CN116448813B - Temperature and pressure synchronous test method and system for energy release characteristics of energetic structural material - Google Patents
Temperature and pressure synchronous test method and system for energy release characteristics of energetic structural material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a temperature and pressure synchronous test method and a test system for energy release characteristics of an energy-containing structural material, and belongs to the technical field of material performance test. The method comprises the steps of providing dynamic load required by activating energy release of an energy-containing structural material to be detected through a split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device, enabling the energy-containing structural material positioned in a non-closed test space of a non-closed energy release testing device to release energy, collecting high-speed camera images, infrared thermal imaging images, temperature, pressure, strain and time data of the energy-containing structural material in an energy release process through a data collecting unit in the non-closed energy release testing device, and quantitatively characterizing the energy release condition of the energy-containing structural material by combining the collected data and considering air density change caused by oxygen consumption in the energy release process. The invention realizes more reliable and comprehensive characterization of the energy release characteristics of the energetic structural material based on the non-airtight energy release testing device, and the related device has simple structure and good application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a temperature and pressure synchronous test method and a test system for energy release characteristics of an energy-containing structural material, and belongs to the technical field of material performance test.
Background
The active metal material with certain structural strength is called an energy-containing structural material, has good structural strength and chemical stability under the stimulation of normal temperature and pressure or weak external environment, and can be used as the structural material of a component; under extreme conditions such as high-speed impact, the chemical activity of the material is excited, and a large amount of energy is rapidly released through intense chemical reaction, and meanwhile, the material has the effects of igniting, detonating, overpressure and the like on surrounding objects, so that the material has important application in the field of weaponry.
The impact-energy release process of the energetic structural materials mainly comprises: six stages of loading-deformation-heating-crushing-combustion-energy release are provided with the following typical characteristics: the material deforms severely under impact loading, and the strain rate can reach 10 3～105s-1; the material is rapidly heated and crushed in the deformation stage, so that a plurality of local hot spots exceeding the ignition point of the material are formed; the combustion-energy release phase is completed instantaneously, the duration is in the order of microseconds and milliseconds, and the severe chemical energy release leads to a significant increase in ambient temperature and pressure. In view of the high speed, transient, high temperature and high pressure characteristics of the energetic structural materials in the impact-energy release process, how to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the energy release characteristics of the energetic structural materials through an experimental method comprises the following steps: the threshold loading conditions for activating energy release, the threshold temperature for inducing combustion, the energy release amount, the energy release intensity, the environment temperature/pressure evolution, the spark/fragment cloud morphology and the like have been the focus of research in the academic community for a long time.
At present, an experiment for researching the energy release characteristics of an energetic structural material mainly utilizes an open space or an impact experiment in a quasi-closed container to trigger the material to burn and release energy, and the energy release process is observed and recorded by means of instruments and equipment. Specifically, the research on the energy release characteristics in the open space is mainly based on images shot by a high-speed camera, an infrared thermal imager and the like at a long distance, and the intensity or difficulty of energy release can not be quantitatively described by comparing spark brightness, spark area, debris cloud outline, temperature field distribution and the like, and the threshold loading condition for activating energy release and the threshold temperature for inducing combustion can not be accurately measured; the method must assume that the air quality and volume in the container are constant, and neglect the air consumption and leakage caused by the combustion process, so the method is only suitable for energetic structural materials without gas participation reaction, and the test results for non-closed containers and energetic structural materials with obvious gas consumption are inaccurate.
Furthermore, the evaluation of the impact-energy release process of energetic structural materials requires analysis from multiple dimensions, such as: energy release (per sample mass), duration of the energy release process (energy release intensity), sensitivity to trigger energy release (threshold loading conditions to activate energy release, threshold temperature to induce combustion), etc. The existing energy-containing structural material measuring device or system mostly adopts a quasi-closed container matched with a ballistic gun, and only can provide information with single dimension of energy release amount due to the problems of extremely high sample speed, relatively long shooting distance, shielding of the impact process by the quasi-closed container and the like, so that quantitative analysis of information with other dimensions cannot be realized, and the comprehensive energy release characteristics of the material cannot be scientifically evaluated, so that the optimal design and practical application of the material are greatly limited. Therefore, there is a need for a multi-dimensional and quantitative testing method and system for energy release characteristics of energetic structural materials, such as high speed, transient state, high temperature, high pressure, etc.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the existing method and system for evaluating the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material, the invention provides a temperature and pressure synchronous test method and test system for the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material, which synchronously measure temperature and pressure change data in the energy release process in a non-closed container, and provide a more accurate energy release calculation formula of the energy-containing structural material in consideration of air density change caused by oxygen consumption in the energy release process, and simultaneously can perform accurate multidimensional and quantitative characterization on the energy release characteristics, so that the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material are more reliably and comprehensively characterized; in addition, the testing system is a non-closed container, is simple in structure and convenient to assemble and disassemble, can evaluate the reliability of the energy release characteristic of the energy-containing structural material, and has good application prospect.
The aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme.
The temperature and pressure synchronous test method for the energy release characteristic of the energetic structural material comprises the following steps:
The method comprises the steps that a non-closed energy release testing device and a separated Hopkinson pressure bar testing device are installed in a matched mode, at the moment, an incident bar and a transmission bar of the separated Hopkinson pressure bar testing device are located in a non-closed testing space of the non-closed energy release testing device, and an energy containing structural material to be tested is clamped between the incident bar and the transmission bar; providing dynamic load required by activating the energy release of the energetic structural material to be tested through a separated Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device, and collecting high-speed photographic images, infrared thermal imaging images, temperature, pressure, strain and time data of the energetic structural material in the energy release process in real time through a data acquisition unit in a non-airtight energy release testing device; carrying out quantitative characterization on the energy release condition of the energetic structural material according to the collected data, wherein the specific process of quantitative characterization is as follows:
(1) Based on the collected temperature data and pressure data, calculating the dynamic energy release delta Q of the energy-containing structure
According to a Boyle/Gay-Lussac ideal gas state equation, establishing a calculation relation of air pressure, temperature and density in the non-closed test space before and after energy release:
P2-P1＝ΔP＝R(ρ2T2-ρ1T1) (1)
However, during the energy release process of the energetic structural materials, on the one hand, oxygen in the air is consumed to reduce the air quality and density in the non-closed test space; on the other hand, a large amount of energy is released to increase the temperature and pressure of the air in the non-closed test space, so that the temperature, pressure and density of the air in the non-closed test space can be changed after the energy release is finished. Therefore, to accurately calculate the energy release of the energetic structural materials, the oxygen consumption during the energy release must be considered, namely:
ρ2≠ρ1 (2)
The energy release reaction of the energy-containing structural material is essentially a severe oxidation reaction of the metal and oxygen in the air, the heat released by the oxidation reaction is the energy released by the energy-containing structural material, and the oxygen consumed by the reaction can be calculated according to the principle of the oxidation reaction as follows:
The mass of the air after the reaction is:
The air density after the reaction is:
Substituting formula (5) into Boyle/Gay-Lussac ideal gas state equation (1) to obtain:
Because the energy output by the oxidation reaction of the energetic structural material into the non-closed test space is totally converted into the air heat energy increment after the reaction, the temperature change delta T in the reaction process can be calculated based on a heat energy calculation formula:
and (3) combining the equations (6) and (7), and finally establishing a calculation formula between the energy release amount and the temperature and pressure:
In the formulas (1) - (8), P 1、P2 and DeltaP are respectively the measured air pressure and air pressure change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; t 1、T2 and DeltaT are respectively the measured temperature and temperature change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; r is a gas constant, and the value is 8.314J/mol/K; ρ 1、ρ2 is the density of the gas in the non-closed test space before and after releasing energy; m oxygen is the oxygen mass consumed by the reaction; m oxygen is the molar mass of oxygen; m air is the air mass in the non-closed test space before reaction; Δh is the heat of combustion of the oxidation reaction of the energetic structural material; v is the volume in the non-closed test space; c is the specific heat capacity of the gas, and when the gas in the non-closed test space is air, the value is 0.717kJ/kg/K.
Further, the specific heat capacity C of the gas in the non-closed test space can be expressed as:
Wherein, gamma is the adiabatic index of the gas, and when the gas in the non-closed test space is air, the value is 1.4.
Substituting formula (9) into formula (8) can obtain the energy release calculation formula considering oxygen consumption:
The energy release calculation formula of oxygen consumption is not considered in the traditional test method:
Comparing equations (10) and (11), it can be seen that the energy release test method taking oxygen consumption into consideration has more accurate measurement results of energy release than the conventional test method.
(2) According to the obtained high-speed image capturing images of energy release of the energy-containing structural material at different moments, selecting the moment corresponding to the high-speed image capturing image with sparks appearing for the first time as energy release starting time t 1, selecting the moment corresponding to the first sparkless high-speed image capturing image captured after the sparks are ended as energy release ending time t 2, and continuing the energy release process: Δt=t 2-t1, and further calculate the energy release intensity of the energetic structural material as v: v=Δq/Δt;
(3) Obtaining a local hot spot temperature T cri and the hot spot number N of the energetic structural material in the deformation-heating stage according to the infrared thermal imaging image; the hot spot is a region which is heated up severely in the deformation process and exceeds the ignition point of the material, namely a region which is crushed and then spark is generated due to excessive deformation, the hot spot temperature reflects the threshold temperature T cri of the energy-containing structural material for inducing combustion, the lower the threshold temperature is, the easier the energy-containing structural material is activated, the number N of the hot spots reflects the number of the ignited region of the energy-containing structural material, and the more the number of the hot spots is, the more severe the combustion and energy release are represented;
The dynamic load provided by the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is regulated, the experiment is repeated, and the energy release delta Q and the strain rate of the sample under different loads are obtained according to the image, the temperature, the pressure, the strain and the time data of the energy-containing structural material in the energy release process, which are acquired in real time At a strain rateFitting a curve for independent variables and the energy release delta Q as dependent variables, wherein the intersection point of the fitted curve and the abscissa is the critical strain rate required by activating the material to release energyI.e. activating a threshold loading condition for energy release.
The temperature and pressure synchronous test system for the energy release characteristic of the energetic structural material comprises a separated Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device, a non-closed test container, a data acquisition unit, a data processing unit and a support base;
the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is used for providing dynamic load required by activating energy release of the energetic structural material to be tested;
The non-airtight test container is of a hollow cylinder structure, and mounting through holes for mounting an incident rod and a transmission rod of the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device are formed in the left end face and the right end face of the non-airtight test container; the non-closed test container is also provided with a vent hole connected with an external air source, such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon and the like, so as to change the environment in the non-closed test container and test the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material in different environments;
the data acquisition unit is used for acquiring high-speed photographic images, infrared thermal imaging images, temperature, pressure, strain and time data of the energetic structural material in the energy release process;
The data processing unit is used for carrying out subsequent processing on the high-speed photographic image, the infrared thermal imaging image, the temperature, the pressure, the strain and the time data from the data acquisition unit so as to obtain corresponding test results;
The non-airtight test container is fixedly arranged on the supporting base, the incident rod and the transmission rod of the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device penetrate through two mounting through holes at two ends of the non-airtight test container in a one-to-one correspondence manner, the data acquisition unit is arranged around the non-airtight test container, and the data acquisition unit is electrically connected with the data processing unit.
Further, the data acquisition unit comprises a high-speed camera, an infrared thermal imager, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and a dynamic strain gauge; wherein, the high-speed camera is used for collecting the spark/fragment cloud contour information in the energy release process, the infrared thermal imager is used for collecting the hot spot distribution and change information of the sample deformation-temperature rise stage, the temperature sensor is used for acquiring temperature information in the non-closed test container, the pressure sensor is used for acquiring pressure information in the non-closed test container, and the dynamic strain gauge is used for acquiring strain signals in the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device;
correspondingly, a photographing test window, an infrared test window, a temperature test hole and a pressure test hole are formed in the outer circumferential surface of the non-airtight test container; the high-speed camera is arranged in front of the camera test window, and a high-speed camera image in the energy release process is obtained through the camera test window; the infrared thermal imaging instrument is arranged in front of the infrared test window, and an infrared thermal imaging image of the energy release process is obtained through the infrared test window; the temperature sensor is arranged in the temperature test hole and used for collecting temperature information in the non-closed test container; the pressure sensor is arranged in the pressure test hole and is used for collecting pressure information in the non-closed test container; the dynamic strain gauge is electrically connected with the incidence rod and the strain gauge stuck on the transmission rod of the split Hopkins forest pressure bar experimental device and is used for collecting strain signals in the incidence rod and the transmission rod; the high-speed camera, the infrared thermal imager, the temperature sensor, the pressure sensor and the dynamic strain gauge are respectively and electrically connected with the data processing unit.
Further, the temperature test holes and the pressure test holes are distributed side by side along the axial direction of the non-closed test container, the temperature test holes and the pressure test holes are in one-to-one axisymmetric relation along the circumferential direction of the non-closed test container, and the number of the temperature test holes and the number of the pressure test holes are adjusted according to the size of the non-closed test container.
Further, the camera test window is provided with transparent organic glass, and the infrared test window is provided with germanium glass.
The beneficial effects are that:
(1) According to the testing method, based on the temperature and pressure change data in the energy release process of synchronous measurement in the non-closed testing container, and considering the air density change caused by oxygen consumption in the energy release process, a more accurate energy release calculation formula of the energy-containing structural material is provided, and meanwhile, the energy release characteristic can be accurately and quantitatively represented in multiple dimensions, so that the energy release characteristic of the energy-containing structural material is more reliably and comprehensively represented.
(2) The testing method disclosed by the invention relates to a non-closed testing system, integrates the advantages of researching the energy release characteristics of the energetic structural material in an open space and in a quasi-closed container, can realize high space-time resolution synchronous observation of an energy release process in a single experiment, and can also accurately perform multidimensional and quantitative characterization on the energy release characteristics so as to realize comprehensive and reliable characterization on the energy release characteristics of the energetic structural material.
(3) The test system provided by the invention has the advantages of simple structure, convenience in assembly and disassembly, capability of evaluating the reliability of the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material in a non-closed space, and good application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the partial structure of a temperature and pressure synchronous test system for energy release characteristics of the energetic structural material used in example 1.
The device comprises a 1-non-airtight test container, a 2-mounting through hole, a 3-vent hole, a 4-temperature test hole, a 5-pressure test hole, a 6-camera test window, a 7-infrared test window and an 8-support base.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description. Wherein the process is conventional unless otherwise specified and the starting materials are commercially available from the public sources unless otherwise specified. In addition, in the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Example 1
The temperature and pressure synchronous test system for the energy release characteristic of the energetic structural material comprises a separated Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device, a non-closed test container 1, a data acquisition unit, a data processing unit and a support base 8;
The split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is used for providing dynamic load required by activating energy release of the energetic structural material to be tested; the incident rod and the transmission rod of the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device are respectively stuck with a strain gauge;
As shown in fig. 1, the non-airtight test container 1 is a hollow cylinder structure, and mounting through holes 2 for assembling an incident rod and a transmission rod of the split hopkinson pressure lever experimental device are machined in the left end face and the right end face of the non-airtight test container; a row of temperature test holes 4 and a row of pressure test holes 5 are machined in the upper part of the outer circumferential surface of the non-closed test container 1 along the axial direction, and the temperature test holes 4 and the pressure test holes 5 are in one-to-one axisymmetric relation (namely, one temperature test hole 4 and one pressure test hole 5 are symmetrically distributed in the circumferential direction of the non-closed test container 1), and in the embodiment, the number of the temperature test holes 4 and the pressure test holes 5 is two; the front part of the outer circumferential surface of the non-closed test container 1 is provided with a camera test window 6, the rear part is provided with an infrared test window 7, transparent organic glass is arranged on the camera test window 6, and germanium glass is arranged on the infrared test window 7; the non-closed test container 1 is also provided with a vent hole 3 connected with an external air source, and different gases are introduced into the non-closed test container 1 to test the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material in different environments;
The data acquisition unit comprises a high-speed camera, an infrared thermal imager, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and a dynamic strain gauge and is used for acquiring high-speed photographic images, infrared thermal imaging images, temperature, pressure, strain and time data of the energetic structural material in the energy release process; in addition, in the embodiment, the shooting frame rate of the high-speed camera is 6000-7000000 fps, the recording time range is 0-1000 ms, the acquisition frequency of the infrared thermal imager is 1000-150000 Hz, the temperature measurement range of the temperature sensor is 20-4000 ℃, the pressure measurement range of the pressure sensor is 0-1000 kPa, and the acquisition frequency of the dynamic strain gauge is 1-10 MHz;
The data processing unit is used for carrying out subsequent processing on the high-speed photographic image, the infrared thermal imaging image, the temperature, the pressure, the strain and the time data from the data acquisition unit so as to obtain corresponding test results;
The non-airtight test container 1 is fixedly arranged on the supporting base 8; the incidence rod and the transmission rod of the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device pass through two mounting through holes 2 at two ends of the non-closed test container 1 in a one-to-one correspondence manner; the energy-containing structural material to be measured is clamped between the incident rod and the transmission rod and is positioned in the non-closed test container 1; the high-speed camera is arranged in front of the camera test window 6, and a high-speed camera image in the energy release process is obtained through the camera test window 6; the infrared thermal imaging instrument is arranged in front of the infrared test window 7, and an infrared thermal imaging image of the energy release process is obtained through the infrared test window 7; the temperature sensor is arranged in the temperature test hole 4 and is used for acquiring temperature information in the non-closed test container 1; the pressure sensor is arranged in the pressure test hole 5 and is used for collecting pressure information in the non-closed test container 1; the dynamic strain gauge is electrically connected with the incidence rod and the strain gauge stuck on the transmission rod of the split Hopkins forest pressure bar experimental device and is used for collecting strain signals in the incidence rod and the transmission rod; the high-speed camera, the infrared thermal imager, the temperature sensor, the pressure sensor and the dynamic strain gauge are respectively and electrically connected with the data processing unit.
The temperature and pressure synchronous test for the energy release characteristics of the energetic structural material based on the test system comprises the following steps:
(1) The split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is matched with a non-closed test container 1, so that an incident bar and a transmission bar of the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device pass through a mounting through hole 2 on the non-closed test container 1 and are positioned in the non-closed test container 1, and then an energy-containing structural material to be detected is clamped between the incident bar and the transmission bar and is fixed by molybdenum disulfide lubricating grease;
(2) The split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device provides dynamic load required by activating energy release of the energetic structural material to be tested, so that the sample is subjected to high-speed severe deformation under the strain rate of 10 3～104s-1, the sample is activated and subjected to severe energy release under the action of the dynamic load, and the released energy increases the temperature and pressure of air in the non-closed test container 1 and forms spark/fragment cloud;
(3) The strain gauge attached to the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is used for collecting strain signals in the incident bar and the transmission bar in the dynamic compression process, the dynamic strain gauge is used for collecting the strain gauge signals and transmitting collected data to the data processing unit, and when the data processing unit receives the strain signals in the incident bar, the high-speed camera, the infrared thermal imager, the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor are triggered simultaneously to start recording; at this time, the data processing unit also has a control function, and is used for controlling the high-speed camera, the infrared thermal imager, the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor to acquire data according to the strain signal received by the incident rod;
(4) The data processing unit quantitatively characterizes the energy release condition of the energy-containing structural material according to the received high-speed camera image, infrared thermal imaging image, temperature, pressure, strain and time data, wherein the specific process of the quantitative characterization is as follows:
① According to a Boyle/Gay-Lussac ideal gas state equation, establishing a calculation relation of air pressure, temperature and density in the non-closed test space before and after energy release:
P2-P1＝ΔP＝R(ρ2T2-ρ1T1) (1)
However, during the energy release process of the energetic structural materials, on the one hand, oxygen in the air is consumed to reduce the air quality and density in the non-closed test space; on the other hand, a large amount of energy is released to increase the temperature and pressure of the air in the non-closed test space, so that the temperature, pressure and density of the air in the non-closed test space can be changed after the energy release is finished. Therefore, to accurately calculate the energy release of the energetic structural materials, the oxygen consumption during the energy release must be considered, namely:
ρ2≠ρ1 (2)
The energy release reaction of the energy-containing structural material is essentially a severe oxidation reaction of the metal and oxygen in the air, the heat released by the oxidation reaction is the energy released by the energy-containing structural material, and the oxygen consumed by the reaction can be calculated according to the principle of the oxidation reaction as follows:
The mass of the air after the reaction is:
The air density after the reaction is:
Substituting formula (5) into Boyle/Gay-Lussac ideal gas state equation (1) to obtain:
Because the energy output by the oxidation reaction of the energetic structural material into the non-closed test space is totally converted into the air heat energy increment after the reaction, the temperature change delta T in the reaction process can be calculated based on a heat energy calculation formula:
and (3) combining the equations (6) and (7), and finally establishing a calculation formula of the energy release amount, the temperature and the pressure:
In the formulas (1) - (8), P 1、P2 and DeltaP are respectively the measured air pressure and air pressure change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; t 1、T2 and DeltaT are respectively the measured temperature and temperature change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; r is a gas constant, and the value is 8.314J/mol/K; ρ 1、ρ2 is the density of the gas in the non-closed test space before and after releasing energy; m oxygen is the oxygen mass consumed by the reaction; m oxygen is the molar mass of oxygen; m air is the air mass in the non-closed test space before reaction; Δh is the heat of combustion of the oxidation reaction of the energetic structural material; v is the volume in the non-closed test space; c is the specific heat capacity of the gas, and when the gas in the non-closed test space is air, the value is 0.717kJ/kg/K;
further, the specific heat capacity C of the gas in the non-closed test space can be expressed as:
wherein, gamma is the adiabatic index of the gas, and when the gas in the non-closed test space is air, the value is 1.4;
substituting formula (9) into formula (8) can obtain the energy release calculation formula considering oxygen consumption:
The energy release calculation formula of oxygen consumption is not considered in the traditional test method:
Comparing the formulas (10) and (11), it can be known that the energy release testing method considering oxygen consumption has more accurate measurement result of energy release than the traditional testing method;
② According to the obtained high-speed image capturing images of energy release of the energy-containing structural material at different moments, selecting the moment corresponding to the high-speed image capturing image with sparks appearing for the first time as energy release starting time t 1, selecting the moment corresponding to the first sparkless high-speed image capturing image captured after the sparks are ended as energy release ending time t 2, and continuing the energy release process: Δt=t 2-t1, and further calculate the energy release intensity of the energetic structural material as v: v=Δq/Δt;
③ Obtaining a local hot spot temperature T cri and the hot spot number N of the energetic structural material in the deformation-heating stage according to the infrared thermal imaging image; the hot spot is a region which is heated up severely in the deformation process and exceeds the ignition point of the material, namely a region which is crushed and then spark is generated due to excessive deformation, the hot spot temperature reflects the threshold temperature T cri of the energy-containing structural material for inducing combustion, the lower the threshold temperature is, the easier the energy-containing structural material is activated, the number N of the hot spots reflects the number of the ignited region of the energy-containing structural material, and the more the number of the hot spots is, the more severe the combustion and energy release are represented;
④ The dynamic load provided by the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is regulated, the experiment is repeated, and the energy release delta Q and the strain rate of the sample under different loads are obtained according to the image, the temperature, the pressure, the strain and the time data of the energy-containing structural material in the energy release process, which are acquired in real time At a strain rateFitting a curve for independent variables and the energy release delta Q as dependent variables, wherein the intersection point of the fitted curve and the abscissa is the critical strain rate required by activating the material to release energyI.e. activating a threshold loading condition for energy release.
In summary, the above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The temperature and pressure synchronous test method for the energy release characteristic of the energy-containing structural material is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
The method comprises the steps that a non-closed energy release testing device and a separated Hopkinson pressure bar testing device are installed in a matched mode, at the moment, an incident bar and a transmission bar of the separated Hopkinson pressure bar testing device are located in a non-closed testing space of the non-closed energy release testing device, and an energy containing structural material to be tested is clamped between the incident bar and the transmission bar; providing dynamic load required by activating the energy release of the energetic structural material to be tested through a separated Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device, and collecting high-speed photographic images, infrared thermal imaging images, temperature, pressure, strain and time data of the energetic structural material in the energy release process in real time through a data acquisition unit in a non-airtight energy release testing device; according to the collected data, quantitatively representing the energy release amount, the energy release intensity, the local hot spot temperature, the hot spot number and the threshold loading condition for activating the energy release of the energy-containing structural material by combining the air density change caused by oxygen consumption in the energy release process;
the quantitative characterization of the energy release amount, the energy release intensity, the local hot spot temperature, the hot spot number and the energy release threshold loading condition of the energy-containing structural material has the following results:
The calculation formula of the energy release amount is as follows
The energy release intensity is calculated by v=Δq/Δt
Obtaining a local hot spot temperature T cri and the hot spot number N of the energetic structural material in the deformation-heating stage according to the infrared thermal imaging image;
at strain rates under different load applications Fitting a curve for independent variables and the energy release delta Q as dependent variables, wherein the intersection point of the fitted curve and the abscissa is the critical strain rate required by activating the material to release energyI.e., activating a threshold loading condition for energy release;
Wherein Δp is the measured pressure change in the unsealed test space before and after energy release; t 1、T2 and DeltaT are respectively the measured temperature and temperature change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; r is a gas constant; ρ 1 is the density of the gas in the non-closed test space before releasing the energy; v is the volume in the non-closed test space; c is the specific heat capacity of the gas; Δt is the duration of the energy release process.
2. The temperature and pressure synchronous test method for energy release characteristics of an energy-containing structural material according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the specific process for quantitatively characterizing the energy release amount, the energy release intensity, the local hot spot temperature, the hot spot number and the energy release threshold loading condition of the energy-containing structural material is as follows:
(1) Based on the acquired temperature data and pressure data, calculating energy release quantity delta Q, and establishing the calculation relation of air pressure, temperature and density in the non-closed test space before and after energy release according to a Boyle/Gay-Lussac ideal gas state equation:
P2-P1＝ΔP＝R(ρ2T2-ρ1T1) (1)
Considering oxygen consumption during energy release, namely:
ρ2≠ρ1 (2)
The oxygen consumed by the reaction can be calculated according to the principle of oxidation reaction:
The mass of the air after the reaction is:
The air density after the reaction is:
Substituting formula (5) into Boyle/Gay-Lussac ideal gas state equation (1) to obtain:
the temperature change deltat during the reaction can be calculated based on the thermal energy calculation formula:
and (3) combining the equations (6) and (7), and finally establishing a calculation formula between the energy release amount and the temperature and pressure:
Or alternatively
In the formulas (1) - (10), P 1、P2 and DeltaP are respectively the measured air pressure and air pressure change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; t 1、T2 and DeltaT are respectively the measured temperature and temperature change in the non-closed test space before and after energy release; r is a gas constant; ρ 1、ρ2 is the density of the gas in the non-closed test space before and after releasing energy; m oxygen is the oxygen mass consumed by the reaction; m oxygen is the molar mass of oxygen; m air is the air mass in the non-closed test space before reaction; Δh is the heat of combustion of the oxidation reaction of the energetic structural material; v is the volume in the non-closed test space; c is the specific heat capacity of the gas; gamma is the adiabatic index of the gas;
(2) According to the obtained high-speed image capturing images of energy release of the energy-containing structural material at different moments, selecting the moment corresponding to the high-speed image capturing image with sparks appearing for the first time as energy release starting time t 1, selecting the moment corresponding to the first sparkless high-speed image capturing image captured after the sparks are ended as energy release ending time t 2, and continuing the energy release process: Δt=t 2-t1, and further calculate the energy release intensity of the energetic structural material as: v=Δq/Δt;
(3) Obtaining a local hot spot temperature T cri and the hot spot number N of the energetic structural material in the deformation-heating stage according to the infrared thermal imaging image;
The dynamic load provided by the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is regulated, the experiment is repeated, and the energy release delta Q and the strain rate of the sample under different loads are obtained according to the image, the temperature, the pressure, the strain and the time data of the energy-containing structural material in the energy release process, which are acquired in real time At a strain rateFitting a curve for independent variables and the energy release delta Q as dependent variables, wherein the intersection point of the fitted curve and the abscissa is the critical strain rate required by activating the material to release energyI.e. activating a threshold loading condition for energy release.
3. A temperature and pressure synchronous test system for testing energy release characteristics of an energetic structural material based on the test method of claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that: the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device comprises a split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device, a non-closed test container, a data acquisition unit, a data processing unit and a support base;
the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device is used for providing dynamic load required by activating energy release of the energetic structural material to be tested;
The non-airtight test container is of a hollow cylinder structure, and mounting through holes are formed in the left end face and the right end face of the non-airtight test container; the non-airtight test container is also provided with a vent hole connected with an external air source, and different air sources are introduced through the vent hole for testing the energy release characteristics of the energy-containing structural material in different environments;
the data acquisition unit is used for acquiring high-speed photographic images, infrared thermal imaging images, temperature, pressure, strain and time data of the energetic structural material in the energy release process;
The data processing unit is used for carrying out subsequent processing on the high-speed photographic image, the infrared thermal imaging image, the temperature, the pressure, the strain and the time data from the data acquisition unit so as to obtain corresponding test results;
The non-airtight test container is fixedly arranged on the supporting base, the incident rod and the transmission rod of the split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device penetrate through two mounting through holes at two ends of the non-airtight test container in a one-to-one correspondence manner, the data acquisition unit is arranged around the non-airtight test container, and the data acquisition unit is electrically connected with the data processing unit.
4. A temperature and pressure synchronous test system for energy release characteristics of an energetic structural material according to claim 3, wherein: the data acquisition unit comprises a high-speed camera, an infrared thermal imager, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and a dynamic strain gauge;
correspondingly, a photographing test window, an infrared test window, a temperature test hole and a pressure test hole are formed in the outer circumferential surface of the non-airtight test container; the high-speed camera is arranged in front of the camera test window, and a high-speed camera image in the energy release process is obtained through the camera test window; the infrared thermal imaging instrument is arranged in front of the infrared test window, and an infrared thermal imaging image of the energy release process is obtained through the infrared test window; the temperature sensor is arranged in the temperature test hole and used for collecting temperature information in the non-closed test container; the pressure sensor is arranged in the pressure test hole and is used for collecting pressure information in the non-closed test container; the dynamic strain gauge is electrically connected with the incidence rod and the strain gauge stuck on the transmission rod of the split Hopkins forest pressure bar experimental device and is used for collecting strain signals in the incidence rod and the transmission rod; the high-speed camera, the infrared thermal imager, the temperature sensor, the pressure sensor and the dynamic strain gauge are respectively and electrically connected with the data processing unit.
5. The system for simultaneous temperature and pressure testing of energy release characteristics of an energetic structural material according to claim 4, wherein: the temperature test holes and the pressure test holes are distributed side by side along the axial direction of the non-closed test container, and the temperature test holes and the pressure test holes are in one-to-one axisymmetric relation along the circumferential direction of the non-closed test container.
6. The system for simultaneous temperature and pressure testing of energy release characteristics of an energetic structural material according to claim 4, wherein: transparent organic glass is arranged on the camera test window, and germanium glass is arranged on the infrared test window.
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