CN116776674A - Finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of inner burst piece of cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery - Google Patents
Finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of inner burst piece of cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery Download PDFInfo
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a finite element modeling method for predicting damage behaviors of internal rupture discs of a cap structure under thermal runaway of a lithium battery, which comprises the steps of geometric modeling, grid division, material elasticity model, plastic model and damage model input, thermal runaway boundary condition setting, calculation model setting, safety valve opening pressure acquisition and the like. The invention can realize the finite element modeling method with repeatable, experiment-free, low-cost and high-precision safety design of the lithium battery safety valve device, and reduce the early-stage experiment fumbling cost of related enterprises.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the fields of new energy safety technology and lithium ion battery safety design, in particular to a finite element modeling method for predicting damage behaviors of internal rupture discs of a cap structure under thermal runaway of a lithium battery.
Background
On the one hand, with the continuous development of the lithium ion battery technology, the energy density of the lithium ion battery is increased, and even the energy density of the commercial lithium ion battery of non-mass production is reported to reach 1150Wh/l; on the other hand, in order to achieve the aim of carbon neutralization, the electrification of automobiles and the wide installation and application of novel energy storage technologies in various countries promote the rapid growth of power lithium batteries and energy storage lithium battery industries. However, the lithium ion battery has thermal runaway risks under the conditions of thermal abuse, mechanical abuse and the like, so that fire and explosion accidents occur, and the lithium ion battery has non-negligible loss on social economy and personnel safety. Therefore, the safety design of the lithium battery is a first gateway for guaranteeing the operation safety of the lithium battery, and the rupture disc in the cap structure is used as a core metal material component of the lithium battery safety valve to play a role in early pressure bearing and pressure relief of thermal runaway, and plays a key role in judging the subsequent early warning and reducing the risk of explosion of the thermal runaway.
The patent of publication number CN 108109206B discloses a finite element modeling method for opening pressure of a safety valve of a lithium battery, wherein the mechanical criterion for judging the failure of the metal material of the safety valve is based on whether the material reaches the strength limit of the safety valve. Researchers from university of U.S. ferries at J Energy storage.2020;32 and J Energy storage.2022;46 discloses a finite element simulation result of the activation pressure of a lithium battery safety valve similar to the method of the patent publication No. CN 108109206B, and the material failure principle is also to adopt the limit of the material strength as a criterion. However, failure of the actual metallic material should conform to the damage mechanics model, i.e., damage should not be considered complete by simply considering that the material reaches the strength limit. Therefore, how to more accurately simulate the damage behavior prediction of the inner burst piece of the cap structure under the thermal runaway of the lithium battery is significant to the improvement of the safety technology of the lithium ion battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a finite element modeling method for predicting damage behaviors of a rupture disc in a cap structure under thermal runaway of a lithium battery, which can accurately realize transient mechanical simulation of damage failure of the rupture disc under the thermal runaway.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the finite element modeling method for predicting the damage behavior of the inner burst piece of the cap structure under the thermal runaway of the lithium battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: modeling the geometry of the rupture disk; the step 1 may specifically include the following steps:
step 1.1: main parameters of the rupture disc structure, including thickness, length, outer diameter, inner diameter, groove depth and groove bottom width, are determined through a lithium battery design drawing or CT scanning data; a 3D CAD (three-dimensional computer aided design) software is adopted to build a three-dimensional model of the lithium battery cap structure (comprising a rupture disk);
step 1.2: the three-dimensional solid model of the lithium battery cap is exported as a universal CAD file (x_t file).
Step 2: dividing grids;
step 2.1: setting the grid size, namely setting the diameter D of a battery cap, the maximum thickness T of a rupture disc and the thickness T of a groove, and setting the overall grid size as T/2; setting the adjacency at the groove, setting the number of units as N, N >2 and the minimum size as t/N; at least M grids are arranged in the diameter direction of the cap, and M is more than 50; and the cell size should be no less than one fiftieth of the cap diameter;
step 2.2: checking grids, namely checking the jacobian and the fineness of the grids, wherein the average value of the jacobian is more than 0.6, and the minimum value is not less than 0.5;
step 2.3: CAE (computer aided engineering) software loads the grid. Exporting the grid into a generic grid format (e.g., mesh or inp format), and then loading the grid with explicit dynamics calculation software (e.g., LS-DYNA, abaqus/Explicit, autodyn, workbench/Explicit dynamics);
step 3: the Johnson-Cook constitutive model is imported, elastic parameters comprise density, elastic rigidity and Poisson ratio, the elastic rigidity and Poisson ratio in the elastic parameters can change along with temperature, and the elastic rigidity and Poisson ratio are required to correspond to thermal conditions in the step 4 during setting;
the plasticity parameters were constructed by a Johnson-Cook constitutive model and follow equation (1); the Johnson-Cook constitutive model essentially separates three variables of strain, strain rate and temperature and uses a product relation to treat the influence of the three variables on dynamic yield stress, and has the advantages of simple form and clear physical meaning of each item. Its yield stress can be expressed as:
wherein A is a reference strain rate ε 0 And reference temperature T room The initial yield stress of the material under the conditions B, n is respectively the reference strain rateAnd reference temperature T room The strain hardening modulus and hardening index of the material are shown in the specification, C is the strain rate strengthening parameter of the material, epsilon p For effective plastic strain, m is the thermal softening parameter of the material, T * At a relative temperature of T room Melting point T melt Relative temperature T * Equation (2) should be followed:
the Johnson-Cook constitutive model reflects the effect of temperature on the stress-strain characteristics of the material, and therefore requires the input of the actual scene temperature.
When a damage occurs to a material, the stress-strain curve no longer accurately represents the behavior of the material, and a damage model needs to be introduced to characterize the stress-strain relationship of the material at the moment. The Johnson-Cook damage model is used to characterize the damage evolution of the material, and equation (3) is followed.
Where η=p/σ eff Is stress triaxial, where P is pressure, σ eff Is an effective stress. D (D) 1 ～D 2 Is a material failure parameter. T (T) * At a relative temperature, if the transition temperature is T transition Melting point T melt Relative temperature T * Equation (3) should be followed:
step 4: the thermal runaway boundary conditions were set as follows:
4.1 mechanical boundary constraints, applying fixed constraints and pressure loads. Applying solid constraints according to specific test scenarios, typically, applying fixed constraints on the cap sides; the pressure may be added by a pressure time-varying curve, which may be a preset curve or a true thermal runaway curve input obtained by a specific test.
4.2 thermal conditions. Thermal conditions mainly refer to the overall temperature of the material when it is deformed under pressure, which can be a preset curve or the temperature at which the test obtains true thermal runaway heat, which can be modified in a predefined field in the software.
Step 5: the calculation model is set as follows:
5.1 setting the calculated total time, time steps. The calculated total time needs to be consistent with the maximum time in the pressure-time curve, and the calculated time steps are dynamically set by automatically calculating global stable increment steps through software.
5.2 force between geometries is set. Forces between geometries are required, including normal (collision) and tangential (e.g., friction) forces.
5.3 other settings, ensuring that the selection of the mass scaling factor cannot cause the ratio of the kinetic energy to the internal energy of the computing object to exceed a threshold, such as not more than 5%.
Step 6: relief valve opening pressure acquisition
The relief valve opening pressure may be obtained in two ways, by monitoring the rupture disc displacement curve or by post-processing the deformation image. And checking the monitored displacement curve of the rupture disk, and if a larger rising mutation occurs in the displacement curve of the rupture disk, opening the safety valve at a corresponding moment, and inquiring according to the pressure-time curve to obtain the opening pressure of the safety valve. A deformation map of the relief valve during post-processing may also be provided to determine the relief valve opening pressure, if in the deformation map the rupture disc begins to fracture, then the corresponding pressure is the relief valve opening pressure.
The physical and mechanical model is constructed by following the steps, and the method is suitable for various lithium ion battery products with safety valve structures, and is not limited to 18650 type lithium ion batteries. Based on a pre-designed physical size model of the safety valve, the method is utilized to obtain the mechanical behavior of the safety valve activation and the activation pressure of the safety valve under different potential thermal runaway environments (the preset temperature-time and pressure-time data are imported), and guide battery manufacturers to conduct the structural design optimization of the safety valve in a targeted manner so as to realize a reliable and stable safety valve opening mechanism.
The method can be applied to the initial design stage, and the conditions of the safety valve opening event are identified by taking the breaking criterion in the Johnson-Cook damage model as an index through simulation analysis of the strength of the lithium battery safety valve before product proofing, so that experiments are replaced, whether the structural model meets the design requirements is rapidly analyzed, a large number of trial production and experiment costs are reduced, and the opening pressure of the safety valve is rapidly determined.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the finite element modeling method for predicting the damage behavior of the inner rupture disc of the cap structure under the thermal runaway of the lithium battery can reliably predict the mechanical behavior characteristic of the core metal component, namely the rupture disc, of the lithium ion battery under the condition that the safety valve is opened under the thermal runaway state, and provides a repeatable, experiment-free, low-cost and high-precision safety design method for the design of an actual lithium battery safety valve device.
Drawings
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a geometric model and constraint dimensions of a relief valve according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a mesh subdivision example;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of boundary conditions;
fig. 4 is a sample rupture disc opening process result.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are simplified schematic views illustrating the basic structure of the present invention by way of illustration only, and thus show only the constitution related to the present invention.
Step 1: rupture disk geometry modeling. The main parameters of the rupture disk structure, including thickness, length, outer diameter, inner diameter and groove depth, groove bottom width, were determined, and a three-dimensional model of the lithium battery cap was created using software such as ANSYS SpaceClaim, the results of which are shown in fig. 1. The geometric periodicity or symmetry can be considered in modeling, simplifying the geometric model. The lithium battery cap is not symmetrical or periodic in the figure and is therefore not simplified. The model is then exported as an x_t file.
Step 2: and (5) meshing. Grid division is carried out by using ANSYMESH grid division software, an derived x_t geometric model file is loaded, and the overall grid size is set to be T/2 according to the diameter D of a lithium battery cap, the maximum thickness T of a rupture disk and the thickness T of a groove; the proximity is set at the trench, the number of set cells is N (N > 2), and the minimum size is t/N. At this time, checking that there are at least M (M > 50) grids in the diameter direction of the cap; if not enough, mesh size adjustment can be performed on the end face of the cap, and the size is set to be D/M. Checking the jacobian of the grid, ensuring that the average value of the jacobian is larger than 0.6 and the minimum value is not smaller than 0.5. If so, proceed to the next step, if not, repartition of the grid, as in fig. 2, with stress concentrations at the trenches, so the grid needs to be encrypted there.
Step 3: material elasticity model, plastic model and damage model inputs. And inquiring relevant parameters of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model and the Johnson-Cook damage model at the required calculation temperature according to the type and the model of the material. And inputting the material parameters into the material properties of the CAE calculation software.
Step 4: thermal runaway boundary condition settings. According to a specific test scene, solid constraint is applied, generally, a fixed constraint is applied to the side face of the cap, the rupture disc and the groove structure of the rupture disc bear pressure through a current collector structure gap, the pressure can be added through a pressure time-varying curve, the pressure curve can be a direct proportion function of time, the pressure curve can also be a pressure variation curve obtained through a specific test, and the boundary condition is set as shown in figure 3.
Step 5: and (5) calculating a model setting. Calculated total time requirement and pressure-The maximum time in the time curve is kept consistent, and the calculated time steps are dynamically set by automatically calculating global stable increment steps through software. The forces between the geometric bodies are set to be tangential-free and the normal-up collisions are set to be hard contacts. The calculation is set to every T save The time is stored once, the stress and displacement of the groove are monitored in the calculation process, and the ratio of the kinetic energy to the internal energy of the object is calculated. The calculation may be accelerated by modifying the mass scaling, but the modification of the mass scaling factor does not result in a calculated object having a kinetic to internal energy ratio exceeding 5%. The setting of the mass scaling factor should be adjusted iteratively according to the ratio of kinetic energy to internal energy, for example, 50 is firstly set, if not satisfied, the value is changed to be small, and if satisfied, the value is changed to be large, and then the iteration is performed or the calculation is directly performed.
Step 6: and acquiring the opening pressure of the safety valve. The relief valve opening pressure may be obtained in two ways, by monitoring the rupture disc displacement curve or by post-processing the deformation image. And checking the monitored displacement curve of the rupture disk, and if a larger rising mutation occurs in the displacement curve of the rupture disk, opening the safety valve at a corresponding moment, and inquiring according to the pressure-time curve to obtain the opening pressure of the safety valve. The relief valve opening pressure can also be determined by increasing the deformation map of the relief valve in the post-treatment, and if the rupture disk begins to break in the deformation map, the corresponding pressure is the relief valve opening pressure at this time, and the post-treatment result is shown in fig. 4.
And the physical and mechanical model is built by following the steps. The method is suitable for various lithium ion battery products with safety valve structures, is not limited to 18650 type lithium ion batteries, is based on a pre-designed safety valve physical size model, and is used for acquiring the mechanical behaviors of safety valve activation and the activation pressure thereof under different potential thermal runaway environments (preset temperature-time and pressure-time data are imported), and guiding battery manufacturers to conduct the design optimization of the safety valve structure in a targeted manner so as to realize a reliable and stable safety valve opening mechanism, wherein the typical application is shown in fig. 4.
The method can be applied to the initial design stage, and the conditions of the safety valve opening event are identified by taking the breaking criteria in the Johnson-Cook damage model as indexes through simulation analysis of the strength of the lithium battery safety valve before product proofing, so that experiments are replaced, whether the structural model meets the design requirements is rapidly analyzed, a large number of trial production and experiment costs are reduced, and the opening pressure of the safety valve is rapidly determined.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow. The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the description, but must be determined according to the scope of claims.
Claims (6)
1. The finite element modeling method for predicting the damage behavior of the inner burst piece of the cap structure under the thermal runaway of the lithium battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: modeling the geometry of the rupture disk;
step 2: dividing grids;
step 2.1: setting the grid size, namely setting the diameter D of a battery cap, the maximum thickness T of a rupture disc and the thickness T of a groove, and setting the overall grid size as T/2; setting the adjacency at the groove, setting the number of units as N, N >2 and the minimum size as t/N; at least M grids are arranged in the diameter direction of the cap, and M is more than 50; and the cell size should be no less than one fiftieth of the cap diameter;
step 2.2: checking grids, namely checking the jacobian and the fineness of the grids, wherein the average value of the jacobian is more than 0.6, and the minimum value is not less than 0.5;
step 2.3: loading grids by the computer aided engineering software, exporting the grids into a universal grid format, and then loading the grids by using explicit dynamics calculation software;
step 3: the Johnson-Cook constitutive model is imported, elastic parameters comprise density, elastic rigidity and Poisson ratio, the elastic rigidity and Poisson ratio in the elastic parameters can change along with temperature, and the elastic rigidity and Poisson ratio are required to correspond to thermal conditions in the step 4 during setting;
the plasticity parameters were constructed by a Johnson-Cook constitutive model and follow equation (1);
wherein A is a reference strain rate ε 0 And reference temperature T room The initial yield stress of the material under the conditions B, n is respectively the reference strain rateAnd reference temperature T room The strain hardening modulus and hardening index of the material are shown in the specification, C is the strain rate strengthening parameter of the material, epsilon p For effective plastic strain, m is the thermal softening parameter of the material, T * At a relative temperature of T room Melting point T melt Relative temperature T * Equation (2) should be followed:
and (3) adopting a Johnson-Cook damage model to characterize damage evolution of the material, and following a formula (3):
where η=p/σ eff Is stress triaxial, where P is pressure, σ eff Is an effective stress. D (D) 1 ～D 2 Is a material failure parameter. T (T) * At a relative temperature, if the transition temperature is T transition Melting point T melt Relative temperature T * Equation (3) should be followed:
step 4: the thermal runaway boundary condition setting steps are as follows:
4.1 mechanical boundary constraint, applying fixed constraint and pressure load, applying solid constraint according to a specific test scene, and applying fixed constraint on the side face of the cap; the pressure is added through a pressure time-varying curve, and the pressure-time curve can be a preset curve or a real thermal runaway curve input obtained through a specific test;
4.2 thermal conditions, wherein the thermal conditions refer to the overall temperature of the material when the material is deformed under pressure, and the temperature can be a preset curve or the temperature obtained by a test when the material is subjected to real thermal runaway;
step 5: the calculation model is set as follows:
step 5.1: setting calculated total time and time steps, wherein the calculated total time is required to be consistent with the maximum time in the pressure-time curve, and the calculated time steps are dynamically set by automatically calculating global stable increment steps through software;
step 5.2: setting acting forces among geometric bodies, wherein the acting forces among the geometric bodies are required to be set, and the acting forces comprise normal phase acting forces and tangential acting forces;
the setting of the calculation model ensures that the selection of the mass scaling factor cannot cause the ratio of the kinetic energy to the internal energy of the calculation object to exceed a threshold value.
Step 6: the opening pressure of the safety valve is set through a preset opening pressure of the safety valve or a safety valve explosion experiment.
2. The finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of explosion piece in cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is characterized in that: the method is suitable for various lithium ion battery products with safety valve structures, and is not limited to 18650 type lithium ion batteries.
3. The finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of explosion piece in cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is characterized in that: the step 1 specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1.1: main parameters of the rupture disc structure, including thickness, length, outer diameter, inner diameter, groove depth and groove bottom width, are determined through a lithium battery design drawing or CT scanning data; establishing a three-dimensional model of the lithium battery cap structure by adopting three-dimensional computer aided design software;
step 1.2: and exporting the three-dimensional entity model of the lithium battery cap into a universal CAD file.
4. The finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of explosion piece in cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is characterized in that: in step 2.1, grid dividing software is selected; the second-order tetrahedron meshing is adopted, key positions affecting the opening pressure of the safety valve are thinned in the meshing process, the key positions comprise cap grooves, positions easy to concentrate stress are thinned, and the positions of the stress concentrate comprise corner positions.
5. The finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of explosion piece in cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is characterized in that: the threshold is 5%.
6. The finite element modeling method for predicting damage behavior of explosion piece in cap structure under thermal runaway of lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method is characterized in that: acquiring the opening pressure of the safety valve through the monitored rupture disk displacement curve or the post-processed deformation image; checking the monitored displacement curve of the rupture disc, if a larger rising mutation occurs in the displacement curve of the rupture disc, opening the safety valve at a corresponding moment, and inquiring according to the pressure-time curve to obtain the opening pressure of the safety valve; or the relief valve opening pressure is determined by a deformation map of the relief valve in the post-processing, and if the rupture disk starts to break in the deformation map, the corresponding pressure is the relief valve opening pressure at the moment.
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