CN116432424A - Rice irrigated area hydrology and yield simulation method and system based on SWAT improved model - Google Patents
Rice irrigated area hydrology and yield simulation method and system based on SWAT improved model Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a paddy rice irrigation area hydrology and yield simulation method based on an SWAT improved model, which comprises the following steps: carrying out HRU construction of the rice field; calculating the transpiration quantity of the HRU of the rice field; obtaining free drainage flux of a water-free layer and permeation quantity of a water-containing layer in the HRU of the rice field; calculating the irrigation water quantity of the paddy field; judging whether the HRU of the paddy field is in a water storage stage or not, and calculating the drainage of the paddy field according to the depth of a water layer of the paddy field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall; calculating the actual yield of the paddy field according to the potential yield, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount of crops; and using the calculated result as a simulation result to simulate hydrology and yield of the paddy rice irrigation area. Aiming at the seepage quantity when the water layer exists, the storage model of the original model is adopted for calculation of the vertical seepage, the improvement is more similar to the rice seepage process, and the simulation precision of the rice seepage quantity is improved. The invention also discloses a system adopting the method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural simulation, in particular to a paddy rice irrigation area hydrology and yield simulation method and system based on an SWAT improved model.
Background
The paddy rice irrigation area system is a natural-artificial composite system, and due to the special water requirement rule and the characteristic of irrigation and drainage by controlling the water layer or the water content, compared with other crops, the yield converging process and the yield formation of the paddy rice planted by the paddy rice irrigation area system are more severely influenced by human activities such as water and soil management measures, and the yield converging rule and the crop growth process are more complex. At present, most of the existing hydrologic models are mainly developed for natural watercourses and are not suitable for simulating the yield and the yield of paddy rice irrigation areas which are strongly influenced by agricultural management measures.
Because field test is adopted to observe water balance factors and yield in field and regional scales, a large amount of time, manpower and material resources are consumed, the set scheme is limited, the rule analysis under more scenario schemes can not be carried out, and the evolution rule and yield formation process of hydrologic cycle in a paddy rice irrigation area can not be deeply analyzed. Meanwhile, the past improvement is mostly aimed at simulating water balance elements (rainfall, evapotranspiration, infiltration, irrigation and drainage and confluence) of the paddy field, namely, the runoff process is concerned more, and the crop yield is concerned less; most of the water-saving irrigation such as intermittent irrigation is based on traditional flooding irrigation, and runoff and yield simulation is not enough. Therefore, developing a basic hydrologic and yield simulation method suitable for paddy rice irrigated areas is an urgent problem to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a paddy rice irrigation area hydrologic and yield simulation method and system based on a SWAT improved model, which can rapidly and accurately simulate the paddy rice irrigation area hydrologic and yield and provide scientific basis for the establishment of agricultural management measures and the screening of water-saving high-yield technical modes.
A rice irrigated area hydrology and yield simulation method based on SWAT improved model comprises the following steps:
carrying out paddy field HRU construction according to preset data by utilizing an SWAT original model;
introducing crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients, and calculating the evapotranspiration of the HRU of the rice field;
obtaining free drainage flux of a water-free layer and permeation quantity of a water-containing layer in the HRU of the rice field;
calculating irrigation water quantity of the paddy field according to the proper water depth of the paddy field, the depth of a water limiting layer under the irrigation and the maximum water storage depth after rain;
judging whether the HRU of the paddy field is in a water storage stage or not, and calculating the drainage of the paddy field according to the depth of a water layer of the paddy field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall;
obtaining the maximum yield of crops as the potential yield of the crops, and calculating the actual yield of the rice field according to the potential yield of the crops, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount;
the simulation results of the transpiration and the free drainage of the water-free layer, the penetration of the water-free layer, the irrigation water quantity of the rice field, the drainage of the rice field and the actual yield of the HRU of the rice field are used for simulating the hydrology and the yield of the rice irrigation area.
In addition, the invention can also have the following additional technical characteristics:
further, in the rice field HRU construction, the rice field area ignores the cone of the original SWAT model, which is expressed as:
A rice field ＝AHRU
Wherein: a is that Rice field Is the area of the rice field, ha; a is that HRU Is the area of HRU in paddy field, ha. Another object of the present invention is to propose a method of using the above.
Further, the formula for calculating the evapotranspiration of the HRU of the paddy field by introducing the crop coefficient and the crop base coefficient is expressed as follows:
PET rice field ＝ET 0 ×K c
PT Rice field ＝ET 0 ×K cb
Wherein: PET (polyethylene terephthalate) Rice field The potential evaporation amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; ET (electric T) 0 Potential evaporation amount of reference crop, mm; k (K) c Is the coefficient of rice crops; PT (PT) Rice field The potential hair-rising amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; k (K) cb Is the fundamental coefficient of rice crops.
Further, the step of obtaining the free drainage volume of the water-free layer and the penetration volume of the water-containing layer in the paddy field HRU comprises the following steps:
obtaining the daily leakage S of the paddy field by using an original SWAT model;
obtaining the maximum leakage S of each layer of soil according to preset data Limiting the limit The calculation formula of the paddy field leakage amount is as follows:
Sep rice field ＝min(S，S Limiting the limit )
Wherein: sep (Sep) Rice field The leakage amount of the rice field is mm; s is the daily leakage quantity of the paddy field simulated by the original model, and the daily leakage quantity is mm; s is S Limiting the limit Represents the maximum leakage of soil per layer, mm.
Further, according to the proper water depth of irrigation of the paddy field, the depth of a lower water limit layer of irrigation and the maximum water storage depth after rain, the calculation formula for calculating the irrigation water quantity of the paddy field is as follows:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h mx The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm.
Further, according to the proper water depth of irrigation of the paddy field, the depth of a lower water limit layer of irrigation and the maximum water storage depth after rain, the calculation formula for calculating the irrigation water quantity of the paddy field is as follows:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h max The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm.
Further, the step of calculating the irrigation water quantity of the paddy field according to the proper water depth of the irrigation of the paddy field, the depth of the lower water limit layer of the irrigation and the maximum water storage depth after rain comprises the following steps:
dividing the paddy field HRU irrigation into flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation, wherein the flooding irrigation has the following calculation formula:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h max The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm;
the calculation formula for intermittent irrigation is as follows:
I rice ＝H max +sul1+sul2-sst1-sst2，sst1+sst2≤c×(sul1+sul2)
H′＝H max
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h mx The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm; sul1 is the saturated water content of the first layer of soil, and is mm; sul2 is the saturated water content of the second layer of soil, and is mm; sst1 is the actual water content of the first layer of soil, and mm; sst2 is the second layer of soilSoil actual water content, mm; c is the proportion of the water content of the soil to the saturated water content; h' is the depth of the field water layer after irrigation, and mm.
Further, judging whether the HRU of the paddy field is a water storage stage, and calculating the drainage of the paddy field according to the depth of a water layer of the paddy field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall, wherein the step of calculating the drainage of the paddy field comprises the following steps:
if HRU of the paddy field is a water storage stage, when rainfall occurs, the maximum water storage depth H after the water storage exceeds the rain p The excess will all form drainage. The calculation formula is as follows:
q day ＝(H 0 +P-H p )，H 0 +P＞H p
H′ 0 ＝H p
q day ＝0，H 0 +P≤H p
wherein q is day The water discharge amount of the rice field is mm; h 0 The depth of a field water layer before rainfall is mm; p is daily rainfall, mm; h p The maximum water storage depth is mm after rain; h'. 0 The depth of a field water layer is mm after the field water storage exceeds the maximum water storage depth after rain and water is drained;
and if the HRU of the rice field is in a non-water storage stage, the drainage of the rice field is the field water storage capacity.
Further, taking the maximum crop yield as the potential crop yield, and calculating the actual yield of the paddy field according to the potential crop yield, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount by the following formula:
wherein: y is Y a Kg/ha is the actual yield of crops; y is Y m Kg/ha, the potential yield of crops; i is the crop growth stage; ET (electric T) i Cumulative sum, mm, of actual evapotranspiration at the ith growth stage; ET (electric T) rni Cumulative sum, mm, of potential vapor emissions for the ith fertility stage; lambda (lambda) i Is the sensitivity index of the ith fertility stage.
The invention also provides a rice irrigated area hydrology and yield simulation system based on the SWAT improved model, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
the construction module is used for constructing the paddy field HRU according to preset data by utilizing the SWAT original model;
the evaporation and emission calculation module is used for introducing crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients and calculating the evaporation and emission amount of the HRU of the rice field;
the osmotic amount calculating module is used for obtaining the free drainage amount of the water-free layer and the osmotic amount of the water-containing layer in the paddy field HRU;
the paddy field irrigation water quantity calculation module is used for calculating paddy field irrigation water quantity according to proper water depth of irrigation of the paddy field, depth of a lower water limit layer of irrigation and maximum water storage depth after rain;
the paddy field drainage quantity calculation module is used for judging whether the paddy field HRU is in a water storage stage or not, and calculating the paddy field drainage quantity according to the depth of a water layer in the field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall;
the actual yield calculation module is used for obtaining the maximum yield of the crops as the potential yield of the crops, and calculating the actual yield of the paddy field according to the potential yield of the crops, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount;
the output module is used for simulating the hydrology and the yield of a paddy irrigation area by taking the evapotranspiration and the free drainage quantity of the paddy HRU, the penetration quantity of the water layer, the paddy irrigation water quantity, the paddy drainage quantity and the actual yield of the paddy field as simulation results.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) Aiming at the seepage quantity when a water layer exists, the storage model of the original model is adopted for calculation of vertical seepage, the limiting effect of a plow bottom layer, the buried depth of underground water and the like on seepage is considered, meanwhile, the seepage quantity of soil of each layer is limited by a seepage module, the improvement is more similar to the rice seepage process, and the simulation precision of the rice seepage quantity is improved;
(2) On the basis of traditional flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation, namely lower limit H of irrigation, is added min Triggering irrigation when the water content of the paddy field is lower than a certain percentage of the saturated water content by adopting the percentage of the saturated water contentThe water demand is the sum of the proper water depth of paddy field irrigation and the difference value (saturated water content-actual water content), the improvement increases the choice of irrigation modes, and the irrigation function of the model is expanded;
(3) Aiming at the characteristic of dry-wet alternation of rice planting, the method is divided into a water storage stage and a non-water storage stage. Aiming at the water storage stage, when the field water storage exceeds the maximum water storage depth Hp after rain, the exceeding part forms drainage, and the depth of a field water layer after drainage is reduced to the maximum water storage depth Hp after rain; when the field water storage does not reach the maximum water storage depth Hp after rain, water is not discharged; for the non-water storage stage, if water is stored in the field and is discharged completely to form runoff, and for rainfall, a full water storage and runoff mechanism is adopted, the water content of the two layers of soil above the soil is supplied to the saturated water content, and the residual rainfall is discharged to form the runoff, the improvement fully considers the runoff characteristics of the rice with water layers and the sunning period, considers the change of the maximum water storage depth after raining in different growth stages, more accords with the drainage process of the rice in the growth period, and improves the simulation precision of the rice runoff.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
Drawings
The foregoing and/or additional aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent and may be better understood from the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a rice irrigated area hydrology and yield simulation method based on a SWAT improved model according to a first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plot of soil utilization and soil type for a river basin;
FIG. 3 is a river basin river network generation and sub-river basin partitioning;
FIG. 4 is a runoff simulation of a second embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a block diagram of the structure of a third embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects, features and advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Several embodiments of the invention are presented in the figures. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete.
Referring to fig. 1, a first embodiment of the present invention provides a paddy rice irrigation area hydrology and yield simulation method based on a SWAT improvement model, which comprises the following steps.
S1, constructing the paddy field HRU according to preset data.
It should be noted that, this embodiment is based on a SWAT model, and initial SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is the prior art, and the initial purpose of model development is to predict the long-term effect of land management on moisture, silt and chemical substances under the conditions of complex and changeable soil types, land utilization modes and management measures in large watercourses.
It will be appreciated that the paddy HRU (hu cave module) is constructed from existing DEM data, hydrologic profile data, etc. by the basic functions of the SWAT model.
As shown in fig. 2, the land utilization map is extracted by superimposing remote sensing images of LandSat TM (resolution 30 m) and LandSat etm+ (resolution 5 m), and the land utilization types are classified into paddy fields, dry lands, woodland, villages, bare lands, and the like; soil patterns were obtained by digitizing collected paper patterns, and soil types include light yellow brown soil paddy soil and viscous yellow brown soil.
As shown in fig. 3, according to the spatial distribution of the natural river and the artificial drainage ditch network in the research area, the DEM (resolution is 12.5 m) is subjected to recessing treatment by using a bum-in algorithm so as to reflect the actual ditch river network arrangement in the irrigation area. Setting the minimum water collecting area threshold value to be 200hm 2 Obtaining river network water system distribution. After specifying the drainage basin exit, 10 sub-drainage basins are partitioned.
In this embodiment, a calculation method of ignoring the cone of the original SWAT model is adopted, which is specifically expressed as follows:
A rice field ＝A HRU
Wherein: a is that Rice field Is the area of the rice field, ha; a is that HRU Is the area of HRU in paddy field, ha.
S2, introducing crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients, and calculating the transpiration quantity of the HRU in the rice field.
In this embodiment, the following formula is used for calculation:
PET rice field ＝ET 0 ×K c
PT Rice field ＝ET 0 ×K cb
Wherein: PET (polyethylene terephthalate) Rice field The potential evaporation amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; ET (electric T) 0 Potential evaporation amount of reference crop, mm; k (K) c Is the coefficient of rice crops; PT (PT) Rice field The potential hair-rising amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; k (K) cb Is the fundamental coefficient of rice crops.
It should be noted that this embodiment introduces the crop factor K in calculating the amount of vapor deposition c And crop foundation coefficient K cb Compared with the traditional calculation formula
More factors are considered, and the precision is higher.
It should be noted that the improvement of the evapotranspiration algorithm mainly introduces the concept of reference surface and defines the reference crop as "an imaginary crop, assuming a height of 0.12m, a fixed surface resistance of 70s/m and a reflectivity of 0.23, very similar to a green grass with a large area, uniform height, vigorous growth, complete coverage of the ground and sufficient water supply conditions". The method can truly and simply reflect physical and physiological factors for controlling the evaporation process, and can provide potential evaporation values of reference crops with consistent different meteorological conditions in all areas. In addition, crop coefficient K is introduced c And crop foundation coefficient K cb The coefficient represents the physical and physiological difference between the actual crop and the reference crop, such as the canopy resistance and empty of the actual cropDifferences in aerodynamic drag from the hypothetical reference crop are contained. The potential evaporation ET of the reference surface is established by the crop coefficient or the plant basic coefficient through the evaporation or the transpiration of the crop 0 Is a relationship of (3). In the research area, crop coefficients K of different rice growing stages are observed through an irrigation test station c And crop foundation coefficient K cb And inputting through a txt file for reading by the model. The improvement overcomes the defect that specific evaporation parameters are required to be given to crops and each growth stage, only needs to introduce crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients which comprehensively consider the influences of various differences, reduces parameter input, simultaneously considers the differences of different growth stages, and improves the accuracy of rice evaporation simulation.
S3, obtaining free drainage flux of a water-free layer and permeation quantity of the water-containing layer in the paddy field HRU.
In this embodiment, for the leakage amount when there is a water layer, the calculation is performed on the vertical leakage by using a storage model of an original model, and considering the limiting effect of the bottom layer, the buried depth of the underground water and the like on the downward leakage, and meanwhile, the leakage amount of each layer of soil is limited at the leakage module, which is expressed as follows:
Sep rice field ＝min(S，S Limiting the limit )
Wherein: sep (Sep) Rice field The leakage amount of the rice field is mm; s is the daily leakage quantity of the paddy field simulated by the original model, and the daily leakage quantity is mm; s is S Limiting the limit Represents the maximum leakage of soil per layer, mm.
It will be appreciated that the SWAT model is a mature watershed hydrologic model, with its own modules to simulate daily leakage of paddy fields.
It should be noted that, for the leakage amount when there is a water layer, the calculation is performed by using a storage model of an original model for vertical leakage, and the limiting effect of the bottom layer and the buried depth of the underground water on the infiltration is considered, and meanwhile, the leakage amount of soil of each layer is limited at the leakage module. The improvement is more similar to the rice infiltration process, and the simulation precision of the rice infiltration quantity is improved.
S4, calculating irrigation water quantity of the paddy field according to the proper water depth of irrigation of the paddy field, the depth of a water limiting layer of the irrigation lower limit and the maximum water storage depth after rain.
In this embodiment, the paddy field is flooded irrigation, and the calculation formula of the paddy field irrigation water quantity is as follows:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h mx The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm.
It will be appreciated that when the paddy field is lower than H min Or triggering irrigation when the water content is lower than a certain percentage of the saturated water content, wherein the water requirement for irrigation is H max Difference from current water depth H or H of paddy field max And (saturated water content-actual water content) difference, and the water storage depth exceeds H after rainfall p Drainage occurs.
It should be noted that, on the basis of the traditional flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation, namely, the lower limit of irrigation H is added min And triggering irrigation when the water content of the paddy field is lower than a certain percentage of the saturated water content by adopting the percentage of the saturated water content, wherein the irrigation water demand is the sum of the proper water depth for paddy field irrigation and the difference value (the saturated water content-the actual water content). The improvement increases the choice of irrigation modes and expands the irrigation function of the model.
S5, judging whether the HRU of the paddy field is in a water storage stage, and calculating the drainage of the paddy field according to the depth of a water layer of the paddy field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall.
It should be noted that, the paddy field HRU is divided into a water storage stage and a non-water storage stage, and different calculation modes are adopted in different stages.
S51, if the HRU of the rice field is a water storage stage, when rainfall occurs, the maximum water storage depth H after the water storage exceeds the rain p The excess will all form drainage. The calculation formula is as follows:
q day ＝(H 0 +P-H p )，H 0 +P＞H p
H′ 0 ＝H p
qda y ＝0，H 0 +P≤H p
wherein q is day The water discharge amount of the rice field is mm; h 0 The depth of a field water layer before rainfall is mm; p is daily rainfall, mm; h p The maximum water storage depth is mm after rain; h'. 0 The depth of a field water layer is mm after the field water storage exceeds the maximum water storage depth after rain and water is drained.
S52, if the HRU of the paddy field is in a non-water storage stage, the drainage of the paddy field is the water storage capacity of the paddy field.
When water is stored in the field, all the water is discharged to form runoff, a full-storage runoff-producing mechanism is adopted for rainfall, the water content of the two layers of soil above the soil is supplied to the saturated water content, and the residual rainfall is discharged to form runoff.
The method is characterized by comprising a water storage stage and a non-water storage stage according to the dry-wet alternation characteristic of rice planting. For the water storage stage, when rainfall occurs, the maximum water storage depth H after the field water storage exceeds the rain p The excessive part forms drainage completely, and the depth of the field water layer after drainage is reduced to the maximum water storage depth H after rain p The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the When the field water storage does not reach the maximum water storage depth H after rain p No water is discharged. For the non-water storage stage, if water storage exists in the field, all water is discharged to form runoff, and for rainfall, a full-water storage and runoff generation mechanism is adopted, the water content of two layers of soil above the soil is supplied to the saturated water content, and the residual rainfall is discharged to form runoff. The improvement fully considers the characteristics of the rice water layer and the rice water yield in the field sunning period, considers the change of the maximum water storage depth after rain in different growth stages, is more in line with the drainage process in the rice growth period, and improves the simulation precision of the rice water yield.
S6, obtaining the maximum yield of the crops, taking the maximum yield as the potential yield of the crops, and calculating the actual yield of the paddy field according to the potential yield of the crops, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount.
It should be noted that the original SWAT model converts solar radiation energy into dry matter quantity, potential biomass of the whole growth period of crops is obtained by accumulation day by day, the actual biomass is obtained by considering environmental stress factors such as moisture, temperature, nitrogen, phosphorus and the like, and the actual yield is obtained by multiplying the harvesting index.
The actual yield Ya is calculated as follows:
wherein: y is Y a Kg/ha is the actual yield of crops; y is Y m Kg/ha, the potential yield of crops; i is the crop growth stage; ET (electric T) i Cumulative sum, mm, of actual evapotranspiration at the ith growth stage; ET (electric T) mi Cumulative sum, mm, of potential vapor emissions for the ith fertility stage; lambda (lambda) i Is the sensitivity index of the ith fertility stage.
In this example, considering the effect of water deficiency on yield during the fertility stage, the calculated PET is first used in the evapotranspiration module Rice field Namely ET m ，ET i And adopting the original model to calculate canopy interception, soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration and summing the calculated canopy interception, soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration. Statistics of ET in the birth phase m And ET i Maximum yield of crops Y m I.e. potential yield of crops, is calculated using the potential biomass in the model and the stress effects are eliminated. A staged (4 stages) sensitivity index lambda is introduced as a calibration parameter.
It should be noted that the 4 growing stages of rice are common knowledge, and the sensitivity index of each stage has been published by scholars at home and abroad in a large number of research papers, and this embodiment is not repeated.
It should be noted that, because the original model is a crop growth module fused with a more classical EPIC model, it is a multi-crop general type growth model, the potential biomass of the whole growth period of the crop is obtained by accumulating the solar radiation energy into the dry matter quantity day by day, the actual biomass is obtained by considering the environmental stress factors such as moisture, temperature, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., and the harvesting index is multiplied to obtain the actual yield. In the case of rice, the lack of pertinence does not consider the effect of water deficiency on yield in different stages of fertility. The yield module is improved by utilizing a water production function Jensen model, and the relation among water shortage effects of each stage is reflected in a multiplication mode, so that the water shortage of a certain stage not only affects the stage, but also affects the later stages. The Jensen model has higher sensitivity to yield reaction and wider applicable area, and is suitable for arid and semiarid climates, areas with large underground water burial depth and areas with water shortage highly dependent on irrigation, and areas with wetting and semi-wetting. The simulation effect on various crops is good, and the simulation method is widely used at home and abroad. The improved model can fully consider the accumulated effect of water shortage at different stages, more truly reflect the rice yield forming process and improve the rice yield simulation precision.
S7, using the evapotranspiration of the HRU of the paddy field, the free drainage capacity of the water-free layer, the penetration capacity of the water-containing layer, the irrigation water quantity of the paddy field, the drainage capacity of the paddy field and the actual yield as simulation results to simulate the hydrology and the yield of a paddy field irrigation area.
A second embodiment of the present invention proposes a paddy rice irrigation area hydrology and yield simulation method based on a SWAT improvement model, which is different from the first embodiment in the following.
In the step S4, the paddy field HRU irrigation is divided into flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation, wherein the flooding irrigation has the following calculation formula:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
The calculation formula for intermittent irrigation is as follows:
I rice ＝H max +sul1+sul2-sst1-sst2，sst1+sst2≤c×(sul1+sul2)
H′＝H max
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h max The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm; sul1 is the saturated water content of the first layer of soil, and is mm; sul2 is the saturated water content of the second layer of soil, and is mm; sst1 is the actual water content of the first layer of soil, and mm; sst2 is the actual water content of the second layer of soil, and mm; c is the proportion of the water content of the soil to the saturated water content; h' is the depth of the field water layer after irrigation, and mm.
After being corrected by SWATCUP, the simulation method of the second embodiment simulates the daily runoff process of the outlets of the study areas of the rice growth period in 2005-2007, 2016-2017 and 2021-2022, and the result is shown in figure 4.
Referring to fig. 5, a third embodiment of the present invention provides a rice irrigated area hydrology and yield simulation system based on a SWAT improvement model, comprising:
the construction module is used for constructing the paddy field HRU according to preset data by utilizing the SWAT original model;
the evaporation and emission calculation module is used for introducing crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients and calculating the evaporation and emission amount of the HRU of the rice field;
the osmotic amount calculating module is used for obtaining the free drainage amount of the water-free layer and the osmotic amount of the water-containing layer in the paddy field HRU;
the paddy field irrigation water quantity calculation module is used for calculating paddy field irrigation water quantity according to proper water depth of irrigation of the paddy field, depth of a lower water limit layer of irrigation and maximum water storage depth after rain;
the paddy field drainage quantity calculation module is used for judging whether the paddy field HRU is in a water storage stage or not, and calculating the paddy field drainage quantity according to the depth of a water layer in the field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall;
the actual yield calculation module is used for obtaining the maximum yield of the crops as the potential yield of the crops, and calculating the actual yield of the paddy field according to the potential yield of the crops, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount;
the output module is used for simulating the hydrology and the yield of a paddy irrigation area by taking the evapotranspiration and the free drainage quantity of the paddy HRU, the penetration quantity of the water layer, the paddy irrigation water quantity, the paddy drainage quantity and the actual yield of the paddy field as simulation results.
In this embodiment, the following formula is used for calculation:
PET rice field ＝ET 0 ×K c
PT Rice field ＝ET 0 ×K cb
Wherein: PET (polyethylene terephthalate) Rice field The potential evaporation amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; ET (electric T) 0 Is the reference crop latentThe evaporation capacity is mm; k (K) c Is the coefficient of rice crops; PT (PT) Rice field The potential hair-rising amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; k (K) cb Is the fundamental coefficient of rice crops.
In the embodiment, for the seepage amount when the water layer exists, the storage model of the original model is adopted for calculation of vertical seepage, the limiting effect of the plow layer, the underground water burial depth and the like on the seepage is considered, meanwhile, the seepage amount of each layer of soil is limited by the seepage module, the improvement is more similar to the rice seepage process, and the simulation precision of the rice seepage amount is improved.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
The foregoing examples illustrate only a few embodiments of the invention and are described in detail herein without thereby limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which are all within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. The rice irrigation area hydrology and yield simulation method based on the SWAT improved model is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
carrying out paddy field HRU construction according to preset data by utilizing an SWAT original model;
introducing crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients, and calculating the evapotranspiration of the HRU of the rice field;
obtaining free drainage flux of a water-free layer and permeation quantity of a water-containing layer in the HRU of the rice field;
calculating irrigation water quantity of the paddy field according to the proper water depth of the paddy field, the depth of a water limiting layer under the irrigation and the maximum water storage depth after rain;
judging whether the HRU of the paddy field is in a water storage stage or not, and calculating the drainage of the paddy field according to the depth of a water layer of the paddy field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall;
obtaining the maximum yield of crops as the potential yield of the crops, and calculating the actual yield of the rice field according to the potential yield of the crops, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount;
the simulation results of the transpiration and the free drainage of the water-free layer, the penetration of the water-free layer, the irrigation water quantity of the rice field, the drainage of the rice field and the actual yield of the HRU of the rice field are used for simulating the hydrology and the yield of the rice irrigation area.
2. The rice irrigated area hydrologic and yield simulation method based on a SWAT improvement model according to claim 1, wherein the rice field HRU construction calculates the rice field area ignoring its cone in the original SWAT model, expressed as:
A rice field ＝A HRU
Wherein: a is that Rice field Is the area of the rice field, ha; a is that HRU Is the area of HRU in paddy field, ha.
3. The method for simulating hydrology and yield in paddy rice irrigation areas based on SWAT modification model as claimed in claim 1, wherein the formula for calculating the transpiration of HRU in paddy field by introducing crop coefficients and crop base coefficients is expressed as follows:
PET rice field ＝ET 0 ×K c
PT Rice field ＝ET 0 ×K cb
Wherein: PET (polyethylene terephthalate) Rice field Is waterThe potential evaporation amount in the rice growth period is mm; ET (electric T) 0 Potential evaporation amount of reference crop, mm; k (K) c Is the coefficient of rice crops; PT (PT) Rice field The potential hair-rising amount of the rice in the growth period is mm; k (K) cb Is the fundamental coefficient of rice crops.
4. The method for simulating hydrologic and yield in paddy rice irrigated areas based on a SWAT improvement model according to claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining free drainage volume of the water-free layer and the penetration volume of the water-containing layer in the HRU of the paddy field comprises:
obtaining the daily leakage S of the paddy field by using an original SWAT model;
obtaining the maximum leakage S of each layer of soil according to preset data Limiting the limit The calculation formula of the paddy field leakage amount is as follows:
Sep rice field ＝min(S,S Limiting the limit )
Wherein: sep (Sep) Rice field The leakage amount of the rice field is mm; s is the daily leakage quantity of the paddy field simulated by the original model, and the daily leakage quantity is mm; s is S Limiting the limit Represents the maximum leakage of soil per layer, mm.
5. The method for simulating hydrologic and yield of paddy field irrigation area based on SWAT improved model as claimed in claim 1, wherein the calculation formula for calculating irrigation water quantity of paddy field according to proper water depth of irrigation of paddy field, depth of water limiting layer of irrigation and maximum water storage depth after rain is:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h max The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm.
6. The method for simulating hydrologic and yield in a paddy field irrigation area based on a SWAT improved model according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the irrigation water amount of the paddy field according to the proper water depth for irrigation of the paddy field, the depth of the lower water limit layer for irrigation and the maximum water storage depth after rain comprises:
dividing the paddy field HRU irrigation into flooding irrigation and intermittent irrigation, wherein the flooding irrigation has the following calculation formula:
I rice ＝(H max -H)，H≤H min
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h max The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm;
the calculation formula for intermittent irrigation is as follows:
I rice ＝H max +sul1+sul2-sst1-sst2，sst1+sst2≤c×(sul1+sul2)
H′＝H max
Wherein I is Rice Irrigation water quantity for paddy fields is mm; h max The paddy field is irrigated with water with proper depth and mm; h min The depth of a lower water limiting layer for paddy field irrigation is mm; h is the actual water layer depth of the paddy field, and mm; sul1 is the saturated water content of the first layer of soil, and is mm; sul2 is the saturated water content of the second layer of soil, and is mm; sst1 is the actual water content of the first layer of soil, and mm; sst2 is the actual water content of the second layer of soil, and mm; c is the proportion of the water content of the soil to the saturated water content; h' is the depth of the field water layer after irrigation, and mm.
7. The method for simulating hydrologic and yield in a paddy field based on a SWAT improved model according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining whether the HRU in the paddy field is a water storage stage and calculating the water drainage of the paddy field based on the depth of a water layer in the field before rainfall, daily rainfall and maximum water storage depth after rainfall comprises:
if HRU of the paddy field is a water storage stage, when rainfall occurs, the maximum water storage depth H after the water storage exceeds the rain p The excess will all form drainage. The calculation formula is as follows:
q day ＝(H 0 +P-H p )，H 0 +P>H p
H 0 ′＝H p
q day ＝0，H 0 +P≤H p
wherein q is day The water discharge amount of the rice field is mm; h 0 The depth of a field water layer before rainfall is mm; p is daily rainfall, mm; h p The maximum water storage depth is mm after rain; h'. 0 The depth of a field water layer is mm after the field water storage exceeds the maximum water storage depth after rain and water is drained;
and if the HRU of the rice field is in a non-water storage stage, the drainage of the rice field is the field water storage capacity.
8. The method for simulating hydrology and yield in paddy field based on SWAT-improved model as claimed in claim 1, wherein the maximum yield of crops is taken as the potential yield of crops, and the actual yield of paddy field is calculated according to the potential yield of crops, the actual total amount of transpiration and the potential total amount of transpiration as follows:
wherein: y is Y a Kg/ha is the actual yield of crops; y is Y m Kg/ha, the potential yield of crops; i is the crop growth stage; ET (electric T) i Cumulative sum, mm, of actual evapotranspiration at the ith growth stage; ET (electric T) mi Cumulative sum, mm, of potential vapor emissions for the ith fertility stage; lambda (lambda) i Is the sensitivity index of the ith fertility stage.
9. A rice irrigated area hydrologic and yield simulation system based on a SWAT improvement model, comprising:
the construction module is used for constructing the paddy field HRU according to preset data by utilizing the SWAT original model;
the evaporation and emission calculation module is used for introducing crop coefficients and crop basic coefficients and calculating the evaporation and emission amount of the HRU of the rice field;
the osmotic amount calculating module is used for obtaining the free drainage amount of the water-free layer and the osmotic amount of the water-containing layer in the paddy field HRU;
the paddy field irrigation water quantity calculation module is used for calculating paddy field irrigation water quantity according to proper water depth of irrigation of the paddy field, depth of a lower water limit layer of irrigation and maximum water storage depth after rain;
the paddy field drainage quantity calculation module is used for judging whether the paddy field HRU is in a water storage stage or not, and calculating the paddy field drainage quantity according to the depth of a water layer in the field before rainfall, daily rainfall and the maximum water storage depth after rainfall;
the actual yield calculation module is used for obtaining the maximum yield of the crops as the potential yield of the crops, and calculating the actual yield of the paddy field according to the potential yield of the crops, the actual evapotranspiration cumulative amount and the potential evapotranspiration cumulative amount;
the output module is used for simulating the hydrology and the yield of a paddy irrigation area by taking the evapotranspiration and the free drainage quantity of the paddy HRU, the penetration quantity of the water layer, the paddy irrigation water quantity, the paddy drainage quantity and the actual yield of the paddy field as simulation results.
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