体制备的均聚物和共聚物,以及这些化合物的组合。例如,氰酸酯可以根据如由“Chemistry and Technology of Cyanate Ester Resins”,作者Ian Hamerton,Blackie Academic and Professional;美国专利号3,553,244,以及JP-A-7-53497中披露的方法来制备。示例性的氰酸酯树脂包括2,2-双(4-氰酰苯基)-丙烷、双(4-氰酰苯基)乙烷、双(3,5-二甲基-4-氰酰苯基)甲烷、2,2-双(4-氰酰苯基)-1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷、α,α’-双(4-氰酰苯基)-间-二异丙基-苯、由二环戊二烯-苯酚共聚物制备的氰酸酯树脂,以及由这些单体制备的预聚物。预聚物的例子是PRIMASET BA-230S(Lonza)。氰酸酯预聚物可以是均聚物或可以是并入其他单体的共聚物。此类共聚物的实例包括可从MitsubishiGasChemical获得的BT树脂,例如BT2160和BT2170,它们是用氰酸酯单体和双马来酰亚胺单体制成的预聚物。在US 7393904、US 7388057、US 7276563和US 7192651中公开了其他氰酸酯聚合物、单体、预聚物和氰酸酯单体与其他非氰酸酯单体的共混物。
双马来酰亚胺树脂可以通过单体双马来酰亚胺与亲核体如二胺、氨基苯酚或氨基苯并酰肼的反应制备,或通过双马来酰亚胺与二烯丙基双酚A的反应制备。示例性双马来酰亚胺树脂包括1,2-双马来酰亚胺基乙烷、1,6-双马来酰亚胺基己烷、1,3-双马来酰亚胺基苯、1,4-双马来酰亚胺基苯、2,4-双马来酰亚胺基甲苯、4,4’-双马来酰亚胺基二苯基甲烷、4,4’-双马来酰亚胺基-二苯基醚、3,3’-双马来酰亚胺基二苯基砜、4,4’双马来酰亚胺基-二苯基砜、4,4’-双马来酰亚胺基二环己基甲烷、3,5-双(4-马来酰亚胺基苯基)吡啶、2,6-双马来酰亚胺基吡啶、1,3双(马来酰亚胺基甲基)环己烷、1,3-双(马来酰亚胺基甲基)苯、1,1-双(4-马来酰亚胺基苯基)环己烷、1,3-双(二氯马来酰亚胺基)苯、4,4’-双(柠康酰亚胺基)二苯基甲烷,2,2-双(4-马来酰亚胺基苯基)丙烷、1-苯基-1,1-双(4-马来酰亚胺基苯基)乙烷、N,N-双(4-马来酰亚胺基苯基)甲苯、3,5-双马来酰亚胺基-1,2,4-三唑、N,N’-亚乙基双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-六亚甲基双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-间亚苯基-双马来酰亚胺、N,N’对亚苯基双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-4,4’-二苯基甲烷双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-4,4’-二苯基-醚双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-4,4’-二苯砜双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-4,4’-二环己基甲烷-双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-α,α’-4,4’-二亚甲基环己烷双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-间-甲基二甲苯-双马来酰亚胺、N,N’-4,4’-二苯基环己烷双马来酰亚胺、和N,N’-亚甲基-双(3氯-对亚苯基)双马来酰亚胺、以及在US 3,562,223中公开的那些;US 4,211,860;以及US 4,211,861,或通过例如在US 3,018,290中描述的方法制备的。
苯并噁嗪化合物在分子中具有苯并噁嗪环。示例性苯并噁嗪单体可以在有或没有溶剂的情况下由醛、酚和伯胺的反应制备。用于形成苯并噁嗪的酚类化合物包括苯酚和多酚。使用具有两个或更多个在形成苯并噁嗪中反应性的羟基的多酚可以产生支链、交联或支链和交联产物的组合。将酚基连接成酚的基团可以是聚苯并噁嗪中的分支点或连接基团。
用于制备苯并噁嗪单体的示例性酚包括苯酚、甲酚、间苯二酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、2-烯丙基苯酚、3-烯丙基苯酚、4-烯丙基苯酚、2,6-二羟基萘、2,7-二羟基萘、2-(二苯基-磷酰基)对苯二酚、2,2’-联苯酚、4,4-联苯酚、4,4’-异亚丙基联苯酚、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2-甲基-苯酚)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2-烯丙基苯酚)、4,4’(1,3-亚苯基二异亚丙基)双酚(双酚M)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(3-苯基苯酚)4,4’-(1,4-亚苯基二异亚丙基)-双酚,4,4’-亚乙基二苯酚、4,4’-氧二苯酚、4,4’-硫代二苯酚、4,4’-磺酰二苯酚、4,4’-亚磺酰基二苯酚、4,4’-六氟异亚丙基)双酚、4,4’-(1-苯基亚乙基)-双酚、双(4-羟基苯基)-2,2-二氯乙烯、双(4-羟苯基)甲烷,4,4’-(环戊叉基)联苯酚,4,4’-(环己叉基)联苯酚、4,4’-(环十二烷叉基)联苯酚4,4’-(二环[2.2.1]庚叉基)联苯酚,4,4’-(9H-芴-9,9-二基)联苯酚、异亚丙基-双(2-烯丙基苯酚)、3,3-双(4-羟基苯基)异苯并呋喃-1(3H)-酮、1-(4-羟基苯基)-3,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-醇、3,3,3’,3’-四甲基-2,2’,3,3’-四氢-1,1’螺二-[茚]5,6’-二醇、二羟基二苯甲酮、三(4-羟基苯基)甲烷、三(4-羟基苯基)乙烷、三(4-羟基苯基)丙烷、三(4-羟基苯基)丁烷、三(3-甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷,四(4-羟基苯基)乙烷二环戊二烯基双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、二环戊二烯基双(邻甲酚)、二环戊二烯基双酚等。
用于形成苯并噁嗪的醛可为任何醛,例如具有1至10个碳原子的醛。例如,醛可以是甲醛。用于形成苯并噁嗪的胺可为芳族胺、脂族胺、烷基取代的芳族或芳族取代的烷基胺。胺可为多胺,例如以制备用于交联的多官能苯并恶嗪单体。
用于形成苯并噁嗪的胺具有1至40个碳原子,除非它们包括芳环,并且然后它们可以具有6至40个碳原子。二或多官能的胺可以是将一个聚苯并噁嗪连接至另一个的支化点。
在一些实例中,在150℃至300℃下的热聚合可以用于聚合苯并噁嗪单体。聚合可以以本体、由溶液或其它方式进行。催化剂(如羧酸)可以用于在相同温度下降低聚合温度或加速聚合速率。
乙烯基苄基醚树脂可以由苯酚与乙烯基苄基卤如乙烯基苄基氯的缩合制备。双酚-A和三酚和多酚通常用于生产聚(乙烯基苄基醚),其可以用于生产交联的热固性树脂。示例性乙烯基苄基醚可以包括由乙烯基苄基卤化物与间苯二酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、2,6-二羟基萘、2,7-二羟基萘、2-(二苯基-磷酰基)对苯二酚的反应产生的那些乙烯基苄基醚、双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)2,2’-双酚、4,4-双酚、2,2’,6,6’-四甲基双酚、2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-六甲基双酚、3,3’,5,5’-四溴-2,2’6,6’-四甲基双酚、3,3’-二溴-2,2’,6,6’-四甲基双酚、2,2’,6,6’-四甲基-3,3’5-二溴双酚、4,4’-异亚丙基双酚、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2,6-二溴苯酚)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)(四甲基双酚A)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2-甲基苯酚)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2-烯丙基苯酚)、4,4’(1,3-亚苯基二异亚丙基)双酚、4,4’-异亚丙基双(3-苯基苯酚)4,4’-(1,4-亚苯基二异亚丙基)双酚、4,4’-亚乙基双酚、4,4’-氧二苯酚、4,4’-硫代二苯酚、4,4’-硫代双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、4,4’-磺酰二苯酚、4,4’-磺酰基双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、4,4’-亚磺酰基二苯酚、4,4’-六氟异亚丙基)双酚、4,4’(1-苯基乙叉基)双酚、双(4-羟基苯基)-2,2-二氯-乙烯、双(4-羟基苯基)甲烷、双(2,6-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷、4,4’-(环戊叉基)联苯酚、4,4’-(环己叉基)联苯酚、4,4’-(环十二烷叉基)联苯酚4,4’-(二环[2.2.1]庚叉基)联苯酚、4,4’-(9H-芴-9,9-二基)联苯酚、3,3-双(4-羟基苯基)-异苯并呋喃-1(3H)-酮、1-(4-羟基苯基)-3,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-醇、1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-1,3,3,4,6-五甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-醇、3,3,3’,3’-四甲基-2,2’,3,3’-四氢-1,1’-螺二[茚]-5,6’-二醇、二羟基二苯甲酮、三(4-羟苯基)甲烷、三(4-羟苯基)乙烷、三(4-羟苯基)-丙烷、三(4-羟苯基)丁烷、三(3-甲基-4-羟苯基)甲烷、三(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基-苯基)甲烷、四(4-羟基苯基)乙烷、四(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)-乙烷、双(4-羟基苯基)苯基膦氧化物、二环戊二烯基-双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、二环戊二烯基双酚等。
芳基环丁烯类包括衍生自具有以下结构的化合物的那些:
其中,B是价态n的有机或无机基团(包括羰基、磺酰基、亚磺酰基、硫化物、氧基、烷基膦酰基、芳基膦酰基、异烷叉基、环烷叉基、芳基烷亚基、二芳基亚甲基、亚甲基二烷基硅烷基、芳基烷基硅烷基、二芳基硅烷基以及C6-20酚类化合物);每次出现的X独立地是羟基或C1-24烃基(包括直链和支链烷基和环烷基);并且每次出现的Z独立地是氢、卤素、或C1-12烃基;并且n是1至1000、或1至8,或n是2、3、或4。其他示例性芳基环丁烯以及芳基环丁烯合成方法可以见于US 4,743,399、US 4,540,763、US 4,642,329、US 4,661,193、US 4,724,260、以及5391,650。
全氟乙烯醚通常由苯酚和溴四氟乙烷合成,然后经过锌催化还原消除反应生成ZnFBr和所希望的全氟乙烯基醚。通过这种途径,双、三、以及其他多酚可以产生双、三、以及聚(全氟乙烯基醚)。在它们的合成中有用的酚类包括间苯二酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、2,6-二羟基萘、2,7-二羟基萘、2-(二苯基-磷酰基)对苯二酚、双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)2,2’-双酚、4,4-双酚、2,2’,6,6’-四甲基联苯酚、2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-六甲基联苯酚、3,3’,5,5’-四溴-2,2’6,6’-四-甲基联苯酚、3,3’-二溴-2,2’,6,6’-四甲基联苯酚、2,2’,6,6’-四甲基-3,3’5-二溴双酚、4,4’-异亚丙基双酚(双酚A)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2,6-二溴苯酚)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2-甲基苯酚)、4,4’-异亚丙基双(2-烯丙基苯酚)、4,4’(1,3-亚苯基二异亚丙基)-双酚、4,4’-异亚丙基双(3-苯基苯酚)4,4’-(1,4-亚苯基二异亚丙基)-双酚、4,4’-亚乙基二酚、4,4’氧二苯酚、4,4’-硫二苯酚、4,4’-硫代双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、4,4’-磺酰联苯酚、4,4’-磺酰基双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、4,4’-亚磺酰基二苯酚、4,4’-六氟异亚丙基)双酚、4,4’(1-苯基亚乙基)-双酚、双(4-羟基苯基)-2,2-二氯乙烯、双(4-羟基苯基)-甲烷、双(2,6-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)甲烷、4,4’-(亚环戊基)联苯酚、4,4’-(亚环己基)联苯酚、4,4’-(亚环十二烷基)联苯酚4,4’-(二环[2.2.1]亚庚基)-联苯酚、4,4’-(9H-芴-9,9-二基)联苯酚、3,3-双(4-羟基苯基)异苯并呋喃-1(3H)-酮、1-(4-羟基苯基)-3,3-二甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-醇、1-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲基苯基)-1,3,3,4,6-五甲基-2,3-二氢-1H-茚-5-醇、3,3,3”,3”-四甲基-2,2’,3,3’-四氢-1,1’-螺二[茚]-5,6’-二醇(螺二茚满)、二羟基二苯甲酮、三(4-羟苯基)甲烷、三(4-羟苯基)乙烷、三(4-羟苯基)丙烷、三(4-羟苯基)丁烷、三(3-甲基-4-羟苯基)甲烷、三(3,5-二甲基-4-羟苯基)甲烷、四(4-羟基苯基)乙烷、四(3,5-二甲基-4-羟基苯基)乙烷、双(4-羟基苯基)-苯基膦氧化物、二环戊二烯基双(2,6-二甲基苯酚)、二环戊二烯基双(2-甲基苯酚)、二环戊二烯基双酚等。
交联剂也包括辅助交联剂不受特别限制。交联剂可单独使用或以两种或更多种不同交联剂的组合使用。示例性交联剂和辅助交联剂包括具有可固化的乙烯基官能度的低聚物或聚合物。此类材料包括具有可交联不饱和度的低聚物和聚合物。实例包括基于丁二烯的具有不饱和键的丁苯橡胶(SBR)、丁二烯橡胶(BR)和丁腈橡胶(NBR);天然橡胶(NR)、异戊二烯橡胶(IR)、氯丁二烯橡胶(CR)、丁基橡胶(IIR)和基于异戊二烯的具有不饱和键的卤化丁基橡胶;基于二环戊二烯(DCPD)、亚乙基降冰片烯(ENB)或1,4-二己二烯(1,4-HD)的具有不饱和键的乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物弹性体(例如,通过使乙烯、α-烯烃和二烯共聚获得的乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物,如乙烯-丙烯-二烯三聚物(EPDM)和乙烯-丁烯-二烯三聚物(EBDM))。实例还包括氢化丁腈橡胶、氟烷橡胶如偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物和偏二氟乙烯-五氟丙烯共聚物、环氧氯丙烷均聚物(CO)、由环氧氯丙烷和环氧乙烷制备的共聚物橡胶(ECO)、环氧氯丙烷烯丙基缩水甘油基共聚物、环氧丙烷烯丙基缩水甘油醚共聚物、环氧丙烷环氧氯丙烷烯丙基缩水甘油醚三聚物、丙烯酸橡胶(ACM)、聚氨酯橡胶(U)、硅橡胶(Q)、氯磺化聚乙烯橡胶(CSM)、聚硫橡胶(T)以及乙烯丙烯酸橡胶。其他实例包括各种液体橡胶,例如几种类型的液体丁二烯橡胶,和通过阴离子活性聚合制备的具有1,2-乙烯基连接的丁二烯聚合物的液体无规丁二烯橡胶。还可以使用液体苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶、液体腈丁二烯橡胶(UbeIndustries,Ltd.的CTBN、VTBN、ATBN等)、液体氯丁二烯橡胶、液体聚异戊二烯、二环戊二烯型烃聚合物和聚降冰片烯(例如,由Elf Atochem出售)。
含有高水平的1,2加成的聚丁二烯树脂对于热固性基质是理想的。实例包括由Ricon Resins,Inc.出售的功能化的聚丁二烯和聚(丁二烯-苯乙烯)无规共聚物。商品名为RICON、RICACRYL和RICOBOND树脂。这些包括含有低乙烯基含量的丁二烯,例如RICON 130、131、134、142;含有高乙烯基含量的聚丁二烯,例如RICON 150、152、153、154、156、157和P30D;苯乙烯和丁二烯的无规共聚物,包括RICON 100、181、184和马来酸酐接枝聚丁二烯以及由其衍生的醇缩合物,例如RICON 130MA8、RICON MA13、RICON 130MA20、RICON 131MAS、RICON 131MA10、RICON MA17、RICON MA20、RICON 184MA6和RICON 156MA17。还包括可用于改善粘合性的聚丁二烯,包括RICOBOND 1031、RICOBOND 1731、RICOBOND 2031、RICACRYL3500、RICOBOND 1756、RICACRYL 3500;聚丁二烯RICON 104(25%聚丁二烯在庚烷中)、RICON 257(35%聚丁二烯在苯乙烯中)和RICON 257(35%聚丁二烯在苯乙烯中);(甲基)丙烯酸官能化的聚丁二烯,如聚丁二烯二丙烯酸酯和聚丁二烯二甲基丙烯酸酯。这些材料以商品名RICACRYL 3100、RICACRYL 3500和RICACRYL3801出售。还包括功能性聚丁二烯衍生物的粉末分散体,包括例如RICON 150D、152D、153D、154D、P30D、RICOBOND 01731HS和RICOBOND 1756HS。其他丁二烯树脂包括聚(丁二烯-异戊二烯)嵌段和无规共聚物,如分子量为3,000-50,000g/mol的那些和分子量为3,000-50,000g/mol的聚丁二烯均聚物。还包括聚丁二烯、聚异戊二烯、以及用马来酸酐官能团、2-羟乙基马来酸官能团、或羟基化官能团功能化的聚丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚物。
具有可固化乙烯基官能度的低聚物和聚合物的其他实例包括基于马来酸酐、富马酸、衣康酸和柠康酸的不饱和聚酯树脂;含有丙烯酰基或甲基丙烯酰基的不饱和环氧(甲基)丙烯酸酯树脂;含有乙烯基或烯丙基的不饱和环氧树脂、氨基甲酸酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯树脂、聚醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯树脂、多元醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯树脂、醇酸丙烯酸酯树脂、聚酯丙烯酸酯树脂、螺缩醛丙烯酸酯树脂、邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯树脂、四溴邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯树脂、二乙二醇双烯丙基碳酸酯树脂和聚乙烯多硫醇树脂。例如,交联剂。其他示例性交联剂进一步包括多官能团交联单体,如每个单体分子具有两个或更多个(甲基)丙烯酸酯部分的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体。示例性多官能单体包括二(甲基)丙烯酸酯,例如1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,4-环己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇丙氧基化物二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇乙氧基化物二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇丙氧基化物二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇乙氧基化物二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、甘油二(甲基)丙烯酸酯等;三(甲基)丙烯酸酯,例如三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,2,4-丁三醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷乙氧基化物三(甲基)丙烯酸酯等;三(甲基)烯丙基类,如三(甲基)烯丙基氰脲酸酯、三(甲基)烯丙基异氰脲酸酯、柠檬酸的三(甲基)烯丙基酯、磷酸的三(甲基)烯丙基酯、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三(羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯三(甲基)丙烯酸酯等;四(甲基)丙烯酸酯,如季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯等;五(甲基)丙烯酸酯,如二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯等;六(甲基)丙烯酸酯,如二季戊四醇六(甲基)丙烯酸酯、山梨醇六(甲基)丙烯酸酯等;缩水甘油基化合物,如(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、(甲基)烯丙基缩水甘油醚、(甲基)丙烯酸1-氯-2,3-环氧丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-溴-3,4-环氧丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-(环氧乙氧基)-乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-(3,4-环氧丁氧基)-乙酯等;多硫醇化合物如三羟甲基丙烷三(巯基丙酸酯)、季戊四醇四(3-巯基丙酸酯)等;硅烷如四甲氧基硅烷、四乙氧基硅烷、四丙氧基硅烷、四正丁氧基硅烷、乙烯基三(甲基乙基肟基)硅烷、乙烯基三-(丙酮肟基)硅烷、甲基三(甲基乙基肟基)硅烷、甲基三(丙酮肟基)硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三(异丙烯氧基)硅烷、四乙酰氧基硅烷、甲基三乙酰氧基硅烷、乙基三乙酰氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙酰氧基硅烷、二-叔丁氧基-二乙酰氧基硅烷、甲基三(乳酸乙酯)硅烷、乙烯基三(乳酸乙酯)硅烷等;碳二亚胺,如N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-N’-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐、二环己基碳二亚胺等;或它们的组合。可固化热固性组合物可以任选地包括交联催化剂,如羧酸盐。
当可固化热固性组合物包括交联剂时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,交联剂可以以1wt%至60wt%、或5wt%至45wt%、或10wt%至30wt%的量被包括。
可固化的热固性组合物可以包括一种或多种固化剂。如在本文中使用的,术语“固化剂”包括各种描述为固化剂、硬化剂等、或两者的化合物。
示例性的固化剂和硬化剂包括胺、醇、酚、羧酸、酸酐等。例如,酚类硬化剂包括酚醛清漆型酚醛树脂、甲阶型酚醛树脂、甲酚酚醛清漆树脂、芳烷基型酚醛树脂、苯酚芳烷基树脂、甲酚芳烷基树脂、萘酚芳烷基树脂、二环戊二烯型酚醛树脂、萜烯改性的酚醛树脂、联苯型酚醛树脂、联苯改性的苯酚芳烷基树脂、双酚、三苯甲烷型酚醛树脂、四苯醇乙烷树脂、萘酚酚醛清漆树脂、萘酚-苯酚共缩合酚醛清漆树脂、萘酚-甲酚共缩合酚醛清漆树脂、氨基三嗪改性的酚醛树脂、或它们的组合。酸酐硬化剂的实例包括甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MHHPA)、甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)和烯烃-马来酸酐共聚物如马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯、马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯或它们的组合。其他固化剂和硬化剂包括化合物,例如二氰胺、聚酰胺、酰胺基胺、酚醛胺、曼尼希碱、酸酐、酚醛树脂、胺-甲醛树脂、苯酚-甲醛树脂、羧酸官能聚酯、多硫化物、聚硫醇、异氰酸酯、氰酸酯化合物、或其任何组合。其他示例性固化剂包括叔胺、路易斯酸和具有不饱和度的低聚物或聚合物。
当可固化热固性组合物包含固化剂时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,可以以0.01至50wt%、或0.1至30wt%、或0.1至20wt%的量包含固化剂。
可固化的热固性组合物可以包括固化催化剂。如在本文中使用的,术语“固化催化剂”包括被不同地描述为固化促进剂、固化助剂、固化催化剂、和固化助催化剂的化合物。
示例性固化促进剂包括杂环促进剂,如包含1至4个环杂原子的取代或未取代的C3-6杂环,其中每个杂原子独立地为相同或不同的,并且为氮、氧、磷、硅或硫。杂环促进剂包括苯并三唑类;三嗪;哌嗪类,如氨乙基哌嗪、N-(3-氨基丙基)哌嗪等;咪唑类,如1-甲基咪唑、2-甲基咪唑、3-甲基咪唑、4-甲基咪唑、5-甲基咪唑、1-乙基咪唑、2-乙基咪唑、3-乙基咪唑、4-乙基咪唑、5-乙基咪唑、1-正丙基咪唑、2-正丙基咪唑,1-异丙基咪唑、2-异丙基咪唑、1-正丁基咪唑、2-正丁基咪唑、1-异丁基咪唑、2-异丁基咪唑、2-十一烷基-1H-咪唑、2-十七烷基-1H-咪唑、1,2-二甲基咪唑、1,3-二甲基咪唑、2,4-二甲基咪唑,2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑、1-苯基咪唑、2-苯基-1H-咪唑、4-甲基-2-苯基-1H-咪唑、2-苯基-4-甲基咪唑、1-苄基-2-甲基咪唑、1-苄基-2-苯基咪唑、1-氰基乙基-2-甲基咪唑、1-氰基乙基-2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑、1-氰基乙基-2-十一烷基咪唑、1-氰基乙基-2-苯基咪唑、2-苯基-4,5-二羟基甲基咪唑、2-苯基-4-甲基-5-羟甲基咪唑、1-氰基乙基-2-苯基-4,5-二(2-氰基乙氧基)甲基咪唑;环状脒,如4-二氮杂二环(2,2,2)辛烷、二氮杂二环十一烯、2-苯基咪唑啉等;N,N-二甲基氨基吡啶;磺胺酰草胺;或它们的组合。
胺固化促进剂包括异佛尔酮二胺、三亚乙基四胺、二亚乙基三胺、1,2-和1,3-二氨基丙烷、2,2-二甲基丙二胺、1,4-二氨基丁烷、1,6-二氨基己烷、1,7-二氨基庚烷、1,8-二氨基辛烷、1,9-二氨基壬烷、1,12-二氨基十二烷、4-氮杂七亚甲基二胺、N,N’-双(3-氨基丙基)丁烷-1,4-二胺、双氰胺、二酰胺二苯甲烷、二酰胺二苯磺酸(胺加合物)、4,4’-亚甲基二苯胺、二乙基甲苯二胺、间苯二胺、对苯二胺、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂、脲甲醛树脂、四亚乙基五胺、3-二乙基氨基丙胺、3,3’-亚氨基二丙胺,2,4-双(对氨基苄基)苯胺、四亚乙基五胺、3-二乙基氨基丙胺、2,2,4-和2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺、1,2-和1,3-二氨基环己烷、1,4-二氨基-3,6-二乙基环己烷、1,2-二氨基-4-乙基环己烷、1,4-二氨基-3,6-二乙基环己烷、1-环己基-3,4-亚氨基环己烷、4,4’-二氨基二环己基甲烷、4,4’-二氨基二环己基丙烷、2,2-双(4-氨基环己基)丙烷、3,3’-二甲基-4,4’-二氨基二环己基甲烷、3-氨基-1-环己烷氨基丙烷、1,3-和1,4-双(氨基甲基)环己烷、间苯二甲二胺和对苯二甲二胺、或二乙基甲苯二胺;或一种叔胺硬化促进剂,如三乙胺、三丁胺、二甲基苯胺、二乙基苯胺、苄基二甲胺(BDMA)、α-甲基苯甲基二甲胺、N,N-二甲基氨基吡啶、N,N-二甲基氨基乙醇、N,N-二甲基氨基甲酚、或三(N,N-二甲基氨基甲基)苯酚;或它们的组合。
固化促进剂可以是潜在阳离子固化催化剂,包括例如二芳基碘鎓盐、膦酸酯、磺酸酯、羧酸酯、亚膦酸酯、三芳基锍盐、苄基锍盐、芳基重氮盐、苄基吡啶鎓盐、苄基铵盐、异噁唑鎓盐等、或它们的组合。二芳基碘鎓盐可以具有结构[(R10)(R11)I]+X-,其中R10和R11各自独立地是C6-14单价芳烃基团,可选地用1至4个选自C1-20烷基、C1-20烷氧基、硝基和氯的单价基团取代;并且其中X-是阴离子。另外的固化促进剂可以具有结构[(R10)(R11)I]+SbF6 -,其中R10和R11各自独立地是C6-14单价芳烃,可选地用1至4个C1-20烷基、C1-20烷氧基、硝基、或氯取代;例如4-辛氧基苯基碘鎓六氟锑酸盐。
固化促进剂可以是金属盐络合物,如脂肪族或芳香族羧酸的铜(II)、铝(III)、锌、钴、锡盐脂肪族或芳香族羧酸,其选自乙酸、硬脂酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、柠檬酸盐、苯甲酸盐以及它们的混合物的铜(II)、锡(II)和铝(III)盐。例如,固化促进剂可以是β-二酮酸的铜(II)或铝(III)盐;乙酰丙酮化物的铜(II)、铁(II)、铁(III)、钴(II)、钴(III)或铝(III)盐;辛酸酯的锌(II)、铬(II)、或锰(II)盐;或它们的组合。
当可固化热固性组合物包含固化催化剂时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,可以以0.01至5wt%、或0.05至5wt%、或0.1至5wt%的量包含固化催化剂。
可固化热固性组合物可以任选地包括固化引发剂,如过氧化物。示例性过氧化物固化引发剂可以包括过氧化苯甲酰、二枯基过氧化物、甲基乙基酮过氧化物、月桂基过氧化物、环己酮过氧化物、叔丁基过氧化氢、叔丁基苯过氧化氢、叔丁基过氧辛酸酯、叔丁基过氧苯甲酸酯、叔丁基过氧基碳酸2-乙基己基酯、2,4-二氯苯甲酰基过氧化物、2,5-二甲基己烷-2,5-二氢过氧化物、丁基-4,4-双(叔丁基二氧基)戊酸酯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧基)-己-3-炔、二叔丁基过氧化物,叔丁基枯基过氧化物、α,α’-双(叔丁基过氧基-间-异丙基)苯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧基)己烷、二枯基过氧化物、二(叔丁基过氧基间苯二甲酸酯、叔丁基过氧苯甲酸酯、2,2-双(叔丁基过氧基)丁烷、2,2-双(叔丁基过氧基)辛烷、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(苯甲酰基过氧基)己烷、1,1-二-(叔丁基过氧基)-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷、二(三甲基甲硅烷基)过氧化物、三甲基甲硅烷基苯基三苯基甲硅烷基过氧化物等,或它们的组合。
当热固性可固化组合物包含固化引发剂时,基于热固性可固化组合物的总重量,可以以0.1至5wt%、或0.5至5wt%、或1至5wt%的量包含固化引发剂。
阻燃剂包括例如包含磷、溴或氯的有机化合物。出于监管原因,在某些应用中可优选非溴化和非氯化含磷阻燃剂,例如,有机磷酸酯和包含磷-氮键的有机化合物。
磷阻燃剂的实例包括磷酸盐、磷腈、亚磷酸酯、膦、次膦酸盐、多磷酸盐和鏻盐。磷酸酯包括磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、异丙基化磷酸三苯酯、苯基双(十二烷基)磷酸酯、苯基双(新戊基)磷酸酯、苯基双(3,5,5’-三甲基己基)磷酸酯、乙基二苯基磷酸酯、2-乙基己基二(对甲苯基)磷酸酯、双(2-乙基己基)对甲苯基磷酸酯、三甲苯基磷酸酯、双(2-乙基己基)苯基磷酸酯、三(壬基苯基)磷酸酯、双(十二烷基)对甲苯基磷酸酯、二丁基苯基磷酸酯、2-氯乙基二苯基磷酸酯、对甲苯基二(2,5,5’-三甲基己基)磷酸酯、2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯、二甲苯基-二苯基磷酸酯;甲苯基-二苯基磷酸酯;1,3-亚苯基双(二-2,6-二甲苯基磷酸酯);9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)、四苯基二磷酸酯(RDP)、缩合磷酸酯化合物如芳香族缩合磷酸酯化合物;以及环状磷酸酯化合物、对苯二酚的双(二苯基)磷酸酯、双酚A的双(二苯基)磷酸酯等,或它们的低聚或聚合对应物,或它们的组合。
磷腈化合物的实例包括环状磷腈化合物和链状磷腈化合物。环磷腈化合物(环磷腈)具有其中磷-氮双键存在于分子中的环状结构。次膦酸盐化合物的实例包括二烷基次膦酸铝、三-(二乙基次膦酸)铝、三-(甲基乙基次膦酸)铝、三-(二苯基次膦酸)铝、双-(二乙基次膦酸)锌、双-(甲基次膦酸)锌、双-(二苯基次膦酸)锌、钛氧基双-(二乙基次膦酸)、钛氧基双-(甲基乙基次膦酸)、和钛氧基双-(二苯基次膦酸)。多磷酸盐化合物的实例包括三聚氰胺多磷酸盐、蜜白胺多磷酸盐和蜜勒胺多磷酸盐。鏻盐化合物的实例包括四苯基鏻四苯基硼酸盐。亚磷酸酯化合物的实例包括亚磷酸三甲基酯和亚磷酸三乙酯。含磷-氮键的阻燃剂化合物包括氯化磷腈、磷酯酰胺、磷酸酰胺、膦酸酰胺、次膦酸酰胺、以及三(氮丙啶基)氧化膦。
卤化材料也可以用作阻燃剂,例如双酚如2,2-双-(3,5-二氯苯基)-丙烷;双-(2-氯苯基)-甲烷;双(2,6-二溴苯基)-甲烷;1,1-双-(4-碘苯基)-乙烷;1,2-双-(2,6-二氯苯基)-乙烷;1,1-双-(2-氯-4-碘苯基)乙烷;1,1-双-(2-氯-4-甲基苯基)-乙烷;1,1-双-(3,5-二氯苯基)-乙烷;2,2-双-(3-苯基-4-溴苯基)-乙烷;2,6-双-(4,6-二氯萘基)-丙烷;和2,2-双-(3,5-二氯-4-羟基苯基)-丙烷;2,2-双-(3-溴-4-羟基苯基)-丙烷。其他卤化材料包括1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二溴苯、1,3-二氯-4-羟基苯、和联苯如2,2’-二氯联苯、多溴化1,4-二苯氧基苯、2,4’-二溴联苯、和2,4’-二氯联苯以及十溴联苯醚、十溴二苯乙烷、以及低聚和聚合的卤化芳香族化合物如溴化苯乙烯、4,4-二溴联苯、乙烯-双(四溴邻苯二甲酰亚胺)、或双酚A和四溴双酚A与碳酸酯前体(例如,光气)的共聚碳酸酯。金属增效剂,例如氧化锑,也可以与阻燃剂一起使用。
还可以使用无机阻燃剂,例如C1-16烷基磺酸盐的盐,如全氟丁烷磺酸钾(Rimar盐)、全氟辛烷磺酸钾、全氟己烷磺酸四乙铵、和二苯砜磺酸钾;盐如Na2CO3、K2CO3、MgCO3、CaCO3和BaCO3,或氟阴离子复合物如Li3AlF6、BaSiF6、KBF4、K3AlF6、KAlF4、K2SiF6或Na3AlF6。
当可固化热固性组合物包含阻燃剂时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,可以以大于1wt%、或1至20wt%、或5至20wt%的量包含阻燃剂。
可固化热固性组合物可以进一步包括无机或有机填料,如颗粒填料、纤维填料等,或它们的组合。任何无机和有机填料,包括本领域已知的那些,可以没有限制地使用。
示例性填料包括,例如,粘土、滑石、高岭土、硅灰石、云母、碳酸钙、碳酸镁;氧化铝、硫脲、玻璃粉、B-或Sn-基填充剂如硼酸锌、锡酸锌以及羟基锡酸锌;金属氧化物,如氧化锌和氧化锡、氧化铝、二氧化硅(包括熔融二氧化硅、气相二氧化硅、球形二氧化硅、和结晶二氧化硅)、氮化硼(包括球形氮化硼)、氮化铝、氮化硅、氧化镁、硅酸镁、三氧化锑、玻璃纤维(短切、研磨、或布)、玻璃垫、玻璃泡、中空玻璃微球、芳族聚酰胺纤维、石英等、或它们的组合。其他示例性无机填料包括粉末状钛陶瓷,如钡的钛酸酯中的任意一种。铅、锶、钙、铋、镁等。无机填料还包括水合物,例如氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁、沸石和水滑石。在一些方面,填料可以用本文公开的偶联剂处理。
玻璃纤维包括基于E、A、C、ECR、R、S、D、和NE玻璃、以及石英的那些。玻璃纤维可以具有任何合适的直径,如2至30微米(μm)、或5至25μm、或5至15μm。玻璃纤维在复合之前的长度不受限制并且可以是2至7毫米(mm)、或1.5至5mm。可替代地,可以使用较长的玻璃纤维或连续的玻璃纤维。合适的玻璃纤维可从供应商如Owens Corning、Nippon Electric Glass、PPG和Johns Manville商购获得。
有机填料可以是,例如,聚四氟乙烯粉末、聚苯硫醚粉末、和聚(醚砜)粉末、聚(苯醚)粉末、聚苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯树脂等、或它们的组合。
可以基于热膨胀系数(CTE)和热导率要求来选择填料。例如,Al2O3、BN、AlN或它们的组合可以用于具有高热导率的电子模块。例如,MgO可以用于增加的热导率和增加的CTE。例如,SiO2(例如,无定形SiO2)可以用于具有低CTE和小介电常数的轻质模块。
当可固化热固性组合物包含填料时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,可以以大于1wt%、或1至50wt%、或1至30wt%、或10至30wt%的量包含填料。
偶联剂,也称为粘合促进剂,包括铬络合物、硅烷、钛酸盐、铝酸锆、烯烃-马来酸酐共聚物、反应性纤维素酯等。示例性的烯烃-马来酸酐共聚物可以包括马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯、马来酸酐接枝的聚丙烯、或它们的组合。示例性硅烷可以包括环氧硅烷化合物、氨基硅烷化合物、甲基丙烯酰氧基硅烷化合物、乙烯基硅烷化合物、或它们的组合。
氨基硅烷偶联剂的实例是γ-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、N-β(氨乙基)γ-氨基丙基甲基-二甲氧基硅烷、N-β(氨乙基)γ-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷和N-β(氨乙基)γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷。说明性的环氧硅烷偶联剂包括γ-缩水甘油氧基丙基甲基二乙氧基硅烷、γ-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、和γ-缩水甘油氧基丙基三乙氧基硅烷。甲基丙烯酰氧基硅烷偶联剂的实例包括γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基二乙氧基硅烷和γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三乙氧基硅烷。
其他示例性硅烷偶联剂包括双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物、双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)三硫化物、双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)二硫化物、双(2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基乙基)四硫化物、双(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物、双(2-三甲氧基甲硅烷基乙基)四硫化物、3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-巯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、2-巯基乙基三甲氧基硅烷、2-巯基乙基三乙氧基硅烷、3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基-N,N-二甲基硫代氨基甲酰基四硫化物、3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基-N,N-二甲基硫代氨基甲酰基四硫化物、2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基乙基-N,N-二甲基硫代氨基甲酰基四硫化物、3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基苯并噻唑基四硫化物、3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基苯甲酰基四硫化物、甲基丙烯酸3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基单硫化物、甲基丙烯酸3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基单硫化物、双(3-二乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物、3-巯基丙基二甲氧基甲基硅烷、二甲氧基甲基甲硅烷基丙基-N,N-二甲基硫代-氨基甲酰基四硫化物、二甲氧基甲基甲硅烷基丙基苯并噻唑基四硫化物等、或其组合。硅烷偶联剂可以是具有2至4个硫原子形成多硫化物桥的多硫化物硅烷偶联剂。例如,偶联剂可以是双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)二、三、或四硫化物。
当可固化热固性组合物包含偶联剂时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,可以以0.01至5wt%、或0.05至5wt%、或0.1至5wt%的量包含偶联剂。
可固化热固性组合物可以任选地包括溶剂。该溶剂可以是例如一种C3-8酮、一种C3-8 N,N二烷基酰胺、一种C4-16二烷基醚、一种C6-12芳香烃、一种C1-3氯代烃、一种C3-6烷基烷酸酯、一种C2-6烷基氰化物、或它们的组合。具体的酮溶剂包括,例如,丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、或它们的组合。具体的C4-8 N,N-二烷基酰胺溶剂包括,例如,二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、或其组合。具体的二烷基醚溶剂包括,例如,四氢呋喃、乙二醇单甲醚、二噁烷、或它们的组合。具体的芳香族烃溶剂包括,例如,苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯、或它们的组合。芳族烃溶剂可以是非卤化的。具体的C3-6烷基链烷酸酯包括例如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯或其组合。具体的C2-6烷基氰化物包括例如乙腈、丙腈、丁腈或其组合。具体的C2-6烷基氰化物包括例如乙腈、丙腈、丁腈或其组合。例如,溶剂可以是N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二乙基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲氧基乙酰胺、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、N-环己基吡咯烷酮、N-甲基己内酰胺、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮,1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,3-二噁烷、1,4-二噁烷、四氢呋喃、γ-丁内酯、γ-己内酯、二甲亚砜、二苯甲酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、环己酮、二甘醇二甲醚、三甘醇二甲醚、四甘醇二甲醚、N,N-二甲基乙烯脲、N,N-二甲基丙烯脲,四甲基脲、丙二醇苯基醚、苯甲醚、藜芦醚、邻二氯苯、氯苯、三氯乙烷、二氯甲烷、氯仿、吡啶、甲基吡啶、乳酸乙酯、乙酸正丁酯、丁基溶纤剂乙酸酯、丁基卡必醇乙酸酯、乙基溶纤剂乙酸酯,乙基卡必醇乙酸酯、碳酸丙烯酯、环丁砜、离子液体、或它们的组合。
当使用溶剂时,基于可固化热固性组合物的总重量,可固化热固性组合物可包含2至99重量%的溶剂。例如,基于可固化热固性组合物的重量总量,溶剂的量可以是5至80wt%、或10至60wt%、或20至50wt%。可以部分地选择该溶剂以调节该可固化的热固性组合物的粘度。因此,溶剂量可取决于变量,包括封端的聚(亚芳基醚)共聚物的类型和量,其他组分如固化添加剂的类型和量,任何辅助热固性树脂的类型和量,和用于可固化热固性组合物的任何后续加工的加工温度,例如,用可固化热固性组合物浸渍增强结构以制备复合材料。该溶剂可以是无水的。例如,基于溶剂的总重量,溶剂可以包括小于100份每百万(ppm)、或小于50ppm、或小于10ppm的水。
可固化的热固性组合物可以进一步包括可固化的不饱和单体组合物,其可以包括,例如,单官能苯乙烯类化合物(例如,苯乙烯)、单官能(甲基)丙烯酸类化合物等、或它们的组合。例如,该可固化的不饱和单体组合物可以是一种含烯烃的单体或一种含炔的单体。示例性含烯烃和炔的单体包括U.S.Yeager等人的美国专利号6,627,704中描述的那些,并且包括如Heilman等人的美国专利号4,304,705所公开的(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮和乙烯基磺内酯。示例性单官能单体包括单(甲基)丙烯酸酯,如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异辛酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯、(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酸正己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸四氢糠酯、N-乙烯基己内酰胺、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、(甲基)丙烯腈等,或其组合。
可固化热固性组合物可以可选地进一步包括一种或多种另外的添加剂。另外的添加剂包括,例如,染料、颜料、着色剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂、光稳定剂、增塑剂、消泡剂、润滑剂、分散剂、流动改性剂、防滴剂、防粘剂、抗静电剂、流动促进剂、加工助剂、基底粘合剂、脱模剂、增韧剂、低剖面添加剂、应力消除添加剂等、或它们的组合。当存在时,基于可固化的热固性组合物的总重量,可以以任何有效量,例如0.01至20wt%、或0.01至10wt%、或0.01至5wt%、或0.01至1wt%的量包含另外的添加剂。
可以使用任何合适的方法通过结合双官能苯醚低聚物和本文中公开的其它可选的组分制备可固化的热固性组合物。
还提供了固化的热固性组合物,其包含所述可固化的热固性组合物的固化产物。对于可固化热固性组合物可以固化的方法没有特别限制。可固化组合物可以例如热固化或通过使用照射技术(包括UV照射或电子束照射)固化。例如,固化产物可通过将本文所定义的可固化热固性组合物加热足以蒸发溶剂并实现固化的时间和温度来获得。当使用热固化时,温度可以是30℃至400℃、或50℃至250℃、或100℃至250℃。加热可以是1分钟至24小时、或1分钟至6小时、或3小时至5小时。固化可以分阶段以产生部分固化并且通常无粘性的树脂,然后通过加热上述范围内的更长时期或温度来完全固化该树脂。如本文所使用的,术语“固化的”涵盖部分固化或完全固化的产品。
该固化的热固性组合物可以具有一种或多种所希望的特性。例如,所述热固性组合物可以具有大于或等于165℃,优选大于或等于170℃,更优选165至180℃的玻璃化转变温度。该热固性组合物还可以有利地展现出低介电常数(Dk)、低耗散因子(Df)、以及降低的吸湿性。例如,该热固性组合物在10GHz的频率下可以具有小于3.0、优选小于2.75、更优选小于2.6的介电常数。该热固性组合物在10GHz的频率下可以具有小于0.01或小于0.005的耗散因子。因此,包含本公开的苯醚低聚物的热固性组合物可以特别适合用于电子应用。
可固化的热固性组合物和固化的热固性组合物可以用于多种应用和用途,包括使用常规热固性组合物的任何应用。例如,包括可固化的热固性组合物或固化的热固性组合物的有用制品可以是复合材料、泡沫、纤维、层、涂层、封装剂、粘合剂、密封剂、模制部件、预浸料、外壳、层压板、覆金属箔层压板、电子复合材料、结构复合材料、或其组合的形式。示例性用途和应用包括涂层如保护性涂层、密封剂、耐候性涂层、耐划伤性涂层和电绝缘涂层;粘合剂;粘结剂;胶;复合材料,如使用碳纤维和玻璃纤维增强物的那些。当用作涂层时,所披露的化合物和组合物可以沉积在多种下面的基底的表面上。例如,这些组合物可以沉积在金属、塑料、玻璃、纤维胶料、陶瓷、石材、木材、或其任何组合的表面上。所披露的组合物可以用作金属容器(例如,铝或钢)的表面上的涂层,如通常用于漆和表面覆盖工业中的包装和容纳的那些。所述可固化的热固性组合物和由其衍生的固化的热固性组合物也可以特别适合用于形成电气组件和计算机组件。
形成复合材料的方法可以包括用可固化的热固性组合物浸渍增强结构;部分地固化所述可固化的热固性组合物以形成预浸料;以及层压多个预浸料。增强结构可以是多孔基底材料,例如纤维预制件或基底,或包含陶瓷、聚合物、玻璃、碳或其组合的其他多孔材料。例如,多孔基底材料可以是织造或非织造的玻璃织物、玻璃纤维织物、或碳纤维。当制品包括纤维预成形体时,制造制品的方法可包括通过用可固化组合物涂布或浸渍预成形体由可固化的热固性组合物形成制品。浸溃的纤维预成形物可任选地在去除溶剂之前或之后成形。在一些方面,可固化的热固性组合物层可以进一步包括织造或非织造的玻璃织物。例如,该可固化层可以通过用一种可固化组合物浸渍该玻璃织物并且从该浸渍的玻璃织物中去除该溶剂来制备。示例性增强结构描述于例如Anonymous(Hexcel Corporation),“Prepreg Technology”,March 2005,公开号FGU 017b;Anonymous(Hexcel Corporation),“Advanced Fibre Reinforced Matrix Products for Direct Processes”,June 2005,公开号ITA 272;以及Bob Griffiths,“Farnborough Airshow Report 2006”,CompositesWorldcom,September 2006。增强结构的重量和厚度根据复合材料的预期用途使用纤维增强树脂复合材料领域的技术人员熟知的标准来选择。增强结构可含有适用于可固化热固性组合物的热固性组分的各种饰面。
由可固化热固性组合物制造制品的方法可包括使可固化热固性组合物部分固化以形成预浸料,或使可固化热固性组合物完全固化以形成复合制品。在此提及“固化的组合物”的特性是指基本上完全固化的组合物。例如,由预浸体形成的层压体中的树脂通常基本上完全固化。热固领域的技术人员可以确定样品是部分固化还是基本上完全固化,而无需过多的实验。该固化可以是在从该可固化组合物去除溶剂之前或之后。此外,可以在除去溶剂之前或在除去溶剂之后,在固化之前,在部分固化之后,或在完全固化之后,例如通过热成形来进一步成形制品。在一个方面,形成制品,并去除溶剂;制品部分固化(B-阶段);任选地成形;然后进一步固化。
形成复合材料的商业规模的方法在本领域中是已知的,并且本文所述的可固化的热固性组合物易于适用于现有的工艺和设备。例如,预浸料通常在处理器上生产。处理器的主要部件包括进料辊、树脂浸渍罐、处理炉和接收辊。该增强结构(例如,E玻璃)通常被卷成大的卷轴。然后将线轴放在进料辊上,所述进料辊转动并缓慢滚出加强结构。增强结构随后移动通过包含可固化的热固性组合物的树脂浸渍罐。可固化组合物浸渍增强结构。在从容器中出现以后,涂覆的加强结构向上移动通过垂直处理烘箱,其通常在175至200℃的温度下,并蒸发溶剂。树脂此时开始聚合。当复合材料从塔出来时,它充分固化,使得纤网不湿或不发粘。然而,固化过程在未完成时停止,使得当制造层压体时可发生额外固化。然后纤网将预浸料坯滚到接收辊上。
还提供了包括或源自该可固化的热固性组合物的电气和电子制品。制品包括包含如医疗或航天工业中使用的印刷电路的那些。其他制品包括天线和类似制品。制品如印刷电路板用于例如照明、太阳能、显示器、相机、音频和视频设备、个人计算机、移动电话、电子记事本和类似设备、或办公自动化设备中。例如,电气部件可以安装在包括层压板的印刷电路板上。由用于各种应用的可固化组合物制备的其他示例性制品可以包括覆铜层压板(CCL),例如金属芯覆铜层压板(MCCCL)、复合制品、以及涂覆的制品,例如多层制品。
可由可固化热固性组合物制备的介电层可用于电路组件中,例如覆金属箔层压板如覆铜层压板中。例如,层压件可包括介电层、设置在介电层上的导电金属电路层,以及可选地,在与导电金属层相对的一侧上设置在介电层上的散热金属基体层。介电层可任选地包括纤维预制件(例如,织物层)。例如,介电层还可以包括玻璃织物层。
导电金属层可以是电路的形式,并且可以是铜、锌、锡、黄铜、铬、钼、镍、钴、铝、不锈钢、铁、金、银、铂、钛等、或它们的组合。其他金属包括铜钼合金、诸如可从CarpenterTechnology Corporation获得的KOVAR的镍钴铁合金、诸如可从National ElectronicAlloys,Inc.获得的INVAR的镍铁合金、双金属、三金属、源自两层铜和一层INVAR的三金属、和源自两层铜和一层钼的三金属。示范性金属层包括铜或铜合金。可替代地,可以使用锻造的铜箔。导电金属层可以具有2至200微米(μm)、或5至50μm、或5至40μm的厚度。
散热金属基体层可以是导热金属,诸如铝、氮化硼、氮化铝、铜、铁、钢等、或它们的组合。可以使用导热导电金属,条件是金属与金属电路层电隔离。优选的支撑金属基体层可以具有0.1至20毫米(mm)、或0.5至10mm、或0.8至2mm的厚度。
导电金属层和支撑金属基体层可经预处理以具有高表面粗糙度以增强对介电层的附着。处理方法包括例如洗涤、火焰处理、等离子体放电、电晕放电等,以增强金属层的粘附性。介电层可牢固地粘附至导电金属层或散热层而不使用粘合剂,或者可使用粘合剂来提高介电层对导电金属层或散热层的粘附性。用于将复合片材结合至金属的示例性粘合剂包括聚酰亚胺粘合剂、丙烯酸粘合剂、环氧树脂等、或它们的组合。
覆铜层压体可以通过在压力下不使用热固性粘合剂热层压一个或多个介电层、一个或多个导电金属层和支撑金属基体层来制备。介电层可以由可固化热固性组合物制备,并且可以在热层压步骤之前通过溶剂浇铸工艺制备以形成层。例如,介电层、导电金属层和散热层可在压力下通过无粘合剂工艺热层压在一起以形成层压体。导电金属层可以可选地在层压之前为电路的形式,或者导电金属层可以可选地在层压之后被蚀刻以形成电路。层压可以通过热压或辊压延方法,例如辊对辊方法。覆铜层压板中的导电金属层可以进一步被图案化以提供印刷电路板。此外,覆铜层压体可以成形为提供具有片、管、或杆形状的电路板。
可替代地,用于电路组件的层压物可以通过一种溶液流延法制成,其中将该可固化的热固性组合物直接流延到该导电金属层上,随后层压到该散热金属基体层上。例如,可固化热固性组合物可以直接浇铸到散热金属基体层上,随后层压到导电金属层上。
包括附加层的多层层压材料也可通过热层压在一个步骤中或两个或更多个连续步骤中通过如热压或辊压延方法的方法制备。例如,在层压材料中可存在七个或更少层,或十六个层或更少层。在一个方面,层压件可以在一个步骤中或两个或更多个连续步骤中形成,其中织物-热固性-金属-热固性-织物-热固性-金属箔的连续层或其子组合具有较少层,使得层压件包括在任何金属箔层和任何织物层之间的热固性薄膜层。在另一个方面,可以在一个步骤中或在两个或更多个连续步骤中形成第一层压板,其中织物层位于两个热固性层之间,诸如织造玻璃织物层位于两个热固性层之间。然后可通过将金属箔层压到第一层压体的热固性侧来制备第二层压体。
由可固化的热固性组合物制备的印刷电路板可以具有0.1mm至20mm,并且具体地0.5mm至10mm的总厚度,其中总厚度是指包括每个介电层、导电金属层和支撑金属基体层的层的组件。电路组件可以具有0.5至2mm,并且具体地0.5至1.5的总厚度。对该介电层的厚度没有具体限制,并且可以是5至1500μm、或5至750μm、或10至150μm、或10至100μm。例如,印刷电路板可以是用于发光二极管(LED)应用的金属芯印刷电路板(MCPCB)。
该可固化的热固性组合物可以用作涂层,例如在多层制品的制备中。制造涂层的方法可包括将可固化的热固性组合物与任选的含氟聚合物结合,并在基底上形成涂层。例如,可以通过形成包含可固化的热固性组合物的层、从该层去除溶剂并且任选地固化以提供底漆层来制造多层制品,形成第二层,该第二层包含陶瓷(例如,Al2O3、TiO2、ZrO2、Cr2O3、SiO2、MgO、BeO、Y2O3、Al2O3-SiO2、MgO-ZrO2、SiC、WC、B4C、TiC、Si3N4、TiN、BN、AlN、TiB),ZrB2等)、热塑性聚合物、含氟聚合物(例如,聚四氟乙烯、四氟乙烯-全氟烷基乙烯基醚共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、聚氯三氟乙烯、四氟乙烯-乙烯共聚物、聚偏二氟乙烯等)、或它们的组合,和可选地热处理所述多层制品以固化所述可固化的热固性组合物。在一些方面,第二层可以进一步包括可固化的热固性组合物。
可固化热固性组合物的其他应用包括,例如,酸浴容器;中和罐;飞机部件;桥接梁;桥板;电解池;排气烟囱;洗涤器;运动装备;楼梯;走道;汽车外部面板,例如引擎罩和后备箱盖;底盘;风斗;管道和管道,包括加热器管道;工业风扇、风扇壳体和鼓风机;工业混合器;船体和甲板;船用终端挡泥板;瓷砖和涂层;建筑镶板;商用机器外壳;托盘,包括电缆托盘;混凝土改性剂;洗碗机和冰箱部件;电密封剂;电气面板;罐,包括电解精炼罐、软水器罐、燃料罐和各种长丝缠绕罐和罐衬;家具;车库门;光栅;保护体齿轮;行李箱;户外机动车辆;压力罐;光波导;天线罩;栏杆;铁路部件,例如坦克车;漏斗车盖;车门;卡车底板衬层;卫星碟;标志;太阳能板;电话开关设备外壳;牵引车零件;变压器盖;卡车部分,例如挡泥板、机罩、车身、车厢和床;用于旋转机器的绝缘件,包括地面绝缘件、转向绝缘件和相分离绝缘件;整流子;芯绝缘层和帘线以及系带带;驱动轴联接件;螺旋桨桨叶;导弹部件;火箭发动机外壳;机翼区段;抽油杆;机身区段;机翼蒙皮和襟翼;发动机通风管;货舱门;网球拍;高尔夫球杆杆;钓竿;滑雪板和滑雪杆;自行车部件;横向板簧;泵,例如汽车烟雾泵;电气部件、嵌入件和工具,诸如电缆接头;丝线圈和密集封装的多元件组件;机电装置的密封;电池壳体;电阻器;熔丝和热切断器件;用于印刷线路板的涂层;铸造制品,如电容器、变压器、曲轴箱加热器;小型模制电子部件,包括线圈、电容器、电阻器和半导体;在化学处理、纸浆造纸、发电、废水处理中作为钢的替代物;洗涤塔;用于结构应用的拉挤部件,包括结构构件、格栅和安全轨;游泳池、游泳池幻灯片、热浴盆和桑拿浴;机罩应用下的驱动轴;用于复印机的干调色剂树脂;船舶工具和复合材料;隔热屏;潜艇船体;原型生成;开发实验模型;层压镶边;钻孔夹具;粘合夹具;检查夹具;工业金属成型模具;飞机拉伸块和锤形式;真空模制工具;地板,包括用于生产和组装区域的地板、洁净室、机器商店、控制室、实验室、停车库、冷冻机、冷却器、以及室外装载坞;用于抗静电应用的导电组合物;用于装饰地板;用于桥的伸缩接头;用于修补和修复结构混凝土中的裂缝的可注射砂浆;用于瓷砖的灌浆;机械导轨;金属榫钉;螺栓和柱;油和燃料储罐的修理,以及许多其他应用。
可用于制备制品和材料的方法包括本领域通常已知的用于加工热固性树脂的那些。这样的过程在文献中有描述,例如Engineered Materials Handbook,Volume 1,Composites,ASM International Metals Park,Ohio,copyright 1987 Cyril A.DostalSenior Ed,pp.105-168 and 497-533,“Polyesters and Their Applications”byBjorksten Research Laboratories,Johan Bjorksten(pres.)Henry Tovey(Ch.Lit.Ass.),Betty Harker(Ad.Ass.),James Henning(Ad.Ass.),ReinholdPublishing Corporation,New York,1956。加工技术包括树脂传递模塑;片材模制;整体模制;拉挤成型;注射模制,包括反应注射模制(RIM);大气压模塑(APM);铸造,包括离心铸造和静态铸造开模铸造;包括湿法或干法铺层和喷雾铺层的层压;还包括接触模塑,包括圆柱形接触模塑;压缩模制;包括真空辅助树脂传递模塑和化学辅助树脂传递模塑;匹配的模具成型;高压釜固化;在空气中热固化;真空装袋;拉挤成型;Seeman的复合树脂灌注制造处理(SCRIMP);开放式模塑,树脂和玻璃的连续组合;以及长丝绕组,包括圆柱形长丝绕组。例如,可以通过树脂传递模塑方法制备制品。
还提供了源自可固化热固性组合物的制品,其中所述制品是复合材料、泡沫、纤维、层、涂层、封装剂、粘合剂、密封剂、模塑部件、预浸料、外壳、浇铸制品、层压板或它们的组合;或,其中所述制品是覆金属箔层压板、电子复合材料、结构复合材料、或它们的组合。制品可以如在此披露的来制造,例如通过铸造、模制、挤出等,并且从所形成的制品中去除溶剂。在一些方面,该制品可以是层,并且可以通过将该可固化组合物流延到基底上以形成流延层来形成。可通过许多方法除去溶剂,包括通过加热浇铸层,在热和压力下加热浇铸层,例如通过将浇铸层层压到另一个基底上。在一些方面,通过上述方法制备的制品可以包括粘合剂、封装材料、电容器膜、或电路板层。在一些方面,由可固化组合物制备的制品可以是布置在基板上的介电层、或涂层,例如电线或电缆涂层。例如,制品可以是电路材料(例如印刷电路板)中的介电层,用于例如照明或通信应用中。由可固化组合物制备的其他示例性制品可以是一个或多个涂漆层。可固化组合物可以用于制备本文公开的用于其他可固化热固性组合物的制品。
本公开内容通过以下实施例进一步说明,所述实施例是非限制性的。
实施例
用于以下实施例的材料描述于表1中。
表1
在鼓泡反应器、500ml夹套玻璃反应器中(装填有顶置式搅拌器、热电偶、氮气垫和用于氧气鼓泡的汲取管)进行氧化偶联聚合反应。该衍生反应或封端反应在配备有加热套、迪安-斯达克冷凝器、热电偶、以及加料漏斗的500ml玻璃反应器中进行。
使用来自Speccac的手动液压机进行这些可固化组合物的流延以用于随后的固化。
根据以下过程合成PPE-CMP低聚物。将甲苯(42.45克)、CMP(42.3克)、TMBPA(5.76克)、DMBA(4.32克)、DBA(0.28克)、和DBEDA(0.075克)、PTC-1(0.04克)和甲苯(0.13克)的混合物进料至500ml鼓泡聚合容器并且在氮气下搅拌。将催化剂溶液(0.02克Cu2O和0.33克48%HBr)加入到上述反应混合物中。加入催化剂溶液后,开始氧气流动。温度在15分钟内从25℃斜坡变化到32℃,并且在115分钟时它增加到49℃。将氧气流维持1500分钟,此时停止流动,并且将0.46克NTA和5.68克水加入到反应混合物中。将所得混合物在60℃下搅拌2小时。通过离心分离各层并通过除去甲苯分离轻相。在110℃在氮气下在真空烘箱中干燥过夜后获得低聚物。
根据以下步骤合成PPE-CMP-2MA低聚物。在配备有加热套、迪安-斯达克冷凝器、搅拌器和热电偶的500ml三颈圆底烧瓶中将PPE-CMP低聚物(36克)溶解在甲苯(75克)中。将该溶液加热至120℃以通过共沸蒸馏去除水。在除去水以后,将反应混合物冷却至85℃并添加DMAP(0.36克)。在DMAP完全溶解之后,使用加料漏斗在20分钟内添加MAA(6.63克)。将反应温度升高至110℃,并且将该反应搅拌4小时。PPE-CMP-2MA通过沉淀到甲醇中分离。将该粉末在真空和氮气下在110C下进一步干燥过夜。
通过将PPE-CMP-2MA溶解在氯仿中制备可固化组合物。在真空下和氮气下除去氯仿直到获得干燥的粉末。将干燥的粉末用于化学流变学,并且进一步固化用于性能评估。通过部分地(例如,至胶凝时间)固化组合物来制备固化的铸件。将部分固化的组合物转移到40毫米直径的模具中,并且将该模具置于热压机中。通过在压力(1吨)下将温度升高至150℃来固化样品。一旦温度达到150℃,然后将样品冷却至70℃,并且将模具转移到烘箱中,并且将样品在真空下在200℃下固化120分钟。
使用以下测试程序表征组合物。
核磁共振(NMR)光谱分析:通过NMR分析确定低聚物的化学结构和组成。在以400.14MHz的观察频率操作的Varian Mercury Plus 400仪器上采集所有1H NMR光谱。
相对于聚苯乙烯标准品进行凝胶渗透色谱法,并用于确定数均分子量(Mn)和重均分子量(Mw)。
溶液粘度测量:使用配备有用于低粘度材料的UL适配器的DV2+pro Brookfield粘度计。进行这些测量以确定50wt.%低聚物在MEK中的溶液粘度,使用由水套控制的锭子00在25℃下。
差示扫描量热法(DSC):使用TA Instruments差示扫描量热法从25℃至300℃以20℃/分钟的温度斜坡测量低聚物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。分析在氮气下进行。所有样品重量在8至11毫克的范围内。使用T-0盘。
放热热量和固化程度也使用DSC以10℃/分钟升温速率从25℃升温至300℃来确定。所有样品重量在8至11毫克的范围内。固化程度是通过来自未固化的组合物和部分固化的(B阶段)组合物的放热热量的比率来确定的。
使用来自TA Instruments的Ares G2流变仪,在氮气氛下,使用具有1mm目标间隙的25mm平行板测量胶凝时间。使用振荡温度斜坡,起始温度为80℃,斜坡速率为5℃/分钟,恒定应变为30%,角频率为10Rad/s。
粘度测量(在以下表中称为“树脂流动”)使用来自TA Instruments的Ares G2流变仪在氮气气氛下使用具有1mm目标间隙的25mm平行板进行。使用振荡温度斜坡,其中起始温度为80℃并且斜坡速率为3℃/分钟,其中恒定应变为1%并且角频率为10Rad/s。
进行热重分析(TGA)以表征固化样品的分解。使用10℃/分钟的升温速率,从25℃开始并升温至800℃。
使用配备有用于在10GHz处测量介电常数(Dk)和耗散因子(Df)的分割后介质谐振器(SPDR)夹具的安捷伦科技(Agilent Technologies)E5071C网络分析器进行介电测量。
吸湿性的特征在于将铸件置于50℃的水浴中。将样品从浴中取出,湿干燥,并且每24小时测量重量。
实施例1
根据上述合成制备PPE-CMP-2MA。通过溶液NMR光谱确定PPE-CMP-2MA的结构。1HNMR光谱法还证实,该低聚物的端基是甲基丙烯酸酯单元,从而产生平均官能度为2的双官能低聚物。
表2示出了实施例1的PPE-CMP-2MA低聚物的一些性能。
表2
根据表3制备可固化组合物。在去除溶剂之后测量这些配制品的流变学和固化行为。固化材料的性能也示于表3中。将包含实施例1的低聚物的组合物的性能与包含获得自2,6-二甲基苯酚的重复单元的双官能PPE-甲基丙烯酸酯低聚物(如比较例1所示)进行比较。
表3
表4
如表3所示,PPE-CMP-2MA低聚物表现出介电性能的改善。因此,本文所述的材料被认为非常适合用于电子材料,特别是用于印刷电路板的预浸渍体叠层和覆金属箔叠层。
比较例2
根据上述CMP-PPE低聚物比较的以下步骤合成CP-PPE低聚物。将甲苯(168克)、CP(49克)、TMBPA(6.40克)、DMBA(1.68克)、DBA(0.56克)、以及0.088克DBEDA、0.047克PTC-1和0.15克甲苯的混合物进料至500毫升鼓泡聚合容器并且在氮气下搅拌。催化剂溶液(0.42克;将0.03克Cu2O和0.39克(48%)HBr)加入到上述反应混合物中。加入催化剂溶液后,开始氧气流动。温度在15分钟内从25℃斜坡变化到39.4℃,并且在70分钟时它增加到48.9℃。将氧气流维持130分钟,此时停止流动,并且将1.0克NTA和6.0克水添加到该反应混合物中。将所得混合物在60℃下搅拌2小时。通过离心分离各层并且通过沉淀到甲醇中分离轻相。将沉淀的颗粒过滤并在真空烘箱中在110℃在氮气下干燥过夜后进行分析。
通过1H和31P NMR光谱表征CP-PPE低聚物。在以599.90MHz的观察频率操作的Agilent DD2 600仪器上获取所有1H NMR光谱。在定量条件下收集所有样品的光谱。将大约30mg的2-环己基苯酚最终ppt样品加入到1毫升1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷-d2中。光谱参数包括9615Hz光谱宽度、1.7s采集时间(16K数据点)、4.20μs脉冲宽度(45°翻转角)、以及15s脉冲延迟。采用s2pul脉冲序列。典型地,32次采集足以实现良好的信噪比。使用具有0.25Hz谱线增宽和多项式基线校正程序的NetNMR软件进行数据处理。
31P-NMR光谱法用于识别和定量各种聚合物样品中的酚官能度。该技术涉及用2-氯-1,3,2-二氧杂磷杂环戊烷衍生聚合物酚残基。该反应产生了仅在芳环取代方面不同的多种结构类似的2-芳氧基-1,3,2-二氧磷杂环戊烷。由于31P-核对其电子环境的敏感性,可从它们相应的磷酸酯衍生物的31P-化学位移识别各种酚端基。除了酚端基之外,这种方法还可以量化许多树脂中的醇和酸性官能度。通过使用内标2,4-二溴苯酚,可以确定聚合物树脂的羟基端基官能度的定量。
在242.84MHz下操作的31P的Agilent DD2 600光谱仪上获取所有光谱。仪器配有5mm OneNMRTMPFG探针。将大约80mg的样品溶解在4.0ml的氯仿-d中,该氯仿-d包含0.95mg/ml 2,4-二溴苯酚(内标)和15mg/ml Cr(acac)3(T1松弛增强试剂以减少数据获取时间)。此外,以1ml吡啶/100ml CDCl3内标储备溶液添加吡啶作为酸清除剂。记录样品和内部标准重量至小数点四位。在脉冲延迟期间关闭解耦器以消除NOE并确保在扫描之间磷核的完全弛豫。采集参数包括3s的脉冲延迟和45°翻转角。此外,23.6kHz谱宽(100至200ppm区域)和32K数据点导致1.39s采集时间。通常,对于足够的信噪比,需要1024次扫描。使用Waltz-16脉冲序列进行宽带质子去耦。将内标2,4-二溴-苯酚信号用作化学位移参考(δ=130.24ppm)。所得光谱使用1Hz指数切趾处理并且使用多项式拟合例程进行基线校正。使用NetNMR软件进行所有数据处理。
如上所述,通过氧化偶联聚合合成环己基苯酚和四甲基双酚A共聚物(CP-PPE)。为了更好的结构分析,使材料沉淀以除去未反应的单体。NMR光谱用于确定化学结构。单体的残余量通过31P NMR确定。基于芳环中的质子数,通过1H NMR光谱确定未取代的6-位置处的支链。然而,如果获得直链聚合物,质子的数目应该是3,它被确定为2.5。因此,CP-PPE低聚物表现出支链结构。
本发明进一步涵盖以下方面。
方面1:一种直链双官能苯醚低聚物,包含衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元并具有(甲基)丙烯酸酯端基。
方面2:根据方面1的双官能苯醚低聚物,其中所述苯醚低聚物包含小于30重量%的衍生自在2-位和6-位具有相同取代基的一元酚的重复单元。
方面3:根据方面1或2的苯醚低聚物,其中衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元具有以下结构:
方面4:根据方面1至3中任一项所述的苯醚低聚物,其中所述苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
其中,R是甲基或氢;x和y独立地是0至30,条件是x和y的和至少为2;每次出现的R1、R2、R3和R4独立地包括氢、卤素、未取代的或取代的C1-12伯或仲烃基、C1-12烃硫基、C1-12烃氧基、或C212卤代烃氧基,其中至少两个碳原子分隔卤素和氧原子;z是0或1;Y具有以下结构:
其中,每次出现的R7独立地包括氢和C1-12烃基,并且每次出现的R8和R9各自独立地是氢、C1-12烃基、或C1-6亚烃基,其中R8和R9一起形成C4-12亚烷基;优选地,其中每次出现的R1和R2是甲基,每次出现的R3和R4是氢,z是1,并且Y是异亚丙基。
方面5:一种制造根据方面1至4中任一项所述的直链双官能苯醚低聚物的方法,该方法包括在催化剂存在下氧化聚合2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚以提供苯醚低聚物;以及使苯醚低聚物与含(甲基)丙烯酸酯的化合物反应以提供直链双官能苯醚低聚物。
方面6:根据方面5的方法,其中该氧化聚合是进一步在双酚、优选四甲基双酚A的存在下进行的。
方面7:一种可固化的热固性组合物,包含方面1至4中任一项所述的直链双官能苯醚低聚物。
方面8:根据方面7的可固化的热固性组合物,进一步包含交联剂、固化剂、固化催化剂、固化引发剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。
方面9:根据方面7或8的可固化的热固性组合物,进一步包含阻燃剂、填料、偶联剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。
方面10:一种固化的热固性组合物,包含方面7至9中任一项所述的可固化的热固性组合物的固化产物,优选地,其中所述热固性组合物具有大于或等于165℃,优选大于或等于170℃,更优选165-180℃的玻璃化转变温度,使用差示扫描量热法测定;其中,该热固性组合物在10GHz的频率下具有小于3.0、优选小于2.75、更优选小于2.6的介电常数;并且其中该热固性组合物在10GHz的频率下具有小于0.01、或小于0.005的耗散因子。
方面11:一种用于制造如方面10所述的固化的热固性组合物的方法,该方法包括优选地在50至250℃的温度下固化该可固化的热固性组合物。
方面12:一种包含如方面10所述的固化的热固性组合物的制品,优选地其中所述制品是复合材料、泡沫、纤维、层、涂层、封装剂、粘合剂、密封剂、模塑部件、预浸料、外壳、浇铸制品、层压板或它们的组合;或其中所述制品是覆金属箔层压板、电子复合材料、结构复合材料、或它们的组合。
方面13:一种清漆组合物,包含方面7至9中任一项所述的可固化的热固性组合物;和溶剂。
方面14:一种由方面13的清漆组合物制造的制品,优选其中所述制品是纤维、层、涂层、浇铸制品、预浸料、复合材料、层压板或覆金属箔层压板。
方面15:一种用于制造根据方面14的制品的方法,包括将所述清漆组合物浸渍到基底中以形成预浸料;以及固化所述清漆组合物。
可替代地,组合物、方法和制品可以包含本文公开的任何合适的材料、步骤或组分,由其组成或基本上由其组成。组合物、方法和制品可以另外地、或可替代地被配制以便不含或基本上不含任何材料(或物种)、步骤、或组分,否则这些材料(或物种)、步骤、或组分对于实现组合物、方法和制品的功能或目的是不必要的。
本文公开的所有范围包括端点,并且端点可彼此独立地组合。“组合”包括共混物、混合物、合金、反应产物等。术语“第一”、“第二”等不表示任何顺序、数量或重要性,而是用于区分一个元件与另一个元件。除非在本文中另外指出或与上下文明显矛盾,否则术语“一个”和“一种”和“该”不表示数量的限制,而是解释为覆盖单数和复数。除非另有明确说明,“或”是指“和/或”。贯穿说明书提及“一个方面”是指结合该方面描述的特定要素包括在本文描述的至少一个方面中并且可以或可以不存在于其他方面中。如在本文中使用的术语“它们的组合”包括一个或多个列出的元件,并且是开放的,允许存在一个或多个没有命名的类似元件。此外,应当理解,所描述的元件可在各个方面中以任何合适的方式结合。
除非在本文中相反地指定,否则所有测试标准均为从本申请的申请日起生效的最新标准,或者如果要求优先权,则为测试标准出现的最早优先权申请的申请日。
除非另外定义,在此使用的技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同的含义。所有引用的专利、专利申请、以及其他参考文献通过引用以其全部内容结合在此。然而,如果本申请中的术语与结合的参考文献中的术语相矛盾或冲突,则来自本申请的术语优先于来自结合的参考文献的冲突术语。
使用标准命名法描述化合物。例如,未被任何指示基团取代的任何位置应理解为使其化合价被如所指示的键或氢原子填充。不在两个字母或符号之间的破折号(“-”)用于指示取代基的连接点。例如,-CHO通过羰基的碳连接。
如在本文中使用的,术语“烃基”,无论是单独使用,还是作为另一术语的前缀、后缀或片段,是指仅包含碳和氢的残基。该残基可以是脂肪族的或芳香族的、直链的、环状的、双环的、支链的、饱和的、或不饱和的。其还可以包含脂族、芳族、直链、环状、双环、支链、饱和和不饱和烃部分的组合。然而,当烃基残基被描述为取代的时,它可以可选地包含取代基残基的碳和氢成员之上和之上的杂原子。因此,当具体地描述为取代的时,烃基残基还可以包含一个或多个羰基、氨基、羟基等,或它可以在烃基残基的主链内包含杂原子。术语“烷基”是指支链或直链、饱和脂肪族烃基,例如,甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、仲戊基以及正己基和仲己基。“烯基”是指具有至少一个碳-碳双键的直链或支链单价烃基(例如,乙烯基(-HC=CH2))。“烷氧基”是指经由氧连接的烷基(即,烷基-O-),例如甲氧基、乙氧基和仲丁氧基。“亚烷基”是指直链或支链的、饱和的二价脂肪族烃基(例如,亚甲基(-CH2-)或亚丙基((CH2)3))。“亚环烷基”是指二价环状亚烷基,-CnH2n-x,其中x是被环化替代的氢的数目。“环烯基”是指具有一个或多个环以及在该环中的一个或多个碳-碳双键的单价基团,其中所有的环成员是碳(例如,环戊基和环己基)。“芳基”是指包含指定数目的碳原子的芳香族烃基,如苯基、环庚三烯酮、茚满基、或萘基。“亚芳基”是指二价芳基。“亚烷基亚芳基”是指被烷基取代的亚芳基。“芳基亚烷基”是指被芳基(例如,苄基)取代的亚烷基。前缀“卤代”是指包括氟、氯、溴、或碘取代基中的一个或多个的基团或化合物。可以存在不同卤素原子(例如,溴和氟)或仅氯原子的组合。前缀“杂”是指化合物或基团包括杂原子(例如,1、2或3个杂原子)的至少一个环成员,其中所述杂原子各自独立地是N、O、S、Si、或P。“取代的”是指化合物或基团被至少一个(例如,1、2、3或4个)取代基取代,所述取代基可以各自独立地是C1-9烷氧基,C1-9卤代烷氧基、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、C1-6烷基磺酰基(-S(=O)2-烷基)、C6-12芳基磺酰基(-S(=O)2-芳基)、硫醇(-SH),硫氰基(-SCN)、甲苯磺酰基(CH3C6H4SO2-)、C3-12环烷基、C2-12烯基、C5-12环烯基、C6-12芳基、C7-13芳基亚烷基、C4-12杂环烷基,以及C3-12杂芳基代替氢,条件是不超过取代原子的正常化合价。基团中指示的碳原子数不包括任何取代基。例如,-CH2CH2CN是被腈取代的C2烷基。
虽然已经描述了特定方面,但是申请人或本领域其他技术人员可以出现目前无法预见或可能无法预见的替代、修改、变化、改进和实质等效物。因此,如提交的和如它们可以被修改的所附权利要求旨在涵盖所有此类替代方案、修改、变化、改进、和实质等效物。
Claims (15)
1.一种直链双官能苯醚低聚物,其包含衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元并具有(甲基)丙烯酸酯端基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的双官能苯醚低聚物,其中,所述苯醚低聚物包含小于30重量%的衍生自在2-位和6-位具有相同取代基的一元酚的重复单元。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的苯醚低聚物,其中,衍生自2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚的重复单元具有以下结构:
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的苯醚低聚物,其中,所述苯醚低聚物具有以下结构:
其中,
R是甲基或氢;
x和y独立地是0至30,条件是x和y的和至少为2;
每次出现的R1、R2、R3和R4独立地包括氢、卤素、未取代的或取代的C1-12伯或仲烃基、C1-12烃硫基、C1-12烃氧基、或C2-12卤代烃氧基,其中至少两个碳原子分隔卤素和氧原子;
z是0或1;
Y具有以下结构:
*-O-*,
其中,每次出现的R7独立地包括氢和C1-12烃基,并且每次出现的R8和R9各自独立地是氢、C1-12烃基、或C1-6亚烃基,其中R8和R9一起形成C4-12亚烷基;
优选地,其中每次出现的R1和R2是甲基,每次出现的R3和R4是氢,z是1,并且Y是异亚丙基。
5.一种制备根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的直链双官能苯醚低聚物的方法,所述方法包括:
在催化剂存在下氧化聚合2-甲基-6-环己基苯酚以提供苯醚低聚物;以及
使所述苯醚低聚物与含(甲基)丙烯酸酯的化合物反应以提供所述直链双官能团苯醚低聚物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述氧化聚合是进一步在双酚、优选四甲基双酚A的存在下进行的。
7.一种可固化的热固性组合物,包含
根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的直链双官能苯醚低聚物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的可固化的热固性组合物,进一步包含交联剂、固化剂、固化催化剂、固化引发剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的可固化的热固性组合物,进一步包括阻燃剂、填料、偶联剂、或它们的组合中的一种或多种。
10.一种固化的热固性组合物,其包含权利要求7至9中任一项或多项所述的可固化的热固性组合物的固化产物。
11.一种用于制造根据权利要求10所述的固化的热固性组合物的方法,所述方法包括固化所述可固化的热固性组合物,优选地在50℃至250℃的温度下。
12.一种制品,其包含根据权利要求10所述的固化的热固性组合物,优选地
其中,所述制品是复合材料、泡沫、纤维、层、涂层、封装剂、粘合剂、密封剂、模塑部件、预浸料、外壳、浇铸制品、层压板或它们的组合;或
其中,所述制品是覆金属箔层压板、电子复合材料、结构复合材料、或它们的组合。
13.一种清漆组合物,其包含:
根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的可固化的热固性组合物;以及
溶剂。
14.一种由根据权利要求13所述的清漆组合物制造的制品,优选地其中所述制品是纤维、层、涂层、浇铸制品、预浸料、复合材料、层压板或覆金属箔层压板。
15.一种用于制造根据权利要求14所述的制品的方法,包括将所述清漆组合物浸渍到基底中以形成预浸料;以及固化所述清漆组合物。
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-
2021
- 2021-04-20 EP EP21169518.4A patent/EP4079784A1/en active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-04-19 KR KR1020237034631A patent/KR20230170675A/ko unknown
- 2022-04-19 TW TW111114826A patent/TW202307077A/zh unknown
- 2022-04-19 JP JP2023563874A patent/JP2024516137A/ja active Pending
- 2022-04-19 CN CN202280029723.7A patent/CN117178007A/zh active Pending
- 2022-04-19 WO PCT/IB2022/053659 patent/WO2022224144A1/en active Application Filing
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WO2022224144A1 (en) | 2022-10-27 |
KR20230170675A (ko) | 2023-12-19 |
TW202307077A (zh) | 2023-02-16 |
EP4079784A1 (en) | 2022-10-26 |
JP2024516137A (ja) | 2024-04-12 |
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