CN116326358A - 一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，属于植物无性繁殖技术领域。本发明长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法包括以下步骤：剪取长梗杜鹃插穗，插穗基部利用生根液浸泡处理，浸泡完成后扦插入基质中进行生根培养；所述生根液为赤霉素GA3100‑200mg/L+水杨酸SA60‑100mg/L；所述扦插基质按体积份数由废弃岩棉3‑5份，蛭石1‑3份，椰糠1‑3份组成。本发明提供了一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，基于长梗杜鹃生理特性及内源激素水平，以GA3、SA联合处理长梗杜鹃插穗，能够明显提升扦插生根率；以废弃岩棉、蛭石和椰糠作为扦插基质，养分丰富，满足长梗杜鹃插穗生根需求，且保水、保肥能力强，能够促进扦插苗营养生长，提升生根后的扦插苗的成活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物无性繁殖技术领域，尤其涉及一种珍稀濒危植物长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法。
背景技术
杜鹃花(RhododendronL.)是世界著名观赏植物，中国十大名花、云南八大名花之一。同时，由于其巨大的园艺学价值，近百年来一直在西方园林中占据着主导地位。杜鹃花的种类丰富，全世界有1000余种，中国有600多种，是杜鹃花的物种多样性分布中心。尽管杜鹃花的园艺价值备受瞩目，但是对该属植物的保护工作仍被忽视。尤其对于一些濒危和极度濒危的杜鹃花属植物的保护工作，更是寥寥无几。鉴于此，2011年，根据国际上通用的标准即IUCN制定的《红色名录等级及标准》，BGCI(植物园保护国际)、FFI(动植物国际)、GTC(全球树木行动)等联合出版了RedListof Rhododendrons报告，中国有31个物种处于濒危和极度濒危的状况，占全球41％。其中，长梗杜鹃(RhododendronlongipedicellatumLeiCai&Y.P.Ma)是近年新发现的、云南省极小种群野生植物，而其罕见的花期和纯黄色的花朵，为杜鹃新品种的杂交育种提供了难能可贵的育种材料。
当前，杜鹃品种扩繁主要有组织培养、扦插和嫁接三种方法。植物组织培养快速繁殖系数大、苗木生长均匀，但对设施条件要求严、工序复杂、成本较高，难以在中小型企业推广；嫁接繁殖需要大量的优良砧木，繁殖系数低，主要用于扦插难以生根的品种繁殖；而扦插繁殖具有操作易、成本低、育苗周期短、设施要求简单等优点，为杜鹃花商业生产中应用最广的方法。但当前对于长梗杜鹃的扦插繁殖方式未见报道。
而且，杜鹃扦插生根率和成活率受扦插基质成分影响。岩棉具有很好的透气性和保水性，经过1600℃的高温提炼，无菌、无污染，是欧洲主要的无土栽培的基质。近年来岩棉栽培技术逐步在我国发展起来，尤其在果菜类蔬菜的栽培中，因为其保水性、透气性好，方便搬运、使用期长等特点，而被大量使用。通常果菜类岩棉栽培的采用期限为一年，栽培一年后都会更换新的岩棉，而废弃的岩棉依然含有较多的养分，如果这些大量废弃的岩棉直接丢弃在环境中会严重污染环境，同时也是很大的浪费。在杜鹃扦插过程中，也并未有关于废弃岩棉作为扦插基质的报道。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种珍稀濒危植物长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，通过调整生根液及扦插基质成分、配比，提升长梗杜鹃扦插生根率和成活率。
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明提供了以下技术方案：
一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，包括以下步骤：剪取长梗杜鹃插穗，插穗基部利用生根液浸泡处理，浸泡完成后扦插入基质中进行生根培养；所述生根液为赤霉素GA3100-200mg/L+水杨酸SA60-100mg/L；所述扦插基质按体积分数由废弃岩棉3-5份，蛭石1-3份，椰糠1-3份组成。
优选的是，所述插穗为长梗杜鹃当年生半木质化枝条。
优选的是，所述插穗长8-12cm，保留叶芽和顶部叶片2-4片。
更优选的是，所述顶部叶片切去1/3-1/2。
优选的是，浸泡处理时间为1-3h。
优选的是，所述扦插基质含水量50-70％，厚度≥15cm。
更优选的是，所述扦插基质进行消毒，包括0.1-0.3％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵800-1200倍液喷施消毒。
优选的是，所述扦插在6月中旬至7月上旬进行。
优选的是，所述扦插深度为3-5cm。
优选的是，所述生根培养时，温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照，中午遮荫2-3h。
相对于现有技术，本发明具有如下有益效果：
本发明针对珍稀濒危植物长梗杜鹃提供一种扦插繁殖方法，为极小种群野生植物长梗杜鹃的无性繁殖和迁地保护提供了基础。
本发明基于长梗杜鹃生理特性及内源激素水平，以GA3+SA联合处理长梗杜鹃插穗，能够明显提升扦插生根率。
本发明以废弃岩棉、蛭石和椰糠作为扦插基质，价格低，来源广，养分丰富，能够满足长梗杜鹃插穗生根需求，且保水、保肥能力强，能够促进扦插苗营养生长，提升生根后的扦插苗的成活率。
本发明以废弃岩棉作为长梗杜鹃扦插基质成分之一，实现了废弃岩棉的有效利用，提高了经济效益和生态效益。
附图说明
图1：本发明长梗杜鹃扦插生根苗。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，包括以下步骤：剪取长梗杜鹃插穗，插穗基部利用生根液浸泡处理，浸泡完成后扦插入基质中进行生根培养；所述生根液为赤霉素GA3100-200mg/L+水杨酸SA60-100mg/L；所述扦插基质按体积分数由废弃岩棉3-5份，蛭石1-3份，椰糠1-3份组成。
本发明优选生根液为赤霉素GA3120-180mg/L+水杨酸SA70-90mg/L；进一步优选赤霉素GA3150mg/L+水杨酸SA80mg/L。通过外源赤霉素和水杨酸进行插穗处理，能够提升长梗杜鹃插穗内部赤霉素水平，促进长梗杜鹃插穗愈伤组织诱导和不定根生成；水杨酸作为一种酚类化合物，能够调节杜鹃插穗扦插时的生理生化过程，提升长梗杜鹃插穗生根质量。
本发明优选扦插基质按体积分数由废弃岩棉4份，蛭石2份，椰糠2份组成。废弃岩棉为农作物岩棉培后废弃的岩棉基质，包括岩棉条、岩棉块等，其残留有岩棉培培农作物生长时供给的营养成分，作为杜鹃扦插基质，能够提供充足的养分，且岩棉孔隙度高，吸水性强，具有良好的透气和吸水性能。本发明进一步优选收集废弃岩棉后，进行粉碎，至粒径0.1-0.2mm。废弃岩棉过多的营养成分也易对杜鹃插穗造成胁迫，本发明更优选收集废弃岩棉后进行冲洗，直至废弃岩棉EC值0.8-1.2ds·m-1。蛭石质轻，孔隙大，吸水性强，呈中性，具有很好的缓冲性能；椰糠，具有较强的吸收力，透气和排水比较好，保水和持肥能力也较强，与废弃岩棉混合后作为长梗杜鹃扦插基质，能够满足长梗杜鹃插穗生根需求，且保水、保肥能力强，能够促进扦插苗营养生长，提升生根后的扦插苗的成活率。本发明对废弃岩棉的具体来源没有特殊限定，作为可实施方式，可使用番茄岩棉培、瓜类作物岩棉培、草莓岩棉培等废弃岩棉。
本发明优选插穗为长梗杜鹃当年生半木质化枝条；进一步优选插穗采集母株健康、无病虫害。
本发明优选插穗长8-12cm，进一步优选10cm；保留叶芽和顶部叶片2-4片，进一步优选包括叶芽和顶部叶片3片；更优选的是，所述顶部叶片切去1/3-1/2，既保证插穗进行光合作用，也避免了消耗过多的养分和水分，如图1所示。
除生根液外源激素种类与浓度外，处理时间也影响插穗生根。本发明优选生根液浸泡处理时间为1-3h；进一步优选2h。
本发明优选扦插基质含水量50-70％，进一步优选60％，厚度≥15cm。
本发明优选扦插基质进行消毒，包括0.1-0.3％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵800-1200倍液喷施消毒；进一步优选0.2％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵1000倍液喷施消毒。
本发明优选扦插在6月中旬至7月上旬进行。
本发明优选扦插深度为3-5cm，根据插穗长度调整，保证插穗叶芽和叶片露出扦插基质。作为一种可实施方式，选取与插穗同等规格的小木棍，在扦插基质上插出小孔，再将插穗插入小孔中，可避免对插穗造成损伤。
本发明优选生根培养时，温度18-28℃，进一步优选22-25℃；空气湿度60％-80％，进一步优选70％；自然光照，中午遮阴2-3h，进一步优选遮荫度70％，阴天雨天不进行遮荫。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的技术方案进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，步骤如下：
(1)6月中旬至7月上旬，采集长梗杜鹃当年生半木质化枝条，截成长度为10cm的插穗，插穗保留叶芽，顶端留3片叶片，叶片切去1/2；
(2)配制生根液，有效成分为赤霉素GA3150mg/L+水杨酸SA80mg/L；将插穗基部浸入生根液，浸泡2h；
(3)配制扦插基质，由废弃岩棉：蛭石：椰糠按体积比2:1:1组成，含水量60％，深度15cm；废弃岩棉为番茄岩棉培废弃岩棉，粉碎至粒径0.15mm，用自来水冲洗至EC值为1.0ds·m-1；混合基质后，0.2％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵1000倍液喷施消毒；
(4)用与插穗同等粗细的小木棍在扦插基质上插出小孔，深度4cm，取浸泡好的插穗，插入小孔，保证叶芽和叶片露出扦插基质；
(5)扦插完成后，控制温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照，中午遮阴2-3h，遮荫度70％，阴天雨天不进行遮荫。
实施例2
一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，步骤如下：
(1)6月中旬至7月上旬，采集长梗杜鹃当年生半木质化枝条，截成长度为8cm的插穗，插穗保留叶芽，顶端留2片叶片；
(2)配制生根液，有效成分为赤霉素GA3100mg/L+水杨酸SA60mg/L；将插穗基部浸入生根液，浸泡3h；
(3)配制扦插基质，由废弃岩棉：蛭石：椰糠按体积比3:1:1组成，含水量70％，深度15cm；废弃岩棉为西瓜岩棉培废弃岩棉，粉碎至粒径0.2mm，用自来水冲洗至EC值为1.2ds·m-1；混合基质后，0.3％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵800倍液喷施消毒；
(4)用与插穗同等粗细的小木棍在扦插基质上插出小孔，深度3cm，取浸泡好的插穗，插入小孔，保证叶芽和叶片露出扦插基质；
(5)扦插完成后，控制温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照，中午遮阴2-3h，遮荫度70％，阴天雨天不进行遮荫。
实施例3
一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，步骤如下：
(1)6月中旬至7月上旬，采集长梗杜鹃当年生半木质化枝条，截成长度为12cm的插穗，插穗保留叶芽，顶端留4片叶片，叶片切去1/3；
(2)配制生根液，有效成分为赤霉素GA3200mg/L+水杨酸SA100mg/L；将插穗基部浸入生根液，浸泡1h；
(3)配制扦插基质，由废弃岩棉：蛭石：椰糠按体积比5:3:3组成，含水量50％，深度15cm；废弃岩棉为草莓岩棉培废弃岩棉，粉碎至粒径0.1mm，用自来水冲洗至EC值为0.8ds·m-1；混合基质后，0.1％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵1200倍液喷施消毒；
(4)用与插穗同等粗细的小木棍在扦插基质上插出小孔，深度5cm，取浸泡好的插穗，插入小孔，保证叶芽和叶片露出扦插基质；
(5)扦插完成后，控制温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照，中午遮阴2-3h，遮荫度70％，阴天雨天不进行遮荫。
实施例4
不同生根液处理对长梗杜鹃扦插生根的影响
6月30日，于中国科学院昆明植物研究所杜鹃种植园，以健康、无病虫害的长梗杜鹃为母株，采集当年生半木质化枝条，截成长度为8cm的插穗，保留叶芽及顶部3片叶片，叶片切去1/2。
配制不同生根液，包括清水(CK)、GA3生根液、SA生根液、及GA3+SA不同浓度配比混合生根液，如表1；将插穗基部浸入生根液中浸泡2h，浸泡完成后进行扦插，扦插基质为废弃岩棉：蛭石：椰糠＝2:1:1，扦插后，温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照管理。2个月后，统计各处理生根率及生根质量，各处理20支插穗，3次重复。
表1不同生根液对长梗杜鹃扦插生根的影响
根据表1可以看出，外源激素处理能够明显提升长梗杜鹃插穗扦插生根，但不同外源激素处理对长梗杜鹃扦插生根率影响不同。GA3和SA混合生根液处理插穗后，扦插效果优于CK及GA3、SA单独处理，但浓度过高或过低增效不明显。
实施例5
不同扦插基质对长梗杜鹃扦插生根的影响
6月30日，于中国科学院昆明植物研究所杜鹃种植园，以健康、无病虫害的长梗杜鹃为母株，采集当年生半木质化枝条，截成长度为8cm的插穗，保留叶芽及顶部3片叶片，叶片切去1/2。
配制生根液赤霉素GA3 150mg/L+水杨酸SA 80mg/L，将插穗基部浸入生根液中浸泡2h，浸泡完成后进行扦插。扦插基质配制如表2所示。
扦插后，温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照管理。2个月后，统计各处理生根率及生根质量，4个月后统计扦插苗生长性状，各处理20支插穗，3次重复。
表2扦插基质组成及配比
| 处理 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| 废弃岩棉(份) | 1 | — | — | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 蛭石(份) | — | 1 | — | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 椰糠(份) | — | — | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
表3不同基质对长梗杜鹃扦插生根及生长的影响
根据表3可以看出，扦插基质对长梗杜鹃扦插生根及扦插苗生长均有明显影响。三种基质组合应用效果优于单种基质。其中，处理6、7和8明显优于其他扦插基质，能够明显提升长梗杜鹃扦插生根率及生根质量，也明显提高了扦插苗的营养生长，尤其处理7最佳。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
剪取长梗杜鹃插穗，插穗基部利用生根液浸泡处理，浸泡完成后扦插入基质中进行生根培养；所述生根液为赤霉素GA3100-200mg/L+水杨酸SA 60-100mg/L；所述扦插基质按体积份数由废弃岩棉3-5份，蛭石1-3份，椰糠1-3份组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述插穗为长梗杜鹃当年生半木质化枝条。
3.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述插穗长8-12cm，保留叶芽和顶部叶片2-4片。
4.根据权利要求3所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述顶部叶片切去1/3-1/2。
5.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，浸泡处理时间为1-3h。
6.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述扦插基质含水量50-70％，厚度≥15cm。
7.根据权利要求1或6所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述扦插基质进行消毒，包括0.1-0.3％高锰酸钾溶液和0.1％多菌灵800-1200倍液喷施消毒。
8.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述扦插在6月中旬至7月上旬进行。
9.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述扦插深度为3-5cm。
10.根据权利要求1所述的长梗杜鹃扦插繁殖方法，其特征在于，所述生根培养时，温度18-28℃，空气湿度60％-80％，自然光照，中午遮荫2-3h。
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