CN1168682C - Lead-free dense and extra-dense optical barium crown glass - Google Patents
Lead-free dense and extra-dense optical barium crown glass Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1168682C CN1168682C CNB981059457A CN98105945A CN1168682C CN 1168682 C CN1168682 C CN 1168682C CN B981059457 A CNB981059457 A CN B981059457A CN 98105945 A CN98105945 A CN 98105945A CN 1168682 C CN1168682 C CN 1168682C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- weight
- heavy
- crown glass
- extra
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
- C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
- C03C3/093—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium containing zinc or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/062—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight
- C03C3/064—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight containing boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/095—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing rare earths
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Novel lead-free, heavy and double-heavy optical crown glasses, with a refractive index (nd) of 1.60-1.65 and an Abbe index (vd) of 49-60, have the composition (by wt. on oxide basis) 38-45% SiO2, 5-10% B2O3, 29-42% BaO, 0-10% ZnO, 0-5% CaO, 1-5% TiO2, 0.5-3% ZrO2, 0-2.5% La2O3, 1-3.5% Al2O3, 0-2% Na2O, 0-6% K2O and usual amounts of optional refiners, with the proviso that the BaO + ZnO + CaO content is 35-50%, the (SiO2 + TiO2 + ZrO2)\/(BaO + ZnO + CaO) ratio is 0.84-1.35%, the La2O3 + Al2O3 content is 2.5-3.5%, the Na2O + K2O content is 0-7% and preferably the La2O3 + Al2O3 + Na2O + K2O content is <= 10%.
Description
The present invention relates to unleaded heavy and extra heavy optics barium crown glass, its refractive index n
dBe 1.60~1.65, Abb abbe number γ
dBe 49~60.
Because glass component PbO and As in recent years
2O
3Because environmental pollution is in the public's the words, so the manufacturer of some consumer's goods and opticinstrument only will transfer the no PbO of use, not have an As simultaneously
2O
3Glass.Therefore, should on market, can buy such glass with special optical performance.
Equally, wish producing the foam glass parts, promptly produce in the foam glass parts and avoid using PbO by low density glass.
Replace plumbous oxide simply by one or more components, generally can not reproduce desirable optical property and glass production performance by the PbO influence.On the contrary, need on forming, glass carry out new improvement or change up hill and dale.
It is unleaded and have a document of above-mentioned optical value that patent documentation discloses many descriptions.Yet these glass have various defectives.
For example, JP60-221338A has described and has mainly comprised Y
2O
3, La
2O
3, B
2O
3And Li
2The glass of O, simultaneously, SiO for example
2It only is a kind of component of selecting.Can reach the Y of 20 weight % and 52 weight % respectively
2O
3And La
2O
3Content makes glass become expensive and uneconomical concerning continuous production processes.Very high in some cases B
2O
3Content (reaching 50 weight %) and Li
2The existence of O makes the chemical resistant properties variation of glass, and this makes the further processing of glass become more difficult, has limited their purposes simultaneously.This is equally applicable to the Li that contains among JP53-92816A and the JP54-159428A
2O glass.Li
2O has reduced the crystallization-stable of glass.The glass of describing among the JP3-5341A needs Li equally
2O, and additionally need the quite high La of ratio
2O
3
As for La
2O
3And Y
2O
3, similar situation is equally applicable to Nb
2O
5This oxide compound has improved the price of glass batch materials, and has therefore greatly improved production cost.It is the key composition in the glass of describing among DE 1 496524 and the JP6-107425A.Glass among the former has high relatively refractive index (at least 1.65).In the latter's glass, optical value changes in the scope of non-constant width; In these glass, need to add Nb
2O
5To improve of the very large side effect of very high in some cases alkali metal oxide content (reaching 30 weight %) to chemical resistant properties and crystallization-stable.
The glass that proposes in JP5-17176 A need add SrO.The content of this component in glass reaches 20 weight %.Though SrO to the influence of optical property approximately with BaO and CaO quite, the latter can introduce in the glass by dog-cheap raw material, be favourable so save SrO for production economically.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass, its refractive index n
dBe 1.60~1.65 and Abb abbe number γ
dBe 49~60, and have good fusion and processing characteristics that favorable chemical resistance and high crystallization-stable are so that the viscosity 〉=1000dPaS that prescribes a time limit on devitrification.
This purpose is to realize by the glass of describing in the claim 1.
This glass comprises the glass shaping body SiO of 38~45 weight %
2Under lower content, the crystallization-stable and the invert point of glass are lowered, and under higher content, have weakened meltability and have reduced refractive index simultaneously.
The another kind of glass shaping body that exists is B
2O
3, its content is 5~10 weight %.This minimum content is used to guarantee that glass has enough meltabilities.The above-mentioned maximum level of should exceed not is because otherwise can not obtain above-mentioned refractive index, and chemical resistant properties is had disadvantageous effect.
Equally, glass also comprises the BaO of 29~42 weight %.Under lower content, can not obtain described Abb abbe number, and under higher content, improve tendency towards devitrification.
Though the total amount of BaO, ZnO and CaO should be 35~50 weight %, but in order to improve crystallization-stable and chemical resistant properties, this glass also can comprise the CaO that reaches 5 weight % and reach the ZnO of 10 weight %, because otherwise can have a negative impact to above-mentioned crystallization-stable and chemical resistance again.Particularly preferably to be restricted to maximum be 49 weight % to this total amount.
In order to obtain desirable optical value, glass comprises the TiO of 1~5 weight %
2ZrO with 0.5~3 weight %
2
Except that the absolute content of single component, essential characteristic of the present invention also is SiO
2, TiO
2And ZrO
2Total amount and the weight ratio ((SiO between BaO, ZnO and the CaO total amount
2+ TiO
2+ ZrO
2)/(BaO+ZnO+CaO)).This ratio is crucial for the extraordinary chemical resistant properties of this novel glass, should be between 0.84 and 1.35.Less than 0.84 o'clock, chemical resistant properties, particularly acid resistance reduced in weight ratio.Therefore, this novel glass be very acid proof (referring to embodiment 7 and 9: acid resistance=1.0).On the contrary, the commercial extra-dense barium crown glass SSK2 that buys has the basic glass ingredient that is more or less the same, but contains PbO, and described ratio is 0.81, so it belongs to acid resistance class 51.3, has low slightly acid resistance.Under>1.35 value, the meltability of glass reduces.Though this point can be by improving B
2O
3And Na
2O and/or K
2The content of O compensates, yet the consequence that will cause is, at first will weaken crystallization-stable, is to obtain desirable optical property under the cost in the defective with other only secondly.Particularly preferably be limited to 1.34 on the described ratio of restriction.
Glass comprises the Al of 1~3.5 weight %
2O
3For the good crystallization-stable of glass and favorable chemical resistance these two, the minimum content of this component is absolutely necessary.Surpass maximum level and will weaken meltability.
In addition, glass can contain the La that reaches 2.5 weight %
2O
3This can improve chemical resistant properties equally.When content>2.5 weight %, glass is difficult to fusing.In addition, expensive component La
2O
3Very high content will make glass become unnecessarily expensive.
For these reasons, La
2O
3And Al
2O
3Total amount should and not be no less than 2.5 weight % greater than 3.5 weight %.
This total amount particularly preferably is 2.7~3.4 weight %.
Though K
2O and Na
2The total amount of O is should exceed 7 weight % not, but in order to improve meltability, glass can further comprise the Na that reaches 2 weight %
2O and the K that reaches 6 weight %
2O will be because otherwise will reduce chemical resistant properties and crystallization-stable.Saved Li fully
2O.Na
2O and K
2The total amount of O particularly preferably is 0~6.4 weight %.
One side SiO
2And B
2O
3Balanced contents each other and La on the other hand
2O
3, Al
2O
3, K
2O and Na
2O balanced contents each other gives glass outstanding crystallization-stable.For example, in preferred implementation of the present invention, SiO
2+ B
2O
3Total amount be 45~50 weight %, La simultaneously
2O
3+ Al
2O
3+ Na
2O+K
2The total amount of O should be no more than 10 weight %.The glass that obtains like this has good especially crystallization-stable.
Within the scope that main claim requires, there is preferred glass compositing range, because the balanced combination between the component, its glass is with good melting and processing characteristics and compelling.Its compositing range (weight % is in oxide compound) is as follows:
SiO
238-43; B
2O
35~9; BaO 29~40; ZnO 0~9; CaO 0~5; TiO
21~5; ZrO
20.5~3; La
2O
30~2.5; Al
2O
31~3.5; Na
2O 0~2; K
2O 0~5.5; Above-mentioned BaO+ZnO+CaO total amount 35~50; La
2O
3+ Al
2O
32.5~3.5; Na
2O+K
2O 0~7 and aforementioned proportion [SiO
2+ TiO
2+ ZrO
2)/(BaO+ZnO+CaO) 0.84~1.35.
These glass are with dense barium crown glass, its refractive index n
dBe 1.60~1.63 and Abb abbe number γ
dBe 49.5~54.
In order to improve the quality of glass, can be in batch of material one or more finingss of the known convention amount of adding itself so that fining glass.This gives the good especially internal soundness of glass and does not observe bubble and band vitta line.
If employed finings is not As
2O
3, and for example be Sb
2O
3(glass quality is not had any reduction), so this novel lead-free glass additionally is no arsenic.
In another embodiment preferred of the present invention, glass comprises following finings: 0.1~0.5 weight %Sb
2O
3+ F
-, Sb wherein
2O
3Be 0~0.5 weight %, F
-Be 0~0.5 weight %, they make glass have good glass internal soundness.F for example
-Be added into as KF.
Therefore, this novel glass compositing range provides another group to have the unleaded heavy or extra-dense barium crown glass of above-mentioned optical property.These glass have following advantage: they have extraordinary chemical resistant properties, and this for example grinds and polish for further processing and is very important for the potential use of glass; Have very high crystallization-stable, this point can make glass be prepared in bigger melting unit, for example in a kind of optical container; And good glass " inside " quality.In addition, can prepare this glass at an easy rate, partly cause is to need not to use some expensive components.No PbO is important for above-mentioned environment protection not only in the glass, and has advantageous effect by reducing glass density with the invert point that improves them.In addition, advantageously this glass is not only no PbO, and, there is not As in preferred embodiments
2O
3
Embodiment:
It forms the novel glass among 9 embodiment in preferred compositing range by conventional feedstock production.Table 2 shows component (weight % is in oxide compound) and refractive index and Abb abbe number, other performance of glass among the embodiment.
Be prepared as follows novel glass: raw materials weighing (oxide compound, preferred carbonate and nitrate).Add finings Sb
2O
3, then component is mixed fully.In the successive smelting furnace at about 1300~1350 ℃ of following molten glass batch of materials, clarification and homogenizing up hill and dale then.Making gamma transition under 1220 ℃ teeming temperature is desirable size.
A kind of melt embodiment of table 1 expression.
Table 1
The melt embodiment of 100kg calcining glass
Oxide compound | Weight % | Raw material | Weight [kg] |
SiO 2 | 41.5 | SiO 2 | 41.51 |
B 2O 3 | 8.0 | H 3BO 3 | 14.19 |
BaO | 29.6 | Ba(NO 3) 2 BaCO 3 | 33.46 13.04 |
ZnO | 3.5 | ZnO | 3.50 |
CaO | 2.1 | CaCO 3 | 3.71 |
Al 2O 3 | 1.1 | Al(OH) 3 | 1.69 |
La 2O 3 | 1.8 | La 2O 3 | 1.80 |
TiO 2 | 4.8 | TiO 2 | 4.82 |
ZrO 2 | 0.9 | ZrO 2 | 0.91 |
Na 2O | 1.7 | NaHCO 3 | 4.60 |
K 2O | 4.7 | K 2CO 3 | 6.90 |
Sb 2O 3 | 0.3 | Sb 2O | 0.29 |
Amount to | 100 | 130.42 |
The performance of resulting glass is shown in Table 2, and embodiment 9.
Table 2
Glass is formed (weight % is in oxide compound) and glass fundamental property
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
SiO 2 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 41.20 | 38.7 | 38.34 | 38.99 | 42.7 | 41.0 | 41.5 |
B 2O 3 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 8.22 | 6.3 | 7.31 | 7.41 | 5.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
BaO | 39.6 | 39.7 | 29.64 | 39.6 | 38.93 | 38.40 | 35.5 | 29.9 | 29.6 |
ZnO | 8.5 | 8.9 | 3.51 | 8.5 | 8.40 | 8.28 | - | 3.5 | 3.5 |
CaO | - | - | 2.01 | - | - | - | 4.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 |
Al 2O 3 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 1.05 | 3.0 | 2.77 | 2.73 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
La 2O 3 | - | - | 2.06 | - | - | - | - | 2.2 | 1.8 |
TiO 2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 4.71 | 1.3 | 1.48 | 1.46 | 2.5 | 4.7 | 4.8 |
ZrO 2 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.95 | 2.3 | 2.47 | 2.44 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Na 2O | - | - | 1.65 | - | - | - | 0.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
K 2O | - | - | 4.71 | - | - | - | 5.2 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
Sb 2O 3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.30 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
(SiO 2+TiO 2+ZrO 2)/ (BaO+ZnO+CaO) | 0.875 | 0.85 | 1.33 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 1.155 | 1.32 | 1.34 |
n d | 1.62245 | 1.61912 | 1.61600 | 1.62272 | 1.62226 | 1.61920 | 1.60246 | 1.61679 | 1.61540 |
γ d | 53.48 | 53.72 | 49.87 | 53.17 | 52.98 | 53.28 | 53.54 | 49.86 | 49.80 |
Acid resistance | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
Alkali resistance | 2.3 | 1.3 | |||||||
Density p[g/cm 3] | 3.274 | 3.263 | 3.258 | ||||||
Tg[℃] | 602 | 622 | 604 | ||||||
Viscosity under the devitrification upper limit [dPas] | ≥1500 | ≥6500 | ≥3500 | ≥1300 | |||||
Ti 400nm/25mm | 0.860 | 0.907 | 0.919 | 0.914 | 0.862 |
Tg: invert point
Acid resistance: measure acid resistance according to ISO 8424
Alkali resistance: measure alkali resistance according to ISO draft 10629
T
I400nm/25mm: spectral-transmission favtor in clean under wavelength X=400nm and sample thickness d=25mm
Claims (9)
1, unleaded heavy or extra-dense barium crown glass, its refractive index n
dBe 1.60~1.65, Abb abbe number γ
dBe 49~60, it is characterized in that it is as follows to form (weight % is in oxide compound):
SiO
2 38-45
B
2O
3 5-10
BaO 29-42
ZnO 0-10
CaO 0-5
Here BaO+ZnO+CaO 35-50
TiO
2 1-5
ZrO
2 0.5-3
Here
La
2O
3 0-2.5
Al
2O
3 1-3.5
Here La
2O
3+ Al
2O
32.5-3.5
Na
2O 0-2
K
2O 0-6
Here Na
2O+K
2O 0-7 and, if desired, add the finings of conventional amount used.
2, according to the unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass of claim 1, it is characterized in that La
2O
3, Al
2O
3, Na
2O and K
2The total amount of O is less than or equal to 10 weight %, SiO
2And B
2O
3Total amount be 45~50 weight %.
3, according to the unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass of claim 1 or 2, its refractive index n
dBe 1.60~1.63 and Abb abbe number γ
dBe 49.5~54, it is characterized in that, (weight % is in oxide compound) composed as follows:
SiO
2 38-43
B
2O
3 5-9
BaO 29-40
ZnO 0-9
CaO 0-5
TiO
2 1-5
ZrO
2 0.5-3
La
2O
3 0-2.5
Al
2O
3 1-3.5
Na
2O 0-2
K
2O 0-5.5
And, if desired, add the finings of conventional amount used.
4, according to claim 1~3 unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass one of at least, the total amount that it is characterized in that BaO, ZnO and CaO is 35~49 weight %.
5, according to claim 1~4 unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass one of at least, it is characterized in that La
2O
3And Al
2O
3Total amount be 2.7~3.4 weight %.
6, according to claim 1~5 unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass one of at least, it is characterized in that Na
2O and K
2The total amount of O is 0~6.4 weight %.
8, according to claim 1~7 unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass one of at least, it is characterized in that it comprises finings (weight %):
Sb
2O
3 0-0.5
F
- 0-0.5
Here Sb
2O
3+ F
-0.1-0.5
9, according to claim 1~8 unleaded heavy or extra heavy optics barium crown glass one of at least, it is characterized in that oxygen-free arsenic, and except the unavoidable impurities.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19703391.145 | 1997-01-30 | ||
DE1997103391 DE19703391C1 (en) | 1997-01-30 | 1997-01-30 | A lead-free optical crown glass |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1197042A CN1197042A (en) | 1998-10-28 |
CN1168682C true CN1168682C (en) | 2004-09-29 |
Family
ID=7818794
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB981059457A Expired - Lifetime CN1168682C (en) | 1997-01-30 | 1998-01-27 | Lead-free dense and extra-dense optical barium crown glass |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3148175B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1168682C (en) |
DE (1) | DE19703391C1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2760234B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2321640B (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102006012116A1 (en) * | 2006-03-14 | 2007-09-20 | Schott Ag | Glaser fiber cable |
DE102009038812A1 (en) * | 2009-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Uhde Gmbh | High temperature resistant crystallizing glass solders |
JP6547995B2 (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2019-07-24 | 日本電気硝子株式会社 | High refractive index glass substrate |
CN105884192B (en) * | 2016-04-05 | 2019-06-25 | 湖北戈碧迦光电科技股份有限公司 | A kind of special glass and its preparation method and application |
CN107140824B (en) * | 2017-07-03 | 2019-07-30 | 成都光明光电股份有限公司 | Flint optical glass with heavy lanthanum |
CN111320382A (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2020-06-23 | 成都光明光电股份有限公司 | Optical glass |
CN111333316B (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2022-04-15 | 成都光明光电股份有限公司 | Optical glass, glass preform, optical element and optical instrument |
CN111204972A (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2020-05-29 | 成都光明光电股份有限公司 | Optical glass, glass preform, optical element and optical instrument |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3460954A (en) * | 1964-05-21 | 1969-08-12 | Bendix Corp | Bao-nb2o5-sio2 glass compositions for use in fiber-optics |
JPS594390B2 (en) * | 1977-01-27 | 1984-01-30 | 株式会社保谷硝子 | optical glass |
JPS5814376B2 (en) * | 1978-06-06 | 1983-03-18 | 株式会社保谷硝子 | optical glass |
JPS60221338A (en) * | 1984-04-12 | 1985-11-06 | Ohara Inc | Optical glass |
JP2535407B2 (en) * | 1989-05-31 | 1996-09-18 | ホーヤ株式会社 | Optical glass |
JP3195789B2 (en) * | 1990-05-29 | 2001-08-06 | ホーヤ株式会社 | Optical glass and molded products |
JP2795326B2 (en) * | 1991-04-05 | 1998-09-10 | 株式会社オハラ | Optical glass |
JP2565813B2 (en) * | 1991-07-05 | 1996-12-18 | 株式会社オハラ | Optical glass |
JP2714915B2 (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1998-02-16 | 株式会社オハラ | Optical glass |
JP3797679B2 (en) * | 1994-10-14 | 2006-07-19 | 株式会社オハラ | Optical glass |
DE19631581C1 (en) * | 1996-08-05 | 1997-11-27 | Schott Glaswerke | Barium flint glass used in optical applications |
-
1997
- 1997-01-30 DE DE1997103391 patent/DE19703391C1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-31 GB GB9727436A patent/GB2321640B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-01-27 CN CNB981059457A patent/CN1168682C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-01-29 JP JP03034598A patent/JP3148175B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-01-29 FR FR9800963A patent/FR2760234B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2321640A (en) | 1998-08-05 |
GB2321640B (en) | 2000-10-11 |
FR2760234B1 (en) | 2000-02-25 |
GB2321640A8 (en) | 1998-08-10 |
JPH10212133A (en) | 1998-08-11 |
GB9727436D0 (en) | 1998-02-25 |
DE19703391C1 (en) | 1998-02-26 |
FR2760234A1 (en) | 1998-09-04 |
CN1197042A (en) | 1998-10-28 |
JP3148175B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 |
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