CN116685821A - 用于对流体进行制冷或液化的设备和方法 - Google Patents

用于对流体进行制冷或液化的设备和方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116685821A
CN116685821A CN202280009326.3A CN202280009326A CN116685821A CN 116685821 A CN116685821 A CN 116685821A CN 202280009326 A CN202280009326 A CN 202280009326A CN 116685821 A CN116685821 A CN 116685821A
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China
Prior art keywords
compression
cooling
circulating gas
fluid
compression stages
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Pending
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CN202280009326.3A
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English (en)
Inventor
M·罗伊格
R·尼古拉斯
法比耶娜·迪朗
G·德洛特
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Original Assignee
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Application filed by LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude filed Critical LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Publication of CN116685821A publication Critical patent/CN116685821A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/029—Mechanically coupling of different refrigerant compressors in a cascade refrigeration system to a common driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B31/00—Compressor arrangements
    • F25B31/02—Compressor arrangements of motor-compressor units
    • F25B31/026—Compressor arrangements of motor-compressor units with compressor of rotary type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/10—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point with several cooling stages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/0007—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0065—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0067—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0097—Others, e.g. F-, Cl-, HF-, HClF-, HCl-hydrocarbons etc. or mixtures thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0235—Heat exchange integration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0244—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation
    • F25J1/0254—Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation controlling particular process parameter, e.g. pressure, temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J1/0284—Electrical motor as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
    • F25J1/0288—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0289—Use of different types of prime drivers of at least two refrigerant compressors in a cascade refrigeration system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0296—Removal of the heat of compression, e.g. within an inter- or afterstage-cooler against an ambient heat sink
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0298—Safety aspects and control of the refrigerant compression system, e.g. anti-surge control
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    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/66—Landfill or fermentation off-gas, e.g. "Bio-gas"
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    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/04—Compressor cooling arrangement, e.g. inter- or after-stage cooling or condensate removal
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    • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/02—Recycle of a stream in general, e.g. a by-pass stream
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/14—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/14—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • F25J2270/16—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)

Abstract

披露了一种用于对诸如天然气或氢气等流体进行制冷或液化的设备，该设备包括流体回路(3)，该流体回路要被冷却、并且具有用于连接到气态流体源(2)的上游端以及用于连接到用于收集已冷却的或已液化的流体的构件的下游端(23)，该设备(1)包括与要被冷却的流体回路(3)进行热交换的热交换器组件(6，10)，该设备(1)包括与交换器组件(6，10)的至少一部分进行热交换的制冷器(20)，该制冷器(20)是具有用于对循环气体进行制冷的循环的类型，循环气体包含以下中的至少一种：氦气、氢气、氮气或氖气；所述制冷器(20)包括在循环回路(14)中串联的：用于压缩循环气体的机构(15)、至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件(7，6，10)、用于使循环气体膨胀的机构(17)、以及至少一个用于再加热已膨胀的循环气体的构件(6，10)，其中，压缩机构包括由离心式压缩机组件构成的多个串联的压缩级(15)，这些压缩级(15)安装在由马达组件(18)旋转驱动的一组轴上，该至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件(7，6，10)包括位于与循环回路(14)进行热交换的至少一个压缩级(15)的出口处的至少一个热交换器(7)，所述热交换器(7)由热传递流体冷却，其特征在于，压缩机构包括至少两个压缩级(15)，该至少两个压缩级相继串联布置并且不包括在该至少两个压缩级之间的用于冷却循环气体的任何构件，诸如热交换器(7)。

Description

用于对流体进行制冷或液化的设备和方法
本发明涉及一种用于对流体进行制冷或液化的设备和方法。
本发明更特别地涉及一种用于对诸如天然气或氢气等流体进行制冷或液化的设备，该设备包括用于要被冷却的流体的回路，该回路具有旨在连接到气态流体源的上游端以及旨在连接到用于收集已冷却的或已液化的流体的构件的下游端，该设备包括与用于要被冷却的流体的回路成热交换关系的热交换器组件，该设备包括与热交换器组件的至少一部分成热交换关系的制冷器，该制冷器是对循环气体执行制冷循环的类型，循环气体包括以下中的至少一种：氦气、氢气、氮气或氖气，所述制冷器包括串联设置在循环回路中的以下部分：用于压缩循环气体的机构、至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件、用于使循环气体膨胀的机构和至少一个用于加热已膨胀的循环气体的构件，其中，压缩机构包括多个串联的压缩级，该多个串联的压缩级由离心式压缩机组件构成，这些压缩级安装在由马达组件驱动旋转的一组轴上，该至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件包括至少一个热交换器，该至少一个热交换器设置在与循环回路成热交换关系的至少一个压缩级的出口处，所述热交换器由热传递流体冷却。
增加低温制冷器/液化器的容量(也就是说，所供应的制冷/液化功率)通常需要对制冷循环的结构进行显著修改，并提供额外的装备(在出口处带有冷却器的额外压缩机)。
一个目的是限制这种设施的复杂性和成本，而不显著影响系统的、且特别是系统的压缩系统的整体效率。
本发明的一个目的是补救现有技术的上文阐述的所有或部分缺点。
为此目的，根据本发明的、此外根据以上前序部分中为其给出的一般定义的设备实质上特征在于压缩机构包括至少两个压缩级，该至少两个压缩级相继串联设置并且不具有用于冷却循环气体的构件(诸如用于在该至少两个压缩级之间交换热量的热交换器)。
此外，本发明的实施例可以包括以下特征中的一个或多个特征：
-压缩机构包括四个串联的压缩级，用于冷却循环气体的构件包括三个冷却热交换器，该三个冷却热交换器分别设置在第一压缩级与第二压缩级之间、第二压缩级与第三压缩级之间、以及第四压缩级的出口处，
-该设备包括仅每两个串联的压缩级设置的冷却热交换器，
-马达组件包括用于驱动压缩级的多个马达，
-马达组件包括用于每个压缩级的单独相应马达，
-这些马达中的至少一个马达由经过用于供应压缩机构的循环气体流的一部分的至少一个旁通管的循环气体流冷却，该旁通管包括上游端，该上游端附接到压缩级中的至少一个压缩级的出口，用于抽出循环气体流的一部分，
-至少一个旁通管的下游端在该下游端经过至少一个马达并与该至少一个马达交换热量之后附接到压缩级的入口，
-该至少一个旁通管在其上游端与下游端之间包括分成至少两个单独分支的子区段，该至少两个单独分支分别供应单独马达以便冷却这些马达，
-由旁通管的子区段形成的至少两个单独分支具有位于同一个管部分内的下游交汇部，
-至少一个旁通管包括至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件，
-至少一个用于冷却至少一个旁通管的循环气体的构件包括冷却热交换器。
此外：
-循环气体可以由氦气或包含至少50％氦气的混合物构成，
-循环气体可以由氢气或包含至少50％氢气的混合物构成，
-循环气体可以由氮气或包含至少50％氮气的混合物构成，
-压缩机构可以仅包括离心式压缩机，
-要被冷却的流体可以包括以下中的至少一种：氢气、天然气、沼气、甲烷、氦气。
本发明还涉及一种使用根据以上或以下特征中的任何特征的制冷设备对流体进行制冷或液化的方法，该方法包括使流体在用于要被冷却的流体的回路中循环的步骤和通过制冷器产生的冷量来冷却所述流体的步骤。
根据进一步可能的特定特征：该方法包括根据独立的速度控制压缩级的旋转速度的步骤，其中，在至少一个确定的操作阶段期间，不具有用于冷却循环气体的构件(诸如用于在压缩级之间交换热量的热交换器)的串联的压缩级的旋转速度被保持在低于在压缩级的出口处设置有用于冷却循环气体的构件的压缩级的旋转速度的速度。
本发明还可以涉及在权利要求范围内的包括以上或以下特征的任何组合的任何替代性设备或方法。
通过阅读以下参考附图提供的描述，进一步的特定特征和优点将变得显而易见，在附图中：
[图1]是展示根据本发明的设备的结构和操作的一个示例的示意性局部描述。
设备1被配置用于流体(比如天然气、生物甲烷或氢气，但不限于此)的低温制冷和/或液化。设备1包括用于要被冷却/液化的流体的回路3，该回路具有旨在连接到(例如，气态)流体源2的上游端以及旨在连接到用于收集已冷却的或已液化的流体的构件(例如，储存器)的下游端23。
设备1包括与用于要被冷却的流体的回路3成热交换关系的热交换器6、10组件。
设备1包括冷源，该冷源具有与热交换器6、10组件的至少一部分成热交换关系的制冷器20。
制冷器20是低温的并且是对循环气体执行制冷循环的类型，循环气体主要包括氦气和/或氢气和/或氮气和/或氖气。
例如，循环气体由纯氦气或包含至少50％氦气的混合物构成。
类似地，循环气体可以由纯氢气或包含至少50％氢气的混合物构成。
类似地，循环气体可以由氮气或包含至少50％氮气的混合物构成。
作为替代方案，循环气体可以由氖气或包含至少50％氖气的混合物构成。
当然，可以设想例如包含以下中的至少一种的任何其它合适的混合物或循环气体：氦气、氢气、氮气、氖气、甲烷。
典型地，制冷器20包括串联设置在循环回路14中的：用于压缩循环气体的机构15、至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件7、6、10、用于使循环气体膨胀的机构17和至少一个用于加热已膨胀的循环气体的构件6、10。
压缩机构包括多个串联的压缩级15，该多个串联的压缩级由离心式压缩机组件构成，这些压缩级安装在由马达18组件驱动旋转的轴组件上。
至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件包括至少一个热交换器7，该至少一个热交换器设置在与循环回路14成热交换关系的至少一个压缩级15的出口处。该至少一个热交换器7可以由热传递流体(例如，水或空气)冷却。
热交换器组件可以包括一个或多个热交换器6、10，这些热交换器串联设置，并且在这些热交换器中，循环回路14的两个单独部分呈现出同时逆流循环，分别用于循环气体的冷却和加热。因此，多个热交换器可以既形成用于冷却循环气体的构件、又形成用于加热循环气体的构件。
根据有利的特定特征，压缩机构包括至少两个压缩级15，该至少两个压缩级相继串联设置并且不具有用于冷却循环气体的构件(诸如用于在该至少两个压缩级之间交换热量的热交换器7)。也就是说，两个压缩级可以彼此跟随，而不会在这些级之间发生冷却。
更具体地，至少一个压缩级15在其出口处不具有由与循环气体分离的热传递流体冷却的冷却交换器7(没有“后冷却器”)。相反，在该压缩级的出口处的循环气体在适当的情况下可以直接进入由比循环气体更冷的流冷却的逆流冷却交换器6、10。
这对于例如修改给定容量的现有设备以便增加其制冷能力是有利的。
在相对“重”的循环气体(也就是说，通过离心压缩显著变热的循环气体)、诸如常规使用的循环气体(通常是氦气和氮气的混合物)的情况下，现有技术提供了添加额外的冷却交换器(“中间冷却器”)以便循环气体在进入随后的压缩级时不会太热。这样做是为了不达到过高的温度。
对于较轻的气体(诸如氦气或氢气)，通常使用容积式压缩机，其中单个压缩级之后是冷却交换器。
本发明与偏见背道而驰，因为相对于已知系统，总压缩效率可能下降(因为最后一个压缩级在较高的温度下工作)。然而，特别是在非常轻的循环气体(摩尔质量小于30g/mol，并且特别是小于20g/mol或小于10g/mol)的情况下，压降的降低(由于冷却交换器的数量较少)大大补偿了根据本发明的较低等温压缩性能的下降。
此外，节省硬件是显著的(特别是冷却交换器以及相关联的电路系统)。
这在将下游压缩机添加到可以与先前压缩模块相同的现有设备(单个添加的装备项，模块：压缩机+马达)的情况下特别有利。这不需要对设计进行任何修改或者需要对设计进行很少的修改。
最后添加的、在出口处没有冷却的压缩级可以容易地集成。优点是新系统具有更好的竞争力，并且通过以更低的成本在现场增加额外的压缩级而具有一定程度的通用性，特别是如果期望在运行几年后增加设施的产量的话是如此的。
在所展示的非限制性示例中，压缩机构包括四个串联的压缩级(轮)15以及仅位于这四个压缩级中的三个压缩级的出口处(优选地在第一、第二和第四压缩级的出口处)的冷却装置7。也就是说，循环气体在第三压缩级与第四压缩级之间没有被冷却。
结果，由于(相对)低的离心压缩，设备保持温度升高，以便在每个压缩级之间不需要中间冷却器。这使得能够降低成本并增加紧凑性，同时仍然限制对压缩系统的整体效率的影响。
当然，就压缩级的数量和在出口处不具有冷却的一个或多个级的数量而言，任何其他构型都是可能的，例如，可以设想具有仅每两个串联的压缩级15(或每三个串联的压缩级)设置的冷却热交换器7的架构。在其它可能的构型中，例如具有三个串联的压缩级的设备，其中两个第一级在其出口处设置有冷却热交换器，在第三压缩级的出口处，循环气体然后可以直接进入制冷设备的逆流交换器，随后进入膨胀级(例如，单个涡轮机)。在膨胀级的出口处，循环气体然后可以被置于与用于要被冷却的气体的回路成热交换关系(典型地在热交换器中)。然后，在与要被冷却的流体进行这种交换之后，循环气体可以进入到逆流交换器中，在该逆流交换器中，循环气体通过冷却离开前述压缩级的流而被加热。该加热的循环气体然后可以重新进入第一压缩级以重新开始循环。
优选地，马达18组件包括用于驱动压缩级的多个马达。
在所展示的示例中，为每个压缩级设置相应的马达18。当然，马达18可以驱动多个压缩级(例如，安装在同一个输出轴上)。类似地，一个或多个涡轮机17可以安装在驱动一个或多个压缩级的马达18的轴上。
马达18中的至少一个马达可以由循环气体流冷却。
如所展示，可以设置至少一个旁通管4、5、9以抽出供应压缩机构的循环气体流的一部分。旁通管4可以包括附接到压缩级15中的至少一个压缩级的出口的上游端(例如，在第一压缩级15的下游，特别是在冷却7之后)，以抽出循环气体流的一部分。
旁通管的下游端可以在该下游端经过至少一个马达18(例如，在该示例中在第一压缩级15的上游)并与该至少一个马达交换热量之后附接到另一个压缩级的入口。
至少一个旁通管4可以在其上游端与其下游端之间包括至少一个分成至少两个单独分支5、9的子区段，该至少两个单独分支分别供应单独马达18以便冷却这些马达。也就是说，因此可以设置冷却回路以冷却所有或部分马达18。
结果，所有或部分马达18可以由从回路以不同压力水平分出的循环气体冷却。
如所展示，由旁通管4的子区段形成的至少两个单独分支5、9可以具有位于同一个管部分内的下游交汇部。
至少一个旁通管可以包括至少一个用于冷却循环气体的构件8，例如至少一个用于冷却与至少一个马达18进行热交换之后的流的冷却热交换器8。
有利地，可以相对于其他级降低(两个)最后压缩级(压缩轮)的旋转速度，以限制最后压缩级的压缩率和循环流体的加热。这使得可以避免达到易于损坏装备的过高温度。
本发明特别适用于循环气体为轻质气体(即摩尔质量介于2g/mol与30g/mol之间，且优选介于2g/mol与20g/mol之间)的制冷器。这是因为，在这种情况下，由于在压缩级之间没有冷却而导致的压缩性能的下降在很大程度上被结构性益处、成本的降低和实施的容易性所补偿。
当然，本发明可以与较重的循环气体一起使用(在这种情况下，优选降低每个压缩级的压缩率以便限制加热，但同时仍然保持大于仅用氦气和/或h2获得的压缩率)。
如所展示，用于冷却循环气体的系统可以包括热交换器，该热交换器设置在涡轮机17中的至少一些涡轮机(除沿循环气体的循环方向串联的最后涡轮机17之外)的出口处。
设备1可以比涡轮机17具有更多的压缩级15。
设备1可以具有等于三个、四个、五个或更多数量的压缩级。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于对诸如天然气或氢气等流体进行制冷或液化的设备，该设备包括用于要被冷却的流体的回路(3)，该回路具有旨在连接到气态流体源(2)的上游端以及旨在连接到用于收集已冷却的或已液化的流体的构件的下游端(23)，该设备(1)包括与用于要被冷却的流体的该回路(3)成热交换关系的热交换器组件(6，10)，该设备(1)包括与该热交换器组件(6，10)的至少一部分成热交换关系的制冷器(20)，该制冷器(20)是对循环气体执行制冷循环的类型，该循环气体包括以下中的至少一种：氦气、氢气、氮气或氖气，所述制冷器(20)包括串联设置在循环回路(14)中的以下部分：用于压缩该循环气体的机构(15)、至少一个用于冷却该循环气体的构件(7，6，10)、用于使该循环气体膨胀的机构(17)和至少一个用于加热已膨胀的循环气体的构件(6，10)，其中，压缩机构包括多个串联的压缩级(15)，该多个串联的压缩级由离心式压缩机组件构成，这些压缩级(15)安装在由马达组件(18)旋转驱动的一组轴上，该至少一个用于冷却该循环气体的构件(7，6，10)包括至少一个热交换器(7)，该至少一个热交换器设置在与该循环回路(14)成热交换关系的至少一个压缩级(15)的出口处，所述热交换器(7)由热传递流体冷却，其特征在于，该压缩机构包括至少两个压缩级(15)，该至少两个压缩级相继串联设置并且不具有用于冷却该循环气体的构件，诸如用于在该至少两个压缩级之间交换热量的热交换器(7)，并且该马达组件(18)包括用于驱动这些压缩级的多个马达，并且这些马达(18)中的至少一个马达由经过用于供应该压缩机构的循环气体流的一部分的至少一个旁通管(4，5，9)的循环气体流冷却，该旁通管(4，5，9)包括上游端，该上游端附接到这些压缩级(15)中的至少一个压缩级的出口，用于抽出该循环气体流的一部分。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，该压缩机构包括四个串联的压缩级(15)，该用于冷却该循环气体的构件包括三个冷却热交换器(7)，该三个冷却热交换器分别设置在这四个压缩级(15)中的三个压缩级的出口处，例如在第一压缩级与第二压缩级(15)之间、在该第二压缩级与第三压缩级(15)之间、以及在第四压缩级(15)的出口处。
3.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，该设备包括仅每两个串联的压缩级(15)设置的冷却热交换器(7)。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该马达组件(18)包括用于每个压缩级(15)的单独相应马达(18)。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，至少一个旁通管(4，5，9)的下游端在该下游端经过至少一个马达(18)并与该至少一个马达交换热量之后附接到压缩级的入口。
6.如权利要求5所述的设备，其特征在于，该至少一个旁通管(4，5)在其上游端与下游端之间包括分成至少两个单独分支(5，9)的子区段，该至少两个单独分支分别供应单独马达(18)以冷却这些马达。
7.如权利要求6所述的设备，其特征在于，由旁通管(4)的该子区段形成的该至少两个单独分支(5，9)具有位于同一个管部分内的下游交汇部。
8.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，该至少一个旁通管(4，5，9)包括至少一个用于冷却该循环气体的构件(8)。
9.如权利要求8所述的设备，其特征在于，该至少一个旁通管(4，5，9)的至少一个用于冷却该循环气体的构件(8)包括冷却热交换器(8)。
10.一种用于使用如权利要求1至9中任一项所述的制冷设备对流体进行制冷或液化的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括使流体在用于要被冷却的流体的该回路(3)中循环的步骤以及通过由该制冷器(20)产生的冷量来冷却所述流体的步骤。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法包括根据独立的速度控制这些压缩级的旋转速度的步骤，其中，在至少一个确定的操作阶段期间，不具有用于冷却该循环气体的构件、诸如用于在压缩级之间交换热量的热交换器(7)的串联的压缩级(15)的旋转速度被保持在低于在压缩级的出口处设置有用于冷却该循环气体的构件的压缩级(15)的旋转速度的速度。
CN202280009326.3A 2021-02-10 2022-01-18 用于对流体进行制冷或液化的设备和方法 Pending CN116685821A (zh)

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