CN113283717A - Water-saving technical evaluation method for field irrigation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a field irrigation water-saving technology evaluation method, which comprises the following steps: step 1: collecting initial conditions of field irrigation; step 2: judging the water-saving applicable conditions of each irrigation technology; entering the step 3 for the irrigation technology meeting the water-saving applicable condition; if not, the corresponding irrigation technology is not recommended; and step 3: calculating the irrigation efficiency and the irrigation uniformity of the irrigation technology based on the step 2, and judging whether the irrigation efficiency and the irrigation uniformity meet evaluation indexes; if yes, entering step 4; if not, the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until the evaluation indexes of the irrigation efficiency and the irrigation uniformity are met; and 4, step 4: evaluating economic benefits and energy benefits of the irrigation technology based on the step 3, and recommending a proper irrigation technology according to an evaluation result; and 5: the final evaluation was completed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water conservation, in particular to a field irrigation water conservation technical evaluation method.
Background
The determination of the evaluation criterion is considered from 3 points of view. Firstly, the water-saving effect of the high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technology can be measured; secondly, the investment cost of the efficient water-saving irrigation technology can be reflected; thirdly, the economic and social effects generated by the water-saving technology can be measured.
Existing evaluation criteria
Criterion 1: technical feasibility criteria of water-saving (irrigation) technology. The principle mainly aims at the influence of the technology on the utilization efficiency of water resources and aims at checking the realization degree of the water-saving technology on the effective utilization of the water resources and the water production rate.
Criterion 2: economic rationality guidelines for water-saving (irrigation) technologies. The application of the water-saving technology has the characteristics of high investment, high reward and long investment recovery period, and the investment cost benefit needs evaluation and accounting. The popularization of the water-saving technology needs to give consideration to economy, has a reasonable investment cost-benefit ratio, and is the basis of investment decision of water-saving technical projects.
Criterion 3: the field high-efficiency water-saving economic effect criterion. After the efficient water-saving technology is used, the direct effect of input and output of the production system products is measured. The demand behavior of farmers on the water-saving technology is determined by the water-saving effect of the irrigation technology, the economic effect is emphasized to a great extent, and the greater the economic effect generated by the water-saving technology is, the easier the popularization is.
Criterion 4: the social effect criterion of high-efficiency water conservation in the field. The use of the field high-efficiency water-saving technology is evaluated to influence the household income of farmers, the product quality, the field ecology, the agricultural production organization, the agricultural technological progress and the like.
But the energy benefit evaluation is not considered in the prior technical scheme;
disclosure of Invention
Due to the difference of landform and climate, the agricultural structure and water and soil resource distribution in China have strong regionality. Therefore, according to the natural economic conditions of different areas, scientifically determining the water-saving irrigation development mode suitable for different areas and different development stages is particularly important. Therefore, on the basis of accelerating the research on the advanced and applicable agricultural efficient water-saving technology and equipment, the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the field irrigation technology are also needed to be considered in an important way so as to provide a theoretical basis for selecting the appropriate irrigation water-saving technology for different areas. In the research of the water-saving irrigation technology evaluation, the conventional research mainly focuses on the irrigation quality evaluation index and the economic index to evaluate the comprehensive benefit of the water-saving irrigation technology, and neglects the research of the influence of the application of the water-saving irrigation technology on the energy balance of regional agricultural systems.
Whether the field irrigation water-saving technology is suitable for the local actual situation or not should be evaluated by considering the following three aspects:
(1) the requirement of irrigation quality
Various water-saving irrigation technologies have different characteristics and have different requirements on natural conditions, management conditions and the like. The technical suitability mainly refers to the local actual situation of the water-saving irrigation technology, and can meet the requirements of irrigation quality.
(2) Requirement of economic efficiency
Different water-saving irrigation technologies have different application conditions to local economic conditions, the optimal technology cannot be selected blindly, and an irrigation water-saving technology which is suitable for natural economic conditions and can give full play to economic benefits should be selected.
(3) Requirement of energy efficiency
Different irrigation technologies have different influences on the energy balance of an agricultural system, and in the current society with energy shortage, the irrigation quality and economic and energy benefit requirements should be considered, and the irrigation technology with high irrigation quality and economic and energy benefits suitable for local conditions is selected.
Determining the evaluation indexes of the field water-saving irrigation technology, firstly analyzing the influence of different factors on various water-saving irrigation engineering technology selections, and only starting from the influence factors, substantially evaluating the irrigation water-saving technology. The factors influencing the selection of the field irrigation technology are numerous, and the influence of natural, technical, economic and ecological environmental factors on the selection of the irrigation water-saving technology is mainly considered.
(1) Natural factors of the world
Based on the characteristic analysis of the field irrigation water-saving technology, the irrigation quality and the economic energy benefit of the irrigation technology under different natural conditions are different, and the invention mainly considers the influence of the terrain, soil and weather conditions on the exertion of the irrigation technical benefits.
a) Terrain adaptability
China is wide in breadth and has complex terrains such as mountains, hills, plains, plateaus, basins and the like. Researches such as Liu culvert and the like show that the ground flatness has obvious influence on the infiltration distribution condition of soil moisture in an irrigation area and the deep seepage loss of irrigation water. Different irrigation techniques have different requirements on the ground flatness, for example, in order to reduce deep leakage and ensure uniform irrigation, the ground irrigation requires that the slope change of the field surface cannot be too large, the ground flatness precision is improved, and the irrigation quality is obviously improved. The sprinkling irrigation has stronger adaptability to the terrain, and can exert the advantages particularly in the areas with larger terrain relief.
b) Soil adaptability
The soil classification standard of China divides soil into loam, sandy soil, clay, sandy loam and soil clay. Under different soil types, the water infiltration degree is different, and then the selection result that influences each technique of watering also is different, if soil water permeability is great, in order to reduce deep seepage, should use sprinkling irrigation or drip irrigation etc..
c) Climate adaptability
The northern areas of China are mostly arid and semiarid climate areas, so the invention mainly considers the influence of wind speed on the selection of the irrigation water-saving technology when the climate is considered, for example, spray irrigation is not suitable for the areas with wind power more than three levels, and ground irrigation and drip irrigation are not influenced by the wind power.
d) Water source adaptability
Irrigation water is generally taken from nearby water sources, and the selection of irrigation technology is influenced to a certain extent by the silt and impurity content of water sources in different areas. Under general conditions, ground irrigation has low requirements on the quality of irrigation water and can meet the standard of irrigation water quality. The pipelines for sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation are easily blocked by silt and impurities, are generally not suitable for areas with high sand content and impurity content, and need to be filtered if used.
(2) Technical factors
The technical factors influencing the selection rule of the irrigation technology comprise the effective utilization rate of irrigation water and the irrigation uniformity.
a) Effective utilization rate of irrigation water
The effective utilization rate of irrigation water is an index for reflecting the condition of water storage or crop absorption and utilization of irrigation water from a water source to a deep soil wetting layer of a field in an irrigation area, and is an important index for measuring engineering quality and management level. Research shows that the sprinkling irrigation saves water by 30-50% compared with the traditional ground irrigation, and the sprinkling irrigation saves water by 20-30%.
b) Uniformity of irrigation
The irrigation uniformity refers to the uniformity of the field soil wetting depth in the irrigation process. Research shows that the irrigation uniformity is improved within a certain range, the crop yield is correspondingly improved, and the irrigation uniformity is related to the ground leveling precision.
(3) Economic factor
The economic factors mainly considered by the invention and influencing the selection of the irrigation water-saving technology by users mainly comprise agricultural cost and output-input ratio.
a) Annual input of agricultural production
The annual agricultural investment includes irrigation engineering costs and agricultural production costs. Irrigation project expenses include payroll attachment, repair expenses, fuel expenses, material expenses, other direct expenses (project observation expenses, water quality inspection expenses), fixed asset depreciation expenses, business (sales) expenses, management expenses, loan interest. The agricultural production cost comprises the cost expenditure in the whole process from land preparation to harvest, and the benefits of water saving, labor saving, fertilizer saving and the like of the irrigation water-saving technology are considered in the calculation process. The annual input of agricultural cost directly determines the selection of farmers on irrigation technologies, multiple irrigation technologies can be selected under the condition of permission of family economic conditions, and when economy does not permit, only the technology with less input and high benefit, such as ridge irrigation on a film, can be used.
b) Output to input ratio
The output-input ratio is based on the annual input of agricultural production, the ratio of an output value to an input value is analyzed, and the output value is calculated by directly outputting and indirectly outputting (difference value of industrial water for artificial transfer and agricultural water transfer, and the like). Under the same conditions, higher output-to-input ratio indicates that the irrigation technology obtains higher return under the same cost condition, i.e. the economic benefit is higher when the output-to-input ratio is higher. The method is mainly used for measuring the economic benefit aiming at the output-input ratio in the agricultural production process.
(4) Ecological environment factor
The selection of irrigation water-saving technology should put sustainable development for maintaining ecological environment at the first place, and different irrigation areas have own specific requirements on ecological environment except irrigation function, and mainly have the following aspects:
a) improving microclimate of farmland
The microclimate of the farmland is a small-range climate formed by interaction of physical and biological processes among an air layer, a soil layer and plant groups within a height of several meters above the farmland, and the improvement of the microclimate of the farmland is beneficial to the improvement of the crop yield. The water-saving irrigation technology, especially the spray irrigation, has a remarkable effect on improving the microclimate of the farmland. For example, the sprinkler irrigation technology simulates rainfall by spraying water droplets to adjust the temperature and humidity of air, soil and crops, and prevent frost and dry hot wind, etc.
b) Prevention of soil erosion
The soil erosion mainly comprises the damage of irrigation water to a soil structure, the salinization of soil, the loss of soil fertility and the like. For example, the traditional ground irrigation causes damage to the soil structure due to large irrigation quantity, and meanwhile, the large irrigation depth seepage aggravates the loss of soil fertility, and raises the underground water burial depth to cause soil salinization. The drip irrigation can realize that the soil near the active root system of the crop is always kept in a moist state without hardening, and meanwhile, deep seepage is avoided, so that the salinization of the soil and the loss of the soil fertility are effectively prevented.
c) Assist the soil in removing salt
Generally, in irrigation areas with shallow underground water burial depth, the salt washing and pressing effects of irrigation water need to be considered. The fresh water irrigation can reduce the alkalinity of the soil by irrigating and washing salt, particularly, under the condition of a drainage system, fresh water is introduced to dissolve the salt in the soil, and then the salt is drained through a drainage ditch (pipe), so that a better salt drainage effect can be achieved. Irrigation areas with consideration of salt removal generally do not suggest the use of spray irrigation or drip irrigation.
d) Continuous utilization of underground water resource
The underground water level is over-deep due to serious underground water overstrain in partial areas of China, so that series serious consequences such as house sinking, ground collapse and the like are caused. In the face of adverse effects caused by excessive decline of the groundwater level, comprehensive measures such as groundwater mining control and groundwater recharge by surface water are adopted to ensure the continuous utilization of water resources. For the areas with underground water overstrain and overlarge underground water level descending depth, the irrigation technology selection is more complex. On one hand, the shortage of water resources is increased due to excessive irrigation water consumption, particularly in well irrigation areas; on the other hand, the deep leakage caused by ground irrigation can effectively replenish the underground water, and the underground water is reused as return water, so that the continuous utilization of underground water resources is positively influenced.
e) Agricultural environmental pollution and energy waste
At present, most of agricultural systems in China are specialized crop production systems with high input, high output and high risk, the energy input and output efficiency is low, the resource environmental loss is large, serious environmental pollution and rapid resource exhaustion are caused, and particularly, non-renewable resources such as petroleum and the like are generated. The irrigation technology as the main component directly influences the sustainable development of the agricultural ecosystem due to the high energy efficiency. Meanwhile, a large amount of fertilizer is used, so that large-area non-point source pollution is caused, and the quality of underground water is influenced.
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide evaluation content and a method for a field irrigation water-saving technology.
In order to achieve the above purposes, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a field irrigation water-saving technology evaluation method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: selecting a field to be subjected to field irrigation, and collecting initial conditions of the field irrigation, wherein the initial conditions comprise: wind speed, soil type, slope, field size, crop type and total irrigation;
step 2: judging the water-saving applicable conditions of each irrigation technology; entering the step 3 for the irrigation technology meeting the water-saving applicable condition; if not, the corresponding irrigation technology is not recommended;
and step 3: irrigation efficiency E of irrigation technology calculated based on step 2aAnd uniformity of irrigation DuJudging irrigation efficiency EaAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhether the evaluation index is met or not; if the evaluation index is met, entering the step 4; if the evaluation index is not met, the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until the irrigation efficiency E is metaAnd uniformity of irrigation DuThe evaluation index of (1);
and 4, step 4: calculating economic benefit and energy benefit of the irrigation technology which meets the irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity in the step 3, sequencing the irrigation technologies according to the benefit, and selecting the optimal irrigation technology; the economic benefits comprise water conservation rate, yield increase rate and output-input ratio; the energy efficiency evaluation comprises the following steps: output-input ratio. If the water saving rate is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence, if the yield increasing rate is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence, if the output-input ratio is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence, and if the output-input ratio is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence;
and 5: the final evaluation was completed.
On the basis of the scheme, the soil types in the step 1 comprise: loam, sandy soil, clay, sandy loam and soil clay; the field size includes: the furrow length and the furrow width; the crop types include: wheat, corn and sunflower;
on the basis of the scheme, in the step 2, the water irrigation technology comprises the following steps: furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation on a film, drip irrigation under a film, spray irrigation and spray irrigation on a film.
On the basis of the scheme, the water-saving applicable conditions in the step 2 comprise: when the wind speed is more than 5.4m/s, no spray irrigation is used.
On the basis of the scheme, the irrigation efficiency in the step 3 is the percentage of the water stored in the water absorbing layer of the root system of the soil after irrigation to the total irrigation amount, and is calculated by adopting the following formula:
in the formula: eaRepresents irrigation efficiency in%; zregThe net irrigation water depth is expressed in mm; zavgThe average irrigation depth of the field is expressed in mm; zlqThe mean infiltration depth in mm is indicated in 1/4 plots with the smallest infiltration volume.
The irrigation uniformity is an index for reflecting the distribution uniformity of infiltration water after irrigation, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula: duIndicates the uniformity of irrigation in%.
On the basis of the scheme, the evaluation indexes in the step 3 are as follows: when the water is poured into the wateraAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhen the content is more than or equal to 80 percent, the evaluation indexes are met, and the evaluation grade is qualified; when the water is poured into the wateraGreater than or equal to 85% and uniform irrigation degree DuMore than or equal to 80 percent, meets the evaluation index and has good evaluation grade; when the water is poured into the wateraGreater than or equal to 90% and uniform irrigation degree DuGreater than or equal to 80 percent, meets the evaluation index, and has excellent evaluation grade; when the water is poured into the wateraAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhen the evaluation indexes are less than 80%, the evaluation indexes are not met, and the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until corresponding evaluation grades are met.
On the basis of the scheme, the water saving rate is calculated by the following formula:
and (3) calculating the yield increase rate of each irrigation mode according to a yield comparison method, wherein the yield increase rate is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula: b represents the agricultural yield increase rate of a certain year after the irrigation project is applied, and the unit is yuan;
the average yield of agricultural products for many years before and after the application of irrigation engineering is respectively obtained; a represents the planting area of the irrigated crop; v represents the calculated price of the agricultural product in units of yuan/kg.
The output-input ratio is calculated by the following formula:
crop direct yield (kg) x unit price (yuan/kg) (6)
Indirect yield-artificial transfer + water transfer (7)
Manual transfer (labor cost (yuan/man-hour) × man-hour (8)
Water transfer is water resource cost (yuan/m)3) Amount of Water transferred (m)3) (9)
Annual fee as depreciation fee plus annual operating fee (10)
The annual operating cost is the irrigation project cost plus the agricultural production cost (12).
On the basis of the scheme, the output-input ratio is calculated by the following formula:
the crop output value is a calorific value of the plant, and the other energy consumptions include: the energy consumption of the pesticide, the energy consumption of the fertilizer and the energy consumption of the seeds are 13MJ/kg when the seeds are sunflower, 53.4MJ/kg when the seeds are corn and 5.6MJ/kg when the seeds are wheat.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method for evaluating the energy benefit by researching different irrigation technologies makes up the blank of the current research field and provides theoretical reference for subsequent research work.
(2) Irrigation quality analysis and economic energy evaluation are carried out on different irrigation technologies, and theoretical basis is provided for popularizing the irrigation technology meeting different evaluation indexes in northern irrigation areas.
Drawings
The invention has the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the suitability evaluation.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of economic efficiency evaluation
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of energy efficiency evaluation
FIG. 4 is a schematic flow diagram of the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings 1 to 4.
A field irrigation water-saving technology evaluation method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1: selecting a field to be subjected to field irrigation, and collecting initial conditions of the field irrigation, wherein the initial conditions comprise: wind speed, soil type, slope, field size, crop type and total irrigation;
step 2: judging the water-saving applicable conditions of each irrigation technology; entering the step 3 for the irrigation technology meeting the water-saving applicable condition; if not, the corresponding irrigation technology is not recommended;
and step 3: irrigation efficiency E of irrigation technology calculated based on step 2aAnd uniformity of irrigation DuJudging irrigation efficiency EaAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhether the evaluation index is met or not; if the evaluation index is met, entering the step 4; if the evaluation index is not met, the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until the irrigation efficiency E is metaAnd uniformity of irrigation DuThe evaluation index of (1);
and 4, step 4: calculating economic benefit and energy benefit of the irrigation technology which meets the irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity in the step 3, sequencing the irrigation technologies according to the benefit, and selecting the optimal irrigation technology; the economic benefits comprise water conservation rate, yield increase rate and output-input ratio; the energy efficiency evaluation comprises the following steps: output-input ratio. If the water saving rate is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence, if the yield increasing rate is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence, if the output-input ratio is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence, and if the output-input ratio is required to be the highest, recommending the corresponding irrigation technologies according to the sequence;
and 5: the final evaluation was completed.
On the basis of the scheme, the soil types in the step 1 comprise: loam, sandy soil, clay, sandy loam and soil clay; the field size includes: the furrow length and the furrow width; the crop types include: wheat, corn and sunflower;
on the basis of the scheme, in the step 2, the water irrigation technology comprises the following steps: furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation on a film, drip irrigation under a film, spray irrigation and spray irrigation on a film.
On the basis of the scheme, the water-saving applicable conditions in the step 2 comprise: when the wind speed is more than 5.4m/s, sprinkling irrigation is not used;
on the basis of the scheme, the irrigation efficiency in the step 3 is the percentage of the water stored in the water absorbing layer of the root system of the soil after irrigation to the total irrigation amount, and is calculated by adopting the following formula:
in the formula: eaRepresents irrigation efficiency in%; zregThe net irrigation water depth is expressed in mm; zavgThe average irrigation depth of the field is expressed in mm; zlqThe mean infiltration depth in mm is indicated in 1/4 plots with the smallest infiltration volume.
The irrigation uniformity is an index for reflecting the distribution uniformity of infiltration water after irrigation, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula: duIndicates the uniformity of irrigation in%.
On the basis of the scheme, the evaluation indexes in the step 3 are as follows: when the water is poured into the wateraAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhen the content is more than or equal to 80 percent, the evaluation indexes are met, and the evaluation grade is qualified; when the water is poured into the wateraGreater than or equal to 85% and uniform irrigation degree DuMore than or equal to 80 percent, meets the evaluation index and has good evaluation grade; when the water is poured into the wateraGreater than or equal to 90% and uniform irrigation degree DuGreater than or equal to 80 percent, meets the evaluation index, and has excellent evaluation grade; when the water is poured into the wateraAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhen the evaluation indexes are less than 80%, the evaluation indexes are not met, and the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until corresponding evaluation grades are met.
On the basis of the scheme, the water saving rate is calculated by the following formula:
and (3) calculating the yield increase rate of each irrigation mode according to a yield comparison method, wherein the yield increase rate is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula: b represents the agricultural yield increase rate of a certain year after the irrigation project is applied, and the unit is yuan;
the average yield of agricultural products for many years before and after the application of irrigation engineering is respectively obtained; a represents the planting area of the irrigated crop; v represents the calculated price of the agricultural product in units of yuan/kg.
The output-input ratio is calculated by the following formula:
crop direct yield (kg) x unit price (yuan/kg) (6)
Indirect yield-artificial transfer + water transfer (7)
Manual transfer (labor cost (yuan/man-hour) × man-hour (8)
Water transfer is water resource cost (yuan/m)3) Amount of Water transferred (m)3) (9)
Annual fee as depreciation fee plus annual operating fee (10)
The annual operating cost is the irrigation project cost plus the agricultural production cost (12).
On the basis of the scheme, the output-input ratio is calculated by the following formula:
the crop output value is a calorific value of the plant, and the other energy consumptions include: the energy consumption of the pesticide, the energy consumption of the fertilizer and the energy consumption of the seeds are 13MJ/kg when the seeds are sunflower, 53.4MJ/kg when the seeds are corn and 5.6MJ/kg when the seeds are wheat.
1. Determination of evaluation index
Based on the analysis of the influence factors selected by the field irrigation water-saving technology, the method determines the adaptability evaluation index, the irrigation quality evaluation index and the economic and energy benefit evaluation index as the final evaluation index according to the evaluation index determination principle.
(1) Index for evaluating suitability
The traditional ground irrigation has a long history and can adapt to various objective conditions (without considering the problems of water saving and the like). Therefore, the adaptability evaluation of the present study is mainly directed to the water-saving irrigation technology. Under different natural conditions, the irrigation water-saving technology has different performances. Factors limiting the popularization and application of the new technology mainly include climate conditions, soil conditions, terrain and slope, crop types and the like. Therefore, the invention takes the climate condition, the soil condition, the terrain slope, the field size and the crop type as the adaptability evaluation indexes.
(2) Irrigation quality evaluation index
Indexes for evaluating field irrigation quality are many, but the indexes are widely expressed by irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity. The irrigation efficiency reflects the utilization efficiency of irrigation water in the irrigation conveying process, cannot reflect the uniformity degree of the distribution of the irrigation water, and is possibly very high when the irrigation water is seriously insufficient; the irrigation uniformity only gives the uniformity of irrigation water in the planned soil wetting layer, and the effective utilization degree of crops for irrigation is not considered. In view of this, the invention uses the irrigation efficiency and the irrigation uniformity as the irrigation quality evaluation indexes.
(3) Economic benefit evaluation index
The economic benefit evaluation index system of the irrigation technology mainly comprises the following steps: the new technology replaces the prior art with water saving rate, yield increasing rate, irrigation cost, output-input ratio and the like. Therefore, the water saving rate, the yield increasing rate and the output-input ratio are determined as economic benefit evaluation indexes.
(4) Evaluation index of energy efficiency
The energy efficiency evaluation aims at analyzing energy and output in the agricultural production process, so that the output-input ratio is used as an evaluation index.
The four types of evaluation indexes gradually complete the comprehensive evaluation of different irrigation technologies, and each type of index is independent and is a limiting factor of the previous evaluation index, namely the four types of indexes are independent and mutually restricted to finally complete the evaluation task.
Evaluation procedure
(1) Evaluation of suitability
For example, when the wind speed is greater than 5.4m/s, the sprinkling irrigation technology is not recommended.
(2) Evaluation of irrigation quality
The irrigation quality evaluation process is shown in FIG. 1.
The method comprises the steps of taking irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity as evaluation indexes, obtaining furrow irrigation efficiency and irrigation uniformity under different conditions by ground irrigation through a metal-analysis method, and screening corresponding irrigation technologies according to different standards. Meanwhile, mathematical statistics is applied to analyze irrigation quality of the sprinkling irrigation and the drip irrigation technology, as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 irrigation quality and multifactor regression analysis combining bedding irrigation test and numerical simulation
Note: the respective silt data are from the same reference, so although the regression equation of the irrigation efficiency and the irrigation uniformity has high determination coefficient and strong significance, the fitting equation may not have generality; l-furrow length, W-furrow width, and S-slope; NS- -No significant relationship.
(3) Evaluation of economic benefit
The economic efficiency evaluation flow is shown in fig. 2.
The economic benefit evaluation firstly considers the yield increasing rate and the water saving rate of the new irrigation technology separately, and finally analyzes the economic balance of the irrigation technology through output-input comparison.
(4) Evaluation of energy efficiency
The energy efficiency evaluation flow is shown in fig. 3.
The energy benefit evaluation process is similar to the economic benefit evaluation, but the evaluation index only selects the output-input ratio to evaluate the energy benefit of the irrigation technology.
Those not described in detail in this specification are within the skill of the art.
Claims (9)
1. A field irrigation water-saving technology evaluation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1: selecting a field to be subjected to field irrigation, and collecting initial conditions of the field irrigation, wherein the initial conditions comprise: wind speed, soil type, slope, field size, crop type and total irrigation;
step 2: judging the water-saving applicable conditions of each irrigation technology; entering the step 3 for the irrigation technology meeting the water-saving applicable condition; if not, the corresponding irrigation technology is not recommended;
and step 3: irrigation efficiency E of irrigation technology calculated based on step 2aAnd uniformity of irrigation DuJudging irrigation efficiency EaAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhether the evaluation index is met or not; if the evaluation index is met, entering the step 4; if the evaluation index is not met, the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until the irrigation efficiency E is metaAnd uniformity of irrigation DuThe evaluation index of (1);
and 4, step 4: calculating economic benefit and energy benefit of the irrigation technology based on the step 3, sequencing the irrigation technologies according to the economic benefit and the energy benefit, and selecting the optimal irrigation technology according to specific requirements;
and 5: the final evaluation was completed.
2. The method for evaluating a field irrigation water conservation technology according to claim 1, wherein the soil type in the step 1 comprises: loam, sandy soil, clay, sandy loam and soil clay; the field size includes: the furrow length and the furrow width; the crop types include: wheat, corn and sunflower.
3. The method for evaluating the field irrigation water-saving technology according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, the irrigation technology comprises the following steps: furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation on a film, drip irrigation under a film, spray irrigation and spray irrigation on a film.
4. The method for evaluating the field irrigation water-saving technology according to claim 3, wherein the water-saving applicable conditions in the step 2 comprise: when the wind speed is more than 5.4m/s, no spray irrigation is used.
5. The method for evaluating the field irrigation water-saving technology according to claim 1, wherein the irrigation efficiency in the step 3 is the percentage of the water stored in the water absorbing layer of the root system of the soil after irrigation to the total irrigation water, and is calculated by adopting the following formula:
in the formula: eaRepresents irrigation efficiency in%; zregThe net irrigation water depth is expressed in mm; zavgThe average irrigation depth of the field is expressed in mm; zlqRepresents the average infiltration depth in mm in the 1/4 field block with the smallest infiltration amount;
the irrigation uniformity is an index for reflecting the distribution uniformity of infiltration water after irrigation, and the calculation formula is as follows:
in the formula: duIndicates the uniformity of irrigation in%.
6. The method for evaluating the field irrigation water-saving technology according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation indexes in the step 3 are as follows: when the water is poured into the wateraAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhen the content is more than or equal to 80 percent, the evaluation indexes are met, and the evaluation grade is qualified; when the water is poured into the wateraGreater than or equal to 85% and uniform irrigation degree DuMore than or equal to 80 percent, meets the evaluation index and has good evaluation grade; when the water is poured into the wateraGreater than or equal to 90% and uniform irrigation degree DuGreater than or equal to 80 percent, meets the evaluation index, and has excellent evaluation grade; when the water is poured into the wateraAnd uniformity of irrigation DuWhen the evaluation indexes are less than 80%, the evaluation indexes are not met, and the landform slope and the field size need to be adjusted until corresponding evaluation grades are met.
7. The method for evaluating a field irrigation water-saving technology according to claim 1, wherein the economic benefits of the step 4 comprise water conservation rate, yield increase rate and output-input ratio; the energy efficiency evaluation comprises the following steps: output-input ratio.
8. The method for evaluating a field irrigation water conservation technology according to claim 7, wherein the water conservation rate is calculated by the following formula:
and (3) calculating the yield increase rate of each irrigation mode according to a yield comparison method, wherein the yield increase rate is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula: b represents the agricultural yield increase rate of a certain year after the irrigation project is applied, and the unit is yuan;
the average yield of agricultural products for many years before and after the application of irrigation engineering is respectively obtained; a represents the planting area of the irrigated crop; v represents the calculated price of the agricultural product, and the unit is Yuan/kg;
the output-input ratio is calculated by the following formula:
yield x unit price (6) for directly producing crop
Indirect yield-artificial transfer + water transfer (7)
Manual transfer as labor cost x man-hour (8)
Water transfer (9) water resource fee X transferred water quantity
Annual fee as depreciation fee plus annual operating fee (10)
The annual operating cost is the irrigation project cost plus the agricultural production cost (12).
9. The method for evaluating a field irrigation water-saving technology according to claim 7, wherein the yield-input ratio is calculated by the following formula:
the other energy consumptions include: pesticide energy consumption, fertilization energy consumption and seed energy consumption.
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