CN116983421A - 阿霉素-脂肪醇小分子前药及其自组装纳米粒的构建 - Google Patents
阿霉素-脂肪醇小分子前药及其自组装纳米粒的构建 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于药物制剂新辅料和新剂型领域,涉及阿霉素脂肪醇前药及其自组装纳米粒的构建,具体涉及二硫键桥连的氧化还原双敏感阿霉素脂肪醇前药及其自组装纳米粒的构建,和在制备药物传递系统中的应用。所述的前药通过向阿霉素分子中引入长链脂肪醇结构,利用氧化还原双敏感的二硫键将二者连接制成前药,使其在肿瘤细胞内高氧化还原微环境中激活,快速释放母药,其结构如下,其中,R和n如权利要求和说明书所述。此外,长链脂肪醇结构的引入,增加了阿霉素的疏水性,从而赋予其自组装能力,可以自组装成纳米粒。本发明的阿霉素脂肪醇前药及其自组装纳米粒能够明显提高阿霉素的抗肿瘤作用,同时降低其毒性,提高药物的生物利用度。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物制剂新辅料和新剂型领域,涉及阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药及其自组装纳米粒的构建,具体涉及二硫键桥连的氧化还原双敏感阿霉素脂肪醇前药及其自组装纳米粒的构建和在制备药物传递系统中的应用。
背景技术
恶性肿瘤严重威胁着全人类的健康。化疗是当前肿瘤治疗中最常用和最有效的策略之一,尤其适用于不能通过手术切除和已转移扩散肿瘤的治疗。盐酸阿霉素(Dox·HCl)是蒽环类抗肿瘤抗生素,抗癌谱广,疗效好,是目前临床上最常用的抗肿瘤药物之一。盐酸阿霉素口服吸收差,临床上一般静脉给药或动脉给药。然而,静注阿霉素后其迅速从血液中消除,并广泛分布于心、肝、脾、肺、肾等组织,造成严重毒副作用,长期用药还会产生严重的心脏毒性、肝脏损伤以及多药耐药性,因此临床治疗效果不佳。阿霉素长循环脂质体(Doxil)的开发能够显著延长阿霉素的体循环时间,在一定程度上降低阿霉素的毒性。然而,由于其清除半衰期长,稳定性高,不能快速并特异性地释放药物,在临床应用中常引起手足综合征。因此,如何设计出高效低毒的阿霉素制剂仍然是其能够在临床发挥良好抗肿瘤效果的关键。
近年来,前体药物和纳米技术在药物传递领域的广泛应用极大地丰富了抗肿瘤药物的递送策略。对于阿霉素的递送,前药策略可以通过巧妙的结构修饰来改善其不良性质,包括溶解度低,稳定性差,毒副作用大等。此外,基于纳米技术构建新型给药系统可以显著改善药物的药动学特征,延长其体内循环时间,利用EPR效应增加药物在肿瘤部位的蓄积,进而提高抗肿瘤效果。基于此,将前体药物和纳米技术的优点合二为一,合理设计构建阿霉素前药纳米递送系统,有望克服上述药物递送劣势。近年来新兴的小分子前药自组装纳米粒,将前药策略和纳米技术完美融合,并且具有载药量高,无载体相关毒副作用等优势因此得到广泛研究。现有技术表明,不同结构修饰的阿霉素前药,其对于阿霉素性质的改变不同,其前药在体内的效果也不同。因此,获得最佳的阿霉素前药,使其自组装成纳米粒,从而提高疗效,降低毒性也是医药技术人员正在努力研究的方向。
发明内容
本发明提供一种阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药,所述的前药通过向阿霉素分子中引入长链脂肪醇结构,并利用氧化还原双敏感的二硫键将二者连接制成前药,使其能够在肿瘤细胞内高氧化还原微环境中激活,快速释放母药。此外,长链脂肪醇结构的引入,增加了阿霉素的疏水性,从而赋予其自组装能力。设计氧化还原敏感的阿霉素脂肪醇前药自组装纳米粒,可以提高药物的稳定性,增加载药量,并能够在肿瘤部位快速特异性释放母药,进而降低其毒副作用提高肿瘤治疗效果。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现上述目的:
本发明所述的二硫键桥连的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物:
其中,
R为C3-C30饱和或不饱和的直链或支链烃基;
所述不饱和的直链或支链烃基的不饱和度为1-5;优选为1-3;
进一步地,R为C3-C30饱和的直链或支链烷烃;优选为C18-C30饱和的直链或支链烷烃;
n=1-3。
进一步地,本发明提供如下结构的阿霉素硬脂醇前药:
n=1-3。
本发明还提供了所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的合成方法,其合成方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将二元酸(亚二硫基二乙酸、3,3’-亚二硫基二丙酸或4,4’-亚二硫基二丁酸)于乙酸酐中使相应含敏感键二元酸成酸酐,反应完毕后,加入甲苯,旋蒸甲苯并除去乙酸酐;
(2)将步骤(1)所得产物溶于二氯甲烷中,并加入脂肪醇和缩合剂DMAP,室温条件下搅拌12-18小时,通过柱层析分离得到中间产物脂肪醇亚二硫基二乙酸、脂肪醇亚二硫基二丙酸或脂肪醇亚二硫基二丁酸单边酯;
(3)将上述产物与盐酸阿霉素进行酰胺化反应:将(2)中所得中间产物、O-苯并三氮唑-四甲基脲六氟磷酸盐(HBTU)、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,冰浴1-2小时,然后加入盐酸阿霉素,室温条件下搅拌24-48小时,经制备液相分离纯化得终产物,上述反应全程都在N2保护且干燥无水的条件下进行。
进一步地,步骤(2)中所述的脂肪醇为饱和或不饱和的C3-C30直链或支链脂肪醇。
其反应式如下:
其中,R和n如前所述。
本发明还提供了阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的自组装纳米粒,所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药纳米粒可以是非PEG化的小分子前药纳米粒、PEG修饰的小分子前药纳米粒、包载荧光物质或疏水性药物的小分子前药纳米粒和主动靶向的小分子前药纳米粒。
所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药自组装纳米粒的制备方法如下:
将阿霉素-脂肪醇小分子前药溶解到适量无水乙醇中,搅拌下,将该乙醇溶液缓慢滴加到水中,前药可以自发地组装成粒径均匀的纳米粒。
具体地,所述的制备方法包括:
非PEG化的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的制备方法:
将一定量的前药溶解到适量的乙醇中,于搅拌下将该乙醇溶液缓缓滴加到水中,前药自发形成均匀的纳米粒。
PEG修饰或主动靶向制剂修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的制备方法:
将一定量的PEG修饰剂和前药溶解到适量的乙醇中,搅拌下,将该乙醇溶液缓缓滴加到水中,前药自发形成均匀的纳米粒。其中,PEG修饰剂可以为DSPE-PEG、TPGS、PLGA-PEG、PE-PEG或DSPE-PEG-AA等两亲性聚合物或靶向基团。
其中,阿霉素-脂肪醇小分子前药与PEG修饰剂的质量比为90:10~70:30。
包载荧光物质或疏水性药物的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的制备方法,以PEG化纳米粒为例:
将一定量的PEG修饰剂、香豆素-6或DiR以及前药溶解到适量的乙醇中,搅拌下,将该乙醇溶液缓缓滴加到水中,前药自发形成均匀的纳米粒。在上述纳米粒形成以后,采用透析法或旋蒸法除去制剂中的乙醇,得到不含任何有机溶剂的纳米胶体溶液。
本发明的有益技术效果:本发明提供了二硫键桥连的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药,该前药可以自组装纳米粒,能够明显提高阿霉素的抗肿瘤活性,降低毒性。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1的二硫键相连的阿霉素硬脂醇前药的HRMS谱图。
A:n=1B:n=2;
图2为本发明实施例3的PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒在4T1细胞中的细胞毒结果。
图3为本发明实施例3的PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒在KB细胞中的细胞毒结果。
图4为本发明实施例3的PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的体内血药浓度-时间曲线图。
图5为本发明实施例3的PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的在体抗肿瘤实验肿瘤生长曲线图。
图6为本发明实施例3的PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的在体抗肿瘤实验结束后肿瘤体积直观对比图。
图7为本发明实施例3的PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的在体抗肿瘤实验小鼠体重变化图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例的方式进一步说明本发明,但并不因此将发明限制在所述的实施例范围之中。
实施例1:二硫键(n=1和2)桥连的阿霉素硬脂醇前药的合成
将适量的亚二硫基二乙酸或3,3’-亚二硫基二丙酸溶于乙酸酐,置于100mL茄形瓶中,25℃磁力搅拌2h,加入三倍量甲苯,减压蒸馏除去甲苯并带除乙酸酐,加入10-15mL二氯甲烷溶解所形成的二硫代二乙酸酐,加入溶解好的硬脂醇,并逐滴滴加二氯甲烷溶解的DMAP溶液,25℃磁力搅拌12h,得到中间产物硬脂醇二硫代二乙酸单边酯,采用环己烷-丙酮(30:1-18:1)洗脱体系进行分离提纯;纯化后溶解于N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺,加入HBTU、DIPEA作为催化剂,0℃冰浴活化1~2h,缓慢滴加用N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺溶解的硬脂醇二硫代二乙酸单边酯和DMAP,室温搅拌24~48h。反应结束后采用制备液相对初产物进行分离。所述的脂肪醇与二硫代二乙酸的摩尔比为0.5:1;DMAP与二硫代二乙酸的摩尔比为0.5:1;中间产物:HBTU:DIPEA:DMAP的摩尔比为1:3:3:1。采用HRMS对产物结构进行确证,结果如图1所示。
实施例2:非PEG化的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的制备
精密称取前药4mg,用800μL乙醇将其溶解,搅拌下,将该乙醇溶液缓缓滴加到4mL去离子水中,自发形成均匀的纳米粒。利用旋转蒸发仪,32℃,5min除去有机溶剂,用去离子水定容至4mL。
实施例3:PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的制备
精密称取DSPE-PEG2K 1mg和前药(n=1,2,3)4mg,用800μL乙醇将其溶解,搅拌下将该乙醇溶液缓缓滴加到4mL去离子水中,自发形成粒径均匀的PEG修饰的纳米粒。利用旋转蒸发仪,32℃,5min除去有机溶剂,用去离子水定容至4mL。其粒径为91nm,粒径多分散系数0.166。
改变前药与DSPE-PEG2K的比例,结果表明,当DSPE-PEG2K用量在10%-30%时,即前药与DSPE-PEG2K的比例为90:10-70:30时,所制备的纳米粒粒径为80~110nm,粒径多分散系数<0.2。
所述的DSPE-PEG2K也可以以TPGS、PLGA-PEG、PE-PEG或DSPE-PEG-AA等两亲性聚合物或靶向基团代替。
实施例4:PEG修饰的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的细胞毒性
采用MTT法考察实施例3中所述的小分子前药纳米粒对小鼠乳腺癌(4T1)细胞和人口腔表皮样癌细胞小鼠结肠癌(KB)细胞的细胞毒性。将状态良好的细胞消化,用培养液稀释至10000细胞/mL,吹匀后于96孔板中每孔加入细胞悬液200μL,置培养箱中孵育12h使其贴壁。待细胞贴壁后加Dox溶液剂或实施例3中所述的小分子前药纳米粒(n=1,2,3)。将受试制剂用细胞培养基稀释至相应浓度梯度,受试溶液每孔加入200μL,每个浓度3个平行孔。对照组加入200μL培养液,置培养箱中和细胞共同孵育。72小时后每孔加入25μLMTT溶液,置培养箱中孵育4小时后弃去培养液,每孔加入200μL DMSO,混匀后使用酶标仪在570nm处测定各孔调零后的吸光度值。
n=1,2,3时,阿霉素硬脂醇前药纳米粒分别为DOX-SS-Sal(α)PEG2k、DOX-SS-Sal(β)PEG2k、DOX-SS-Sal(γ)PEG2k。
细胞毒性结果如图2和图3所示,各前药纳米粒表现出不同强度的细胞毒性。其中,n=2时细胞毒性最强,其毒性与Dox溶液剂相当。
实施例5:小分子前药自组装纳米粒的药代动力学研究
取30只健康雄性大鼠,体重200-250g,随机分为5组,给药前禁食12h,自由饮水。分别尾静脉注射阿霉素溶液剂、市售阿霉素脂质体(Doxil)实施例3中制备的PEG化修饰的阿霉素硬脂醇前药自组装纳米粒(n=1,2,3)。其剂量为5mg/kg(以阿霉素计)。于规定的时间点眼眶取血,分离获得血浆。通过液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定血浆中的药物浓度。结果如图4和表1,阿霉素溶液剂循环时间很短,给药后在体内迅速代谢清除。相比之下,PEG化的小分子前药自组装纳米粒循环时间明显延长,生物利用度明显提高。特别是,当n=2时,所制备的前药纳米粒的药动学行为在给药24小时内与市售制剂Doxil相当。实验结果表明,PEG化的小分子前药自组装纳米粒能显著延长阿霉素在血液中的循环时间。
表1
实施例6:PEG化的小分子前药自组装纳米粒的在体抗肿瘤实验
将小鼠乳腺癌细胞悬液(4T1,1x106细胞/100μL)接种于雌性Balb/c背侧皮下。待肿瘤体积生长至100-120mm3,将荷瘤小鼠随机分为7组,每组5只:空白对照组(PBS),阿霉素溶液剂、市售阿霉素脂质体(Doxil),实施例3中制备的PEG化修饰的阿霉素硬脂醇前药自组装纳米粒(n=1,2,3)(给药剂量均相当于5mg/kg阿霉素)。每隔1d给药1次,连续给药5次。给药后,每天检测小鼠的存活状态和体重变化情况,测量肿瘤体积。最后一次给药后一天将小鼠处死,获取器官和肿瘤,进行进一步分析评价。结果如图5和图6所示,在空白对照组中,肿瘤体积迅速增长,在最后一次给药时达到近1500mm3,而溶液剂和纳米粒组均能抑制肿瘤生长。且相比之下,当n=2时的前药纳米粒能够得到更好的肿瘤抑制效果,其效果与市售制剂Doxil相当。而从安全性角度来看,如图7所示,溶液剂组能够引起小鼠体重的显著降低,而纳米粒组小鼠体重仅发生微小变化。结果表明PEG化的小分子前药自组装纳米粒在具有明显的抗肿瘤效果的同时,没有对机体造成显著的非特异性毒性,明显降低了阿霉素的毒性,是一种疗效确切且安全的药物递送系统。
Claims (10)
1.具有如下结构的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物:
其中,
R为C3-C30饱和或不饱和的直链或支链烃基;
所述不饱和的直链或支链烃基的不饱和度为1-5;优选为1-3;
n=1-3。
2.权利要求1所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物:
其中,
R为C3-C30饱和的直链或支链烷烃;优选为C18-C30饱和的直链或支链烷烃。
3.如下的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物:
n=1-3。
4.如权利要求1所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的制备方法,其特征在于,采用如下步骤制备:
其中,R和n如权利要求1所述。
5.权利要求1-3任何一项所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的自组装纳米粒,其特征在于,所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药纳米粒是非PEG化的小分子前药纳米粒、PEG修饰剂修饰的小分子前药纳米粒、包载荧光物质或疏水性药物的小分子前药纳米粒或主动靶向的小分子前药纳米粒,所述的PEG修饰剂优选为TPGS、DSPE-PEG、PLGA-PEG、PE-PEG或DSPE-PEG-AA,小分子阿霉素前药与PEG修饰剂的比例优选为90:10~70:30。
6.如权利要求5所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的自组装纳米粒的制备方法,其特征在于,将阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药或阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药与PEG修饰剂溶解到适量的乙醇中,搅拌下,将该乙醇溶液缓缓滴加到水中,前药自发形成粒径均匀的非PEG修饰或PEG修饰的纳米粒,最后,采用透析法或旋蒸法除去制剂中的乙醇,即得。
7.权利要求1-3任何一项所述的阿霉素脂肪醇前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物或权利要求5中所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的自组装纳米粒在制备药物递送系统中的应用。
8.权利要求1-3任何一项所述的阿霉素脂肪醇前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物或权利要求5中所述的阿霉素脂肪醇小分子前药的自组装纳米粒在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
9.权利要求1-3任何一项所述的阿霉素脂肪醇前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物或权利要求5所述的阿霉素脂肪醇前药的自组装纳米粒在制备提高疗效、降低毒性药物中的应用。
10.权利要求1-3任何一项中所述的阿霉素脂肪醇前药或其药学上可接受的盐、异构体、溶剂化物或权利要求5所述的小分子前药的自组装纳米粒在制备注射给药、口服给药或局部给药系统中的应用。
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