CN116854446A - 一种高强植生混凝土复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高强植生混凝土复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 15
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 16
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000009427 jiangzhi Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 33
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- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 8
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- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008636 plant growth process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/14—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements
- C04B28/142—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements containing synthetic or waste calcium sulfate cements
- C04B28/144—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing calcium sulfate cements containing synthetic or waste calcium sulfate cements the synthetic calcium sulfate being a flue gas desulfurization product
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- C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
- C04B18/0418—Wet materials, e.g. slurries
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- C04B18/06—Combustion residues, e.g. purification products of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases
- C04B18/08—Flue dust, i.e. fly ash
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- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
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- C04B18/16—Waste materials; Refuse from building or ceramic industry
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- C04B18/16—Waste materials; Refuse from building or ceramic industry
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- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
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- C04B18/18—Waste materials; Refuse organic
- C04B18/24—Vegetable refuse, e.g. rice husks, maize-ear refuse; Cellulosic materials, e.g. paper, cork
- C04B18/248—Vegetable refuse, e.g. rice husks, maize-ear refuse; Cellulosic materials, e.g. paper, cork from specific plants, e.g. hemp fibres
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- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
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- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
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- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
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- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种高强植生混凝土复合材料及其制备方法，属于混凝土技术领域。所述高强植生混凝土复合材料的原料包括以下组分：废弃砖再生粗骨料140‑200份、煤矸石140‑200份、废弃砖再生细骨料80‑120份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料80‑120份、粉煤灰30‑50份、矿渣25‑45份、水泥25‑40份、造纸污泥10‑15份、稻壳粉2‑5份、石膏1‑5份、保水剂1‑2份、减水剂0.1‑0.2份、水30‑50份。本发明以建筑固废或工业固废作为高强植生混凝土复合材料的主要原料，在完全代替天然砂石骨料的同时代替了一部分水泥，实现了固废资源的二次利用，且该植生混凝土复合材料具有较高的孔隙率和强度。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及混凝土技术领域，特别是涉及一种高强植生混凝土复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着社会的发展，混凝土已经成为人类大量使用的建筑材料之一，而在21世纪的发展前景是生态友好型混凝土。植生混凝土是能够适应特定植物生长的新型混凝土，它对于减小沙漠化，美化环境，减小环境负载等方面起到积极作用。目前，植生混凝土已被用于高速公路的路肩隔板、建筑屋顶、护岸护坡、停车场地面等多种场地。
为了满足植物的生长需求，植生混凝土具有高孔隙率的特点，其结构中含有大量的单独或连续的孔洞，以便于植物从孔洞中穿出，并为水分向土壤的渗透提供路径。
植生混凝土一般以水泥和粗骨料为主要原料，以便于形成高孔隙率的结构。高孔隙率的特点固然能够提高植生混凝土的透水性能，但同时其结构的疏松性也导致混凝土强度较差，容易破损。为了使植生混凝土在具备高孔隙率的同时具备较高的强度，技术人员往往会在植生混凝土配方体系中加入多种增强剂或改性剂，这使得混凝土的组分复杂，成本增加，再加上以成本较高的水泥和天然砂石粗骨料作为主要原料，使得植生混凝土的整体成本较高。另外，过量开采天然砂石对生态循环有破坏作用，若是能用固体废弃物代替天然砂石，不仅能实现对固体废弃物的循环利用，还能减少对生态环境的破坏并降低成本。因此，开发一种在满足高孔隙率的要求的同时具备较高的抗压强度且成本低的以固体废弃物为原料的植生混凝土十分必要。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种高强植生混凝土复合材料及其制备方法，以解决上述现有技术存在的问题。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了如下方案：
本发明的技术方案之一：一种高强植生混凝土复合材料，按质量份数计，原料包括以下组分：废弃砖再生粗骨料140-200份、煤矸石140-200份、废弃砖再生细骨料80-120份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料80-120份、粉煤灰30-50份、矿渣25-45份、水泥25-40份、造纸污泥10-15份、稻壳粉2-5份、石膏1-5份、保水剂1-2份、减水剂0.1-0.2份、水30-50份。
进一步地，所述废弃砖再生粗骨料的粒径为15-20mm，所述废弃砖再生细骨料的粒径≤5mm。
进一步地，所述废弃砖再生细骨料的细度模数为2.6-2.8。
进一步地，所述废弃砖再生粗骨料由废弃砖块经破碎、筛分至粒径为15-20mm获得；所述废弃砖再生细骨料由废弃砖块经破碎、筛分至粒径≤5mm获得。
进一步地，所述废弃砖块为建筑物拆除时产生的废弃砖块。
进一步地，所述煤矸石的粒径为20-40mm。
进一步地，所述煤矸石的粒径为20-40mm；所述粉煤灰的堆积密度为1.5-2.5g/cm3。
进一步地，所述废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料的粒径≤5mm。
进一步地，所述废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料的细度模数为2.3-2.5。
进一步地，所述废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料由泡沫陶瓷板材加工生产时产生的边角料经破碎、筛分至粒径≤5mm获得。
进一步地，所述矿渣为高炉粒化矿渣的比表面积为450-550m2/kg，所述石膏为脱硫石膏。
进一步地，所述造纸污泥由造纸废水经治理设施处理后产生的污泥烘干至含水量为5-10wt％获得。
进一步地，所述稻壳粉由稻壳经粉碎后过40目筛获得。
进一步地，所述减水剂为聚羧酸减水剂。
进一步地，所述保水剂为蒙脱土、膨润土、高岭土中的一种。
蒙脱土、膨润土、高岭土等无机物不仅具有良好的吸水性、保水性，同时对混凝土中的碱性物质具有较好的吸附性，能够减少混凝土的泛碱现象。
进一步地，所述水泥为通用水泥。
在本发明的高强植生混凝土复合材料配方体系中，废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料构成配方体系的骨料，粉煤灰、矿渣、水泥和石膏构成配方体系的胶凝组分。
进一步地，所述水与胶凝组分(粉煤灰、矿渣、水泥和石膏总质量)的质量比为0.34-0.37:1，即水胶比为0.34-0.37。
进一步地，所述胶凝组分(粉煤灰、矿渣、水泥和石膏总质量)与骨料(废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料总质量)的质量比为0.18-0.22:1，即胶骨比为0.18-0.22。
本发明的技术方案之二：一种上述高强植生混凝土复合材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
将废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、石膏以及50wt％的水泥、50wt％的粉煤灰、50wt％的矿渣混合，搅拌70-90s，得到预混料1；
在所述预混料1中加入减水剂以及50wt％的水，搅拌130-150s，得到预混料2；
在所述预混料2中加入剩余水泥、剩余粉煤灰、剩余矿渣、剩余水以及保水剂、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、造纸污泥、稻壳粉，搅拌130-150s，得到所述高强植生混凝土复合材料。
本发明公开了以下技术效果：
(1)本发明以废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、粉煤灰和矿渣等建筑固废或工业固废作为高强植生混凝土复合材料的主要原料，在完全代替天然砂石骨料的同时代替了一部分水泥，减少了水泥的用量，实现了固废资源的二次利用，减缓了过量开采天然砂石对生态循环的破坏作用，降低了生产成本。废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、粉煤灰和矿渣具有一定的强度和孔隙率，使高强植生混凝土复合材料在满足孔隙率要求的同时具备较高的强度。
(2)本发明以粉煤灰、矿渣(高炉粒化矿渣)、水泥和石膏作为胶凝组分，用粉煤灰和矿渣代替了大部分的水泥。粉煤灰的加入减少了水泥用量，从而也减少了一次水化生成物中CH(氢氧化钙)的含量，另外粉煤灰颗粒较大的堆积密度以及所含的SiO2、Al2O3具有很高的化学活性，能够与CH发生二次水化反应，生成低碱性的水化硅酸钙、水化铝酸钙，进一步降低了混凝土复合材料的pH值。另外，粉煤灰的加入能够能提高混凝土复合材料的和易性、提高抗硫酸盐性能和耐化学侵蚀性能、降低水化热、改善混凝土复合材料的耐高温性能、减轻颗粒分离和析水现象、减少混凝土复合材料的收缩和开裂，提高混凝土复合材料的强度。粒化高炉矿渣粉是高炉炼铁时的副产品，粒化高炉矿渣的胶凝性能，使得混凝土复合材料具有足够的强度。硫石膏不但能提高混凝土复合材料的强度，还能与粉煤灰中的Al2O3以及水泥中的Ca(OH)2反应，生成水化硫铝酸钙，通过消耗Ca(OH)2使混凝土复合材料碱性降低。上述组分协同作用，使本发明的高强植生混凝土复合材料在大幅度降低水泥用量的情况下依然具备较高的强度，并适宜植物的生长。
(3)本发明在植生混凝土复合材料中添加了造纸污泥和稻壳粉，造纸污泥中含有大量的有机质及氮、磷、钾等植物养分，能满足植物生长过程中对养分的大部分需求。稻壳粉是由农业副产品稻壳粉碎制得，可以有效地提高混凝土复合材料的吸水能力，改善其透气性，同时稻壳粉含钾量高，降解过程中可以为植物提供必需的养分。
(4)本发明以废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料作为混凝土复合材料体系的细骨料，细骨料的加入优化了骨料的级配，且废弃泡沫陶瓷本身的强度较高，二者的使用提高了混凝土复合材料的强度。另外，再生砖和泡沫陶瓷的大孔径的特点导致混凝土复合材料的吸水性能好。
(5)本发明在制备植生混凝土复合材料的过程中，先将粗骨料跟一部分胶凝组分搅拌均匀，再加入一部分水拌合均匀，使粗骨料表面包裹一层薄薄的胶凝浆体；然后再次加入剩余胶凝组分、剩余水以及其他原料，对粗骨料进行二次包裹。通过两次裹浆使胶结浆体均匀、稳定地包裹在粗骨料表面，提高了混凝土复合材料整体的强度与孔隙率。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式，该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制，而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式，并非用于限制本发明。另外，对于本发明中的数值范围，应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明，否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料，但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入，用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和/或材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时，以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下，可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见的。本申请说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
关于本文中所使用的“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”等等，均为开放性的用语，即意指包含但不限于。
以下实施例、对比例和效果验证中所述实验方法，如无特殊说明，均为常规方法；所述试剂和原料，如无特殊说明，均可从商业途径获得；所述份数均为质量份。
以下实施例和对比例中使用的废弃砖再生粗骨料的制备方法为：选择建筑物拆除时产生的废弃砖块，经人工破碎后、筛分至粒径为15-20mm；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的煤矸石的粒径范围为20-40mm；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的废弃砖再生细骨料的制备方法为：选择建筑物拆除时产生的废弃砖块，经人工破碎后、筛分至粒径≤5mm，其细度模数为2.8；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料的制备方法为：选择泡沫陶瓷板材加工生产时产生的边角料经破碎、筛分至粒径≤5mm，其细度模数为2.3；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的粉煤灰的堆积密度为2g/cm3；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的矿渣为比表面积为500m2/kg的高炉粒化矿渣；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的造纸污泥由造纸废水经治理设施处理后产生的污泥烘干至含水量为10wt％获得；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的稻壳粉由稻壳经粉碎后过40目筛获得；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的石膏为脱硫石膏，使用的减水剂为聚羧酸减水剂；
以下实施例和对比例中使用的水泥为P·O 42.5级普通硅酸盐水泥。
实施例1
高强植生混凝土复合材料的原料组成如下：废弃砖再生粗骨料140份、煤矸石140份、废弃砖再生细骨料80份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料80份、粉煤灰30份、矿渣25份、水泥25份、造纸污泥10份、稻壳粉2份、石膏1份、保水剂(蒙脱土)1份、减水剂0.1份、水30份。此配方的水胶比为0.37，胶骨比为0.18。
制备步骤如下：
(1)将废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、石膏以及50wt％的水泥、50wt％的粉煤灰、50wt％的矿渣混合，搅拌70s，得到预混料1；
(2)在预混料1中加入减水剂以及50wt％的水，搅拌130s，得到预混料2；
(3)在预混料2中加入剩余水泥、剩余粉煤灰、剩余矿渣、剩余水以及保水剂、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、造纸污泥、稻壳粉，搅拌130s，得到高强植生混凝土复合材料。
实施例2
高强植生混凝土复合材料的原料组成如下：废弃砖再生粗骨料170份、煤矸石170份、废弃砖再生细骨料100份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料100份、粉煤灰40份、矿渣35份、水泥35份、造纸污泥12份、稻壳粉4份、石膏3份、保水剂(膨润土)1.5份、减水剂0.15份、水40份。此配方的水胶比为0.35，胶骨比为0.21。
制备步骤如下：
(1)将废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、石膏以及50wt％的水泥、50wt％的粉煤灰、50wt％的矿渣混合，搅拌80s，得到预混料1；
(2)在预混料1中加入减水剂以及50wt％的水，搅拌140s，得到预混料2；
(3)在预混料2中加入剩余水泥、剩余粉煤灰、剩余矿渣、剩余水以及保水剂、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、造纸污泥、稻壳粉，搅拌140s，得到高强植生混凝土复合材料。
实施例3
高强植生混凝土复合材料的原料组成如下：废弃砖再生粗骨料200份、煤矸石200份、废弃砖再生细骨料120份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料120份、粉煤灰50份、矿渣45份、水泥40份、造纸污泥15份、稻壳粉5份、石膏5份、保水剂(高岭土)2份、减水剂0.2份、水50份。此配方的水胶比为0.36，胶骨比为0.22。
制备步骤如下：
(1)将废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、石膏以及50wt％的水泥、50wt％的粉煤灰、50wt％的矿渣混合，搅拌90s，得到预混料1；
(2)在预混料1中加入减水剂以及50wt％的水，搅拌150s，得到预混料2；
(3)在预混料2中加入剩余水泥、剩余粉煤灰、剩余矿渣、剩余水以及保水剂、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、造纸污泥、稻壳粉，搅拌150s，得到高强植生混凝土复合材料。
实施例4
高强植生混凝土复合材料的原料组成如下：废弃砖再生粗骨料150份、煤矸石150份、废弃砖再生细骨料94份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料94份、粉煤灰32份、矿渣27份、水泥27份、造纸污泥13份、稻壳粉4份、石膏2份、保水剂(蒙脱土)1份、减水剂0.1份、水30份。此配方的水胶比为0.34，胶骨比为0.18。
制备方法同实施例1。
对比例1
同实施例1，区别仅在于，用等质量的废弃砖再生粗骨料代替煤矸石。
对比例2
同实施例1，区别仅在于，用等质量的矿渣代替粉煤灰。
对比例3
同实施例1，区别仅在于，用等质量的废弃砖再生粗骨料代替废弃砖再生细骨料。
对比例4
同实施1，区别仅在于，用等质量的废弃砖再生细骨料代替废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料。
对比例5
同实施例1，区别仅在于，省略稻壳粉的使用。
对比例6
高强植生混凝土复合材料的原料组成同实施例1，制备方法如下：
将所有原料混合，搅拌5min。
效果验证
1、抗压强度
试件尺寸为150mm×150mm×150mm，按照GB50081-2002《普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准》，成型24h后拆模，在标准条件下自然养护7d及28d进行试验。每个实施例和对比例取6个试样检测，取其平均值即为该植生混凝土复合材料的抗压强度。抗压强度测试结果如表1所示。
2、孔隙率
采用排水法测定孔隙率。即首先用游标卡尺量取混凝土试块的长、宽和高，求出混凝土试块体积V1；再用量筒量取放置试块容器在盛满水时的体积V2；将试块放入空容器，用量筒向容器内加水，记录每次加水量，当水面漫过试块时可暂停加水，静置30min后最后一次加水至溢出临界位置，累计总加水体积V3。孔隙率(ε)采用ε＝(1-(V2-V3)/V1)×100％进行计算。每组试验取3个试样的平均值作为该龄期该配合比混凝土复合材料的孔隙率。为避免混凝土内部孔隙含水对孔隙率的影响，又因为混凝土龄期对孔隙率的影响可忽略不计，因此，采取将混凝土试件标准养护28d后取出，在自然状态下干燥至60d龄期时测定孔隙率。孔隙率结果如表1所示。
3、吸水率
试件采用150mm×150mm×150mm的立方体试模成型，每组3块。试件成型24h后拆模，标准养护72h后取出，钻取直径为75mm的混凝土芯样，切除上下表面后制备高度为75mm的圆柱体芯样。试件置于温度为105℃的烘箱干燥72h，且每个试件与其他试件或加热面的距离不小于25mm。试件取出后放置于温度为25℃的干燥器中冷却24h，称重并记录W1，立即以圆柱体底面与水面垂直的方式将试件置于温度为25℃的水中浸泡，试件间隔距离不小于10mm，试件最高点与水面的距离为25mm，30min时，将试件取出并用抹布擦去表面的水，称重并记录W2。混凝土试件的吸水率(f)按公式f＝(W2-W1)/W1×100％计算。吸水率结果如表1所示。
表1
| 7d抗压强度/MPa | 28d抗压强度/MPa | 连续孔隙率/％ | 吸水率/％ | |
| 实施例1 | 0.36 | 4.02 | 22.5 | 9.9 |
| 实施例2 | 0.46 | 4.98 | 22.6 | 10.2 |
| 实施例3 | 0.42 | 4.66 | 22.8 | 10.5 |
| 实施例4 | 0.39 | 4.30 | 23.0 | 10.9 |
| 对比例1 | 0.32 | 3.69 | 22.7 | 10.4 |
| 对比例2 | 0.29 | 3.32 | 22.6 | 10.1 |
| 对比例3 | 0.26 | 3.01 | 25.0 | 11.5 |
| 对比例4 | 0.28 | 3.25 | 21.4 | 9.1 |
| 对比例5 | 0.35 | 4.00 | 22.6 | 9.5 |
| 对比例6 | 0.25 | 2.84 | 20.6 | 8.4 |
由表1可知，本发明实施例1-4制得的植生混凝土复合材料在具备较高的孔隙率的同时还能实现较高的强度。将实施例1和对比例1-4的数据对比可发现，本发明植生混凝土复合材料配方体系中任何一种成分被替换后，混凝土复合材料的整体性能都有所下降，说明本发明中混凝土复合材料的优良性能是配方体系中各组分协同作用的结果。而将实施例1和对比例6的数据对比可以发现，混凝土复合材料的制备方法(拌合方法)同样对混凝土复合材料的性能有重要影响，本发明对粗骨料进行二次包裹的方法使胶结浆体均匀、稳定地包裹在粗骨料表面，提高了混凝土复合材料整体的强度与孔隙率。直接将所有原料一起拌合则不利于胶结浆料在粗骨料表面的均匀包裹，会对混凝土复合材料的强度和孔隙率产生不利影响。
4、种植效果
种植试验采用感官定性的方法，即将各实施例和对比例的植生混凝土复合材料置于不同的一次性饭盒中(饭盒容量为750mL)，并在混凝土复合材料的上部、下部和孔隙铺设和填充混合土(普通山地黏土与进口草泥炭土Pindstrup Substrate的混合比例为1:0.5)，每组植生混凝土复合材料饭盒容器中均匀播种约1000粒狗牙根草种。通过观察各自的发芽率(成活率指标)和草长到5cm高度所需时间(生长速度指标)来判断植物的适应性。结果如表2所示。
表2
| 7d发芽率/％ | 草长到5cm高度所需时间 | |
| 实施例1 | 70.1 | 约12d |
| 实施例2 | 71.5 | 约12d |
| 实施例3 | 71.1 | 约12d |
| 实施例4 | 73.2 | 约12d |
| 对比例1 | 68.1 | 约13d |
| 对比例2 | 65.2 | 约13d |
| 对比例3 | 74.5 | 约12d |
| 对比例4 | 64.6 | 约13d |
| 对比例5 | 61.1 | 约14d |
| 对比例6 | 58.8 | 约14d |
由表2可知，狗牙根草在本发明实施例1-4制得的植生混凝土复合材料中均具有较高的发芽率，且长势较佳，说明本发明的植生混凝土复合材料适合植物的生长。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述，并非对本发明的范围进行限定，在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下，本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，按质量份数计，原料包括以下组分：废弃砖再生粗骨料140-200份、煤矸石140-200份、废弃砖再生细骨料80-120份、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料80-120份、粉煤灰30-50份、矿渣25-45份、水泥25-40份、造纸污泥10-15份、稻壳粉2-5份、石膏1-5份、保水剂1-2份、减水剂0.1-0.2份、水30-50份。
2.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述废弃砖再生粗骨料的粒径为15-20mm，所述废弃砖再生细骨料的粒径≤5mm。
3.如权利要求2所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述废弃砖再生粗骨料由废弃砖块经破碎、筛分至粒径为15-20mm获得；所述废弃砖再生细骨料由废弃砖块经破碎、筛分至粒径≤5mm获得。
4.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述煤矸石的粒径为20-40mm；所述粉煤灰的堆积密度为1.5-2.5g/cm3。
5.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料的粒径≤5mm。
6.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料由泡沫陶瓷板材加工生产时产生的边角料经破碎、筛分至粒径≤5mm获得。
7.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述矿渣为高炉粒化矿渣；所述石膏为脱硫石膏。
8.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述减水剂为聚羧酸减水剂。
9.如权利要求1所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料，其特征在于，所述保水剂为蒙脱土、膨润土、高岭土中的一种。
10.一种如权利要求1-9任一项所述的高强植生混凝土复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
将废弃砖再生粗骨料、煤矸石、石膏以及50wt％的水泥、50wt％的粉煤灰、50wt％的矿渣混合，搅拌70-90s，得到预混料1；
在所述预混料1中加入减水剂以及50wt％的水，搅拌130-150s，得到预混料2；
在所述预混料2中加入剩余水泥、剩余粉煤灰、剩余矿渣、剩余水以及保水剂、废弃砖再生细骨料、废弃泡沫陶瓷再生细骨料、造纸污泥、稻壳粉，搅拌130-150s，得到所述高强植生混凝土复合材料。
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