CN116391553B - 一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法 - Google Patents
一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116391553B CN116391553B CN202310185555.7A CN202310185555A CN116391553B CN 116391553 B CN116391553 B CN 116391553B CN 202310185555 A CN202310185555 A CN 202310185555A CN 116391553 B CN116391553 B CN 116391553B
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- seeds
- cinnamomum camphora
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D91/00—Methods for harvesting agricultural products
- A01D91/04—Products growing above the soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
- A01N43/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with a carbocyclic ring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/04—Carbon disulfide; Carbon monoxide; Carbon dioxide
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C1/00—Ammonium nitrate fertilisers
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法,将油樟种子排列在事先准备好的沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=4:3:1/2:1/4上,喷施萌发液(0.8mg/L~1.2mg/L GA3+6mol/L~9mol/L HCl+0.01mg/L~0.02mg/L ZT+活性炭粉1g/L~2g/L+碳酸钠1g/L~3g/L+皂角粉3g/L~5g/L),能够克服油樟种子胚活性弱、可育性低、难萌发等难题,种子萌发率高成苗性好,为油樟规模化繁育提供了一条切实可靠的技术路线。高效繁育油樟实用技术在源头实现优树优种的同时,也为后期优苗提供了保证,在进行油樟种质资源保存、开发和大规模生产利用以及缓解该物种的珍稀濒危状态方面都具有重大的现实意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于种植技术领域,具体的涉及一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法。
背景技术
油樟(Cinnamomum longepaniculatum)系樟科樟属的中国特有珍贵乔木树种,高达20米,胸径50厘米。生于常绿阔叶林中,海拔600~2000米。其根、枝、叶、木材均可提取樟油,经中国科学院成都生物研究所化验樟油,得到26种组分,其中主要成分为按叶油素占58.55%,一萜品醇占25.43%,香烩烯占14.16%,其他还有冰片,樟脑、橙花醇等。这些组分为国防、轻工,香料、医药、食品工业及军工等方面的稀有原料。根、果、枝和叶入药,有祛风散寒、强心镇痉和杀虫等功能。木材又为造船、橱箱和建筑等用材。木材用于心腹胀痛,脚气,痛风,疥癣,跌打损伤;根治疗吐泻,心腹胀 痛,风湿痹痛;果实用于心腹冷痛,反胃呕吐《滇省志》。嘎布尔:根、枝、干、叶等部位提炼而得的结晶用于热性病《藏本草》。阿玛尔:心材治心热病,妇科诸病。油樟树形美观,姿态雄伟,木质柔韧,纹理致密的特点,寿命长达千年,是成片造林和四旁绿化的首选树种。
2013年12月郑鹏、石兆明、钟林茂和易桂林在《中国城市林业》第11卷第6期“宜宾市市树油樟嫩枝扦插成活率研究”中阐述到,油樟的繁殖方式主要是种子繁殖、埋根、压条及扦插,由于油樟种子只有30%左右,一般采用嫩枝扦插繁殖。极低的出种率和发芽率成为阻碍油樟幼苗繁育和产业发展的突出瓶颈。因此,破解油樟因种子发芽率过低而直接导致生产数量难以满足国内外与日俱增的消费趋势和以珍稀濒危植物保护为主的生态环境建设重大需求之间的剧烈矛盾,探索一种高效繁育油樟的育苗方法,为实现油樟的工厂化育苗和保护珍稀植物资源进而实现合理的永续利用显得极为迫切和重要。
发明内容
本发明提出了一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法,降低了种子内部油脂、抑制了种子内部水分的散失,保障了种子发芽力,有效提高了种子发芽率,增加了油樟的苗木数量,提供了一种高效繁育油樟的育苗方法,对抢救保护特有珍稀濒危植物,保存油樟种质资源,保护生物多样性,助力长江大保护和满足国内外市场需求均具有重要现实意义。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
S1种子选择:
S2种子采集:
S3种子预处理:
S4容器选择与消杀:
S5种子萌发与上盆
S6育苗期管理:
完成快速繁育国家重点保护植物油樟。
优选地,所述低海拔的海拔高度为90m~120m。
优选地,S1种子选择:本发明中的油樟种子选择主要采用观察法,结实母株生理性状优选生长发育健壮、无机械损伤、未感染病虫害且有稳定结实能力,优良母株选择立地条件好,向阳、树体健壮、主干通直、树冠发达、无病虫害、结实稳定的15年生以上的油樟作为采种母树,确保选择的油樟种子颗颗优质粒粒饱满。种子成熟期在8月下旬~9月上旬。当果皮由青变紫转至黑色且柔软多汁时即可采收,种子的颜色由浅变为深,有光泽,饱满,较硬,有弹性的种子,避免选择种子浅色,有黑斑或色深浅不同,无光泽,干缩,较软,无弹性的种子。
优选地,S2种子采集:采种方法采用树上采集与地面收集相结合的手工采集方式,地下铺设薄膜收集用种子收集袋收集。采种时间为8月下旬~9月上旬。采收时天气为无风或小风的晴天。
优选地,S3种子预处理:收集完毕采用水选法净种,即将采收的种子倒入水中,去除漂浮在水面的树叶、空粒、瘪粒等杂物,保留下沉的饱满种子,使种实净种,种子净种之后的纯度达到85%~95%。净种后采用种子分析仪对种粒进行分析,进一步选择种粒饱满,大小形状统一,种胚成熟发育度高的种子。经过二次遴选的油樟浆果抽样千粒重应在170g~180g之间;在保证种子千粒重的同时还不能保证油樟的高质量浆果出种率和种子生活力以及又种子培育出的优质苗木,因此需要对种子进行关键性的再处理,具体措施为:将种子混入油樟种子放入体积比为细砂砾:碎木屑:草木灰:石灰粉=(1.5-2.5):(3-5):(0.5-1.5):0.5-1.5)加入适量清水混合形成的浆糊中,反复揉搓30min~60min,后统一放入方形穴盘中静置12h~24h,浆果出种率为75%~80%,很好地克服了油樟出种率低,种子富含油脂和活性差等难题。
进一步优选地,种子混入油樟种子放入体积比为细砂砾:碎木屑:草木灰:石灰粉=2:4:1:1。
优选地,S4容器选择与消杀:容器的选择对于油樟种子的处理和萌发关系紧密,本发明中油樟种子类型属于中型种子,故采用的容器为中型穴盘,规格为72~128孔,长×宽×高=28cm×54cm×4.5cm,穴孔播种密度和数量为1~2粒。容器从上而下依次铺设泥炭、蛭石和珍珠岩等混合基质。最后用50%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液对容器及混合基质进行消杀处理。
优选地,S5种子萌发与上盆:油樟播种流程主要包括播种、覆土、镇压和浇水等。将油樟种子排列在事先准备好的基质,体积比为沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=(3.5-4.5):(2.5-3.5):(0.45-0.55):(0.2-0.3),喷施萌发液(0.8mg/L~1.2mg/L GA3+ 6mol/L~9mol/L HCl+0.01mg/L~0.02mg/L ZT+活性炭粉1g/L~2g/L+碳酸钠1g/L~3g/L+皂角粉3g/L~5g/L),然后移入环境条件为白天温度21℃~25℃、夜间温度15℃~18℃、湿度60%~80%的温室大棚中,在种子出土前要保持基质湿润,避免由于干旱原因影响种子发芽率和出苗率。此措施科研保证油樟种子测试生活力达到85%~95%,30~45d种子陆续发芽,发芽率高达96.8%,比2013年12月郑鹏、石兆明、钟林茂和易桂林在《中国城市林业》第11卷第6期“宜宾市市树油樟嫩枝扦插成活率研究”中提到的种子发芽率只有30%左右高出60%左右。
盐酸与碳酸钠生产二氧化碳气体产生气泡,促进GA3、活性碳粉和皂角粉加速脱脂和种胚萌发。GA3主要降低油樟种子抑制类物质含量和延迟抑制类物质提前作用,从而起到打破种子内部休眠的作用、ZT起到增加种胚萌发进程的作用,活性碳粉和皂角粉主要起到降低种子内部油脂的作用。同时,盐酸还可以促进种子中的油脂进水解成脂肪酸和甘油及进一步转化为糖类,达到促进种子萌发的目的。
种子萌芽后5~10d胚根长至0.5~1cm及时取出带芽种子进行更换容器,容器规格为10cm×12cm,覆土厚度为0.8cm~1.0cm。苗高达10cm-15cm时,开始更换容器规格为16cm×18cm,苗高50cm以上,地径0.6cm以上更换容器规格为25cm×25cm,此时可根据实际需求进行苗木出圃。
进一步优选地,基质,体积比沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=4:3:1/2:1/4。
优选地,S6育苗期管理:种子萌芽出土后进入育苗期管理,幼苗在温室大棚内的生长环境条件为温度21℃~25℃、湿度60%~80%,光照10000lx~20000lx,所以重点对幼苗进行养分管理。幼苗长至3cm~5cm时进行混合配方施肥,施肥时期分为4个时期,分别为萌芽期肥,时间2月~4月,硝酸铵:钼酸铵:氯化钙:硫酸镁:稀土微肥(硼酸或硼砂)=3.3~5.6:1.5~3.2:1.8~2.4:1.5~2.3:2.5~4.2,每月1次,连续施用3次;抽条期肥,时间5月~8月,硝酸铵:硝酸钾:氯化钙:硫酸镁:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸铜:硫酸锌=9.5~11.8:6.1~8.6:2.2~3.4:1.8~2.2:2.5~3.6:8~10:4~6,每月2次,连续施用4次;墩苗期肥:9月~10月上旬进行施肥,硼砂 :硝酸铵:硝酸钾:氯化钙:硫酸镁:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸亚铁=2~4:6.1~8.2:9.3~11:3.3~4.9:2.1~2.6:1.4~2.2:0.8~1.1,每月1次,连续施用2次;休眠期肥:11月~翌年1月,硫酸锰:硝酸钾:氯化钙:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸亚铁=0.5~1.0:6.5~7.6:2.6~3.4:1.9~2.3:0.8~1.4,每月1次,连续施用3次,幼苗生长期坚持“薄肥勤施”的原则,每次施肥后及时浇透水。12个月~24个月的幼苗在温室大棚内生长,从25~36个月开始移入室外荫棚培育区进行养护管理,营养钵规格更换为18cm×16cm或25cm×25cm。37个月开始进行露天地栽培养,树穴中加入1.5kg~2.2kg氮磷钾配比为20:10:20的复合肥,此时苗木可根据不同需求出圃。
本发明的有益效果是:
1、利用现代式温室设施,采用容器育苗的方式有针对性的开展油樟种子室内处理萌发+室外配方施肥育苗的方式,为规模化油樟繁育提供了一条切实可靠的技术路线。
2、种子在播种前经过混合液溶液处理后,简化了传统繁育方式过度依赖季节性的技术流程,省去了漫长的低温室外沙藏层积处理时间,有效解决了油樟种子内部油脂高、可育性低、难萌发等难题。
3、高效繁育油樟实用技术采用的配方施肥,实现了幼苗对养分的精确吸收,避免肥料养分浪费的同时,促进了幼苗的茁壮成长,为生产优质的苗木和野外驯化以及野外回归奠定了基础。
4、高效繁育油樟实用技术在源头实现优树优种的同时,也为后期优苗提供了保证,在进行油樟种质资源保存、开发和大规模生产利用以及缓解该物种的珍稀濒危状态方面都具有重大的现实意义。
附图说明
图1油樟采种母树编号YZB0069;
图2油樟种子性能指标测定;
图3油樟幼苗初次移栽上盆;
图4油樟幼苗二次移栽换盆;
图5油樟种长势良好;
图6油樟种植于种质资源圃。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例,基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本发明的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同,本文中在本发明的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的,不是旨在于限制本发明,本文所使用的术语“及/或”包括一个或多个相关的所列项目的任意的和所有的组合。
实施例1
1.1种子选择
本发明中的油樟种子选择主要采用观察法,结实母株生理性状优选生长发育健壮、无机械损伤、未感染病虫害且有稳定结实能力,优良母株选择立地条件好,向阳、树体健壮、主干通直、树冠发达、无病虫害、结实稳定的15年生以上的油樟作为采种母树,确保选择的油樟种子颗颗优质粒粒饱满。种子成熟期在8月下旬。当果皮由青变紫转至黑色且柔软多汁时即可采收,种子的颜色由浅变为深,有光泽,饱满,较硬,有弹性的种子,避免选择种子浅色,有黑斑或色深浅不同,无光泽,干缩,较软,无弹性的种子;把种子放入清水中,保留下沉的饱满种子,去除漂浮在水面的空秕种子。油樟浆果抽样千粒重应在145g;油樟种子测试生活力达到85%。
1.2种子采集
采种方法采用树上采集与地面收集相结合的手工采集方式,地下铺设薄膜收集用种子收集袋收集。采种时间为8月下旬。采收时天气为无风或小风的晴天。
1.3种子预处理
收集完毕采用水选法净种,即将采收的种子倒入水中,去除漂浮在水面的树叶、空粒、瘪粒等杂物,保留下沉的饱满种子,使种实净种,种子净种之后的纯度达到88%。净种后采用种子分析仪对种粒进行分析,进一步选择种粒饱满,大小形状统一,种胚成熟发育度高的种子。经过二次遴选的油樟浆果抽样千粒重应在170g~180g之间;在保证种子千粒重的同时还不能保证油樟的高质量浆果出种率和种子生活力以及又种子培育出的优质苗木,因此需要对种子进行关键性的再处理,具体措施为:将种子混入油樟种子放入细砂砾:碎木屑:草木灰:石灰粉=2:4:1:1(体积比)浆糊中,反复揉搓50min,后统一放入方形穴盘中静置15h,浆果出种率为78%。
1.4容器选择与消杀
容器的选择对于油樟种子的处理和萌发关系紧密,本发明中油樟种子类型属于中型种子,故采用的容器为中型穴盘,规格为72~128孔,长×宽×高=28cm×54cm×4.5cm,穴孔播种密度和数量为1.5粒。容器从上而下依次铺设泥炭、蛭石和珍珠岩等混合基质。最后用50%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂1000倍液对容器及混合基质进行消杀处理。
1.5种子萌发与上盆
油樟播种流程主要包括播种、覆土、镇压和浇水等。处理编号1:将油樟种子排列在事先准备好的基质沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=4:3:1/2:1/4上,喷施萌发液(1mg/L GA3+6mol/L HCl +0.015mg/L ZT+活性炭粉1.5 g/L +碳酸钠2g/L +皂角粉4 g/L),然后移入环境条件为白天温度24℃、夜间温度16℃、湿度70%的温室大棚中,在种子出土前要保持基质湿润,避免由于干旱原因影响种子发芽率和出苗率。此措施保证油樟种子测试生活力达到93%,30~45d种子陆续发芽,发芽率高达96.8%,种子萌芽后8d胚根长至0.8cm及时取出带芽种子进行更换容器,容器规格为10cm×12cm,覆土厚度为0.9cm。苗高达13cm时,开始更换容器规格为16cm×18cm,苗高50cm以上,地径0.6cm以上更换容器规格为25cm×25cm,此时可根据实际需求进行苗木出圃。
处理编号1:混合基质(沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=4:3:1/2:1/4(体积比))+喷施萌发液(1mg/L GA3+6mol/L HCl +0.015mg/L ZT+活性炭粉1.5 g/L +碳酸钠2g/L +皂角粉4 g/L);
处理编号2:喷施萌发液(1mg/L GA3+6mol/L HCl +0.015mg/L ZT+活性炭粉1.5g/L +碳酸钠2g/L +皂角粉4 g/L);
处理编号3:混合基质(沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=4:3:1/2:1/4(体积比))+施萌发液(1mg/L GA3+6mol/L HCl +0.015mg/L ZT);
处理编号4:混合基质(沙壤土:泥炭:蛭石:珍珠岩=4:3:1/2:1/4(体积比))+施萌发液(活性炭粉1.5 g/L +碳酸钠2g/L +皂角粉4 g/L);
处理编号5:对照(园林壤土)。
表1油樟种子预处理、萌发及成苗情况统计表
由表1可知:经过混合基质+添加物+萌发液等完全预处理的油樟种子无论是在种子油脂含量、发芽时间,还是在发芽率以及成苗率方面都具有显著性优势。种子油脂含量较处理不完全和对照的种子发芽时间大幅降低,分别降低了71.2%、37.9%和8.3%、43.6%;发芽时间较处理不完全和对照的种子发芽时间大幅提前,分别提前了6d、20d、51d和97d,时间效率分别提高17.14%、57.14%、145.71%、277.14%;发芽率分别提高了13.6%、17.2%、32.5%和85.3%;成苗率分别提高3.1%、5.4%、9.2%和36.5%,成苗率方面混合处理间成苗率差异较小,与对照相比优势明显。
1.6育苗期管理
种子萌芽出土后进入育苗期管理,幼苗在温室大棚内的生长环境条件为温度23℃、湿度70%,光照15000lx,所以重点对幼苗进行养分管理。幼苗长至4cm时进行混合配方施肥,处理1:追施混合配方肥料-施肥时期分为4个时期,分别为萌芽期肥,时间3月,硝酸铵:钼酸铵:氯化钙:硫酸镁:稀土微肥(硼酸)=3.5:2.5:2.2:1.8:3.5,每月1次,连续施用3次;抽条期肥,时间7月,硝酸铵:硝酸钾:氯化钙:硫酸镁:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸铜:硫酸锌=11.2:7.5:2.8:2.1:2.8:9:5:5,每月2次,连续施用4次;墩苗期肥:9月~10月上旬进行施肥,硼砂:硝酸铵:硝酸钾:氯化钙:硫酸镁:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸亚铁=3:7.2:10.5:3.1:2.3:1.8:0.9,每月1次,连续施用2次;休眠期肥:11月~翌年1月,硫酸锰:硝酸钾:氯化钙:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸亚铁=0.8:7.2:2.8:2.2:0.9,每月1次,连续施用3次,幼苗生长期坚持“薄肥勤施”的原则,每次施肥后及时浇透水。
处理2:追施复合肥(美乐棵牌复合肥):质量浓度0.8%,每月1次。
处理3:追施尿素:质量浓度0.3%,每月1次。
处理4:对照:不施肥。
结果见表2-表4。
12个月~24个月的幼苗在温室大棚内生长,从25~36个月开始移入室外荫棚培育区进行养护管理,营养钵规格更换为18cm×16cm或25cm×25cm。37个月开始进行露天地栽培养,树穴中加入2.1kg氮磷钾配比为20:10:20的复合肥,此时苗木可根据不同需求出圃。
表212个月油樟幼苗生长情况统计表
表324个月油樟幼苗生长情况统计表
表436个月油樟幼苗生长情况统计表
由表2可知:处理1经过追施混合配方肥料的油樟在苗高、地径和冠幅方面都优于处理2、处理3和处理4。处理1在经过12个月的生长后苗高平均值达39.9cm,苗高平均值分别提高13.5cm、23.4cm和29.2cm,增幅分别为33.83%、58.65%和73.18%;冠幅平均值31.8cm,冠幅平均值分别提高15.1cm、19.3cm和23.6cm,增幅分别为47.48%、60.69%和74.21%;地径平均值为0.95cm,地径平均值分别提高0.44cm、0.57cm和0.74cm,增幅分别为46.32%、60.0%和77.89%。
由表3可知:处理1经过追施混合配方肥料的油樟在苗高、地径和冠幅方面依然优于处理2、处理3和处理4。处理1在经过24个月的生长后苗高平均值达178.8cm,苗高平均值分别提高83.2cm、89.9cm和157.3cm,增幅分别为46.53%、50.28%和87.98%;冠幅平均值52.9cm,冠幅平均值分别提高18.4cm、23.6cm和40.1cm,增幅分别为34.78%、44.61%和75.8%;地径平均值为2.25cm,地径平均值分别提高0.93cm、1.01cm和1.86cm,增幅分别为41.33%、44.89%和82.67%。
由表4可知:处理1经过追施混合配方肥料的油樟在苗高、地径和冠幅方面始终优于处理2、处理3和处理4。处理1在经过36个月的生长后苗高平均值达259.8cm,苗高平均值分别提高99.6cm、110.7cm和224cm,增幅分别为38.34%、42.61%和86.22%;冠幅平均值62.6cm,冠幅平均值分别提高11.2cm、17.3cm和37.9cm,增幅分别为17.89%、27.64%和60.54%;地径平均值为4.78cm,地径平均值分别提高1.85cm、1.96cm和3.183cm,增幅分别为38.7%、41.0%和80.13%。
综上所述:经过追施混合配方肥料的油樟在经过12个月、24个月和36个月的生长后苗高、地径和冠幅方面都有显著提高,苗高平均值分别39.9cm、178.8cm和259.8cm,分别增长138.9cm、219.9cm增幅为348.12%和551.13%;冠幅平均值分别为31.8cm、52.9cm、62.6,冠幅平均值分别提高21.1cm、30.8cm,增幅分别为66.35%和96.86%;地径平均值分别为0.95cm、2.25cm和4.78cm,地径平均值分别提高1.30cm、3.83cm,增幅分别为136.84%和403.16%。而对照(不施肥)油樟幼苗在经过12个月、24个月和36个月的生长中比较缓慢,苗高平均值分别提高10.7cm、21.5cm和35.8cm,分别增长10.8cm、25.1cm,增幅为100.93%和234.58%;冠幅平均值分别为8.2cm、12.8cm、24.7,冠幅平均值分别提高4.6cm、16.5cm,增幅分别为56.10%和201.22%;地径平均值分别为0.21cm、0.39cm和0.95cm,地径平均值分别提高0.18cm、0.74cm,增幅分别为85.71%和352.38%。
上述的实施例仅为本发明的优选技术方案,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此。本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征在不冲突的情况下,可以相互任意组合。本发明的保护范围应以权利要求记载的技术方案,包括权利要求记载的技术方案中技术特征的等同替换方案为保护范围。任何熟悉本领域的技术人员在本发明所披露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变化或替换改进,也涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种快速繁育植物油樟的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
S1种子选择;
S2种子采集;
S3种子预处理;
S4容器选择与消杀;所述步骤S4:采用的容器规格为72~128孔,长×宽×高=28cm×54cm×4.5cm,穴孔播种密度和数量为1~2粒;容器从上而下依次铺设泥炭、蛭石和珍珠岩混合基质;最后用50%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液对容器及混合基质进行消杀处理;
S5种子萌发与上盆:油樟播种流程主要包括播种、覆土、镇压和浇水;将油樟种子排列在事先准备好的混合基质,喷施萌发液,然后移入环境条件为白天温度21℃~25℃、夜间温度15℃~18℃、湿度60%~80%的温室大棚中;种子萌芽后5~10d胚根长至0.5~1cm及时取出带芽种子进行更换容器,容器规格为10cm×12cm,覆土厚度为0.8cm~1.0cm;苗高达10cm-15cm时,开始更换容器规格为16cm×18cm,苗高50cm以上,地径0.6cm以上更换容器规格为25cm×25cm,此时可根据实际需求进行苗木出圃;喷施萌发液为:0.8mg/L~1.2mg/LGA3+ 6mol/L~9mol/L HCl+0.01mg/L~0.02mg/L ZT+活性炭粉1g/L~2g/L+碳酸钠1g/L~3g/L+皂角粉3g/L~5g/L;
S6育苗期管理:种子萌芽出土后进入育苗期管理,幼苗在温室大棚内的生长环境条件为温度21℃~25℃、湿度60%~80%,光照10000lx~20000lx;幼苗长至3cm~5cm时进行混合配方施肥,施肥时期分为4个时期,分别为萌芽期肥,时间2月~4月,硝酸铵:钼酸铵:氯化钙:硫酸镁:硼酸或硼砂=(3.3~5.6):(1.5~3.2):(1.8~2.4):(1.5~2.3):(2.5~4.2),每月1次,连续施用3次;抽条期肥,时间5月~8月,硝酸铵:硝酸钾:氯化钙:硫酸镁:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸铜:硫酸锌=(9.5~11.8):(6.1~8.6):(2.2~3.4):(1.8~2.2):(2.5~3.6):(8~10):(4~6),每月2次,连续施用4次;墩苗期肥:9月~10月上旬进行施肥,硼砂:硝酸铵:硝酸钾:氯化钙:硫酸镁:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸亚铁=(2~4):(6.1~8.2):(9.3~11):(3.3~4.9):(2.1~2.6):(1.4~2.2):(0.8~1.1),每月1次,连续施用2次;休眠期肥:11月~翌年1月,硫酸锰:硝酸钾:氯化钙:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸亚铁=(0.5~1.0):(6.5~7.6):(2.6~3.4):(1.9~2.3):(0.8~1.4),每月1次,连续施用3次,幼苗生长期坚持“薄肥勤施”的原则,每次施肥后及时浇透水;
完成快速繁育国家重点保护植物油樟。
2.根据权利要求1所述的快速繁育植物油樟的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S1:油樟种子选择中,优良母株选择立地条件好,向阳、树体健壮、主干通直、树冠发达、无病虫害、结实稳定的15年生以上的油樟作为采种母树;种子成熟期在8月下旬~9月上旬;油樟浆果抽样千粒重在170g~180g;油樟种子生活力达到85%~95%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的快速繁育植物油樟的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S2:采种方法采用树上采集与地面收集相结合的手工采集方式,地下铺设薄膜收集用种子收集袋收集;采种时间为8月下旬~9月上旬;收集完毕采用水选法净种,即将采收的种子倒入水中,去除漂浮在水面的树叶、空粒、瘪粒杂物,保留下沉的饱满种子,使种实净种,种子净种之后的纯度达到85%~95%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的快速繁育植物油樟的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S3:种子预处理的方法为:净种后采用种子分析仪对种粒进行分析,进一步选择种粒饱满,大小形状统一,种胚成熟发育度高的种子,经过二次遴选的油樟浆果抽样千粒重在170g~180g之间;再对种子进行再处理,具体措施为:将油樟种子放入体积比为细砂砾:碎木屑:草木灰:石灰粉=(1.5-2.5):(3-5):(0.5-1.5):0.5-1.5)加入水混合形成的浆糊中,反复揉搓30min~60min,后统一放入方形穴盘中静置12h~24h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的快速繁育植物油樟的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤S6中,育苗期管理中,12个月~24个月的幼苗在温室大棚内生长,从25~36个月开始移入室外荫棚培育区进行养护管理,营养钵规格更换为18cm×16cm或25cm×25cm;37个月开始进行露天地栽培养,树穴中加入1.5kg~2.2kg氮磷钾配比为20:10:20的复合肥,此时苗木可根据不同需求出圃。
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