CN116679339A - Method and system for collecting seismic scattered waves - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a system for collecting seismic scattered waves, which belong to the technical field of seismic exploration, wherein the method and the system realize scattered wave collection through a layout rule of locality and ergodic property, and collect local targets under the background of traditional seismic reflected wave collection; compared with the seismic reflected wave collection aiming at the reflected wave generated by the underground interface, the seismic scattered wave collection aims at the scattered wave generated by the underground non-uniform and discontinuous medium lithology, physical property and fluid change, the seismic scattered wave collection mode is more flexible, random, multi-period or time-lapse seismic collection is supported, the effective signals are more abundant, and the background noise is lower; the frequency range of the scattered wave signal is wider, so that more probabilistic expression is given to small-scale medium imaging, and higher resolution capability is provided for seismic interpretation; the scattered wave seismic acquisition well reflects the requirements of developing earthquakes, mining earthquakes and well site microseisms by virtue of the ultrahigh space sampling density, and serves oil and gas field development and oil reservoir engineering.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of seismic exploration, in particular to a method and a system for collecting seismic scattered waves.
Background
The seismic data acquisition is the most important basic work of seismic exploration, the current domestic and foreign seismic acquisition technology and scheme are mainly based on the reflected wave theory, follow the layered medium assumption, take the improvement of the interface imaging accuracy and the improvement of the vertical resolution capability of thin interbed as main targets, and perform the seismic acquisition based on the measurement activity of ray path calculation under the condition that the underground geological interface meets the Fresnel in-band reflected wave coherent superposition. The accurate homing of the underground reflection interface can be realized by only arranging shot points and detectors on the earth surface in a sparse and regular manner and accurately calculating the propagation travel time of the reflection waves received by each common-center point (CMP) gather.
However, the crust is composed of multi-scale geologic bodies, the reflected seismic waves are insufficient to describe complex geologic structures, and the seismic waves propagate in the crust medium in the form of multiple modes such as reflection, diffraction, scattering and the like. Sparse and regular shot point line and detector line acquisition modes are used, so that underground meter level or smaller scale geologic body space sampling cannot be met, and weak signals such as diffracted waves and scattered waves are not acquired easily.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention provides a method and a system for collecting seismic scattered waves, which are specially used for solving the problems of insufficient information fineness and incomplete information in the existing seismic exploration method aiming at the seismic scattered waves generated by the lithology, physical property and fluid change of an underground medium.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
in one aspect, the invention provides a method for acquiring seismic scattered waves, comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
determining an earthquake scattered wave acquisition area according to an exploration task;
based on locality and traversal rules of seismic scattered wave acquisition, determining acquisition parameters and an acquisition method of an excitation device and a receiving device of the seismic wave acquisition area according to geological requirements;
and starting the excitation device to excite the earthquake waves, starting the receiving device to receive the earthquake wave signals, transmitting the earthquake wave signals to the earthquake data acquisition control device, and downloading, segmenting, synthesizing and storing the earthquake wave data acquired in real time and the excitation receiving device space positioning data measured in real time.
Preferably, the specific process of determining the seismic scattered wave acquisition area includes:
and determining the synchronous or early seismic reflection wave acquisition area and acquisition parameters, and determining the seismic scattering wave acquisition range aiming at the local target according to geological requirements.
Preferably, the locality rule of the seismic scattered wave includes: the excitation device and the receiving device are distributed according to small surface elements, small track intervals, small arrangement and close offset distance high coverage.
Preferably, the traversal rule of the seismic scattered wave acquisition includes: the excitation device and the receiving device are distributed randomly through local parts. In order to increase the ergodic performance of the seismic scattered wave acquisition, the combination of multiple elements, multiple channel intervals, multiple row lengths and coverage times can be formed by increasing the time-lapse seismic acquisition, the interval between the excitation device and the receiving device is unequal and uneven, the seismic scattered wave acquisition is controlled by the gun channel density, and the most remarkable characteristic is that the ultra-small scale space sampling (ideal condition can tend to continuous space sampling) is actively formed.
Preferably, the bin size is determined by the formula b=1/2L, where B is the seismic bin side length and L is the minimum target body side length set for exploration and development.
Preferably, the alignment length is defined by the formula R B ＝0.5(λZ 0 ) 1/2 Wherein R is B For a first Fresnel zone radius, lambda is the seismic wavelength, Z 0 Is the depth of the geologic body.
Preferably, the track pitch will no longer be a fixed value, but rather a distribution range determined by the discretized design of the common-center-point gather, wherein the average track pitch is preferably 2 to 4 times the bins.
Preferably, a random layout mode of the excitation device and the receiving device is adopted, and under the habit of adopting harness-shaped seismic acquisition at present, the adoption of random layout of shot points and detection points in a half of shot and track distance range is realized, and the block acquisition is realized in the future and is realized by controlling the shot density and the track density of a unit area.
Preferably, based on the traversal rule, the time-lapse seismic acquisition can continuously receive the seismic data in a relatively long period relative to the fixed receiving device or the excitation device, so that the scattered wave seismic acquisition has the characteristic of big data meeting the scattered wave imaging requirement.
A seismic scattered wave acquisition system for implementing any one of the seismic scattered wave acquisition methods described above, the system comprising: the system comprises a scattered wave seismic acquisition design module, an excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module, a seismic data acquisition module and a seismic data integration module; wherein,,
the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module determines a local target acquisition area according to the existing geological data and the historical seismic data; the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module is also used for designing acquisition parameters and acquisition methods of an excitation device and a receiving device according to the locality and traversal rules of seismic scattered wave acquisition, and is also used for receiving the position data transmitted by the excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module and the seismic wave data transmitted by the seismic data acquisition module, and monitoring the seismic data waves and the position data in real time;
the excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module is used for acquiring the positions of the excitation device and the receiving device in real time, firstly transmitting the positions to the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module, and finally transmitting position measurement data to the seismic data integration module;
the seismic data acquisition module comprises an excitation device and a receiving device, wherein the excitation device is used for forming seismic waves in a local target acquisition area, and the receiving device is used for acquiring seismic wave signals, generating seismic wave data and sending the seismic wave data to the seismic data integration module and the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module;
the seismic data integration module comprises a data downloading unit, a segmentation and synthesis unit and a storage unit, wherein the data downloading unit is used for controlling the seismic data acquired by the receiving device; the splitting and synthesizing unit is used for decomposing the seismic wave data generated by the data downloading unit, combining the seismic wave data with the position data of the excitation receiving device measured in real time, and the storage unit is used for storing the seismic data processed by the channel head.
Compared with the prior art, the invention discloses a method and a system for acquiring the seismic scattered waves, which aim at the seismic scattered waves generated by the change of the lithology, physical property and fluid of underground non-uniform and discontinuous media. Under the background of traditional three-dimensional reflected wave seismic acquisition, aiming at a local target acquisition range, the scattered wave acquisition mode realized through the layout rules of locality and ergodic property is more flexible, effective signals are richer, background noise is lower, the frequency range of the scattered wave signals is wider, more probabilistic expression is given to small-scale medium imaging, higher resolution capability is provided for seismic interpretation, and the scattered wave seismic acquisition well reflects development earthquakes, mineral site earthquakes and well site microseism by the ultrahigh spatial sampling density.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are required to be used in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 (a) shows that the back-scattered energy of a point below the ground is mainly concentrated in the near offset fresnel zone range, and fig. 2 (b) shows that the reflected wave information of the ground common-center point is mainly contributed by the subsurface fresnel zone.
Fig. 3 (a) is the half-track distance randomness of the detection points, fig. 3 (b) is the half-track distance randomness of the offset points, and fig. 3 (c) is the double randomness of the half-track distance of the offset points, and the ergodic acquisition can be realized through the three random modes.
Fig. 4 (a) is a 20m×40 m-processed cross section, fig. 4 (b) is a 20m×40 m-processed slice, fig. 4 (c) is a 5m×5 m-processed cross section, and fig. 4 (d) is a 5m×5 m-processed slice.
Fig. 5 (a) is a full offset imaging seismic slice and fig. 5 (b) is a limited offset imaging seismic slice.
Fig. 6 is a system configuration diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The embodiment of the invention discloses a seismic scattered wave acquisition method, which is shown in fig. 1 and comprises the following steps:
determining an earthquake scattered wave acquisition area according to an exploration task;
based on locality and traversal rules of seismic scattered wave acquisition, determining acquisition parameters and acquisition methods of a local target acquisition area excitation device and a receiving device according to geological requirements; and starting the excitation device to excite the earthquake waves, starting the receiving device to receive the earthquake wave signals, transmitting the earthquake wave signals to the earthquake wave data acquisition control device, and downloading, segmenting, synthesizing and storing the earthquake wave data acquired in real time and the excitation receiving device space positioning data measured in real time.
The seismic scattered wave acquisition is based on seismic reflected wave acquisition and specifically comprises the following steps: and determining the synchronous or early seismic reflection wave acquisition area and acquisition parameters, and determining the seismic scattering wave acquisition area aiming at the local target according to geological requirements.
The locality rules for seismic scattered wave acquisition include: the excitation device and the receiving device are distributed according to small surface elements, small track intervals, small arrangement and high coverage of near offset distance;
preferably, the ergodic rules for seismic scatter acquisition include: the excitation device and the receiving device are distributed at random locally to increase the ergodic performance of the seismic scattered wave acquisition, the time-lapse seismic acquisition can be increased, the channel density of the excitation device and the receiving device is controlled, the distance between the excitation device and the receiving device is unequal and uneven, the combination of multiple surface elements, multiple channel distances, multiple row lengths and coverage times is formed, and the most remarkable characteristic is that the ultra-small scale space sampling interval is actively formed (ideal conditions can tend to be continuous space sampling).
1) Selection of bin size
According to the requirement of spatial aliasing-free sampling, at least 3 samples are arranged in one direction of the minimum target geologic body (formula 1). When the seismic exploration object is turned to the medium by the interface, the minimum target body dimension is generally determined by the exploration and development precision, for example, lithology and physical property changes of an uneven body at intervals of 5m are to be distinguished, for example, a crack development zone of 50cm matched with a logging interpretation dimension is to be distinguished, the requirement of spatial aliasing-free sampling is required to be met, the selection of a surface element cannot be limited by the main frequency of a seismic wave, and the adoption of a small surface element is favorable for collecting seismic scattered wave information generated by a small-scale geological body.
B＝1/2L(1)；
B is the side length of the seismic bin, and L is the side length of the minimum target set by exploration and development.
2) Selection of alignment length
Since the scattering generated by the small-scale geologic body has no inclination angle concept, and the self-excitation self-collection just above the scattering point is the optimal position according to the fermat principle, previous researches show that 80% of the back scattering energy of the underground scattering point is concentrated in the range of the Fresnel zone, and 95% of the back scattering energy is concentrated in the range of the tangent 30 DEG angle (as shown in fig. 2 (a)), therefore, the scattering information generated by the underground one point is mainly received by a detector near the offset distance of the ground, as if the reflected wave information of one common center point of the ground is the contribution from the underground Fresnel zone (as shown in fig. 2 (b)). If the buried depth of the small-scale geologic body is 5000m and the main frequency wavelength of the earthquake wave is 200m, the arrangement length is selected to be 500m (formula 2) if the Fresnel zone is selected, and the arrangement length is selected to be 2800m if the tangent 30 DEG angle is selected.
R B ＝0.5(λZ 0 ) 1/2 (2)
Wherein R is B For a first Fresnel zone radius, lambda is the seismic wavelength, Z 0 Is the depth of the geologic body.
3) Selection of track pitch
After the design of the common center point discretization, the surface element and the track distance are not in a fixed relation, the average track distance is 2-4 times of the surface element to be processed, for example, the track distance is 5-10 m by adopting 2.5m surface element side length, the track distance is 2-4 m by adopting 1m surface element side length. Because of adopting small arrangement to receive, reducing the track distance can increase the number of receiving tracks with near offset distance, increase the track density in unit area, and be beneficial to suppressing various regular interference in the processing stage and highlighting scattered wave information.
4) Local random arrangement of shot points and wave detectors
The method realizes the common-center point discretization design and the multi-surface element and small-surface element treatment, the ideal mode is the area layout of the gun channel density control, the most effective mode is to actively realize the random layout of the gun points and the wave detection points in a limited range, and the model trial calculation shows that the common-center point discretization can be realized by taking the distance between the gun points and half of the distance between the gun points as the random radius of the wave detection points and the gun points.
After the local random layout of the offset points, the discretization of the common center point is realized, the preliminary analysis can be realized, and the processing of multiple surface elements, multiple path intervals and multiple offset distances can be realized by using the corresponding coverage times of different surface elements.
5) Scattered wave acquisition based on big data analysis
The characteristics of big data are usually concentrated in five aspects, namely data volume, data structure diversity, data value density, data growth speed and credibility; understanding and understanding these five dimensions is critical to understanding big data concepts. The development of the seismic big data technology is mainly focused on the application aspect of the existing seismic attribute data, and because reflected waves and scattered waves belong to seismic waves in different states, the scale of the scattered wave data needs to be further expanded to be called big data, and the expansion is a enrichment and improvement of the concept of the seismic big data.
Scattered waves are acquired simultaneously with reflected waves, and at this time, the emphasis is placed on the discretization of the concentric point gathers and the coverage times of the minimum bin controlled by the channel density, and the channel spacing and half of the channel spacing are taken as the random radius of the detection points or the cannons. Furthermore, scattered wave data can be acquired in a later period, and the scattered wave data is inlaid into a reflected wave observation system by adopting a patch, and the seismic scattered wave information is obtained by increasing the coverage times of the near offset seismic channels.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of acquiring the seismic waves for multiple times or time shifting by adopting small offset distance and multiple coverage. When we know the position where the seismic wave of a specific situation appears, we need to enhance by multidimensional degree, for example, know that the weak signals such as diffracted wave, scattered wave and the like are mainly received by the small offset device, we need to increase the coverage times of the dimension of the near offset to realize the weak signal amplification. In general, the coverage times of the near offset (smaller than the Fresnel zone) in the small cells are 10-100 times of that of the conventional cells, and for the long offset (larger than the Fresnel zone) seismic gather data acquired by the regular observation system, the dimension can be reduced and copied into all the small cells in the basic cells, so that the repeated acquisition of the large offset data is avoided, and the actual work investment is greatly reduced. As shown in fig. 4 (a) -4 (d) and fig. 5 (a) -5 (b), two examples are provided, and by utilizing multi-round three-dimensional seismic acquisition, a certain area acquires seismic data by adopting three modes of 20m×40m bins, 10m×10m bins and random blasting along a ditch, 5m×5m small bin imaging is realized, weak signals such as diffraction waves, scattered waves and the like are protected, and the fact that common center point discretization of channel density control is feasible is proved, and the transverse resolution capability is obviously improved. Secondly, a certain area undergoes two-round three-dimensional seismic acquisition aiming at a carbonate fracture-cavity reservoir, a bin is lifted to 7.5m multiplied by 7.5m from 15m multiplied by 15m, firstly, the imaging of a prominent reflected wave is processed according to a conventional flow, the signal to noise is higher, but the gap between the imaging scale of the fracture-cavity is larger than the true scale, then, the pre-stack denoising parameters are modified, the imaging of the prominent scattered wave is processed by using a limiting offset, the imaging of a fracture body is narrower, the imaging scale of the fracture-cavity is more towards the true scale, and the imaging is polymorphic.
Preferably, local random layout of the excitation device and the receiving device is adopted, and under the current linear beam-shaped seismic acquisition habit, the local random layout is realized in a half-track distance range through shot points and detection points, and block acquisition is realized in the future, and the block acquisition is realized by controlling shot density and track density in unit area.
On the other hand, the invention also provides a seismic scattered wave acquisition system, which is used for realizing the seismic scattered wave acquisition method, and referring to fig. 6, the system comprises: the system comprises a scattered wave seismic acquisition design module, an excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module, a seismic data acquisition module and a seismic data integration module; wherein,,
the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module determines a local target acquisition area according to the existing geological data and the historical seismic data; the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module designs acquisition parameters and acquisition methods of the excitation device and the receiving device according to the locality and ergodic rule of seismic scattered wave acquisition; the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module is also used for receiving the position data transmitted by the excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module and the seismic wave data transmitted by the seismic data acquisition module, and carrying out real-time monitoring on the seismic data waves and the position data.
The excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module is used for acquiring the positions of the excitation device and the receiving device in real time, firstly transmitting the positions to the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module, and finally transmitting the position measurement data to the seismic data integration module.
The data acquisition module comprises an excitation device and a receiving device, wherein the excitation device is used for forming seismic waves in a local target acquisition area, the receiving device is used for acquiring seismic wave signals, generating seismic wave data and sending the seismic wave data to the seismic data integration module and the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module;
the seismic data integration module comprises a data downloading unit, a segmentation and synthesis unit and a storage unit, wherein the data downloading unit is used for controlling the seismic data collected by the receiving device, the segmentation and synthesis unit is used for decomposing the seismic wave data generated by the data downloading unit, combining the seismic wave data with the position data of the excitation receiving device measured in real time, and the storage unit is used for storing the seismic data processed by the channel head.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment is mainly described in a different point from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other. For the device disclosed in the embodiment, since it corresponds to the method disclosed in the embodiment, the description is relatively simple, and the relevant points refer to the description of the method section.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
1. The seismic scattered wave acquisition method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
determining an earthquake scattered wave acquisition area according to an exploration task;
based on locality and traversal rules of seismic scattered wave acquisition, determining acquisition parameters and acquisition methods of the seismic scattered wave acquisition area according to geological requirements;
and starting the excitation device to excite the earthquake waves, starting the receiving device to receive the earthquake wave signals, transmitting the earthquake wave signals to the earthquake wave data acquisition control device, and downloading, segmenting, synthesizing and storing the earthquake wave data acquired in real time and the excitation receiving device space positioning data measured in real time.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the seismic-scattered-wave acquisition region comprises:
and determining the synchronous or early seismic reflection wave acquisition area and acquisition parameters, and determining the seismic scattering wave acquisition range aiming at the local target according to geological requirements.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the locality rule of the seismic scatter comprises: the excitation device and the receiving device are distributed according to small surface elements, small track intervals, small arrangement and close offset distance high coverage.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ergodic rules for seismic scattered wave acquisition comprise: the excitation device and the receiving device are distributed at random through local parts, then a multi-surface element, a multi-channel interval, a multi-row length and coverage times combination is formed through time-lapse seismic acquisition, the interval between the excitation device and the receiving device is unequal and uneven, the seismic scattered wave acquisition is controlled by the channel density, and the most remarkable characteristic is that ultra-small scale space sampling is actively formed.
5. A method of seismic scattered wave acquisition as claimed in claim 3, wherein the bin size is determined by the formula B = 1/2L, where B is the seismic bin side length and L is the minimum target body side length set for exploration and development.
6. A method of seismic scattered wave acquisition as claimed in claim 3, wherein the alignment length is defined by the formula R B ＝0.5(λZ 0 ) 1/2 Wherein R is B For a first Fresnel zone radius, lambda is the seismic wavelength, Z 0 Is the depth of the geologic body.
7. A method of seismic scattered wave acquisition as claimed in claim 3, wherein the trace spacing is no longer a fixed value but a distribution range determined by a common centre point discretisation design, wherein the average trace spacing is preferably 2 to 4 times the bin.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the locally randomly distributing the excitation means and the receiving means comprises: under the habit of adopting the pencil seismic acquisition in the prior art, the method is realized by randomly arranging shot points and detection points in a half of shot and track distance range, and the block acquisition is realized in the future by controlling the shot density and the track density of a unit area.
9. The method for collecting scattered waves of an earthquake as claimed in claim 4, wherein the time-lapse earthquake collecting process is to fix the receiving device or the exciting device, and continuously receive the earthquake data in a set period, so that the scattered wave earthquake collecting process has big data characteristics meeting the imaging requirement of the scattered wave.
10. A seismic scattered wave acquisition system for carrying out the seismic scattered wave acquisition method of any one of claims 1 to 9, the system comprising: the system comprises a scattered wave seismic acquisition design module, an excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module, a seismic data acquisition module and a seismic data integration module; wherein,,
the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module determines a local target acquisition area according to the existing geological data and the historical seismic data; the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module is also used for designing acquisition parameters and acquisition methods of the excitation device and the receiving device according to the locality and ergodic rules of seismic scattered wave acquisition; the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module is also used for receiving the position data transmitted by the excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module and the seismic wave data transmitted by the seismic data acquisition module, and monitoring the seismic data waves and the position data in real time;
the excitation and receiving device position real-time measurement module is used for acquiring the positions of the excitation device and the receiving device in real time, firstly transmitting the positions to the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module, and finally transmitting measured position data to the seismic data integration module;
the seismic data acquisition module comprises an excitation device and a receiving device, wherein the excitation device is used for forming seismic waves in a local target acquisition area, and the receiving device is used for acquiring seismic wave signals, generating seismic wave data and sending the seismic wave data to the seismic data integration module and the scattered wave seismic acquisition design module;
the seismic data integration module comprises a data downloading unit, a segmentation and synthesis unit and a storage unit, wherein the data downloading unit is used for controlling the seismic data acquired by the receiving device; the splitting and synthesizing unit is used for decomposing the seismic wave data generated by the data downloading unit, combining the seismic wave data with the position data of the excitation receiving device measured in real time, and the storage unit is used for storing the seismic data processed by the channel head.
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