CN116516370A - Gas film layer drag reduction device based on porous wetting opposite electrode, control method and application - Google Patents
Gas film layer drag reduction device based on porous wetting opposite electrode, control method and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN116516370A CN116516370A CN202310210649.5A CN202310210649A CN116516370A CN 116516370 A CN116516370 A CN 116516370A CN 202310210649 A CN202310210649 A CN 202310210649A CN 116516370 A CN116516370 A CN 116516370A
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
- B63B1/32—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls
- B63B1/34—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction
- B63B1/38—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction using air bubbles or air layers gas filled volumes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
- C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
- C25F3/02—Etching
- C25F3/08—Etching of refractory metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
- B63B1/32—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls
- B63B1/34—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction
- B63B1/38—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction using air bubbles or air layers gas filled volumes
- B63B2001/387—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by reducing surface friction using air bubbles or air layers gas filled volumes using means for producing a film of air or air bubbles over at least a significant portion of the hull surface
Abstract
The invention relates to a gas film layer drag reduction device based on a porous wetting opposite electrode, a control method and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of underwater drag reduction; the device comprises a water tank, a porous wetting opposite electrode and an adjustable direct current power supply; electrolyte is contained in the water tank; the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged on the water tank, the surface and the inside of the porous wetting opposite electrode, which are positioned on one side of the electrolyte, have super-hydrophilicity, and the surface and the inside of the porous wetting opposite electrode, which are positioned on one side of the working fluid, have super-hydrophobicity; the porous wetting opposite electrode is powered by an adjustable direct current. The invention utilizes the wetting characteristics of superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity of the porous wetting opposite electrode surface and the porous structure inside the porous wetting opposite electrode surface, and the gas generated by electrolysis of water in the superhydrophilic electrode part spontaneously transports to the superhydrophobic part through the porous structure, so that the stable sealing of a large-area continuous drag reduction gas film layer is realized on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the electrode; the gas production rate of the porous wetting opposite electrode is controlled by controlling the electrolysis current, so that the form of the drag reduction gas film layer is accurately controlled.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of underwater drag reduction, and particularly relates to a gas film layer drag reduction device based on a porous wetting opposite electrode, a control method and application.
Background
Marine craft such as ships and submarines can be subjected to various resistance effects during the course of sailing to increase energy consumption, wherein about 50% -60% of power is calculated to be used for resisting the shearing friction effect of the craft shell and sea water; frictional resistance caused by viscous shearing of liquid and solid walls also limits the development and use of remote pipeline transportation. Because gas has much less viscosity than liquid, if a uniform air film layer is formed on the inner wall of the shell or pipeline of the aircraft, friction resistance is effectively reduced, and thus energy consumption is reduced, so various air film drag reduction technologies are proposed by researchers.
However, the existing technical means still have certain defects: the ship gas film drag reduction disclosed in the prior art is that a layer of drag reduction gas film is formed by introducing gas into the bottom of a ship through a fan, however, the invention can not realize stable residence of the gas film, continuous ventilation is needed to maintain the gas film form, and the invention can not be applied to the field of pipeline liquid transportation; the air film drag reduction technology for wettability regulation disclosed in the prior art effectively resides in an air film by utilizing the air-philic characteristic of the superhydrophobic surface, but the air film layer needs a stable air source to maintain the air film and lacks a reliable and accurate air film layer state regulation means; in the prior art, an electrolytic water gas supplementing gas film drag reduction technology is adopted, the maintenance and the form regulation of a drag reduction gas film layer are realized by utilizing the electrolytic gas production principle and the constraint effect of a super-hydrophobic structure on gas, however, the drag reduction gas film layer is limited by an electrode structure and can only form a discontinuous and separated gas film layer in a local area of the surface, the generation and the maintenance of a continuous drag reduction gas film layer cannot be realized, and the drag reduction effect of the gas film layer is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problems to be solved are as follows:
in order to avoid the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a gas film layer drag reduction device and a control method based on a porous wetting opposite electrode, which solve the problems of stable maintenance and morphological regulation of a large-area gas film layer in the underwater gas film layer drag reduction technology. The invention utilizes the wetting characteristics of the porous wetting opposite electrode surface and the porous structure inside the porous wetting opposite electrode surface, wherein the porous wetting opposite electrode surface and the porous structure inside the porous wetting opposite electrode surface have both superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity, and gas generated by electrolysis of water in the superhydrophilic electrode part is spontaneously transported to the superhydrophobic part through the porous structure, so that stable sealing and storage of a large-area continuous drag-reduction gas film layer on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the electrode are realized, and the problem that bubbles generated by the traditional electrolysis gas generating method are lost due to buoyancy is solved. Furthermore, the gas production rate of the porous wetting opposite electrode is controlled by controlling the electrolysis current, so that the form of the drag reduction gas film layer is accurately controlled.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the utility model provides a gas film layer damping device based on porous moist opposite electrode which characterized in that: comprises a water tank, a porous wetting opposite electrode and an adjustable direct current power supply; electrolyte is contained in the water tank; the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged on the water tank, the surface and the inside of the porous wetting opposite electrode, which are positioned on one side of the electrolyte, have super-hydrophilicity, and the surface and the inside of the porous wetting opposite electrode, which are positioned on one side of the working fluid, have super-hydrophobicity;
the porous wetting opposite electrode is powered by an adjustable direct current.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: the preparation method of the porous wetting opposite electrode comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: the porous titanium plate prepared by a powder metallurgy process is used as an anode, a graphite plate which is opposite to the porous titanium plate and has the same area is used as a cathode, and sodium chloride solution is used as a reaction solution, so that a micro-nano composite structure is generated on the surface of the porous titanium plate;
step 2: fully cleaning and drying the corroded porous titanium plate by using deionized water, then partially immersing the porous titanium plate in a fluorosilane ethanol solution, and performing heating reaction to enable fluorosilane molecules to be grafted on the surface of the porous titanium plate so as to obtain a porous titanium electrode with partial superhydrophobicity;
step 3: and wrapping an inert mask layer on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the porous titanium electrode, treating the porous titanium electrode by using an oxygen plasma cleaner, removing superfluous organic impurities on the surface, enabling the static contact angle of liquid drops of the superhydrophilic part to be smaller than 10 ℃ and to permeate into the porous structure, and removing the mask to obtain the porous wetting opposite electrode with local superhydrophobicity and local superhydrophilic property.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the step 2, the depth of immersing the dried porous titanium plate in the fluorosilane ethanol solution is controlled to be 1/2 to 2/3 of the whole thickness.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the step 2, the solution concentration and the reaction time ensure that the static contact angle of the treated superhydrophobic part is greater than 150 degrees and the rolling angle is less than 10 degrees.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: the porous wetting opposite electrode is formed by one or more groups of loops, and the electrodes are separated by an insulating separator; the upper surface of the insulating separator is super-hydrophobic, and the upper surface of the insulating separator is flush with the upper surface of the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: the water tank comprises a circulating water pump, a circulating pipeline, an electrolytic water tank and a circulating water tank, wherein the electrolytic water tank and the circulating water tank are respectively filled with electrolyte and are communicated with the circulating pipeline through the circulating water pump; the electrolyte enters the electrolytic water tank from the circulating water tank through the circulating water pump;
the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged on the electrolytic water tank, so that the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode is completely wetted by the electrolyte, and the super-hydrophobic part is not wetted.
A control method for a drag reduction air film layer by adopting an air film layer drag reduction device based on a porous wetting opposite electrode is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step one: the direct current power supply is connected, the electrolytic water reaction is carried out to generate hydrogen and oxygen, gas is generated in the form of bubbles in the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode, and the gas is spontaneously transferred and converged from the super-hydrophilic part to the super-hydrophobic part in the porous wetting opposite electrode, so that the thickness of a gas film sealed in the super-hydrophobic porous structure on the surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode is increased;
step two: under the shearing action of water flow of an external flow field, the super-hydrophobic coating sprayed on the rear surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode automatically adsorbs gas discharged by the porous wetting opposite electrode and spreads into a uniform gas film, so that the generation and stable maintenance of a large-surface drag reduction gas film layer are realized.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: in the first step, the output current of a direct current power supply is controlled to accurately control the gas yield and the thickness of a drag reduction gas film layer;
the relationship between the volume of the generated gas and the current satisfies the following formula:
V＝(3ItRT)/(2FP)
wherein I represents the current, t represents the power-on time, and R, T, F and P are respectively a gas constant, an ambient temperature, a Faraday constant and an ambient water pressure;
the gas production rate of the porous wetted opposite electrode is expressed as q= (3 IRT)/(2 FP);
the thickness of the drag reducing gas film layer is expressed as h=q/(Lv);
wherein L is the width of the super-hydrophobic surface in the spreading direction, and v is the characteristic speed of water flow in the external environment;
through the formula, the gas production and the gas film thickness under different environmental conditions are accurately calculated and controlled.
The application of the gas film layer drag reduction device based on the porous wetting opposite electrode is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step a: manufacturing a porous wetting opposite electrode;
step b: manufacturing an electrolytic water tank;
step c: installing an electrolysis water tank and a circulating water tank; the electrolytic water tank is arranged at the bottom of a ship body or on the surface of a rectangular pipeline in an inlaid manner, so that the upper surface of a porous wetting opposite electrode superhydrophobic part is flush with the inner wall surface of a ship shell/pipeline, and the edges of a circuit and the electrode are sealed and insulated by using sealing silicon rubber; connecting an electrolytic water tank with a circulating water tank through a circulating pipeline and a water pump, wherein the electrolyte is water or other alkaline electrolytes;
step d: spraying a super-hydrophobic coating; derusting the wall surfaces of the ship shell or the pipeline behind the electrolytic water tank and the porous wetting opposite electrode, and then cleaning the surface by using acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and purified water in sequence; and spraying super-hydrophobic coating with a static contact angle larger than 150 ℃ on the cleaned surface and above the inter-electrode insulating separator, and using the coating after solidification and drying.
The invention further adopts the technical scheme that: the method for manufacturing the electrolytic water tank in the step b is that a square electrolytic water tank is manufactured by using organic glass or PVC material with insulating and corrosion resistance, and electrode clamping grooves and perforation positions which are arranged in an array are reserved at the top of the electrolytic water tank for installing porous wetting opposite electrodes and arranging lines; the method comprises the steps that porous wetting opposite electrodes are arranged at reserved clamping groove positions in an electrolytic water tank to form a plurality of groups of porous wetting opposite electrodes which are arranged in an array mode, wherein the super-hydrophobic parts of the porous wetting opposite electrodes are arranged to contact working fluid, and the super-hydrophilic parts of the porous wetting opposite electrodes contact the inside of the electrolytic water tank; each group of porous wetting opposite electrodes consists of a cathode and an anode, and the middle of each group of porous wetting opposite electrodes is separated by an insulating plate; the upper surface of the insulating partition plate is sprayed with a super-hydrophobic coating and is guaranteed to be flush with the surface of the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode; the porous wetting opposite electrode groups are connected in parallel circuit, and the circuit is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the direct current power supply to form a loop.
Advantageous effects
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The invention utilizes the electrochemical gas production principle, can accurately regulate and control the gas production and the gas film thickness by controlling the electrolysis current, and can rapidly calculate the gas film volume and the required electrolysis current and electrolysis time under different flow rates, water pressure and other environmental conditions by a calculation formula; as shown in fig. 3a and 3b, in the experiment, by controlling the power supply current of the electrolysis device, the accurate regulation and control of the thickness of the air film layer under different flow rate conditions is realized, and the control method is simple and has higher precision.
(2) The porous wetting opposite electrode material is utilized, the whole superhydrophobic part contacted with the working fluid has superhydrophobicity, a large-area continuous air film layer can be formed, the defect that other electrolytic gas production methods only can form a discontinuous air film layer by gas is overcome, as shown in figures 3a and 3b, the long-time stable residence of the continuous air film layer with the thickness of sub-millimeter level is realized in an experiment, and therefore, the stability and the drag reduction effect of the air film layer are better.
(3) The device adopts powder metallurgy and liquid phase deposition processes to prepare the electrode material, has low material price compared with other electrolytic devices, has mature and convenient manufacturing process, generates gas in the porous wetting opposite electrode, directly forms a large-area continuous gas film layer by a porous structure, overcomes the problem that electrolytic bubbles are lost due to buoyancy, and is suitable for large-scale manufacturing and practical application.
Drawings
FIG. 1a is a schematic diagram of a gas film layer drag reduction device and control method based on a porous wetted opposite electrode of the present invention;
FIG. 1b is a schematic diagram of a circuit connection principle of a porous wetting opposite electrode;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a process for preparing a porous wetted anisotropic electrode;
FIG. 3a is a photograph of the effect of the present invention in a rectangular pipe;
FIG. 3b is a graph showing the relationship between the thickness of the gas film layer generated in the rectangular pipe and the electrolytic current and flow rate;
reference numerals illustrate: 1. working fluid, 2, an upper wall surface of a pipeline, 3, a super-hydrophobic coating, 4, a lower wall surface of the pipeline, 5, a circulating pipeline, 6, a circulating water tank, 7, electrolyte, 8, a circulating water pump, 9, an electrolytic water tank, 10, a porous wetting opposite electrode, 11, an insulating partition board, 12, a wire, 13, an adjustable direct current power supply, 14, an electrochemical reaction tank, 15, a cathode electrode plate, 16, a sodium chloride solution, 17, a liquid phase deposition reaction tank, 18, a fluorosilane ethanol solution, 19, oxygen plasma, 20, a mask layer, 21 and a drag reduction air film layer.
Drawing and annotating: the arrows marked on the circulation pipe 5 and the circulation water pump 8 in fig. 1a represent the flow direction of water flow, the arrow marked on the oxygen plasma 19 in fig. 2 represents the plasma irradiation direction, and the arrow in fig. 3 represents the water flow direction in the experiment.
Detailed Description
The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative and intended to explain the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
The invention provides a gas film layer drag reduction device and a control method based on a porous wetting opposite electrode, which solve the problems of stable maintenance and morphological regulation of a large-area gas film layer in the underwater gas film layer drag reduction technology. The invention utilizes the wetting characteristics of the porous wetting opposite electrode surface and the porous structure inside the porous wetting opposite electrode surface, wherein the porous wetting opposite electrode surface and the porous structure inside the porous wetting opposite electrode surface have both superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity, and gas generated by electrolysis of water in the superhydrophilic electrode part is spontaneously transported to the superhydrophobic part through the porous structure, so that stable sealing and storage of a large-area continuous drag-reduction gas film layer on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the electrode are realized, and the problem that bubbles generated by the traditional electrolysis gas generating method are lost due to buoyancy is solved. Furthermore, the gas production rate of the porous wetting opposite electrode is controlled by controlling the electrolysis current, so that the form of the drag reduction gas film layer is accurately controlled.
The embodiment relates to a gas film layer drag reduction device based on a porous wetting opposite electrode, which comprises an electrolytic water tank, a circulating water tank, a porous wetting opposite electrode, an insulating partition plate, an adjustable direct current power supply and a super-hydrophobic coating; the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged on the electrolytic water tank, comprises one or more groups of electrode plates to form a loop and is powered by a direct current power supply, and the electrodes are separated by an insulating partition plate; the surface and the inner porous structure of the porous wetting opposite electrode on one side of the working fluid have superhydrophobicity, the surface and the inner of the porous wetting opposite electrode on one side of the electrolyte have superhydrophilicity, the static contact angle of the liquid drop on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the liquid drop is larger than 150 degrees, and the rolling angle is smaller than 10 degrees; in order to ensure the pressure resistance of the porous hydrophobic part for sealing the air film layer, the longitudinal thickness of the super-hydrophobic part inside the porous wetting opposite electrode is 1/2 to 2/3 of the thickness of the electrode; the upper surface of the inter-electrode insulating separator also has superhydrophobicity, and the upper surface is flush with the upper surface of the superhydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode; the opposite water drops can be quickly absorbed into the electrode in the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode; under initial conditions, the superhydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode is mounted in the electrolytic bath in contact with the electrolyte and the superhydrophobic part is in contact with the external working fluid outside the electrolytic bath.
In the working process of the device, electrolyte enters the electrolytic water tank from the circulating water tank through the circulating water pump, the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode is completely wetted by the electrolyte, and the super-hydrophobic part is not wetted and stores gas in the porous structure; after the direct-current power supply is connected, the generated electrolyzed water reacts to generate hydrogen and oxygen, gas is generated in the form of bubbles in the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode, and is spontaneously transferred and converged from the super-hydrophilic part to the super-hydrophobic part in the porous electrode, so that the thickness of a gas film sealed in a super-hydrophobic porous structure on the surface of the porous electrode is increased; then under the shearing action of water flow of an external flow field, the super-hydrophobic coating sprayed on the rear surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode automatically adsorbs the gas discharged by the porous electrode and spreads the gas into a uniform gas film, so that the generation and stable maintenance of a large-surface drag reduction gas film layer are realized; the gas production rate of the porous wetting opposite electrode can be expressed as Q= (3 IRT)/(2 FP), wherein the gas production rate can be directly and accurately controlled by controlling the current through a direct current power supply, the relation between the volume of generated gas and the current satisfies the formula V= (3 ItRT)/(2 FP), I represents the current, t represents the power-on time, R, T, F and P are respectively a gas constant, an ambient temperature, a Faraday constant and an ambient water pressure; further, the thickness of the drag reducing gas film layer may be expressed as h=q/(Lv), where L is the spanwise width of the superhydrophobic surface and v is the water flow characteristic velocity of the external environment; the gas production and the gas film thickness under different environmental conditions can be accurately calculated and controlled through the formula.
The preparation and assembly process of the gas film layer drag reduction device based on the porous wetting opposite electrode comprises the following steps:
step 1: and manufacturing the porous wetting opposite electrode. Using a porous titanium plate prepared by a powder metallurgy process as an anode, using a graphite plate with the same right opposite area as the porous titanium plate as a cathode, and using sodium chloride solution as a reaction solution to generate a micro-nano composite structure on the surface of the porous titanium plate; after fully cleaning and drying the corroded porous titanium plate by using deionized water, partially immersing the porous titanium plate in a fluorosilane ethanol solution, wherein the immersion depth is controlled to be 1/2 to 2/3 of the thickness of the porous material, and heating the porous titanium plate to react so as to enable fluorosilane molecules to be grafted on the surface of the porous titanium plate to obtain a porous titanium electrode with partial superhydrophobicity, wherein the solution concentration and the reaction time ensure that the static contact angle of the treated superhydrophobicity part is greater than 150 ℃ and the rolling angle is less than 10 ℃; and wrapping an inert mask layer on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the porous titanium electrode, treating the porous titanium electrode by using an oxygen plasma cleaner, removing superfluous fluorosilane molecules and other organic impurities on the surface, enabling the static contact angle of liquid drops of the superhydrophilic part to be smaller than 10 ℃ and to permeate into the porous structure, and removing the mask to obtain the porous wetting opposite electrode with local superhydrophobicity and local superhydrophilic property.
Step 2: and manufacturing an electrolytic water tank. Manufacturing a square electrolytic water tank by using organic glass or PVC material with insulating and corrosion-resistant properties, and reserving electrode clamping grooves and perforation positions which are arranged in an array at the top of the electrolytic water tank for installing porous wetting opposite electrodes and arranging circuits; the method comprises the steps that porous wetting opposite electrodes are arranged at reserved clamping groove positions in an electrolytic water tank to form a plurality of groups of porous wetting opposite electrodes which are arranged in an array mode, wherein the super-hydrophobic parts of the porous wetting opposite electrodes are arranged to contact working fluid, and the super-hydrophilic parts of the porous wetting opposite electrodes are contacted with the inside of the electrolytic water tank; each group of porous wetting opposite electrodes consists of a cathode and an anode, the middle is separated by an insulating plate, and the upper surface of the insulating partition plate is sprayed with a super-hydrophobic coating and is ensured to be flush with the surface of the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode; the porous wetting opposite electrode groups are connected in parallel circuit, and the circuit is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the direct current power supply to form a loop.
Step 4: an electrolysis water tank and a circulating water tank are arranged. The electrolytic water tank is arranged at the bottom of a ship body or on the surface of a rectangular pipeline in an inlaid manner, so that the upper surface of the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode is flush with the inner wall surface of the ship shell or the pipeline, and the edges of the circuit and the electrode are sealed and insulated by using sealing silicon rubber; the electrolytic water tank is connected with the circulating water tank through a circulating pipeline and a water pump, and the electrolyte can be water or other alkaline electrolytes.
Step 5: and (5) spraying a super-hydrophobic coating. Derusting the wall surface of the ship shell or the pipeline behind the porous wetting opposite electrode of the electrolytic water tank, and then cleaning the surface by using acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and purified water in sequence; and spraying super-hydrophobic coating with a static contact angle larger than 150 ℃ on the cleaned surface and above the inter-electrode insulating separator, and using the coating after solidification and drying.
(1) According to the invention, by utilizing the electrochemical gas production principle, the gas production amount and the gas film thickness can be accurately regulated and controlled by controlling the electrolysis current, the gas film volume under different flow rates and water pressure and other environmental conditions can be rapidly calculated through a calculation formula, and the required electrolysis current and electrolysis time are shown in fig. 3.
(2) The porous wetting opposite electrode material is utilized, the whole superhydrophobic part contacted with the working fluid has superhydrophobicity, a large-area continuous air film layer can be formed, the defect that other electrolytic gas production methods only can form a discontinuous air film layer by gas is overcome, as shown in figure 3, the long-time stable residence of the continuous air film layer with the thickness of sub-millimeter is realized in an experiment, and therefore, the stability and the drag reduction effect of the air film layer are better.
(3) The device adopts powder metallurgy and liquid phase deposition processes to prepare the electrode material, has low material price compared with other electrolytic devices, has mature and convenient manufacturing process, generates gas in the porous wetting opposite electrode, directly forms a large-area continuous gas film layer by a porous structure, overcomes the problem that electrolytic bubbles are lost due to buoyancy, and is suitable for large-scale manufacturing and practical application.
The gas film layer drag reduction device and the control method based on the porous wetting opposite electrode are further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and the implementation mode.
Referring to fig. 1a, the main structure of the present invention is composed of 3 superhydrophobic coating, 5 circulation pipeline, 6 circulation water tank, 7 electrolyte, 8 circulation water pump, 9 electrolysis water tank, 10 porous wetting opposite electrode, 11 insulating partition board, 12 wire, 13 adjustable direct current power supply. The electrode lead, the porous wetting opposite electrode, the electrolyte and the adjustable direct current form an electrolytic circuit, when the electrolyte enters the electrolytic water tank from the circulating water tank through the circulating pipeline to be contacted with the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode, the circuit is closed and electrolytic reaction occurs, and hydrogen and oxygen are generated by electrolysis and transferred from the super-hydrophilic part to the super-hydrophobic part in the porous wetting opposite electrode; the surface of the insulating plate between the wetted opposite electrodes and the downstream direction is sprayed with a super-hydrophobic coating, and the mixed gas discharged from the inside of the porous electrode is adsorbed by the super-hydrophobic surface and spread into a uniform gas film layer.
Wherein, 2 wetting opposite electrodes are respectively connected with a positive electrode and a negative electrode of a power supply to form a pair of electrode loops, a plurality of pairs of electrodes can be placed in an electrolytic water tank to form an electrode array, each pair of electrode groups are connected by a parallel circuit, and the circuit connection principle is shown in figure 1 b; in the electrolytic gas production process, according to an electrochemical formula and the quantitative relation of electron transfer and gas generation in the chemical reaction process, the gas production of the porous wetting opposite electrode can be represented by the formula: v= (3 ItRT)/(2 FP) calculation, wherein I is electrolysis current, t is power-on time, R, T, F and P are respectively gas constant, ambient temperature, faraday constant and ambient water pressure, and the gas yield of the device can be accurately controlled by controlling the electrolysis current and the electrolysis time; according to the gas production rate Q= (3 IRT)/(2 FP) of the electrolytic water tank, the speed of external working fluid or the navigational speed v of the ship and the spanwise width L of the super-hydrophobic coating, the thickness of the air film layer on the super-hydrophobic surface is controlled according to the calculation formula H=Q/(Lv), so that different drag reduction effects are achieved, and the method is fully suitable for various different practical engineering environments.
Examples:
air film layer damping device based on porous wetting opposite electrode, control method and application in rectangular pipeline:
(1) Taking a porous titanium plate with the size of 60mm multiplied by 30mm multiplied by 20mm and the average filtering precision of 60 micrometers as an anode, taking a graphite plate with the same area (60 mm multiplied by 30 mm) opposite to the porous titanium plate as a cathode, and etching with a sodium chloride solution with the mass fraction of 3% for 30 minutes under the condition of 15V voltage to generate a micro-nano composite structure on the surface of the porous titanium plate; fully cleaning and drying the corroded porous titanium plate by deionized water, then partially immersing the porous titanium plate in a perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane ethanol solution with the mass fraction of 2%, controlling the immersion depth to be 10mm, heating the porous titanium plate at the constant temperature of 60 ℃ for 2 hours, and then taking out the porous titanium plate and fully drying the porous titanium plate to obtain a local superhydrophobic porous titanium electrode; coating a polyimide mask layer on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the porous titanium electrode, treating the porous titanium electrode for 5 minutes by using an oxygen plasma cleaner, controlling the plasma flow to be 10ml/s, and removing fluorosilane molecular chains and other organic impurities possibly existing in the non-vapor deposition part by using oxygen plasma; removing the mask to obtain a porous wetting opposite electrode with local superhydrophobicity and local superhydrophilicity; in the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode, the static contact angle of the water drop is 155 degrees, the rolling angle is less than 2 degrees, and in the super-hydrophilic part, the water drop can quickly wet the surface and enter the porous structure; the preparation process of the porous wetting opposite electrode is shown in figure 2.
(2) The square electrolytic water tank is manufactured by using organic glass materials, the internal dimension of the electrolytic water tank is 50 multiplied by 20mm, and the wall thickness of the organic glass is 5mm; reserving electrode clamping grooves and perforation positions which are arranged in an array at the upper part of an electrolytic water tank for installing porous wetting opposite electrodes and arranging circuits, and particularly reserving 6 grooves with the size of 60 multiplied by 30mm, wherein the distance between adjacent clamping grooves is 6mm; the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged at a reserved clamping groove position in the electrolytic water tank, adjacent electrode plates are spaced by polytetrafluoroethylene insulating plates to form a plurality of groups of electrode arrays which are arranged in an array manner, and the upper surface of the partition plate is sprayed with a super-hydrophobic coating and is guaranteed to be level with the surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode; each group of porous electrodes consists of a cathode and an anode, the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode faces the inside of the pipeline, the super-hydrophilic part faces the inside of the electrolytic water tank, the electrode groups are connected in parallel circuit, and the circuit is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the direct current power supply to form a loop, and the circuit connection principle is shown in figure 1 b.
(3) The method comprises the steps that an electrolytic water tank is mounted on the surface of a rectangular pipeline in an inlaid mode, the upper surface of a superhydrophobic part of a porous wetting opposite electrode on the electrolytic water tank is guaranteed to be flush with the inner wall surface of the surface pipeline, specifically, the width of the rectangular pipeline in the spreading direction is 60mm, the height of the cross section is 20mm, the mounting position of the electrolytic water tank is reserved on the wall surface of the pipeline, and the size of the electrolytic water tank meets the size requirement of accommodating the electrolytic water tank; the waterproof sealant is used for sealing and insulating the circuit and the electrode, and the circuit connection principle is shown in fig. 1 b; connecting the electrolytic water tank with the circulating water tank through a circulating pipeline and a water pump, wherein the circulating water tank is filled with water; the system schematic and arrangement of the device is shown in figure 1 a.
(4) Derusting the wall surface of a rear pipeline provided with the upper surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode, and then cleaning the surface by using acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and purified water in sequence; and spraying super-hydrophobic coating on the surface of the cleaned rectangular pipeline and the upper layer of the insulating partition plate, and ensuring the super-hydrophobicity of water drops with contact angles larger than 150 degrees and rolling angles smaller than 10 degrees after the coating is solidified and dried.
In the using process of the embodiment, water flows from left to right in the pipeline, the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode immersed in the working fluid automatically seals a layer of air film layer, and gas is stored in the super-hydrophobic porous structure under the initial condition; after the circulating water pump and the adjustable direct current power supply are turned on, the current of the adjustable direct current power supply is controlled to be constant to 10A in the electrolysis process, and the gas production rate is about 90ml/min; the gas is generated in the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode, and the electrolytic gas is spontaneously transferred to the porous super-hydrophobic structure from the inside of the porous structure once generated, so that the thickness of a gas film sealed in the super-hydrophobic part is increased, and the gas film is discharged downstream under the shearing action of water flow; the gas is contacted with the downstream super-hydrophobic surface once discharged, and is automatically adsorbed and spread under the hydrophilic effect of the super-hydrophobic surface to form a large-area continuous uniform gas film layer with a drag reduction effect, the effect is shown in figure 3a, and a large amount of experimental researches prove that the low-viscosity gas film layer attached to the solid wall surface has a good drag reduction effect. In addition, the current can be properly increased or decreased by controlling the power supply, the gas production rate can be directly calculated by the formula V= (3 ItRT)/(2 FP), and the thickness of the surface drag reduction gas film layer can be further calculated by the formula H=Q/(Lv), so that different drag reduction effects can be achieved in different gas film states with different sizes as shown in fig. 3 b.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention, and that variations, modifications, alternatives, and variations may be made in the above embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a gas film layer damping device based on porous moist opposite electrode which characterized in that: comprises a water tank, a porous wetting opposite electrode and an adjustable direct current power supply; electrolyte is contained in the water tank; the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged on the water tank, the surface and the inside of the porous wetting opposite electrode, which are positioned on one side of the electrolyte, have super-hydrophilicity, and the surface and the inside of the porous wetting opposite electrode, which are positioned on one side of the working fluid, have super-hydrophobicity;
the porous wetting opposite electrode is powered by an adjustable direct current.
2. The gas film drag reducing device based on porous wetting opposite electrode according to claim 1, wherein: the preparation method of the porous wetting opposite electrode comprises the following specific steps:
step 1: the porous titanium plate prepared by a powder metallurgy process is used as an anode, a graphite plate which is opposite to the porous titanium plate and has the same area is used as a cathode, and sodium chloride solution is used as a reaction solution, so that a micro-nano composite structure is generated on the surface of the porous titanium plate;
step 2: fully cleaning and drying the corroded porous titanium plate by using deionized water, then partially immersing the porous titanium plate in a fluorosilane ethanol solution, and performing heating reaction to enable fluorosilane molecules to be grafted on the surface of the porous titanium plate so as to obtain a porous titanium electrode with partial superhydrophobicity;
step 3: and wrapping an inert mask layer on the surface of the superhydrophobic part of the porous titanium electrode, treating the porous titanium electrode by using an oxygen plasma cleaner, removing superfluous organic impurities on the surface, enabling the static contact angle of liquid drops of the superhydrophilic part to be smaller than 10 ℃ and to permeate into the porous structure, and removing the mask to obtain the porous wetting opposite electrode with local superhydrophobicity and local superhydrophilic property.
3. The gas film drag reducing device based on porous wetting opposite electrode according to claim 2, wherein: in the step 2, the depth of immersing the dried porous titanium plate in the fluorosilane ethanol solution is controlled to be 1/2 to 2/3 of the whole thickness.
4. The gas film drag reducing device based on porous wetting opposite electrode according to claim 2, wherein: in the step 2, the solution concentration and the reaction time ensure that the static contact angle of the treated superhydrophobic part is greater than 150 degrees and the rolling angle is less than 10 degrees.
5. The gas film layer drag reducing device based on porous wetted opposite electrode of any one of claims 1-4, wherein: the porous wetting opposite electrode is formed by one or more groups of loops, and the electrodes are separated by an insulating separator; the upper surface of the insulating separator is super-hydrophobic, and the upper surface of the insulating separator is flush with the upper surface of the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode.
6. The gas film drag reducing device based on the porous wetting opposite electrode according to claim 5, wherein: the water tank comprises a circulating water pump, a circulating pipeline, an electrolytic water tank and a circulating water tank, wherein the electrolytic water tank and the circulating water tank are respectively filled with electrolyte and are communicated with the circulating pipeline through the circulating water pump; the electrolyte enters the electrolytic water tank from the circulating water tank through the circulating water pump;
the porous wetting opposite electrode is arranged on the electrolytic water tank, so that the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode is completely wetted by the electrolyte, and the super-hydrophobic part is not wetted.
7. A control method for a drag reduction air film layer by adopting an air film layer drag reduction device based on a porous wetting opposite electrode is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step one: the direct current power supply is connected, the electrolytic water reaction is carried out to generate hydrogen and oxygen, gas is generated in the form of bubbles in the super-hydrophilic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode, and the gas is spontaneously transferred and converged from the super-hydrophilic part to the super-hydrophobic part in the porous wetting opposite electrode, so that the thickness of a gas film sealed in the super-hydrophobic porous structure on the surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode is increased;
step two: under the shearing action of water flow of an external flow field, the super-hydrophobic coating sprayed on the rear surface of the porous wetting opposite electrode automatically adsorbs gas discharged by the porous wetting opposite electrode and spreads into a uniform gas film, so that the generation and stable maintenance of a large-surface drag reduction gas film layer are realized.
8. The method for controlling the drag reducing air film layer by adopting the air film layer drag reducing device based on the porous wetting opposite electrode according to claim 7, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: in the first step, the output current of a direct current power supply is controlled to accurately control the gas yield and the thickness of a drag reduction gas film layer;
the relationship between the volume of the generated gas and the current satisfies the following formula:
V＝(3ItRT)/(2FP)
wherein I represents the current, t represents the power-on time, and R, T, F and P are respectively a gas constant, an ambient temperature, a Faraday constant and an ambient water pressure;
the gas production rate of the porous wetted opposite electrode is expressed as q= (3 IRT)/(2 FP);
the thickness of the drag reducing gas film layer is expressed as h=q/(Lv);
wherein L is the width of the super-hydrophobic surface in the spreading direction, and v is the characteristic speed of water flow in the external environment;
through the formula, the gas production and the gas film thickness under different environmental conditions are accurately calculated and controlled.
9. The application of the gas film layer drag reduction device based on the porous wetting opposite electrode is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
step a: manufacturing a porous wetting opposite electrode;
step b: manufacturing an electrolytic water tank;
step c: installing an electrolysis water tank and a circulating water tank; the electrolytic water tank is arranged at the bottom of a ship body or on the surface of a rectangular pipeline in an inlaid manner, so that the upper surface of a porous wetting opposite electrode superhydrophobic part is flush with the inner wall surface of a ship shell/pipeline, and the edges of a circuit and the electrode are sealed and insulated by using sealing silicon rubber; connecting an electrolytic water tank with a circulating water tank through a circulating pipeline and a water pump, wherein the electrolyte is water or other alkaline electrolytes;
step d: spraying a super-hydrophobic coating; derusting the wall surfaces of the ship shell or the pipeline behind the electrolytic water tank and the porous wetting opposite electrode, and then cleaning the surface by using acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and purified water in sequence; and spraying super-hydrophobic coating with a static contact angle larger than 150 ℃ on the cleaned surface and above the inter-electrode insulating separator, and using the coating after solidification and drying.
10. The use of a gas film layer drag reducing device based on porous wetted opposite electrode as defined in claim 9, wherein: the method for manufacturing the electrolytic water tank in the step b is that a square electrolytic water tank is manufactured by using organic glass or PVC material with insulating and corrosion resistance, and electrode clamping grooves and perforation positions which are arranged in an array are reserved at the top of the electrolytic water tank for installing porous wetting opposite electrodes and arranging lines; the method comprises the steps that porous wetting opposite electrodes are arranged at reserved clamping groove positions in an electrolytic water tank to form a plurality of groups of porous wetting opposite electrodes which are arranged in an array mode, wherein the super-hydrophobic parts of the porous wetting opposite electrodes are arranged to contact working fluid, and the super-hydrophilic parts of the porous wetting opposite electrodes contact the inside of the electrolytic water tank; each group of porous wetting opposite electrodes consists of a cathode and an anode, and the middle of each group of porous wetting opposite electrodes is separated by an insulating plate; the upper surface of the insulating partition plate is sprayed with a super-hydrophobic coating and is guaranteed to be flush with the surface of the super-hydrophobic part of the porous wetting opposite electrode; the porous wetting opposite electrode groups are connected in parallel circuit, and the circuit is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the direct current power supply to form a loop.
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