CN116460664A - Tolerance control method and product detection method in machining process design - Google Patents
Tolerance control method and product detection method in machining process design Download PDFInfo
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- CN116460664A CN116460664A CN202310290126.6A CN202310290126A CN116460664A CN 116460664 A CN116460664 A CN 116460664A CN 202310290126 A CN202310290126 A CN 202310290126A CN 116460664 A CN116460664 A CN 116460664A
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000013643 reference control Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 26
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a tolerance control method and a product detection method in machining process design. Wherein, a tolerance control method in machining process design, in design product and mechanical drawing, the marked tolerance requirement a 1 、a 3 、δ N The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the When the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference control the position of the processed element in one non-constant direction; when the second positioning reference is processed, the machine tool workbench directly processes the processed element without rotating; delta N Calculated according to the following formula. The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention converts the geometric relation tolerance of the measured element to the positioning straight line on the second positioning reference into the geometric requirement tolerance of the measured element to the whole second positioning reference, and performs mechanical design and process design by using the geometric requirement tolerance of the measured element to the whole second positioning reference, so that the second positioning reference can be realized, and the product qualification rate is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a tolerance control method and a product detection method in machining process design.
Background
At present, the national standard of shape and position tolerance is issued in 1974, and the labeling of the shape and position tolerance in mechanical drawing is standardized.
However, due to the advent of machining centers and boring and milling machines, one process may add multiple elements in multiple directions. If there is a geometric requirement among the plurality of machined elements, the reference of the geometric requirement is the element that has just been machined. The original second positioning reference cannot be realized because the working procedure is unchanged.
The existing tolerance control method is as follows: as shown in fig. 2, plane E requires control of its position in two degrees of rotational freedom about the y and z axes using planes a and B. At present, two strip-shaped positioning tolerances are marked on a plane E by taking a plane A and a plane B as first positioning references respectively on a drawing. Plane E has only one machining opportunity. Only one first positioning reference can be used. The other first positioning reference cannot be used any more and the requirement cannot be guaranteed.
In practice two situations may occur: as in fig. 2, both reference planes A, B and plane E each have only one identical non-constant direction. Of the two reference planes A, C of fig. 3, the second locating reference plane C is parallel to plane E, both of which have two identical non-constant directions.
In the reference numerals of fig. 2, 4 and 6 in the present specification, the first and second positioning references have only one non-constant direction with respect to the workpiece. The labels of fig. 3, 5 and 7 show that the second positioning reference has two identical non-constant directions with respect to the processed element.
At present, a machining center and a boring and milling machine are put into operation, and a plurality of elements in a plurality of directions can be machined in one process. The second positioning reference conventionally used cannot be realized when the form and position tolerance requirements exist between the machined elements.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems: the tolerance control method and the product detection method in the process design can realize the second positioning reference and improve the product qualification rate.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method of tolerance control in a machining process design, comprising: in designing a product and mechanical drawing, the tolerance requirement a is marked 1 、a 3 、δ N ；
When the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference control the position of the processed element in one non-constant direction;
when the second positioning reference is processed, the machine tool workbench directly processes the processed element without rotating;
δ N calculated according to the following formula;
δ N ＝a 2 ；
when the second positioning reference and the processed element have two identical non-constant directions, the second reference only can supplement the deficiency of the first reference, and cannot be positioned again in the direction in which the first reference is positioned, delta N Calculated according to the following formula:
wherein:
a 1 -geometric requirements of the measured element on the first positioning references;
a 2 -geometric tolerance of the measured element to the positioning line on the second positioning reference;
a 3 -a geometric tolerance between the second positioning reference and the first positioning reference;
δ N -geometric requirement tolerances of the measured element to the entire second positioning reference.
Product detection method for measuring the above a of product 1 、a 3 、δ N And compares it with the theoretical value a 1 、a 3 、δ N And comparing, if the former is smaller than the latter, the product is qualified, otherwise, the product is unqualified.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention converts the geometric relation tolerance of the measured element to the positioning straight line on the second positioning reference into the geometric requirement tolerance of the measured element to the whole second positioning reference, and performs mechanical design and process design by using the geometric requirement tolerance of the measured element to the whole second positioning reference, so that the second positioning reference can be realized, and the product qualification rate is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a summary of the positioning referencing system.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a three-base system machining plane element, namely a reference system combination with two reference positioning directions mutually complemented.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a three-base system machining plan element- -two reference system combination with a repeating orientation direction.
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a three-base system machining axis- -two datum system combination with mutually complementary positioning.
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a three-base system processing axis- -reference system combination where there may be repeated positioning.
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a hole-surface referencing system machining plane- -a referencing system combination in which two datums are positioned complementary to each other.
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a hole-plane referencing system process plane- -referencing system combinations where repeated positioning may be present.
Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of reference system accuracy calculation corresponding to fig. 2.
Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the relationship of verticality.
Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the reference system accuracy calculation in fig. 3.
Fig. 11 is a schematic view of the closed loop in a flat state.
In which in figure 1 there is shown,
(1) the rotational freedom direction of the first positioning reference in actual positioning;
(2) geometric relation of the measured element to the first positioning reference and tolerance requirement of the measured element;
(3) the second positioning reference has a direction of positioning capability in the rotational degree of freedom;
(4) the second positioning reference actually plays a role in positioning in the direction of the rotational degree of freedom;
(5) geometric relation between measured element and second positioning reference and tolerance requirement thereof
(6) The rotational freedom direction of the element to be measured to be positioned;
(7) the measured element is used for measuring the tolerance value of the positioning straight line on the second positioning reference within the range of 2 r;
a 1 -geometric requirements of the measured element on the first positioning references;
a 2 -geometric tolerance of the measured element to the positioning line on the second positioning reference;
a 3 -a geometric tolerance between the second positioning reference and the first positioning reference;
δ N -geometric requirement tolerances of the measured element to the entire second positioning reference.
Detailed Description
The above-mentioned needs are met by the present application using a "variable second positioning reference" and the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description thereof.
The present patent application proposes: the two first positioning references with the two strip-shaped positioning tolerances form a reference system according to the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference (plane A, B) respectively, and the positions of the machined elements are controlled together.
The form and position tolerance requirements of two or more strips should not be marked on one element in the mechanical design and the process design. Because one element has only one opportunity to form. Only one first positioning reference can be used. The unused form and position tolerance requirements cannot be guaranteed. If desired, the positioning references of the two bar positional tolerances can be combined into a reference system to control the position of the machined element. The benchmark hierarchy may be performed as follows.
Referring to FIG. 1, a tolerance control method in a machining process design is shown with only reference a in the design product and mechanical drawing 1 、a 3 、δ N (and a) 2 The same);
when the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference control the positions of the processed element in a non-constant direction respectively, delta N Calculated according to the following formula;
δ N ＝a 2 ；
when the second positioning reference and the processed element have two identical non-constant directions,the second reference can only supplement the deficiency of the first reference, and cannot be repositioned in the direction in which the first reference is positioned, delta N Calculated according to the following formula:
wherein:
a 1 -geometric requirements of the measured element on the first positioning references;
a 2 -geometric tolerance of the measured element to the positioning line on the second positioning reference;
a 3 -a geometric tolerance between the second positioning reference and the first positioning reference;
δ N -geometric requirement tolerances of the measured element to the entire second positioning reference.
The proving process of the above formula is as follows:
s1, when the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference respectively control the positions of the machined elements in a non-constant direction, referring to the tolerance requirements of fig. 2, 4 and 6, because the proving process of the formulas is similar, only the tolerance requirements in fig. 2 are exemplified:
as shown in fig. 8, the first reference plane a is an xoy coordinate plane, the second reference plane B is approximately a yoz coordinate plane, and the workpiece plane E is a plane parallel to the coordinate plane xoz. Referring to fig. 8, a perpendicularity tolerance a is necessarily present between the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference 3 2r, i.e. plane B, is rotated by an angle y about the y-axis. The maximum tolerance can reach the DFGO position; after the first datum of the part and the clamp is completely attached, the second datum of the part cannot be completely attached to the second datum of the clamp any more due to the angle gamma, and the part is attached to the y-axis of the coordinate system by rotating the part around the z-axis until a straight line OD on the second datum is attached to the y-axis of the coordinate system. The ideal machined feature may reach the HOKM location. Can ensure the perpendicularity tolerance a of the processed element to the positioning straight line (y axis) 2 And/2 r. I.e. rotated by an angle beta about the z-axis. After machining, the perpendicularity tolerance a of the machined element to the first reference 1 And/2 r. I.e. around the x-axisThe angle alpha is shown. Because the machined feature of the part has rotated about the z-axis to the HOKM position. It can be approximately considered that: the workpiece is rotated by an angle alpha (a 1 2 r). Reaching the ONPH position. Because the second reference full element can not be adjusted and guaranteed to participate in positioning in the processing process. Proving that the perpendicularity tolerance delta of the machined element to the second reference can be ensured N /2r。
Because of the perpendicularity tolerance between the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference, the tolerance enables the second positioning reference to rotate around the y axis by a 3 /2r。
According to the analytical geometry formula: the three points of the plane are
2rx+a 3 z＝0
The coordinates of three points on the second reference plane are as follows:
O(0，0，0)
G(-a 3 ，0，2r)
D(0，-2r，0)
then, the equation for the second positioning reference is:
i.e.
2rx+a 3 z＝0
And (5) calculating a processed element equation:
perpendicularity a of the workpiece to a positioning straight line on the second reference 2 And/2 r, which indicates that the measured element may rotate around the z-axis by an angle of beta (a 2 /2 r) to the OH position. Perpendicularity a of the workpiece to the first reference 1 And/2 r, the element being processed will be rotated again by an angle alpha (i.e. a 1 2 r), the machined element is approximately considered to rotate about a straight line OH to reach the ONPH position because the angle beta is small. The coordinates of the three points are respectively as follows:
o point: (0,0,0)
And H point: (2 r, -a) 2 ，0)
N point: (0, a) 1 ，2r)
Then, the machined element equation is:
i.e., -a 2 x-2ry+a 1 z＝0
And enabling the included angle between the machined element and the actual second positioning reference to be theta.
Referring to fig. 9, the included angle of the machined element when the machined element is perpendicular to the second positioning reference is:
δ N -perpendicularity tolerance of the machined element to the second reference.
After the above equation is calculated and arranged
δ N ＝a 2 (2)
Thus, the machined element plane E of the part shown in FIG. 2 is a first positioning reference and the plane B is a second positioning reference, so that the perpendicularity delta of the plane E to the plane B can be ensured after machining N . It appears that one positioning straight line on the second positioning reference can represent the whole plane B positioning, and the requirements of direction/position/jumping on the drawing can be met. However, the actual plane on the part is not an absolutely ideal mathematical plane, and the flatness tolerance will have some effect (not too great), and the machining process using a straight line to represent the entire plane requires careful operation. At the same time, it is recommended that: the product design and the process design should be based on the second positioning reference, which is the element with lower direction requirement, among the two selected positioning references.
S2, when the second positioning reference and the processed element have two identical non-constant degree directions, referring to the tolerance requirements of fig. 3, 5 and 7, because the proving process of the formula is similar, only the tolerance requirements in fig. 3 are exemplified:
referring to fig. 10, the first positioning reference plane a is an xoy coordinate plane, the theoretical position of the second positioning reference plane C is a xoz coordinate plane, and the machined element plane E is a plane parallel to the coordinate plane xoz. As shown in figure 10, the perpendicularity tolerance a exists between the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference 3 The actual second positioning reference will be rotated by a gamma angle around the x-axis, maximally to the OGFD position. After the first datum of the part and the clamp is completely attached, the part and the clamp can only rotate around the z axis until a straight line on the second datum is attached to the x axis of the coordinate system. During machining, the part is rotated around the z-axis by an angle beta, i.e. by a tolerance a, due to possible adjustment, machining errors, etc 2 And/2 r to the OHLK position. Then, machining the machined element plane E to ensure the perpendicularity tolerance a of the machined element plane E to the first positioning reference 1 And/2 r. I.e. a maximum rotation about the x-axis by an angle alpha. Because the part has reached the OHLK position, it can be approximated that: the element being processed being rotated by an angle alpha about OH (i.e. a 1 /2 r) pair up to OHPN position. It can be seen that the direct relationship between the machined element OHPN and the second positioning reference (plane OGFD) is: the line (OH) on the element being machined being rotated by an angle beta about the z-axis relative to the line of positioning (x-axis), i.e. the tolerance a 2 And/2 r. This requirement can be guaranteed by adjustment. But cannot guarantee parallelism tolerance delta between the machined element and the second positioning reference N /2r！
Due to the perpendicularity tolerance a between the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference 3 And/2 r, defining the amount by which the second datum is rotated about the x-axis. As shown in fig. 10.
The coordinates of three points on the second reference plane are as follows:
O(0，0，0)
G(0，a3，2r)
D(2r，0，0)
the equation for the second reference is:
2ry-a 3 z＝0
calculating a processed element equation:
three-point coordinates on the machined element:
o-dot (0, 0)
N point (0, -a1,2 r)
H point (2 r, -a2, 0)
The processed element equation is:
a2x+2ry+a1z＝0
and an included angle theta between the processed element and the actual second reference.
After finishing and neglecting the higher order infinitely small
As shown in fig. 8, the included angle between the two elements when parallel is:
then the first time period of the first time period,
after finishing and neglecting the higher order infinitely small
As can be seen from the above: after locating the machining plane E using the referencing system of fig. 3, the parallelism of the plane E to the second referencing plane C consists of two errors in different directions.
Rotational error about the x-axis: a, a 1 、a 3 ；
Rotational error about the z-axis: a, a 2 。
The vector sum should be exactly the same as equation (4) due to the different directions.
As can be seen from the calculation:
the precision (a 2 ) Can be ensured; geometric relationship of the machined element to the second reference (delta N ) Cannot be guaranteed. This is because please see fig. 3: the second positioning reference can position the workpiece in two degrees of rotational freedom. While the design only requires that the machined feature be constrained to rotate about the z-axis. Rotation about the x-axis has been controlled by a first positioning reference. However, rotational errors about the x-axis are transmitted to the workpiece. The choice of such a benchmark system can not guarantee the product requirements? Product designers are carefully thinking. If the product requires such a requirement. The design of the process needs to be designed.
As described above, when the first and second positioning references control the positions of the workpiece in one non-constant direction, respectively (see fig. 2). After processing, the position requirement of the processed element on the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference can be ensured. The geometric relationship between the machined elements and the second reference is calculated by adopting a formula (2). The marking method can be adopted in product design, and the process can be arranged according to the requirement in process design. However, it is preferable to measure the geometric relationship between the machined element and the second positioning reference after machining is completed and evaluate whether the machined element is acceptable.
When the second positioning reference has two identical non-constant directions with the workpiece (as in fig. 3), the second reference cannot be repositioned in the direction in which the first reference has been positioned. However, the second positioning reference still has an error in this non-positionable direction, which error must be transferred between the two. The process design can only be designed and calculated by adopting the formula (4).
In the method, a is as described above 1 、a 3 The positional relationship between the workpiece and the second positioning reference with respect to the first positioning reference in the same direction. The positional relationship between the processed element and the second positioning reference in the other direction is a 2 。δ N The positional relationship between the machined element and the second positioning reference in two directions is adopted. I.e. a 1 、a 3 And a 2 Different directions, delta N The vector sum of the two directions should be taken (later demonstrated).
Product detection method for measuring product a 1 、a 3 、δ N After calculation if necessary. And it is compared with the theoretical value a 1 、a 3 、δ N And comparing, if the former is not larger than the latter, the product is qualified, otherwise, the product is not qualified.
The characteristics of the application:
1. two or more geometric tolerance requirements should not be marked on one element of the part. If it is desired to control the positions in both directions, it is preferable to control the positions of the elements to be processed by composing a reference system. A variable second positioning reference is then generated.
2. When the composition reference system controls the position of the element to be processed, if the first and second positioning references are both in the same non-constant direction as the element to be processed, the first and second positioning references are calculated according to the formula delta N ＝a 2 And the calculation can meet the design requirement. The product is qualified.
3. When the composition reference system controls the position of the machined element, if the second positioning reference and the machined element have two identical non-constant directions, the formula should be formulatedCalculation, design requirements cannot be guaranteed. Care should be taken if the design requires such a situation to be used. Or reduce a 2 The value of a is 1 、a 3 Leaving a certain amount.
4. In order to improve the processing precision, a formula is usedCase of calculation, except control a 2 Besides, the direction control of the placement of the parts on the machine tool workbench can also be controlled.
See the prior art for further content.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several changes and modifications can be made without departing from the general inventive concept, and these should also be regarded as the scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. A method of tolerance control in a machining process design, comprising: in designing a product and mechanical drawing, the tolerance requirement a is marked 1 、a 3 、δ N ；
When the first positioning reference and the second positioning reference control the position of the processed element in one non-constant direction;
when the second positioning reference is processed, the machine tool workbench directly processes the processed element without rotating;
δ N calculated according to the following formula;
δ N ＝a 2 ；
when the second positioning reference and the processed element have two identical non-constant directions, the second reference only can supplement the deficiency of the first reference, and cannot be positioned again in the direction in which the first reference is positioned, delta N Calculated according to the following formula:
wherein:
a 1 -geometric requirements of the measured element on the first positioning references;
a 2 -geometric tolerance of the measured element to the positioning line on the second positioning reference;
a 3 -a geometric tolerance between the second positioning reference and the first positioning reference;
δ N -geometric requirement tolerances of the measured element to the entire second positioning reference.
2. A product detection method is characterized in that: measuring a of a product as defined in claim 1 1 、a 3 、δ N And compares it with the theoretical value a 1 、a 3 、δ N And comparing, if the former is smaller than the latter, the product is qualified, otherwise, the product is unqualified.
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