CN116466273B - Atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and magnetic field and method thereof - Google Patents
Atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and magnetic field and method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
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- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
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- 238000005305 interferometry Methods 0.000 claims description 13
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- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005358 geomagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012625 in-situ measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
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Abstract
The invention provides an atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field and a method thereof, belonging to the technical field of gravitational field survey, wherein the method comprises the following steps: preparing cold atomic groups in an initial state by using linearly polarized light; the cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, bragg laser pulse and RF radio frequency pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF radio frequency field, and atomic interference and atomic magneton energy state interference of momentum states of the cold atomic group are caused; the cold atomic groups freely fall into a detection area, and Raman light is applied to the cold atomic groups after interference to detect atomic population numbers in a momentum state and atomic population numbers in a magneton energy state; and then pumping light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravitational acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated. The invention can synchronously obtain the gravity acceleration g and the magnetic field B at the locus of the atomic group, and can correct the error of g by utilizing the value of B.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of gravitational field survey, and particularly relates to an atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field and a method thereof.
Background
The atomic interferometer is used for precisely measuring the gravitational acceleration, and has wide application in the aspects of researching geophysics, basic science and resource exploration. Common atomic gravimeters are largely classified into Raman light and Bragg light modes. The atomic gravimeter of Raman light mode utilizes entanglement of atomic external state momentum state and atomic internal state energy state in two-photon transition, and simultaneously achieves the purposes of sensitivity to external state gravity acceleration and capability of utilizing atomic ground state hyperfine split energy levels of different internal states so as to achieve convenient detection. While Bragg-mode atomic gravimeters maintain atoms at the same internal energy level. Atomic gravimeter preparation of atomic mass spectrometry in common Bragg modeAnd->On two momentum states, the internal state is thenIs insensitive to magnetic field, and has less disturbance due to the influence of the magnetic field and gradient on the interference path for measuring gravity. Interference path for atomic gravimeterThe measurement of the radial magnetic field can be used to evaluate the systematic errors in atomic gravimeters caused by the residual magnetic field.
As with gravitational acceleration, measuring the magnetic field is also very important. The precise measurement magnetic field has wide application and high research value in the aspects of researching geophysics, basic science and resource exploration. Common ways of measuring magnetic fields using atoms are optically pumped or electron spin-exchange relaxation, and also by means of interference of the atomic internal magnetic energy levels. By utilizing the RF separation field technology, the 2F+1 magnetic sub-energy levels on the F state of a certain ground state hyperfine split energy level can generate Ramsey interference, and magnetic field information on an interference path is extracted through the phase shift of interference fringes.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field and a method thereof, and aims to solve the problems that the existing gravitational acceleration measuring method can cause second-order Zeeman effect in atomic interferometry g due to existence of the magnetic field (whether geomagnetic field or artificial background magnetic field B) and noise and systematic error are introduced in g measurement.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field, comprising the steps of:
step one: the three pairs of cooling light and pump return light are subjected to Doppler cooling on three space dimensions by the atomic groups under the action of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions; closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap to perform sub-Doppler cooling on the hot atomic groups to obtain a cold atomic source;
step two: polarized light with linear polarization causes cold radicals to concentrate at |f=1, m F =0 > cold radicals are concentrated at |p by re-using Raman light 0 ,F=1,m F =0 >, completing the initial preparation of cold radicals; the direction of the polarized light is vertical to the axial direction of the RF oscillating coil;
step three: the cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, bragg laser pulse and RF radio frequency pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF radio frequency field, and atomic interference and atomic magneton energy state interference of momentum states of the cold atomic group are caused; wherein Bragg light irradiates on the cold atomic group in a vertical direction; the oscillation direction of the RF radio frequency field is in the horizontal direction;
step four: after the interference is finished, the cold atomic groups freely fall into a detection area, raman light is applied to the cold atomic groups after the interference so that the cold atomic groups are transferred to |F=2 > to detect the atomic population, and the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated through the atomic population.
Further preferably, the first step specifically includes the steps of:
applying a current to the heating wire of the hot atomic source to generate joule heat, so that the alkali metal sample is partially vaporized to provide hot atomic groups;
the anti-Helmholtz coil is electrified, a central magnetic potential energy zero point is generated in the geometric center of the anti-Helmholtz coil, three pairs of cooling light and return pump light in three orthogonal directions are detuned under the effect of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, so that thermal atomic groups are subjected to photon momentum transfer of head collision in three spatial dimensions to perform Doppler cooling;
closing a magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, and performing frequency detuning adjustment on cooling light and pump return light to further perform sub-Doppler cooling on the Doppler cooled hot atomic groups to obtain cold atomic groups; wherein the temperature of the cold atomic group is less than 10 mu K.
Further preferably, the third step specifically includes the steps of:
after the cold atomic group falls into the interference time sequence, the momentum of the cold atomic group is coherently separated under the action of a first Bragg pulse; wherein the cold radicals are at |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Superposition state of =0 >; the pulse area of the first Bragg pulse is pi/2;
applying a first RF radio frequency pulse to the cold radicals to cause coherent separation of the cold radicals at the magneton energy level; atomic group in the interference process 0 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =+1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F A superimposed state of = +1 > six states;
applying a second Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to enable the momentum states of the cold atomic groups of the two paths to be reversed; wherein the pulse area of the second Bragg pulse is pi;
applying a second RF pulse to the cold radicals to cause the cold radicals to interfere with the atomic magneton energy states;
applying a third Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to cause the cold atomic group to perform atomic interference of a momentum state; wherein the pulse area of the third Bragg pulse is pi/2.
Further preferably, the fourth step specifically includes the steps of:
step 4.1: after the interference process, the cold radicals freely fall into the detection zone;
step 4.2: using Raman light to convert |P 0 , F=1, m F Transfer to |f=2 >;
step 4.3: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.4: using Raman light to convert |P 1 , F=1, m F Transfer to |f=2 >;
step 4.5: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.6: using back pumping light to bring all the remaining atoms into positionAn atomic state;
step 4.7: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.8: by atomic numberAnd atomic number->Acquiring gravitational acceleration by calculating the atomic population of the momentum state; and adopts atomic number->Number of atoms->And atomic number->And obtaining the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field by calculating the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state.
Further preferably, the atomic population of the momentum state is:
；/>
wherein ,，nk L gT 2 for the phase shift caused by the force of gravity,gfor the acceleration of gravity to be measured,nfor Bragg diffraction order, +.>A phase shift introduced for Bragg light or the like; />Is Bragg laser wave vector;Tfree evolution time for interferometer for measuring g;
the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state is as follows:
；/>
wherein ,，κBT R for the phase shift caused by the magnetic field,Bfor the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field to be measured,κis a Zeeman coefficient>A phase introduced for the radio frequency field; />Is the interferometer free evolution time for measurement B.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an atomic interferometer for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field, comprising: the system comprises a cold atom preparation system, an RF (radio frequency) oscillating coil, a laser generation system and a detection system;
a cold atom preparation system, in which a vacuum region is provided; the device is used for detuning three pairs of cooling light and pump return light under the action of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, so that the thermal atomic groups are subjected to Doppler cooling in three spatial dimensions; closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap to perform sub-Doppler cooling on the hot atomic groups; obtaining cold atomic groups;
the laser generating system is used for generating Bragg light required by Bragg type atomic interferometry of gravitational acceleration g; for generating Raman light, cooling light, pump-back light and polarized light;
wherein polarized light with linear polarization causes cold radicals to concentrate at |f=1, m F =0 >; concentrating cold radicals at |P by re-using Raman light 0 ,F=1,m F =0 >, completing the initial preparation of cold radicals;
the RF oscillation coil is used for generating an RF magnetic field required by the atomic interferometry magnetic field B;
the cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, and Bragg laser pulse and RF (radio frequency) pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF field in a vacuum area, so that atomic interference and atomic magneton energy state interference of a momentum state of the cold atomic group occur;
the detection system is provided with a detection area therein for enabling cold atomic groups to freely fall into the detection area after interference is completed, and applying Raman light to the cold atomic groups after interference to enable the cold atomic groups to be in |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Cold radicals of =0 > are transferred to |f=2 > for atomic population detection, and gravitational acceleration and magnetic field are calculated from the atomic population.
Further preferably, the cold atom preparation system comprises a hot radical, a magneto-optical trap device and a sub-doppler cooling device;
the heat atom source is used for generating joule heat by applying current to the heating wire so as to partially vaporize the alkali metal sample and provide heat atomic groups;
the magneto-optical trap device is used for passing current through the anti-Helmholtz coil, generating a central magnetic potential energy zero point at the geometric center, enabling three pairs of cooling light and pump return light in three orthogonal directions to be detuned under the effect of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, and enabling the thermal atomic groups to be subjected to photon momentum transfer of head collision in three spatial dimensions so as to perform Doppler cooling;
the sub-Doppler cooling device is used for performing frequency detuning adjustment on cooling light and pump return light after closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, so as to realize sub-Doppler cooling on the Doppler cooled hot atomic groups and obtain cold atomic groups; wherein the temperature of the cold atomic group is less than 10 mu K.
Further preferably, the processes of atomic interference of momentum states and atomic magneton energy state interference of cold atomic groups are as follows:
after the cold atomic group falls into the interference time sequence, the momentum of the cold atomic group is coherently separated under the action of a first Bragg pulse; wherein the cold radicals are at |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Superposition state of =0 >; the pulse area of the first Bragg pulse is pi/2;
to coldApplying a first RF pulse to the radicals to cause coherent separation of the cold radicals at the magneton energy level; wherein the atomic group is in |P in the interference process 0 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =+1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F A superimposed state of = +1 > six states;
applying a second Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to enable the momentum states of the cold atomic groups of the two paths to be reversed; wherein the pulse area of the second Bragg pulse is pi;
applying a second RF pulse to the cold radicals to cause the cold radicals to interfere with the atomic magneton energy states;
applying a third Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to cause the cold atomic group to perform atomic interference of a momentum state; wherein the pulse area of the third Bragg pulse is pi/2.
Further preferably, the detection light device comprises a detection area, a detection laser emitting module, a photoelectric head, a reflecting mirror and a data analysis processing module;
the cold atomic groups completing the interference freely fall to the detection area; applying Raman light to atomic |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Detection of the number of campaigns =0 >; then pumping back light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated;
the detection laser emergent module is used for providing detection light; the reflecting mirror is used for reflecting the detection light; the detection light, the photoelectric head outside the area and the reflecting mirror are used for carrying out fluorescence acquisition on cold atomic groups together, and the acquired photoelectric signals are converted into a first atomic number, a second atomic number and a third atomic number;
the data analysis processing module is used for adopting the atomic numberAnd atomic number->By calculation ofAcquiring gravitational acceleration by the atomic population in the momentum state; and adopts atomic number->Number of atoms->And atomic number->And obtaining the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field by calculating the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state.
Further preferably, the atomic population of the momentum state is:
；/>
wherein ,，nk L gT 2 for the phase shift caused by the force of gravity,gfor the acceleration of gravity to be measured,nfor Bragg diffraction order, +.>A phase shift introduced for Bragg light or the like; />Is Bragg laser wave vector;Tfree evolution time for interferometer for measuring g;
the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state is as follows:
；/>
wherein ,，κBT R for the phase shift caused by the magnetic field,Bfor the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field to be measured,κis a Zeeman coefficient>A phase introduced for the radio frequency field; />Is the interferometer free evolution time for measurement B.
In general, the above technical solutions conceived by the present invention have the following beneficial effects compared with the prior art:
the invention provides an atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field and a method thereof, wherein a cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, bragg laser pulse and RF radio frequency pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF radio frequency field, so that atomic interference of momentum state and atomic magneton energy state interference of the cold atomic group occur; after the interference is finished, the cold atomic groups freely fall into a detection area, and Raman light is applied to the cold atomic groups after the interference to detect the atomic population number in a momentum state and the atomic population number in a magneton energy level state; and then pumping light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravitational acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated. It can be seen that, compared with the prior art, due to the existence of magnetic fields (whether geomagnetic field or artificial background magnetic field B), a second-order Zeeman effect exists in the atomic interferometry g, and noise and systematic error are introduced into the measurement of g; the invention synchronously obtains g and B at the locus of the atomic group, which is a method for providing an in-situ measurement magnetic field in gravity measurement, and can also correct the systematic error contained in the measurement g by using the measured B; that is, the values of the gravitational acceleration g and the magnetic field B are obtained at each time sequence, and the error of g can be corrected by using the value of B.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of the general construction of an atomic interferometer for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and magnetic fields provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a measurement sequence for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and magnetic field according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a cold atomic source preparing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an atomic interferometer at the time of end state detection according to an embodiment of the present invention;
marking:
in fig. 1, a1 represents an atomic group in an atomic source preparation stage and an atomic interferometer interference stage, L1 is cooling light, L2 is pump-back light, and L3 is polarized light; wherein the polarized light L3 is axially perpendicular to the RF oscillating coil C2 in fig. 4; l4 and L5 are Bragg lights for providing Bragg pulses;
lasers L4 and L6 in fig. 4 constitute Raman light; l7 is probe light; c1 is an anti-Helmholtz coil; c2 is an RF oscillating coil; a2 is an atomic group in the last detection stage;
the three-dimensional coordinate system in fig. 3 represents only three pairs of correlation lasers spatially orthogonal;
the three-dimensional coordinate system in fig. 4 only represents the orientations of P1 and C2 orthogonal to the orientations of 104, 107;
the three-dimensional coordinate systems of fig. 3 and 4 cannot be used identically;
101-a source of heat atoms, containing an alkali metal sample and a heating wire; 102-vacuum pump capable of providing a vacuum pump of <10 -7 Vacuum pressure of Pa; 103-a cold atom source preparation area before an interference process and an atomic interference area during interference; 104-a laser emitting device; 105—a first mirror; 106-detecting area; 107-detecting a laser emitting device; 108-a second mirror; p1-detecting photo head.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The invention provides an atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field, which has the following specific working principle:
adopting 3 Bragg pulses which are pi/2, pi and pi/2 pulses respectively to cause the external state momentum state to interfere; then 2 pi radio frequency RF pulses are added to interfere the atomic magnetic energy level so as to achieve the purpose of measuring the gravitational acceleration g and the magnetic field B at the same time, and the measuring time sequence is shown in figure 2;
more specifically, the invention adopts the magneto-optical trap device shown in figure 3 to prepare and complete the atomic source, and the atomic source freely falls down for a short time, generally less than 10ms, and enters an interference area; 3 Bragg pulses are spaced by a distance T; t is typically about 100ms; 2 pi Radio Frequency (RF) pulses of the interference magnetic sub-energy level are controlled to be adjacent to the 1 st and 3 rd Bragg pulses respectively; after Bragg completes interference, the atomic groups fall freely to a detection area for detection, and information of B and g is obtained.
Because the interference of different momentum states is utilized in one time sequence to detect the gravity acceleration g, and the Ramsey interference of the same F and different magnetic sub-energy levels is utilized for hyperfine splitting of the ground state to detect the magnetic field B, the interferometer has 2 (2F+1) quantum states in total; further, taking f=1 as an example, 6 states) Marked as->，/>，，/>，/>And->The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Furthermore, the invention utilizes the speed selection characteristic of the Raman light, after the interference leaves the interference area, the atomic group freely falls and flies through the interference area, and the frequency detuning of the coupled ground state hyperfine split Raman light two-photon frequency is changed, so that the coupled ground state hyperfine split Raman light two-photon frequency is opposite to +>And->The state is transferred to the |F=2 > resonance detection, and the corresponding atomic number is recorded as +.>And->The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The number of remaining atoms is->The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The atomic interference probability sensitive to gravitational acceleration is +.>The probability of atomic interference sensitive to magnetic field information is +.>The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Further, the information of the gravitational acceleration g is contained in +.>Whereas the information of the magnetic field B is contained in +.>In (a) and (b); in one interference process, two interference fringes related to the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field can be simultaneously given, and the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field can be synchronously measured.
Taking the interference timing shown in FIG. 2 as an example, the momentum stateAnd->Interference is generated between the two components, and interference fringes related to the gravity acceleration are obtained:
wherein ,，nk L gT 2 for the phase shift caused by the force of gravity,gfor the acceleration of gravity to be measured,nfor Bragg diffraction order, +.>A phase shift introduced for Bragg light or the like; />Is Bragg laser wave vector;Tfree evolution time for interferometer for measuring g;P g atomic population for measuring gravitational acceleration g;
taking the interference timing sequence shown in fig. 2 as an example, the measurement information of the magnetic field is given by interference between magnetic sub-energy levels, taking three magnetic sub-energy levels in f=1 state as an example, the interference fringe form of the atomic interferometry magnetometer is as follows:
wherein ,，κBT R for the phase shift caused by the magnetic field,Bfor the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field to be measured,κis a Zeeman coefficient>A phase introduced for the radio frequency field; />Free evolution time for interferometer for measurement B;P B atomic population for measuring magnetic field B;
in another aspect, as shown in FIG. 1, the present invention provides an atomic interferometer for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field, comprising: the system comprises a cold atom preparation system, an RF (radio frequency) oscillating coil, a laser generation system and a detection system;
the three pairs of cooling light and pump return light are detuned under the action of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, so that the hot atomic groups are subjected to Doppler cooling in three spatial dimensions; closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap to further conduct sub-Doppler cooling on the hot atomic groups; obtaining cold atomic groups;
the laser generating system is used for generating Bragg light required by Bragg type atomic interferometry of gravitational acceleration g; for generating Raman light, cooling light, pump-back light and polarized light;
wherein polarized light with linear polarization causes atomic groups to concentrate at |f=1, m F =0 >, further, cold radicals are concentrated at |p using Raman light 0 ,F=1,m F =0 >, completing the initial preparation of cold radicals;
the RF oscillation coil is used for generating an RF magnetic field required by the atomic interferometry magnetic field B;
the cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, and Bragg laser pulse and RF (radio frequency) pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF field in a vacuum area, so that atomic interference and atomic magneton energy state interference of a momentum state of the cold atomic group occur;
the detection light device is internally provided with a detection area for enabling cold atomic groups to freely fall into the detection area after interference is completed, and applying Raman light to the atomic|P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Detection of the number of campaigns =0 >; and then pumping light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravitational acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated.
Further preferably, the cold atom preparation system comprises a hot radical, a magneto-optical trap device and a sub-doppler cooling device;
the heat atom source is used for generating joule heat by applying current to the heating wire so as to partially vaporize the alkali metal sample and provide heat atomic groups;
the magneto-optical trap device is used for passing current through the anti-Helmholtz coil, generating a central magnetic potential energy zero point at the geometric center, enabling three pairs of cooling light and pump return light in three orthogonal directions to be detuned under the effect of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, and enabling the thermal atomic groups to be subjected to photon momentum transfer of head collision in three spatial dimensions so as to perform Doppler cooling;
the sub-Doppler cooling device is used for closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, and performing frequency detuning adjustment on cooling light and return pump light to realize sub-Doppler cooling on the hot atomic groups subjected to Doppler cooling so as to obtain cold atomic groups; wherein the temperature of the cold atomic group is less than 10 mu K.
Further preferably, the processes of atomic interference of momentum states and atomic magneton energy state interference of cold atomic groups are as follows:
after the cold atomic group falls into the interference time sequence, the momentum of the cold atomic group is coherently separated under the action of a first Bragg pulse; wherein the cold radicals are at |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Superposition state of =0 >; wherein the pulse area of the first Bragg pulse is pi/2;
applying a first RF radio frequency pulse to the cold radicals to cause coherent separation of the cold radicals at the magneton energy level; atomic group in the interference process 0 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =+1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F A superimposed state of = +1 > six states;
applying a second Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to enable the momentum states of the cold atomic groups of the two paths to be reversed; wherein the pulse area of the second Bragg pulse is pi;
applying a second RF pulse to the cold radicals to cause the cold radicals to interfere with the atomic magneton energy states;
applying a third Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to cause the cold atomic group to perform atomic interference of a momentum state; wherein the pulse area of the third Bragg pulse is pi/2.
Further preferably, the detection laser emitting module is used for providing detection light; the second reflecting mirror is used for reflecting the detection light; the detection light, the photoelectric head outside the area and the second reflecting mirror are used for carrying out fluorescence acquisition on cold atomic groups together, and the acquired photoelectric signals are converted into a first atomic number, a second atomic number and a third atomic number;
the detection laser emergent module is used for providing detection light; the first reflecting mirror is positioned at the bottom of the system; a vacuum area is arranged between the first reflecting mirror and the laser generating system and comprises a cold atom preparation area, an interference area and a detection area; the first reflector is used for reflecting Raman light and Bragg light; the second reflecting mirror is used for reflecting the detection light and the pump return light; the detection light, the photoelectric head outside the area and the second reflecting mirror are used for carrying out fluorescence acquisition on cold atomic groups together, and the acquired photoelectric signals are converted into a first atomic number, a second atomic number and a third atomic number;
the cold atomic groups completing the interference freely fall to the detection area; applying Raman light to atom|P to cold atom group after interference 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Detection of the number of campaigns =0 >; then pumping back light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated;
the data analysis processing module is used for adopting the atomic numberAnd atomic number->Acquiring gravitational acceleration by calculating the atomic population of the momentum state; and adopts atomic number->Number of atoms->And atomic number->And obtaining the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field by calculating the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state.
Further preferably, the atomic population of the momentum state is:
；/>
wherein ,，nk L gT 2 for the phase shift caused by the force of gravity,gfor the acceleration of gravity to be measured,nfor Bragg diffraction order, +.>A phase shift introduced for Bragg light or the like; />Is Bragg laser wave vector;Tfree evolution time for interferometer for measuring g;
the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state is as follows:
；/>
wherein ,，κBT R for the phase shift caused by the magnetic field,Bfor the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field to be measured,κis a Zeeman coefficient>A phase introduced for the radio frequency field; />Is the interferometer free evolution time for measurement B.
Based on the atomic interferometer, the invention provides a method for synchronously measuring the gravitational acceleration g and the magnetic field B, which specifically comprises the following steps:
step one: preparing a cold atom source;
more specifically, the first step specifically includes the steps of:
step 1.1: applying an electric current to the heating wire of the heat atom source 101 to generate joule heat, so that the alkali metal sample is partially vaporized, and the heat atom source is provided for the region 103;
step 1.2: the anti-Helmholtz coil C1 in the magneto-optical trap device is electrified, a central magnetic potential energy is generated at the geometric center of the anti-Helmholtz coil C1 as a zero point, and the magnetic field of each linear gradient is matched with the detuning of three pairs of correlation laser cooling light L1 and return pump light L2 in three orthogonal directions, so that the thermal atomic groups are subjected to photon momentum transfer of head-on collision in three spatial dimensions, and the Doppler cooling effect is achieved;
step 1.3: the frequency of the cooling light L1 is adjustable along with time, and the effect of sub-Doppler cooling can be achieved by adjusting the detuning in the time domain and closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap; after sub-doppler cooling, the cold radical temperature should be at a temperature in the <10 μk range;
step two: polarized light with linear polarization causes cold radicals to concentrate at |f=1, m F =0 >, further, cold radicals are concentrated at |p using Raman light 0 ,F=1,m F =0 >, completing the initial preparation of cold radicals; the direction of the polarized light is vertical to the axial direction of the RF oscillating coil;
step three: synchronous measurement g and B is carried out through atomic interferometry; the total interference timing is shown in fig. 2, wherein 3 Bragg laser pulses and 2 RF pulses are applied to the cold atomic group through laser and RF radio frequency fields; inserting a first radio frequency RF pulse between the first Bragg pulse and the second Bragg pulse, and inserting a second radio frequency RF pulse between the second Bragg pulse and the third Bragg pulse; more specifically, step three includes the steps of:
step 3.1: the cold atomic group falls for about 10ms and enters an interference time sequence, and the momentum of the cold atomic group is coherently separated under the action of a first Bragg pulse and is in an absolute value P 0 ,F=1,m F =0 > and |p 0 ,F=1,m F Superimposed state of =0 >, atomic groups are separated on the path; wherein the pulse surface of the first Bragg pulseThe product is pi/2;
step 3.2: applying a first RF pulse to the cold radicals to cause coherent separation of the cold radicals at the magneton energy level to and />The two groups of atoms are in +.>、 and />A superposition of the three magnetic sub-levels;
step 3.3: applying a second Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to enable the momentum states of the cold atomic group in the upper path and the lower path to be reversed, so that the cold atomic group can form a closed path in the last interference pulse; wherein the pulse area of the second Bragg pulse is pi;
step 3.4: applying a second RF pulse to the radicals, step 2.2, with the effect of causing the cold radicals to undergo atomic magneton energy state interference;
step 3.5: applying a third Bragg pulse to the atomic group, wherein the effect is to enable the cold atomic group to perform atomic interference of a momentum state; wherein the pulse area of the third Bragg pulse is pi/2.
Step four: as shown in fig. 4, the atomic groups are detected, and the gravitational acceleration and the magnetic field are measured or calculated; the detection process is shown in fig. 3, and after the interference process, the atomic groups freely fall into a detection area; the invention utilizes the speed selection characteristic of Raman light, carries out Zeeman splitting on the internal state magnetic sub-energy level by means of the external magnetic field B applied in the detection area, adjusts the Raman two-photon detuning to lead the internal state magnetic sub-energy level to be equal to |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > resonates, after which the radicals are inIn the state, the fluorescence collection can be performed on the atomic groups by using the detection light L7, the back pump light L2, the photoelectric head P1 outside the area and the reflecting mirror 108, and the collected photoelectric signals are converted into the atomic number +.>The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the Repeating the process, and adjusting the Raman light two-photon transition detuning to be equal to |P 1 , F=1, m F Resonance of =0 > and recording of atomic number +.>The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the All atoms remaining are brought to +.>The atomic state is counted by using the detection light L7 and the pump-back light L2 to obtain the atomic number +.>The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the The information of the gravitational acceleration g is contained inIn (a) and (b); the information of the magnetic field B is contained in->In (a) and (b); more specifically, the fourth step specifically includes the following steps:
step 4.1: after the interference process, the cold radicals freely fall into the detection zone;
step 4.2: by utilizing the speed selection characteristic of Raman light, an external magnetic field is gradually applied to a detection area to enable the internal state magnon energy level of the interfered atomic group to carry out Zeeman splitting, and the frequency of the Raman light two-photon is adjusted to be detuned so as to enable the atomic group to be inIs resonated, after which the radicals are in +.>A state;
step 4.3: by using the detection light, the photoelectric head outside the area and the reflecting mirror, the pairThe cold atomic group performs fluorescence collection, and converts the collected photoelectric signal into atomic number；
Step 4.4: the two-photon frequency detuning of the Raman light is regulated again to lead the Raman light to be inIs resonated, after which the radicals are in +.>A state;
step 4.5: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.6: using back pumping light to bring all the remaining atoms into positionAn atomic state;
step 4.7: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.8: by atomic numberAnd atomic number->Acquiring gravitational acceleration by calculating the atomic population of the momentum state; and adopts atomic number->Number of atoms->And atomic number->And obtaining a magnetic field by calculating the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state.
In summary, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the invention provides an atomic interferometer for synchronously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field and a method thereof, wherein a cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, bragg laser pulse and RF radio frequency pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF radio frequency field, so that atomic interference of momentum state and atomic magneton energy state interference of the cold atomic group occur; after the interference is completed, the cold atomic group freely falls into a detection area, and Raman pair atoms |P are applied to the cold atomic group after the interference 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Atomic population detection of =0 >; and then pumping light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravitational acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated. It can be seen that, compared with the prior art, due to the existence of magnetic fields (whether geomagnetic field or artificial background magnetic field B), a second-order Zeeman effect exists in the atomic interferometry g, and noise and systematic error are introduced into the measurement of g; the invention synchronously obtains g and B at the atomic group position, which is a method for providing an in-situ measurement magnetic field in gravity measurement, and can also correct the systematic error contained in the measurement g by using the measured B; that is, the values of the gravitational acceleration g and the magnetic field B are obtained at each time sequence, and the error of g can be corrected by using the value of B.
It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention, but any modifications, equivalents, improvements or alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and magnetic field, comprising the steps of:
step one: the three pairs of cooling light and pump return light are subjected to Doppler cooling on three space dimensions by the atomic groups under the action of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions; closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap to perform sub-Doppler cooling on the hot atomic groups to obtain cold atomic groups;
step two: polarized light with linear polarization causes cold radicals to concentrate at |f=1, m F =0 > cold radicals are concentrated at |p by re-using Raman light 0 ,F=1,m F =0 >, completing the initial preparation of cold radicals; the direction of the polarized light is vertical to the axial direction of the RF oscillating coil;
step three: the cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, bragg laser pulse and RF radio frequency pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF radio frequency field, and atomic interference and atomic magneton energy state interference of momentum states of the cold atomic group are caused; wherein Bragg light irradiates on the cold atomic group in a vertical direction; the oscillation direction of the RF radio frequency field is in the horizontal direction;
step four: after the interference is finished, the cold atomic groups freely fall into a detection area, raman light is applied to the cold atomic groups after the interference so that the cold atomic groups are transferred to |F=2 > to detect the atomic population, and the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated through the atomic population;
the fourth step comprises the following steps:
step 4.1: after the interference process, the cold radicals freely fall into the detection zone;
step 4.2: using Raman light to convert |P 0 , F=1, m F Transfer to |f=2 >;
step 4.3: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.4: using Raman light to convert |P 1 , F=1, m F Transfer to |f=2 >;
step 4.5: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.6: using back pumping light to bring all the remaining atoms into positionAn atomic state;
step 4.7: fluorescent collection is carried out on cold atomic groups by utilizing detection light, a photoelectric head outside the area and a reflecting mirror, and collected photoelectric signals are converted into atomic numbers；
Step 4.8: by atomic numberAnd atomic number->Acquiring gravitational acceleration by calculating the atomic population of the momentum state; and adopts atomic number->Number of atoms->And atomic number->And obtaining the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field by calculating the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state.
2. The method for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and magnetic field of claim 1, wherein step one specifically comprises the steps of:
applying a current to the heating wire of the heat atom source to generate joule heat, so that the alkali metal sample is partially vaporized, and the heat atom source is provided;
the anti-Helmholtz coil is electrified, a central magnetic potential energy zero point is generated in the geometric center of the anti-Helmholtz coil, three pairs of cooling light and return pump light in three orthogonal directions are detuned under the effect of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, so that thermal atomic groups are subjected to photon momentum transfer of head collision in three spatial dimensions to perform Doppler cooling;
closing a magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, and performing frequency detuning adjustment on cooling light and pump return light to further perform sub-Doppler cooling on the Doppler cooled hot atomic groups to obtain cold atomic groups; wherein the temperature of the cold atomic group is less than 10 mu K.
3. Method for simultaneous measurement of gravitational acceleration and magnetic field according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that step three comprises in particular the following steps:
after the cold atomic group falls into the interference time sequence, the momentum of the cold atomic group is coherently separated under the action of a first Bragg pulse; wherein the cold radicals are at |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Superposition state of =0 >; the pulse area of the first Bragg pulse is pi/2;
applying a first RF radio frequency pulse to the cold radicals to cause coherent separation of the cold radicals at the magneton energy level; atomic group in the interference process 0 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =+1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F A superimposed state of = +1 > six states;
applying a second Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to enable the momentum states of the cold atomic groups of the two paths to be reversed; wherein the pulse area of the second Bragg pulse is pi;
applying a second RF pulse to the cold radicals to cause the cold radicals to interfere with the atomic magneton energy states;
applying a third Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to cause the cold atomic group to perform atomic interference of a momentum state; wherein the pulse area of the third Bragg pulse is pi/2.
4. A method for simultaneous measurement of gravitational acceleration and magnetic field as claimed in claim 3, wherein the atomic population of the momentum state is:
；/>
wherein ,，nk L gT 2 for the phase shift caused by the force of gravity,gfor the acceleration of gravity to be measured,nfor Bragg diffraction order, +.>A phase shift introduced for Bragg light; />Is Bragg laser wave vector;Tfree evolution time for interferometer for measuring g;
the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state is as follows:
；/>
wherein ,，κBT R for the phase shift caused by the magnetic field,Bfor the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field to be measured,κis a Zeeman coefficient>A phase introduced for the radio frequency field; />Is the interferometer free evolution time for measurement B.
5. An atomic interferometer for simultaneously measuring gravitational acceleration and a magnetic field, comprising: the system comprises a cold atom preparation system, an RF (radio frequency) oscillating coil, a laser generation system and a detection system;
a cold atom preparation system, in which a vacuum region is provided; the device is used for detuning three pairs of cooling light and pump return light under the action of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, so that the thermal atomic groups are subjected to Doppler cooling in three spatial dimensions; closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap to perform sub-Doppler cooling on the hot atomic groups; obtaining cold atomic groups;
the laser generating system is used for generating Bragg light required by Bragg type atomic interferometry of gravitational acceleration g; for generating Raman light, cooling light, pump-back light and polarized light;
wherein polarized light with linear polarization causes cold radicals to concentrate at |f=1, m F =0 >; concentrating cold radicals at |P by re-using Raman light 0 ,F=1,m F =0 >, completing the initial preparation of cold radicals;
the RF oscillation coil is used for generating an RF magnetic field required by the atomic interferometry magnetic field B;
the cold atomic group descends into an interference time sequence, and Bragg laser pulse and RF (radio frequency) pulse are applied to the cold atomic group through Bragg light and RF field in a vacuum area, so that atomic interference and atomic magneton energy state interference of a momentum state of the cold atomic group occur;
the detection system is provided with a detection area therein for enabling cold atomic groups to freely fall into the detection area after interference is completed, and applying Raman light to the cold atomic groups after interference to enable the cold atomic groups to be in |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Cold atomic group transfer of =0 > to |f=2 > for atomic population detection, and gravitational acceleration and magnetic field are calculated from the atomic population;
the detection system comprises a detection area, a detection laser emitting module, a photoelectric head, a reflecting mirror and a data analysis processing module;
the cold atomic groups completing the interference freely fall to the detection area; applying Raman light to atomic |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Detection of the number of campaigns =0 >; then pumping back light is applied to the cold atomic groups, the total atomic number involved in interference is detected, and the gravity acceleration and the magnetic field are calculated;
the detection laser emergent module is used for providing detection light; the reflecting mirror is used for reflecting the detection light; the detection light, the photoelectric head outside the area and the reflecting mirror are used for carrying out fluorescence acquisition on cold atomic groups together, and the acquired photoelectric signals are converted into a first atomic number, a second atomic number and a third atomic number;
the data analysis processing module is used for adopting the atomic numberAnd atomic number->Acquiring gravitational acceleration by calculating the atomic population of the momentum state; and adopts atomic number->Number of atoms->And atomic number->And obtaining the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field by calculating the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state.
6. The atomic interferometer for simultaneous measurement of gravitational acceleration and magnetic field of claim 5, wherein the cold atomic preparation system comprises a hot atomic group, a magneto-optical trap device, and a sub-doppler cooling device;
the heat atom source is used for generating joule heat by applying current to the heating wire so as to partially vaporize the alkali metal sample and provide heat atomic groups;
the magneto-optical trap device is used for passing current through the anti-Helmholtz coil, generating a central magnetic potential energy zero point at the geometric center, enabling three pairs of cooling light and pump return light in three orthogonal directions to be detuned under the effect of magnetic fields of linear gradients in all directions, and enabling the thermal atomic groups to be subjected to photon momentum transfer of head collision in three spatial dimensions so as to perform Doppler cooling;
the sub-Doppler cooling device is used for performing frequency detuning adjustment on cooling light and pump return light after closing the magnetic field of the magneto-optical trap, so as to realize sub-Doppler cooling on the Doppler cooled hot atomic groups and obtain cold atomic groups; wherein the temperature of the cold atomic group is less than 10 mu K.
7. The atomic interferometer for simultaneous measurement of gravitational acceleration and magnetic field of claim 5 or 6, wherein the cold atomic group undergoes atomic interferometry of momentum states and atomic magnetocaloric state interferometry of:
after the cold atomic group falls into the interference time sequence, the momentum of the cold atomic group is coherently separated under the action of a first Bragg pulse; wherein the cold radicals are at |P 0 , F=1, m F =0 > and |p 1 , F=1, m F Superposition state of =0 >; the pulse area of the first Bragg pulse is pi/2;
applying a first RF radio frequency pulse to the cold radicals to cause coherent separation of the cold radicals at the magneton energy level; wherein the atomic group is in |P in the interference process 0 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 0 , F=1, m F =+1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =-1〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F =0〉、|P 1 , F=1, m F A superimposed state of = +1 > six states;
applying a second Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to enable the momentum states of the cold atomic groups of the two paths to be reversed; wherein the pulse area of the second Bragg pulse is pi;
applying a second RF pulse to the cold radicals to cause the cold radicals to interfere with the atomic magneton energy states;
applying a third Bragg pulse to the cold atomic group to cause the cold atomic group to perform atomic interference of a momentum state; wherein the pulse area of the third Bragg pulse is pi/2.
8. The atomic interferometer for simultaneous measurement of gravitational acceleration and magnetic field of claim 7, wherein the atomic population of the momentum state is:
；/>
wherein ,，nk L gT 2 for the phase shift caused by the force of gravity,gfor the acceleration of gravity to be measured,nfor Bragg diffraction order, +.>A phase shift introduced for Bragg light; />Is Bragg laser wave vector;Tfree evolution time for interferometer for measuring g;
the atomic population of the magnetic energy level state is as follows:
；/>
wherein ,，κBT R for the phase shift caused by the magnetic field,Bfor the magnetic induction intensity of the magnetic field to be measured,κis a Zeeman coefficient>A phase introduced for the radio frequency field; />Is the interferometer free evolution time for measurement B.
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