CN116945961A - Detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in vehicle battery - Google Patents

Detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in vehicle battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116945961A
CN116945961A CN202211294098.7A CN202211294098A CN116945961A CN 116945961 A CN116945961 A CN 116945961A CN 202211294098 A CN202211294098 A CN 202211294098A CN 116945961 A CN116945961 A CN 116945961A
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China
Prior art keywords
modules
temperature
voltage
battery
infrared radiation
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CN202211294098.7A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
V.P.阿特卢里
J.德诺特
S.戈帕拉克里希南
C.S.纳穆杜里
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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Publication of CN116945961A publication Critical patent/CN116945961A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/12—Recording operating variables ; Monitoring of operating variables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/00714—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery charging or discharging current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/10—Vehicle control parameters
    • B60L2240/36—Temperature of vehicle components or parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/20—Pressure-sensitive devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

A system in a vehicle includes two or more modules. Each of the two or more modules includes a battery cell stack. A battery cell stack of two or more modules provides propulsion power for the vehicle. The two or more modules further include a voltage sensor that measures the voltage output by the battery cell stack of the module, a temperature sensor that is configured to measure the temperature within the module, a gas sensor that is configured to sense the hydrogen level within the module, and an infrared sensor positioned to obtain the distribution of infrared radiation within the module. The system further comprises two or more relays, one of the two or more relays being arranged to electrically isolate one of the two or more modules based on a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level or an infrared radiation distribution of the one of the two or more modules.

Description

Detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in vehicle battery
Technical Field
The present invention relates to detecting and mitigating thermal runaway propagation in a vehicle battery.
Background
A vehicle battery includes a plurality (e.g., hundreds) of battery cells arranged in series or parallel. For example, a subset of the battery cells may be combined into a module, and a group of modules may be combined into a battery pack. Each module may include a battery monitoring unit while the battery management system monitors the state of the battery pack. Thermal runaway propagation refers to the propagation of heat build-up in the cells (e.g., due to short circuits or other internal problems) to surrounding cells of the module and other modules. Such a chain reaction may lead to battery damage and may create potential safety hazards. It is therefore desirable to provide for the detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in a vehicle battery.
Disclosure of Invention
In one exemplary embodiment, a system in a vehicle includes two or more modules. Each of the two or more modules includes a battery cell stack. A battery cell stack of two or more modules provides propulsion power for the vehicle. The two or more modules further include a voltage sensor that measures the voltage output by the battery cell stack of the module, a temperature sensor that is configured to measure the temperature within the module, a gas sensor that is configured to sense the hydrogen level within the module, and an infrared sensor positioned to obtain the distribution of infrared radiation within the module. The system further comprises two or more relays, one of the two or more relays being arranged to electrically isolate one of the two or more modules based on one or more of a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level and an infrared radiation profile of the one of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the system includes a battery monitoring unit corresponding to each of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, one of the two or more relays is controlled by a battery monitoring unit corresponding to the one of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the system includes a battery management system to obtain voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation distribution for each of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, one of the two or more relays is controlled by the battery management system.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the system further includes a cloud-based controller to obtain the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation distribution of each of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, one of the two or more relays is controlled according to one or more algorithms implemented by the cloud-based controller.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the system includes a battery monitoring unit corresponding to each of the two or more modules and a battery management system coupled to each battery monitoring unit. Each cell monitoring unit obtains the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation distribution of the corresponding module and provides the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation distribution to the cell management system. The battery management system characterizes the current state of each of the two or more modules based on one or more of voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation distribution from each battery monitoring unit.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the current state is represented as a grade and is determined by comparing each of the voltage, temperature, and hydrogen level to a predetermined threshold and by comparing a differential score (dissimilarity score) obtained from the infrared radiation distribution to a predetermined threshold differential score.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the battery management system maps the current state of each of the two or more modules to an action that includes controlling the two or more relays.
In another exemplary embodiment, a method of assembling a system in a vehicle includes assembling two or more modules to include a battery cell stack. A battery cell stack of two or more modules provides propulsion power for the vehicle. The two or more modules further include a voltage sensor that measures the voltage output by the battery cell stack of the module, a temperature sensor that is configured to measure the temperature within the module, a gas sensor that is configured to sense the hydrogen level within the module, and an infrared sensor positioned to obtain the distribution of infrared radiation within the module. The method further comprises arranging two or more relays, one of which is arranged to electrically isolate one of the two or more modules based on the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level or infrared radiation distribution of said one of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes coupling a battery monitoring unit to each of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes configuring a battery monitoring unit corresponding to one of the two or more modules to control one of the two or more relays.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes arranging the battery management system to obtain a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution for each of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes configuring the battery management system to control one of the two or more relays.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes establishing communication with the cloud-based controller such that the cloud-based controller obtains the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation distribution of each of the two or more modules.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes implementing one or more algorithms at the cloud-based controller to control one of the two or more relays.
In addition to one or more features described herein, the method further includes coupling a battery monitoring unit to each of the two or more modules and the battery management system, configuring each battery monitoring unit to obtain a voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation profile of the corresponding module, and providing the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation profile to the battery management system, and configuring the battery management system to characterize a current state of each of the two or more modules based on the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, or infrared radiation profile from each battery monitoring unit.
In addition to one or more features described herein, configuring the battery management system includes the battery management system characterizing the current state as a class by comparing each of the voltage, temperature, and hydrogen levels to a predetermined threshold, and by comparing a differential score obtained from the infrared radiation distribution to a predetermined threshold differential score.
In addition to one or more features described herein, configuring the battery management system includes the battery management system mapping a current state of each of the two or more modules to an action, wherein the action includes control of the two or more relays.
The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will be readily apparent from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
Other features, advantages and details appear, by way of example only, in the following detailed description, the detailed description referring to the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a vehicle in which detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in a battery is implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments;
FIG. 2 details aspects of an exemplary battery system of a vehicle implementing detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in accordance with one or more embodiments;
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method of implementing detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in accordance with one or more embodiments.
Detailed Description
The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure, its application, or uses. It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.
As previously described, thermal runaway propagation refers to the release of thermal energy from a cell to spread to other cells. Existing methods of detecting conditions that may cause thermal runaway propagation include monitoring temperature and voltage at the level of the cells. However, these parameters tend to indicate the effects of heat release, rather than being predictive of such events. Embodiments of the systems and methods detailed herein relate to detecting and mitigating thermal runaway propagation in a vehicle battery. Gas sensors and infrared sensors are used to obtain parameters other than temperature and voltage that help detect impending heat release. In addition, active relays are used to isolate modules with faulty cells, thereby preventing the propagation of thermal events.
For example, one or more gas sensors and Infrared (IR) sensors may be arranged to monitor the battery of the module in addition to temperature and voltage sensors. While the modules and battery packs are discussed as exemplary hierarchical arrangements of cells, alternative or additional groupings of battery cells are contemplated according to alternative embodiments. In addition to the relay, the gas sensor and the infrared sensor will protect one or more groups of cells from a group of cells in which at least one cell experiences a thermal event. In addition, two or more modules may be isolated from other modules to prevent heat propagation.
According to an exemplary embodiment, fig. 1 is a block diagram of a vehicle 100 in which detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in a battery is implemented. The exemplary vehicle 100 shown in fig. 1 is an automobile 101. The propulsion system 105 is shown in fig. 2 and described in further detail. The battery pack 110 is shown to include a plurality of modules 220. Each module includes a plurality of battery cells 210 and associated battery monitoring units (CMUs) 215 (fig. 2). A Battery Management System (BMS) 120 and other components 130 (e.g., an inverter) are also part of the propulsion system 105. The vehicle 100 may include one or more controllers to control various aspects of the operation of the vehicle 100. Further, the BMS120 or other controller of the vehicle 100 may communicate with the cloud-based controller 140. The cloud-based controller 140 may implement an algorithm that predicts the likelihood of thermal runaway propagation based on information communicated from the BMS120 or other controller 150 of the vehicle 100. The cloud-based controller 140 may additionally or alternatively use this information to characterize the module 220, as discussed with reference to fig. 3.
FIG. 2 illustrates in detail aspects of an exemplary propulsion system 105 of a vehicle 100 in accordance with one or more embodiments, the propulsion system 105 enabling detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation. Modules 220-1 through 220-8 (collectively modules 220) are indicated. In fig. 2, one cell stack 210, CMU 215, infrared sensor 230, temperature sensor 235, gas sensor 240, voltage sensor 245, and internal isolation switch 247 (i.e., those associated with module 220-4) are labeled for readability. However, it should be appreciated from FIG. 2 that each exemplary module 220 includes an associated CMU 215, an infrared sensor 230, a temperature sensor 235, a gas sensor 240, a voltage sensor 245, and an internal isolation switch 247, as well as three battery cell stacks 210 in series. The battery cell stack 210 represents one battery cell or two or more battery cells arranged in parallel or in series.
Furthermore, although each type of sensor 230, 235, 240, 245 is shown as one in each module 220 for purposes of explanation, the number and location of sensors 230, 235, 240, 245 in a module 220 is merely exemplary. For example, the voltage sensor 245 may be electrically coupled to the battery cell stack 210. As another example, multiple gas sensors 240 and temperature sensors 235 may be arranged in different areas of each module 220 to obtain higher resolution information. Further, although three battery cell stacks 210 are shown in the exemplary illustration, each module 220 may include any number of battery cell stacks 210.
The CMU 215 associated with each module 220 gathers data from the voltage sensors 245Voltage V, temperature T from temperature sensor 235, hydrogen level H from gas sensor 240 2 (e.g., in parts per million (ppm)) and the infrared radiation profile IR (i.e., heat profile) from the infrared sensor 230. The infrared sensor 230 may be a wide-angle sensor and indicate a temperature distribution, rather than simply indicating a temperature value as the temperature sensor 235. That is, for example, the infrared sensor 230 may indicate that the temperature in the region of a particular cell 210 within the module 220 is relatively highest.
Each CMU 215 provides the BMS120 with collected information (V, T, H 2 IR). For example, each CMU 215 may communicate wirelessly with the BMS 120. In an alternative embodiment, the cloud-based controller 140 may receive information from the CMU 215 in lieu of or in addition to the BMS120 within the vehicle 100. As described in detail with reference to fig. 3, in accordance with one or more embodiments, the CMU 215, BMS120, cloud-based controller 140, or a combination thereof uses information collected at each CMU 215 to characterize the current state of each module 220 (i.e., detect the presence of any thermal event) and perform mitigation of thermal runaway propagation.
Switches S1 and S2 may be used to isolate the battery pack 110 from the additional components 130 and to shut off the battery. More specifically, switches S1 and S2 may be contactors that require relatively low power circuitry to control and may be directly connected to a high current load. When switches S1 and S2 are closed, the single or group of modules 220 may still be isolated from other modules 220 and additional components 130 to prevent thermal runaway propagation. Relays R1 through R11 facilitate isolation of the different modules 220 as discussed with reference to FIG. 3 as part of the mitigation action at block 330.
As shown in fig. 2, relays R1-R8 may be used to isolate the respective modules 220-1-220-8 from additional components 130, such as accessories. The internal disconnect switch 247 within each module 220 may be, for example, a solid state switch or a mechanical connector, and may disconnect the battery cell stack 210 of the module from the battery pack 110. Relays R1 to R8 help isolate the module 220 of the cell stack 210 that has been disconnected from the rest of the battery pack 110 so that the rest of the module 220 of the battery pack 110 can function properly.
For example, the closed relay R1 isolates the corresponding module 220-1, the closed relay R4 isolates the corresponding module 220-4, and so on. Relays R9, R10, and R11 may be closed to isolate two or more modules 220. For example, closing relay R9 isolates modules 220-4 and 220-5, closing relay R10 isolates modules 220-3, 220-4, 220-5 and 220-6, and closing relay R11 isolates modules 220-2, 220-3, 220-4, 220-5, 220-6 and 220-7 from additional components 130. A manual service disconnect 260 (e.g., contactor) may be used for manual isolation of the entire battery pack 110.
For example, the additional components 130 may include an inverter, a Direct Current (DC) to DC converter, and accessories that may be powered by the battery pack 110. As shown, switches S1 and S2 may be opened to disconnect the add-on component 130 from the module 220. The precharge circuit 250 may be connected between the battery pack 110 and the additional component 130 by keeping the switch S1 open while closing the switch S3. The precharge circuit 250 controls the current when the battery pack 110 reaches a desired voltage level before the switches S1 and S2 are closed. Precharge circuit 250 protects switches S1 and S2 from current spikes.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method 300 of implementing detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in accordance with one or more embodiments. These processes may be performed by the BMS120, for example. Alternatively or additionally, these processes may be performed by each CMU 215, the cloud-based controller 140, or a combination of one or both of them with the BMS 120. The BMS120, CMU 215, other controllers 150, and/or cloud-based controllers 140 may comprise processing circuitry that may comprise an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. It is understood that a computer-readable storage medium that is not itself transitory may store instructions implemented by a processor of the BMS120, the CMU 215, and/or the cloud-based controller 140 to implement the processes of the method 300.
At block 310, information is obtained from the sensors 230, 235, 240, 245 (V, T, H 2 IR), which isMeaning that the BMS120 or the cloud-based controller 140 obtains information from each CMU 215 associated with each module 220, or that each CMU 215 obtains information from the sensors 230, 235, 240, 245 of the associated module 220.
At block 320, characterizing the current state includes comparing each of the values of the voltage V, temperature T, and hydrogen level H2 to respective thresholds and obtaining a difference score from the infrared radiation profile IR. The difference score quantifies the degree of change in the IR radiation distribution (e.g., the difference between the highest and lowest detected radiation intensity values). Exemplary characterizations in the form of grades 0 to 4 are shown in table 1. This characterization may be considered detection, while the process at block 330 pertains to mitigation. When the process shown in fig. 3 is performed by each CMU 215, the characterization refers to the characterization of each correlation module 220. When the process is performed by the BMS120 or the cloud-based controller 140, at block 320, each module 220 is characterized based on the information obtained for the module 220.
At block 330, an action associated with the current state is performed, which refers to an action that may mitigate a thermal runaway event. As shown in Table 1, the particular mitigation action taken may be suggested by the characterization at block 320. These actions may be performed based on communication with another controller 150 of the vehicle 100. For example, the BMS120 may characterize the current state and communicate with another controller 150 of the vehicle 100 to control the relays R1 to R11 according to the current state.
Table 1: examples of detected characterization of thermal runaway propagation events and corresponding mitigation measures in accordance with one or more embodiments
As previously described, relays R1 through R11 may be used to perform mitigation actions corresponding to different characteristics of the current state of one or more modules 220. When the action performed at block 330 is performed by each CMU 215, the action may be finite (e.g., each CMU 215 may control a subset of the available relays R1 through R11). When the action performed at block 330 is performed by the BMS120 or the cloud-based controller 140, the action may involve any one of the relays R1 to R11 and the switches S1 to S3.
At block 320, the characterization of level 0 represents all information (V, T, H2, IR) representing normal operation in the correlation module 220. In this case, no mitigation action is taken at block 330.
At block 320, a level 1 is characterized as representing hydrogen level H 2 Has exceeded a threshold (e.g. initial H 2 Exhaust state). The corresponding mitigation action taken at block 330 is to reduce power. That is, the power output is limited by reducing the load on the battery pack 110 and isolating certain modules 220 via relays R1-R11, thereby reducing the electrical output of the battery pack 110.
At block 320, a level of hydrogen H is represented as level 2 2 The threshold is exceeded and the voltage V is below the threshold in the correlation module 220. At block 330, the corresponding mitigation measures are isolation, consumption, and target cooling. Isolation of the affected modules 220 is accomplished by relays R1 through R11. Consumption refers to discharging the problematic module 220. Target cooling refers to directing more coolant flow through the affected modules 220 to increase the cooling rate. Coolant flow is not shown.
At block 320, a level 3 is characterized as representing hydrogen level H 2 The temperature T and the difference score obtained from the infrared radiation profile IR all exceed the associated threshold, while the voltage V is below the threshold in the correlation module 220. At block 330, the corresponding mitigation is to isolate the relevant module 220 by closing the relevant relays R1 to R11.
At block 320, a level 4 is characterized as representing that the hydrogen level H2, the temperature T, and the difference score obtained from the infrared radiation profile IR all exceed an associated further threshold, while the voltage V is below the further threshold in the correlation module 220. At block 330, the corresponding mitigation is to isolate the relevant module 220 by closing the relevant relays R1 to R11.
As previously described, the 0-4 level form of characterization and related mitigation measures shown in table 1 are exemplary and are not limiting as to the number and types of characterization and mitigation actions that may be implemented to perform detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in the battery pack 110, in accordance with one or more embodiments.
While the foregoing disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope thereof. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope thereof.

Claims (10)

1. A system in a vehicle, the system comprising:
two or more modules, each of the two or more modules comprising:
a battery cell stack, wherein the battery cell stack of the two or more modules provides propulsion power for the vehicle;
a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage output by the battery cell stack of the module;
a temperature sensor arranged to measure the temperature within the module;
a gas sensor arranged to sense a hydrogen level within the module; and
an infrared sensor positioned to obtain an infrared radiation distribution within the module; and
two or more relays, one of the two or more relays being arranged to electrically isolate one of the two or more modules based on one or more of a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution of the one of the two or more modules.
2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a battery monitoring unit corresponding to each of the two or more modules, wherein one of the two or more relays is controlled by the battery monitoring unit corresponding to one of the two or more modules.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a battery management system configured to obtain a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution of each of the two or more modules, wherein one of the two or more relays is controlled by the battery management system.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a cloud-based controller configured to obtain a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution of each of the two or more modules, wherein one of the two or more relays is controlled based on one or more algorithms implemented by the cloud-based controller.
5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a battery monitoring unit corresponding to each of the two or more modules and a battery management system coupled to each battery monitoring unit, wherein each battery monitoring unit obtains and provides a voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, and infrared radiation profile for the corresponding module, and the battery management system is configured to characterize a current state of each of the two or more modules based on the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level, or infrared radiation profile from each battery monitoring unit, wherein the current state is represented as a level, and determined by comparing the voltage, temperature, hydrogen level with a predetermined threshold, and comparing a differential score obtained from the infrared radiation profile with a predetermined threshold differential score, the battery management system configured to map the current state of each of the two or more modules to an action comprising control of the two or more relays.
6. A method of assembling a system in a vehicle, the method comprising:
assembling two or more modules, comprising:
a battery cell stack, wherein the battery cell stack of the two or more modules provides propulsion power for the vehicle;
a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage output by the battery cell stack of the module;
a temperature sensor arranged to measure the temperature within the module;
a gas sensor arranged to sense a hydrogen level within the module; and
an infrared sensor positioned to obtain an infrared radiation distribution within the module; and
two or more relays are arranged, one of the two or more relays being arranged to electrically isolate one of the two or more modules based on one or more of a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution of the one of the two or more modules.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising coupling a battery monitoring unit to each of the two or more modules and configuring the battery monitoring unit corresponding to one of the two or more modules to control one of the two or more relays.
8. The method of claim 6, further comprising arranging a battery management system to obtain a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution of each of the two or more modules, and configuring the battery management system to control one of the two or more relays.
9. The method of claim 6, further comprising establishing communication with a cloud-based controller such that the cloud-based controller obtains a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation distribution of each of the two or more modules, and implementing one or more algorithms at the cloud-based controller to control one of the two or more relays.
10. The method of claim 6, further comprising coupling a battery monitoring unit to each of the two or more modules and the battery management system, configuring each battery monitoring unit to obtain a voltage, a temperature, a hydrogen level, and an infrared radiation profile of the respective module, and providing the voltage, the temperature, the hydrogen level, and the infrared radiation profile to the battery management system, and configuring the battery management system to characterize a current state of each of the two or more modules based on the voltage, the temperature, the hydrogen level, or the infrared radiation profile from each battery monitoring unit, wherein configuring the battery management system includes the battery management system characterizing the current state as a level, as determined by comparing each of the voltage, the temperature, and the hydrogen level to a predetermined threshold, and by comparing a difference score obtained from the infrared radiation profile to a predetermined threshold difference score, and configuring the battery management system to map the current state of each of the two or more modules to an action including control of the two or more relays.
CN202211294098.7A 2022-04-15 2022-10-21 Detection and mitigation of thermal runaway propagation in vehicle battery Pending CN116945961A (en)

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