CN116997462A - 绝热衬底产品和制造方法 - Google Patents
绝热衬底产品和制造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN116997462A CN116997462A CN202180083017.6A CN202180083017A CN116997462A CN 116997462 A CN116997462 A CN 116997462A CN 202180083017 A CN202180083017 A CN 202180083017A CN 116997462 A CN116997462 A CN 116997462A
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- layer
- insulating substrate
- substrate product
- product
- textile
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Abstract
本发明涉及绝热衬底产品,包括:衬底,该衬底具有至少一层并且包含具有选择以阻挡或反射红外辐射的平均粒径和密度的金属颗粒和具有选择以控制传导和对流的热能的平均孔径和密度的气凝胶颗粒。可以将绝热衬底制备成纺织品和/或薄膜涂层,所述纺织品和/或薄膜涂层轻且薄并且适合于外界环境条件以用于更好伪装并且具有改善的绝热以用于能量节约和热调节。
Description
技术领域
本发明公开一般地涉及绝热衬底产品及其生产方法。
背景技术
光的红外(IR)光谱具有大量热能并且可以从任何表面或体发出。这种IR辐射从原子和原子间振动产生并且可以具有在0.78至1,000微米的范围内的光子波长。这种发射可以分类为近IR(0.78至2.5微米)、中IR(2.5至25微米)和远IR(25至1,000微米)。除其他热传递方法,如对流和传导外,这种发射导致热损失或者能量的吸收和转移,并且还可以在夜视以及夜晚或白天的监测中通过IR照相机和检测器检测。为了改善冷环境中的绝热、舒适性和效率,期望抑制这种发射以改善舒适性和提高能量节约。这对于节约用于应起作用来保存寒冷气候中的热的房屋、车辆、夹克、帐篷、睡袋的绝热的能量是至关重要的。在热气候中,反射来自太阳的IR辐射有助于房屋、车辆或服装穿着者保持更凉爽。因此,IR辐射的可控反射和阻挡可以用于在不同外界环境中保持热或凉。
此外,由于IR照相机和检测器的发展,至关重要的是减少来自军队和治安保卫人员身体以及车辆的不同光谱范围(近IR、中IR和远IR)的IR发射以隐藏他们避免外部检测和威胁。因此,期望减少来自身体的IR辐射并与周围环境匹配以实现帮助隐藏人员和车辆避免不同外界环境中的IR检测器、照相机和威胁的自适应伪装。为此目的,不仅要减少IR发射,而且还将它与周围环境相匹配。考虑到用于监测人的IR照相机的广泛使用所造成的隐私问题,IR隐藏也可以是重要的。因此,宽带IR屏蔽材料和技术对于不同环境中的军事人员、设备、车辆和辅助设备的自适应伪装和隐藏以及为军队和应急人员以及一般消费者提供热和能量节约、绝热和舒适性是必不可少的。
描述用于伪装、隐藏和绝热织物和纺织品结构的系统的现有技术状态的一些专利包括:
美国专利7,832,018通过使用导电织物提供了伪装外衣;
美国专利8,916,265提供了多光谱、选择性反射构建体以减少IR发射;和
美国专利8,918,919提供了红外反射覆盖材料。
发明内容
本发明的方面涉及提供了多种功能的绝热衬底产品,所述功能包括高度且可控的绝热、织物热性质与周围环境的自适应匹配以及减少来自覆盖的身体的IR发射以实现能量节约和自适应伪装。通过除储存热能以适合于外界环境温度外,控制热传导、对流和IR发射的纳米多孔气凝胶颗粒和相变材料提供了绝热和热调控。绝热衬底产品还包括显著隐藏和散布IR发射的IR阻挡颗粒。所述组合可以以可以作为涂层添加至现有织物且不会不利地影响现有织物的使用与功能的薄、轻且灵活的形式提供自适应IR阻挡和绝热。另外,所述绝热衬底产品可以包括较厚的泡沫和层,因此为宽松夹克(puffy jackets)提供了绝热以及海绵垫层和机械支持,或者在车辆和房屋中提供了绝热。绝热衬底产品可以包含由多种直径的纱线和细丝所形成的并且整合到编织、针织、编织或无纺织物结构的纺织品衬底以用于递送可控程度的自适应IR隐藏和绝热并调节多种服装形式中的功能性。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了绝热衬底产品,所述绝热衬底产品包括:衬底,所述衬底具有至少一层并且包含具有选择以阻挡或反射红外辐射的平均粒径和密度的金属颗粒,和气凝胶颗粒,所述气凝胶颗粒具有选择以控制传导和对流热能的平均孔径和密度。在一些实施方式中,所述衬底可以具有至少两层,其包括包含金属颗粒的第一顶层,和包含气凝胶颗粒的第二底层。在一些实施方式中,所述衬底还可以包括至少第三层,其包含用于吸收传导的热能的相变材料。在一些实施方式中,所述第一层也可以包含用于吸收传导的热能的相变材料。所述气凝胶颗粒可以选自:软木牛皮纸木质素(softwood kraftlignin)、纳米纤维素、藻、苔藓、二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、硫化镉和氧化铁。所述气凝胶颗粒层可以具有0.0001至900g/cm3的密度和1至100,000nm的平均孔径。所述相变材料可以是聚乙二醇或包封的石蜡。所述金属颗粒选自:Ag、Cu、氧化锡锑、氧化镁、二氧化硅、二氧化锆、氧化铟锡、三氧化二锑、氧化锌和锑锌。所述金属颗粒可以具有0.1%wt.至90%wt.的密度和1nm至200μm的平均粒径。
所述第一层可以包含包埋了所述金属颗粒的无纺静电纺丝纳米纤维或湿纺纤维。所述第一层可以具有由可生物降解的聚合物或共聚物组成的聚合物基质,其中所述聚合物基质具有包含聚乙二醇基聚氨脂的组合物。所述第一层还可以包含至少一种染色染料。
所述绝热衬底产品还可以包括连接至所述衬底顶面的顶部织物层,和连接至所述衬底的底面的底部织物层。作为另外一种选择,所述产品可以包括位于所述第一和第二层之间的织物层。
所述衬底可以包含配置以使流体,如气体穿过所述衬底的流体流动通道。
所述衬底可以具有由包埋了所述金属颗粒的细丝所形成的纺织品层。此外,所述衬底可以具有从包埋了所述金属颗粒的第一组细丝和包埋了相变材料的第二组细丝编织的纺织品层。作为另外一种选择,所述衬底可以具有由包埋了所述金属颗粒的第一组细丝和包埋了所述气凝胶颗粒的第二组细丝编织的纺织品层。作为另外一种选择,所述衬底可以具有由包埋了所述金属颗粒的第一组细丝,包埋了所述气凝胶颗粒的第二组细丝以及包埋了相变材料的第三组的组合编织的纺织品层。
所述衬底的第一层可以是由包埋了所述金属颗粒的细丝编织的第一纺织品层,并且所述衬底的第三层可以是由包埋了所述相变材料的细丝编织的纺织品层。所述第一和第二组细丝可以是正交交织在一起的功能性纬纱和经纱。所述第一和第二组细丝可以具有选自下列的编织结构:单面针织物(single jersey)、嵌套(in-lay)、罗纹(rib)、双面布(interlock)和添纱(plaited)。
附图说明
图1(a)-(d)是根据本发明的实施方式的绝热衬底产品的示意性截面侧视图,其中图1(a)显示了具有无图案的表面层的绝热衬底产品,图1(b)显示了具有图案化表面层的绝热衬底,图1(c)显示了连接至具有图案的外部织物层的绝热衬底,和图1(d)显示了具有整合的织物层的绝热衬底。
图2(a)-(e)是在多种应用中绝热衬底产品的正方形样品的红外图像,其中图2(a)显示了握在手中并且位于室内的正方形样品,图2(b)显示了覆盖在光学图像上并且位于室内的连接至军服的正方形样品,图2(c)显示了连接至军服并且位于室内的正方形样品,图2(d)显示了连接至军服并且位于户外的正方形样品,和图2(e)显示了连接至涂漆的热金属板并且位于室内的正方形样品。
图3是根据另一个实施方式,包含绝热衬底产品的绝热垫层的示意性截面侧视图。
图4是绝热衬底产品的绝热材料的示意性截面侧视图,所述绝热衬底产品包括IR阻挡颗粒、气凝胶材料和相变材料且具有透气性可控的纤维、泡沫或颗粒结构。
图5(a)至(i)是绝热衬底产品的纺织品实施方式的示意图和显微镜图像,所述绝热衬底产品包含处于不同构造的编织纱线,其中图5(a)显示了单一中空纱线,图5(b)是图5(b)所示的纱绳的显微镜图像,图5(c)显示了具有不同绝热性质的两种纱线的编织层,图5(d)显示了具有两种包封含气凝胶层的编织层的纺织品,其中两种编织层包含顶部IR阻挡层和底部相变层,和图5(e)-(l)显示了纱绳的不同编织或针织构造。
图6(a)-(i)是显示在不同应用中使用的绝热衬底产品的示意图,其中图6(a)显示了在钢盔中使用的绝热衬底,图6(b)显示了在帐篷中使用的绝热衬底,图6(c)显示了在基础层服装中使用的绝热衬底产品,图6(d)显示了在手套中使用的绝热衬底产品,图6(e)显示了在车辆结构上使用的绝热衬底产品,图6(f)显示了在座椅结构中使用的绝热衬底产品,图6(g)显示了在睡袋中使用的绝热衬底产品,图6(h)显示了在夹克中使用的绝热衬底产品,和图6(i)显示了在短袜中使用的绝热衬底产品。
具体实施方式
本文所描述的实施方式涉及适合于减少热损失或对外部热或辐射的暴露,调节体温和/或提供热伪装的应用的绝热衬底产品及其制造方法。
在该描述中术语“衬底”表示在其上或其中实施处理并且包括纺织品和薄膜的基础材料。在该描述中术语“绝热”表示选择性含有或控制通过IR辐射、热对流和热传导中的一种或多种的热能传递。
绝热衬底产品的实施方式包括基础材料,其含有具有选择以反射和阻挡IR辐射的平均粒径和密度的金属(即金属或金属氧化物)颗粒,和具有选择以控制或阻挡热对流或热传导的能量的孔隙和密度的纳米多孔气凝胶材料。在该描述中“纳米多孔”表示具有开放或关闭的孔的材料,所述孔的至少一个维度处于纳米范围,并且通常在1至几百nm之间,例如1-200nm之间。在一些实施方式中,所述绝热衬底产品还包含相变材料以吸收热能。
在一些实施方式中,所述绝热衬底产品是其中所述衬底是薄膜的涂层。如在该描述中所使用的术语“薄膜”表示具有无纺结构的薄层。所述薄膜衬底可以由无纺静电纺丝纳米纤维或湿纺纤维组成。在一些其他实施方式中,所述绝热衬底产品是其中所述衬底包含编织细丝的纺织品。如在该描述中所使用的术语“纺织品”表示通过产生纱线或细丝的互锁束所制备的柔性材料。可以作为在外界环境条件中用于热伪装以及用于绝热、能量节约和/或热调控的柔韧、轻且薄的织物产生绝热纺织品。在一些实施方式中,可以将所述绝热纺织品添加至现有织物而不会不利地影响现有织物的使用与功能。在一些其他实施方式中,所述绝热纺织品可以包含一个或多个泡沫层,从而为多种服装产品,如宽松夹克和鞋,以及为其他应用,如车辆和建筑物提供绝热以及海绵垫层和机械支持。绝热纺织品的衬底可以由具有不同直径的纱线和细丝形成并且整合到编织、针织、编织或无纺织物结构中。
现参考图1(a)并且根据第一实施方式,显示了外界环境101中的绝热衬底产品110,其覆盖了热发射物体100,如人或车辆。所述外界环境可以是热或冷、白天或夜晚、外部或内部、在高或低海拔、不同气候条件,包括(但不限于)下雨、下雪、多风、暴风雨、城市中、沙漠、冰冷野外、地势或森林。绝热衬底产品110包含多个层,其包括第一层111,所述第一层111包含纳米多孔材料,所述纳米多孔材料含有气凝胶颗粒120和孔121(“气凝胶层”)、第二层112,所述第二层112包含相变材料140(“相变层”)和第三层113,所述第三层113包含IR阻挡颗粒130(“IR阻挡层”)。在一些实施方式中,相变层112和IR阻挡层113可以分别包含纺织品基础材料。在另一个实施方式中,气凝胶层111和IR阻挡层113可以分别包含纺织品基础材料。该实施方式的功能不仅阻挡热在冷环境中从身体损失并且还用于阻挡外部IR辐射在高温环境中加热身体。
气凝胶层111具有可以提供优良绝热的轻泡沫或海绵状结构。使它们适合作为有效绝热的气凝胶的特性是它们的纳米孔隙,其中处于纳米范围的气凝胶结构内的孔径限制了空气分子的平均自由程。即使在环境空气压力下,所述气凝胶内的气体导热性因此显著低于自由空气的导热性。气凝胶层111提供了帮助产生低导热性和用于降低热对流的空气口袋的纳米多孔结构。纳米多孔气凝胶层111可以提供绝热性质,同时具有非常轻的重量和薄的轮廓。所述气凝胶材料可以提供其他所期望的性质,如阻燃性和对热的保护。气凝胶材料的一些天然来源是低成本、可再生、可持续、具有低碳足迹并且是一次性的和可再循环的。
气凝胶层111的气凝胶颗粒120提供了对传导和对流热传递以及一些IR发射的散射的绝热。适合的气凝胶颗粒的实例包括:有机材料,如软木牛皮纸木质素(softwoodkraft lignin)、纳米纤维素、藻和苔藓;天然材料,如二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、硫化镉(CDS)和氧化铁;以及本领域中已知用于形成气凝胶的碳的同素异形体和聚合物。气凝胶层111可以是完全由气凝胶颗粒(未显示)或者由具有包埋的气凝胶颗粒120和可以形成封闭孔或开放孔的空气间隙和气泡121的泡沫基质制备的薄膜。当期望控制热对流(而不是完全阻挡热对流)时,可以作为开放孔多孔结构(例如,具有相互连接的气泡)形成泡沫基质;所述孔可以是具有所选密度和孔径的纳米级孔以提供通过气凝胶层111的所期望的对流热传递。适合的密度在0.0001至900g/cm3的范围内,并且适合的孔径在1至100,000纳米之间。
在示例性实施方式中,通过产生凝胶,然后将所述凝胶冻干以形成具有高孔隙度以及不同孔径尺寸和结构的气凝胶材料,从软木牛皮纸木质素制备了气凝胶层111。然后,可以将所述气凝胶材料制成粉末或颗粒并引入如图1(a)所示的泡沫基质。在另一个示例性实施方式中,可以通过形成凝胶并冷冻干燥的步骤或者任何其他气凝胶形成方法,从藻制备气凝胶颗粒120或薄膜,所述藻包括(但不限于)爱尔兰藓。
相变层112包含由于在特定相变转换温度的相变过程而具有极高潜热(具体地,在100-200J/g的范围内)的相变材料140;因此,所述相变材料在所传导的热能的吸收和潜在释放方面非常有效。相变材料的适合的实例包括:天然材料,如聚乙二醇(PEG)和包封的石蜡。可以通过产生相变材料溶液并喷涂到气凝胶层111表面上,将相变材料层112涂覆到气凝胶层111上。所述相变材料可以涂覆气凝胶层111表面并且渗透到一些亚表面,从而产生包埋的纳米复合材料结构。其他沉积方法,如浸泡和抽真空可以用于相变材料与气凝胶形成整合的复合材料的整合。层111和112的形成可以是不连续的且多斑点的,或者处于纤维或纺织品形式以实现透气性和绝热。
IR阻挡层113的IR阻挡颗粒130通过反射或散射IR发射提供了绝热。适合的IR阻挡颗粒130具有以下光学性质:对于金属颗粒,大量的自由电子和晶体结构导致对IR辐射谱的不同部分的高反射率;对于金属氧化物颗粒,高带隙(通常在1.9至3.8的范围内)、高反射率(代表值1.9)、无序结构和/或具有造成表面等离子体共振的自由电子(n型)。IR阻挡颗粒130的适合的实例包括用于提高IR反射和耐久性的金属(金属和金属氧化物)颗粒,所述颗粒由于高表面等离子体共振(SPR)效应而提供了强IR阻挡和反射,如Ag、Cu、Al、Au和金属氧化物,如氧化镁(MgO)、二氧化硅(SiO2)、二氧化锆(ZrO2)、氧化锡锑(ATO)、氧化铟锡(ITO)、三氧化锑(Sb2O3)、氧化锌(ZnO)和锑-锌(Sb-Zn)或者这些金属颗粒的合金。所述金属颗粒可以是具有一至几百纳米,例如,1-1000nm的平均尺寸范围的纳米颗粒,或者具有1至几百微米,例如,1-500μm的平均尺寸范围的微粒。
在一些实施方式中,IR阻挡层113包含薄膜纳米结构的基础层,其包括具有聚合物和金属颗粒的复合材料作为IR阻挡颗粒130的无纺静电纺丝纳米纤维或者湿纺或者熔纺或者熔喷纤维。可以将IR阻挡金属颗粒130包埋在纳米纤维或者湿纺或者熔喷纤维的聚合物基质中以提供优良的粘合性和结合,并且可以从复合油墨一步制造。适合于聚合物基质的材料包括聚氨脂、聚乙二醇或其组合和热塑性塑料,如聚丙烯。可以选择IR阻挡金属纳米颗粒130的密度以实现所期望的IR阻挡水平以及所期望的IR阻挡层113的可见颜色。IR阻挡颗粒130的浓度可以在0.1%wt.至90%wt.范围内。不同IR阻挡颗粒130的混合物可以用于实现所期望的IR阻挡以及所述薄膜的可见颜色。所述薄膜可以是连续的或多斑点的以实现用于IR阻挡或可见图案的透气构筑或所期望的图案。
在另一个实施方式中,IR阻挡层113的聚合物基质可以是可生物降解的聚合物或共聚物,其包括(但不限于)聚乙二醇(PEG)-基聚氨脂(PU),其由于PEG的相变材料性质改善了热调控和绝热并且使ATO层结合、整合且稳定。在另一个实施方式中,IR阻挡层113可以具有静电纺丝聚合物基础层,所述聚合物基础层含有具有粗糙表面的金属IR阻挡颗粒130,所述粗糙表面具有处于纳米或微米范围内地貌特性,这有助于IR散射和反射。例如,所述IR阻挡层由于纤维结构以及聚合物(PU)和ATO或金属纳米颗粒而具有粗糙表面。
在另一个实施方式中(未显示),绝热衬底产品110可以包含含有相变材料和IR阻挡颗粒130两者的单层。
现参考图1(b)并且根据第二实施方式,绝热衬底产品110具有IR阻挡层113,所述IR阻挡层113包含IR阻挡颗粒130和具有不同可见颜色(例如,深绿色或褐色……)的染色染料131和132的混合物,从而在绝热纺织品110的顶面上产生所期望的目视印刷图案。这可以用于在相同织物中实现目视和IR伪装两者。
参考图1(c)并且根据第三实施方式,绝热衬底产品110包含覆盖IR阻挡层113外侧的常规保护性织物102,并且可以用于消费者或军队用途的夹克或者帐篷或车辆的覆盖物。保护性织物102可以具有特殊的目视印刷图案,例如,通过在区域131和132中印刷染料实现的伪装印刷图案。所述外界环境可以是热或冷、白天或夜晚、外部或内部、在高或低海拔、不同气候条件,包括(但不限于)下雨、下雪、多风、暴风雨、城市中、沙漠、冰冷野外、地势或森林。保护性织物102可以用于以下应用,其包括(但不限于):具有伪装印刷的尼龙/棉花防破裂军服织物或者内部或外部套层、基础层、手套、袖套、紧身衣、短裤或短袜或者其他服装织物和层。在该实施方式中,将绝热纺织品110涂覆在保护性织物102的背面,其帮助维持所述织物的可见外观、设计和印刷图案,包括可见伪装图案及其他设计印刷图案。将绝热纺织品110的这种实施方式具体设计用于通过周围环境温度的储热、绝热和温度调控,以及屏蔽和隐藏来自身体的热和IR发射,因此提供自适应伪装和绝热。该实施方式还可以阻挡对于来自太阳或其他热源的外部IR辐射和加热的暴露,因此保持身体、房屋或其他物体凉爽。
参考图1(d)并且根据第四实施方式,绝热衬底产品110包含置于IR阻挡层113和气凝胶层111之间的常规保护性织物102。在这种情况下,通过控制IR阻挡纳米颗粒的密度或者包埋染色染料,IR阻挡层113具有选择以具有所期望的目视颜色的组成。可以设计目视染色图案以包括任何设计或者所期望的目视和IR伪装。
参考图2(a)-(e),使用IR照相机对一些表面,包括手,对绝热衬底产品110的正方形样品成像(图2(a))。所产生的热图象表明绝热衬底产品110提供了~9℃的降低以匹配和隐藏在26.5℃位于室内环境的手(35.8℃)的发射。如图2(b)所示,将绝热衬底产品110的正方形样品连接至军服并降低在20.3℃位于室内环境的身体(30.2℃)的热发射。在该图像中,光学图像覆盖显示了常规军用织物的目视伪装图案。在图2(c)中,将绝热衬底产品110的正方形样品连接至在22℃位于室内环境的军服。在图2(d)中,将绝热衬底产品110的正方形样品连接至穿戴在身体(29.8℃)上和在8℃的户外环境中的军服;这显示~21℃的温度降低并且通常匹配环境温度。在图2(e)中,显示了在热彩色金属板(51.7℃)上的绝热衬底产品110的正方形样品,其将测量温度降低至28℃并且与外部室内环境匹配。
现参考图3并且根据第五实施方式,绝热衬底产品210包含多个层,其包括气凝胶层211、相变层212、IR阻挡层213、覆盖IR阻挡层213外侧的第一常规保护性外部织物202和覆盖相变层212外侧的第二常规保护性内部织物203。该实施方式可以用作消费者或军服或者帐篷或辅助设备或者鞋或者车辆覆盖物的夹层、覆盖层、底层,它们覆盖在外界环境201中的可以是人或车辆的发射体200。所述外界环境可以是热或冷、白天或夜晚、外部或内部、在高或低海拔、不同气候条件,包括(但不限于)下雨、下雪、多风、暴风雨、城市中、沙漠、冰冷野外、地势或森林。保护性外部织物202可以用于以下应用,其包括(但不限于):具有伪装印刷外部套层的防破裂军服织物、鞋或长靴外层或覆盖物、背包覆盖物、睡袋或地垫覆盖物、袖套、紧身衣、短裤或短袜或者其他服装织物和层。保护性内部织物203可以是军服织物的内部层、套层、鞋或长靴内部层或覆盖物、背包覆盖物、睡袋或地垫覆盖物、袖套、紧身衣、短裤或短袜或者其他服装织物和层。在另一个实施方式中,绝热衬底产品210可以用作任何对象或结构的内部绝热和IR阻挡层,其包括(但不限于)车、鞋、房屋房间、门或辅助设备。
在该实施方式中,将气凝胶层211、相变层212和IR阻挡层213置于和包封在外部202和内部203织物层之间并且出于保温或IR隐藏的目的用于提供传导和对流绝热以及IR辐射阻挡。可以将这些层缝合在一起。另外,绝热纺织品210具有高孔隙度结构,其提供了高度可压缩的轻量化、“松软或宽松的”结构。更具体地,配置气凝胶层211以具有比其他实施方式更高的孔隙度和厚度以提供所期望的结构。另外或者作为另外一种选择,气凝胶层211可以包埋弹性且有弹力的纱线以提供所期望的结构。将绝热纺织品210具体设计用于通过周围环境温度的储热、绝热和调控,以及屏蔽和隐藏来自身体的热和IR发射,因此提供自适应伪装和绝热、机械垫层以及软且可压缩的毡。
IR阻挡层213可以具有与根据第一至第四实施方式的IR阻挡层113相同或类似的组成和结构。气凝胶层211可以具有与根据第一至第四实施方式的气凝胶层111相同或类似的组成和结构。IR阻挡层213可以具有与根据第一至第四实施方式的IR阻挡层113相同或类似的组成和结构。
参考图4并且根据第六实施方式,绝热衬底产品310包含多个薄膜层,包括含有纳米多孔气凝胶的层311、相变层312和IR阻挡层313。绝热衬底产品310覆盖发射体300,所述发射体300可以是人或车辆或位于外界环境301中的物体。所述外界环境可以是热或冷、白天或夜晚、外部或内部、在高或低海拔、不同气候条件,包括(但不限于)下雨、下雪、多风、暴风雨、城市中、沙漠、冰冷野外、地势或森林。
与图1(a)所示的实施方式相比,薄膜层311、312和313中的每一个由具有所期望的材料的微结构和纳米结构的颗粒、纳米纤维、微纤维组成,其形成了具有允许流体流(例如,空气、湿气和汗液)穿过的通道360的多孔填充层。可以使用3D打印机或卷材打印机(roll-to-roll printer)、丝网印刷或层压过程从含有每个层所期望的颗粒的墨水沉积这些薄膜层311、312、313。可以对这些薄膜层311、312、313静电纺丝,并且它们可以处于其大致横截面如图4所示的无纺纳米纤维形式。可以配置IR阻挡层313以阻挡所有IR发射,尽管通过使IR阻挡颗粒330成层具有高孔隙度的结构。在不同的层311、312、313中使用结合纤维或筛网350以将所述颗粒或纳米纤维牢牢保持在一起,同时维持高孔隙度。在IR阻挡层313中使用IR阻挡颗粒330和染色染料颗粒331以提供IR阻挡以及可见的印刷图案或伪装。气凝胶层311由颗粒制成,其如在其他实施方式中一样,含有气凝胶颗粒320和空气间隙和气泡321,但是另外具有允许流体流动的通道360。相变层312包含如在其他实施方式中一样的相变材料340,但是另外具有允许流体流动的通道360。
现参考图5(a)-(i)并根据第七实施方式,绝热衬底产品410包含含有绝热材料的一个或多个纺织品层。不同的纺织品层分别通过使处于固体或中空纱线形式的其壳体含有所期望的纳米颗粒的材料纺丝形成。例如,如图5(a)所示,可以从其壳体含有所期望的IR阻挡纳米颗粒430,如ATO、Cu、Ag或其他IR阻挡材料(“IR阻挡纱线”)的薄的中空纤维对IR阻挡层413纺丝。这可以通过用于从来源材料制造纤维的湿纺、静电纺丝或其他纤维纺丝方法完成。静电纺丝材料可以处于具有由缠绕的纳米纤维制成的微观结构的幅材的形式。图5(b)显示了以直径100微米湿纺的中空Cu-PET纤维的光学显微镜图象。类似地,可以从引入相变材料的纤维(“相变纱线”)对相变层412纺丝。类似地,可以从引入气凝胶颗粒的纤维(“气凝胶纱线”,未显示)对气凝胶层纺丝。图5(c)显示了包含绝热衬底产品410的实施方式,所述绝热衬底产品410包含单一纺织品基础层,所述单一纺织品基础层包含交织的相变纱线412和IR阻挡纱线413或气凝胶纱线。由于IR阻挡和相变纱线412、413两者在编织结构中的存在,绝热衬底产品410提供了热对流和传导绝热和调控以及IR绝热和隐藏两者。图5(d)显示了绝热衬底产品410的另一种实施方式,所述绝热衬底产品410包含包封气凝胶层411的两个纺织品层412、413。相变层412包含相变纱线的编织织物,并且IR阻挡层413包含IR阻挡纱线的编织织物。气凝胶层411包含气凝胶泡沫的高度颗粒或纤维结构。
参考图5(e)至5(k),纺织品层412、413可以具有正交交织在一起的功能性纬纱和经纱。编织结构可以处于具有不同主要结构类型变化的双层织物或三层织物的形式。所述双层织物包括自缝合双层织物、中心缝合双层织物、线交换双层织物(图5(h))和布交换双层织物。所述双层织物可以在经纱和纬纱方向两者中含有两个丝线/纱线系列以正交交织形成单独的表面和衬里织物层。单独的表面和衬里层可以是IR阻挡纱线413和相变纱线412或气凝胶纱线。可以通过将表经间或降至背纬下方417(图5(e))或者将背经提至表纬上方416(图5(f))或者通过在具有可变比例的布中同时使用两种方法(图5(g))来完成每个两个不同的层的互联/缝合。图5(e)和5(g)显示了通过将衬里层(412)经纱415提至表面层(413)纬纱416上方所形成的纺织品编织结构。这基于以下设计,但不限于具有不同步骤或飞数的2/2(两个向上和两个向下)斜纹编织。所述织物结构可以是以不同缝合密度具有相变纱线412和IR阻挡纱线413以用于实现所期望的绝热和IR阻挡性质的针织织物。针织织物系统可以是(但不限于)以下结构,其包括单面针织物、嵌套(图5(k))、罗纹(rib)、双面布(interlock)和添纱(plaited)结构。图5(h)中所示的实施方式可以包括针织织物,但不限于功能性低表面发射纱线和IR阻挡纱线。低表面发射纱线可以是(但不限于)尼龙、聚酯或者具有或不具有纹理的任何其他合成纤丝。这些纱线可以包括掺杂剂,其包括(但不限于)铜、银或任何其他低发射颗粒。IR阻挡纱线可以包括(但不限于)通过聚合物材料增强的ATO、Cu、Ag、Al、Au。可以通过(但不限于)湿法纺丝、干法纺丝、熔融纺丝或者任何其他纤维形成方法制造所有上述功能性纱线系统(412、413或气凝胶纱线)。这些纤丝的横截面可以包括(但不限于)中空、固体或任何其他类型的几何形状。所述中空纤丝系统可以包括任何类型的相变材料,但不仅限于此。所述织物结构可以是复杂三维编织物和贾卡编织物(jacquard braiding)以对于多种应用,包括服装、军队辅助设备、结构组分、生物医学应用、植入组分实现所期望的织物结构、形式和所期望的热和IR隔绝。
可以将相变纱线412和IR阻挡纱线413引入常规保护性外部和内部织物,如以上所描述的102和202和203的组合物中。所述整合技术可以包括织物生产方法,如编织、针织、编织或刺绣。
在另一个实施方式中,如图6(a)-(i)所示,绝热衬底产品510包含气凝胶层511、相变层512和IR阻挡层513,并且可以涂覆在具有多种表面抛光的物体表面上或者连接至所述物体,其包括(但不限于):金属、木材和混凝土。对于本发明的实施方式,气凝胶层511具有可控孔隙度和厚度以提供所期望的厚度。气凝胶层511可以包埋弹性且有弹力的纱线或者包埋组合物以提供有弹力的机械毡并支持重量。气凝胶层511可以包埋相变层512以增加极端热容,从而借助于所使用的材料它的潜热吸收热和调节温度。IR阻挡层513包含具有极低IR发射、强IR反射和散射的IR阻挡颗粒。
如图6(a)所示,物体500可以是钢盔、军队钢盔、帽子或者任何其他保护性头部装置,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(b)所示的物体500可以是帐篷、房屋(在壁或表面下包埋的绝热材料)、房间、屋顶、凉篷、纱窗、窗帘或百叶窗、伞或任何其他暂时性或永久性结构或覆盖物,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(c)所示的物体500可以是均一的,包括裤子、衬衫、夹克、汗衫、衬裤、鞋、长靴、凉鞋、宇航服,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(d)所示的物体500可以是手套、防护手套、游戏手套、手术手套、康复手套、劳保手套、滑雪手套,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(e)所示的物体500可以是车辆、卡车、摩托车、坦克、公共汽车、直升机、飞机、无人飞行器(UAV)、无人驾驶飞机、无人陆上车辆(UGV)、电动车辆、电动卡车、电动公共汽车、船、小船、航天飞机、卫星或任何其他陆地、空中、海洋和空间飞行器,其具有适合于它们的环境的可见的绝热和伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(f)所示的物体500可以是椅子、座椅、儿童座椅、轻便折椅、安乐椅、可充气椅子或者任何其他座椅或安乐椅,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(g)所示的物体500可以是睡袋、可压缩睡袋、绝热垫、地毯、衬垫,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(h)所示的物体500可以是夹克、连帽夹克、宽松夹克、可压缩夹克、垫、毯、褥垫,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。如图6(i)所示的物体500可以是短袜、袜子、压缩袜子、压缩短袜、袖套、鞋垫,其具有可见的伪装,或者另一种图案、印刷图案或无图案,其处于外界环境501中。
将绝热衬底产品510具体设计用于通过周围环境温度的储热、绝热和调控,以及屏蔽和隐藏来自身体的热和IR发射,因此为所述织物提供自适应伪装和绝热以及机械垫层、软且可压缩的毡。出于保温或IR隐藏的目的,绝热衬底产品510旨在提供优良的热传导和对流绝热,以及IR辐射阻挡。所述外界环境可以是热或冷、白天或夜晚、外部或内部、在高或低海拔、不同气候条件,包括(但不限于)下雨、下雪、多风、暴风雨、城市中、沙漠、冰冷野外、地势或森林。
术语的解释
除非上下文另外明确要求,否则在整个描述和权利要求中:
·“包含”(“comprise”、“comprising”)等将被理解为包括的意义,与排外或穷举意义相反;也就是,出于“包括,但不限于”的意义。
·“相连”、“连接”、“偶联”或其任何变体表示两个或更多个元件之间任何直接或间接的连接或偶联;元素之间的偶联或连接可以是物理的、逻辑的或它们的组合;
·当用于描述本说明书时,“在本文中”、“上文”、“下文”以及具有类似含意的单词应表示整个说明书,而不是该说明书的任何具体部分。
·关于两个或更多个项目的列表的“或”覆盖了单词全部的以下解释:列表中的任何项目,列表中的全部项目和列表中项目的任意组合;
·单数形式的“一个”和“所述”也包括任何适当复数形式的含义。
基于所描述和所显示的设备的具体取向,在本说明和任何所附权利要求(当存在时)中使用了表示方向的单词,如“垂直”、“横向”、“水平”、“向上”、“向下”、“先前”、“向后”、“向内”、“向外”、“垂直”、“横向”、“左”、“右”、“前”、“后”、“顶部”、“底部”、“下”、“上”、“以下”等。本文所描述的主题可以采取多种替代取向。因此,未严格定义这些方向术语并且不应狭隘地理解。
当以上提及组分时(例如,基材、组件、装置、歧管等)时,除非另外说明,否则对该组分的提及(包括对“方式”的提及)应被理解为作为该组分的等价形式包括发挥所述组分功能的任何组分(即功能等效),包括在结构上与在本文所描述的所示示例性实施方式中发挥功能的公开结构不等价的组分。
出于说明的目的,本文已描述了系统、方法和设备的具体实例。这些仅是实例。本文所提供的技术可以应用于除以上所描述的实例系统以外的系统。多种改变、修改、添加、省略和排列在本发明公开的实践内是可能的。本发明公开包括将对技术人员显而易见的所述实施方式的改变,包括通过下列方式所获得的改变:用等价特性、元件和/或动作替换特性、元件和/或动作;将来自不同实施方式的特性、元件和/或动作混合和匹配;将来自如本文所描述的实施方式的特性、元件和/或动作与其他技术的特性、元件和/或动作组合;和/或省略来自所述实施方式的特性、元件和/或动作的组合。
尽管已显示和描述了本发明公开的具体元件、实施方式和应用,但是将理解本发明公开不限于此,因为本领域技术人员可以具体地根据上述教导,在不背离本发明公开的范围的情况下做出改变。因此,旨在将以下所附权利要求和此后介绍的权利要求理解为包括可以合理地推断出的所有这些修改、排列、添加、省略和子组合。不应通过实例中所述的优选实施方式来限制权利要求的范围,而是应通过与作为整体的描述一致的最宽泛的理解来提供。
Claims (30)
1.一种绝热衬底产品,包括:
衬底,所述衬底具有至少一层并且包含具有选择以阻挡或反射红外辐射的平均粒径和密度的金属颗粒和具有选择以控制传导和对流的热能的平均孔径的气凝胶颗粒。
2.根据权利要求1所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底具有至少两层,包括包含所述金属颗粒的第一顶层和包含所述气凝胶颗粒的第二底层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底还包括至少第三层,所述第三层包含用于吸收传导的热能的相变材料。
4.根据权利要求2所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述第一层还包含用于吸收传导的热能的相变材料。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述气凝胶颗粒选自由以下组成的组:软木牛皮纸木质素、纳米纤维素、藻、苔藓、二氧化硅、氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、硫化镉和氧化铁。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述金属颗粒选自由以下组成的组:Ag、Cu、Al、Au、氧化锡锑、氧化镁、二氧化硅、二氧化锆、氧化铟锡、三氧化二锑、氧化锌和锑锌。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述相变材料是聚乙二醇或包封的石蜡。
8.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述第一层包含包埋有所述金属颗粒的无纺静电纺丝纳米纤维或湿纺纤维。
9.根据权利要求8所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述第一层是由可生物降解的聚合物或共聚物组成的聚合物基质。
10.根据权利要求9所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述聚合物基质具有包含聚乙二醇基聚氨脂的组合物。
11.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述金属颗粒具有0.1%wt至90%wt的密度和1nm至200μm的平均粒径。
12.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述气凝胶颗粒具有0.0001至900g/cm3的密度和1至100,000nm的平均孔径。
13.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述第一顶层还包含至少一种染色染料。
14.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,还包括连接至所述衬底的顶面的顶部织物层。
15.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底包括位于所述第一顶层与所述第二底层之间的织物层。
16.根据权利要求14所述的绝热衬底产品,还包括连接至所述衬底的底面的底部织物层。
17.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底包含配置以使流体穿过所述衬底的流体流动通道。
18.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底具有由包埋有所述金属颗粒的细丝所形成的纺织品层。
19.根据权利要求1所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底具有由包埋有所述金属颗粒的第一组细丝和包埋有相变材料的第二组细丝所编织的纺织品层。
20.根据权利要求1所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底具有由包埋有所述金属颗粒的第一组细丝和包埋有所述气凝胶颗粒的第二组细丝所编织的纺织品层。
21.根据权利要求3所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述衬底的第一顶层是由包埋有所述金属颗粒的细丝所编织的第一纺织品层,并且所述衬底的所述第三层是由包埋有所述相变材料的细丝所编织的纺织品层。
22.根据权利要求21所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述第一组细丝和所述第二组细丝是正交交织在一起的功能性纬纱和经纱。
23.根据权利要求22所述的绝热衬底产品,其中,所述第一组细丝和所述第二组细丝具有选自由以下组成的组的编织结构:单面针织物、嵌套、罗纹、双面布和添纱。
24.一种绝热且透气的纺织品产品,包括:
至少一个纺织品层,包含第一组纱线和第二组纱线,所述第一组纱线包含具有选择以阻挡或反射红外辐射的密度和平均粒径的金属颗粒,所述第二组纱线包含具有选择以控制传导和对流的热能的密度和平均孔径的气凝胶颗粒;并且
其中,所述至少一个纺织品层具有多孔编织以使流体通过,所述流体包括空气和水蒸气。
25.根据权利要求24所述的纺织品产品,其中,所述纱线中的至少一些是中空纱线。
26.根据权利要求24或25所述的纺织品产品,还包括第三组纱线,所述第三组纱线包含用于吸收传导的热能的相变材料。
27.根据权利要求24至26中任一项所述的纺织品产品,其中,选择所述金属颗粒的密度和平均粒径,从而通过至少一个纺织品层的IR发射在外界环境的IR发射的范围内,借此提供IR伪装。
28.根据权利要求24至27中任一项所述的纺织品产品,其中,选择所述气凝胶颗粒的密度和平均孔径,从而所述至少一个纺织品层的外表面温度在外界环境温度的范围内,借此提供热伪装。
29.根据权利要求24至29中任一项所述的纺织品产品,其中,所述纱线中的至少一些包含染色染料,借此提供光学伪装。
30.一种绝热、透气且伪装的衬底产品,包括:
(a)第一顶层,包含具有选择以阻挡或反射IR辐射从而提供绝热和IR伪装的密度和粒径的金属颗粒;
(b)第二中间层,包含具有选择以控制传导和对流的热能从而提供绝热和热伪装的密度和孔径的气凝胶颗粒;和
(c)第三底层,包含用于吸收传导的热能从而提供绝热和热伪装的相变材料;
其中,所述三个层具有如下选择的孔隙度:使包括空气和水蒸气的流体通过,借此提供透气性。
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