CN116315106A - Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery - Google Patents

Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery Download PDF

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Publication number
CN116315106A
CN116315106A CN202310487983.5A CN202310487983A CN116315106A CN 116315106 A CN116315106 A CN 116315106A CN 202310487983 A CN202310487983 A CN 202310487983A CN 116315106 A CN116315106 A CN 116315106A
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compound
lithium
nonaqueous
additive
electrolytic solution
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毛冲
欧霜辉
王霹霹
曾艺安
王晓强
黄秋洁
戴晓兵
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Zhuhai Smoothway Electronic Materials Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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Abstract

The invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery. The nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous organic solvent, an electrolyte salt, and an additive. The additive comprises a compound A shown in a structural formula I and a compound B shown in a structural formula II. In the nonaqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention, the compound A is an unsaturated phosphorus-containing compound, and the compound B is a carboxylate compound. Through the synergistic effect of the unsaturated phosphorus compound and the carboxylate compound, a relatively complete SEI interface film can be formed, so that lithium ions have stable transmission channels in the circulating and storing processes. In addition, the carboxylic ester can occupy the SEI film position, so that the phosphorus-containing compound is prevented from forming an excessive SEI film, the SEI film thickness is uniform, and the lithium ion transmission distance is shortened. Therefore, the high-temperature storage, circulation and low-temperature performance of the high-nickel ternary positive electrode material system battery under high voltage (more than or equal to 4.35V) can be improved through the two functions.

Description

Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a nonaqueous electrolyte and a lithium ion battery.
Background
The lithium ion battery is used as a green environment-friendly high-energy battery and is the most ideal and potential rechargeable battery in the world at present. Compared with other batteries, the lithium ion battery has a series of advantages of no memory effect, rapid charge and discharge, high energy density, long cycle life, no environmental pollution and the like, and is widely applied to small electronic equipment such as notebook computers, video cameras, mobile phones, electronic watches and the like. Nowadays, with the continuous increase of the capacity requirements of pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, portable energy storage devices and the like on lithium ion batteries, research and development of lithium ion batteries with higher energy density and power density are expected to realize energy storage and long-term endurance.
Currently, the energy density of lithium ion batteries is increased by increasing the gram capacity or the upper charging voltage of positive and negative electrode materials, and the increase of the gram capacity of ternary positive electrode materials is derived from the increase of Ni content in the materials or the increase of charging voltage. However, with the increase of the nickel content of the ternary positive electrode material, residual alkali and unstable cell structure can cause poor cycle performance and larger stored gas production, or after the charging voltage is increased, the solvent faced by the electrolyte is continuously decomposed, and the continuous consumption of the additive causes poor high-temperature storage and serious cyclic gas production of the battery. On one hand, the reason may be that the coating or doping technology of the newly developed ternary positive electrode material is not perfect, on the other hand, the matching problem of the electrolyte is that the conventional electrolyte is easy to be oxidized and decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode of the battery in the high-nickel ternary positive electrode material system battery, and particularly under the high-temperature condition, the oxidizing and decomposing of the electrolyte can be accelerated, and meanwhile, the positive electrode material is deteriorated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electrolyte solution which can withstand a high voltage of 4.35V and is compatible with a high nickel ternary positive electrode material, thereby achieving excellent performance of lithium ion batteries.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a nonaqueous electrolytic solution and a lithium ion battery. The additive contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte can form an SEI film which is complete, uniform in thickness and short in transmission distance, so that the low-temperature performance of the battery can be improved. And the formed SEI film can inhibit the oxidative decomposition of electrolyte, and especially can improve the high-temperature storage and cycle performance of the high-nickel ternary cathode material system battery under high voltage (more than or equal to 4.35V).
To achieve the above object, a first aspect of the present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprising a nonaqueous organic solvent, an electrolyte salt and an additive. The additive comprises a compound A shown in a structural formula I and a compound B shown in a structural formula II. Wherein R is 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 hydrocarbyl, alkylsilyl, R 4 、R 7 Each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 hydrocarbyl, silyl, alkanonyl, R 5 、R 6 Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 hydrocarbyl.
Figure BDA0004209170960000021
In the nonaqueous electrolyte solution of the present invention, the compound A is an unsaturated phosphorus-containing compound, and the compound B is a carboxylate compound. The oxidation-reduction potential of the carboxylate compound is low, but the SEI film formed by the carboxylate compound has poor thermal stability and is discontinuous, the protection of an electrode interface is incomplete, and gas is easy to generate at high temperature. The protective layer formed by the unsaturated phosphorus compound has better and continuous thermal stability, but the cycling effect of the electrode is weaker, and the collapse of holes in the SEI film is easy to cause in the long cycling process. According to the invention, through the synergistic effect of the unsaturated phosphorus-containing compound and the carboxylate compound, a relatively complete SEI interface film can be formed, so that lithium ions have stable transmission channels in the circulating and storing processes. In addition, the carboxylic ester can occupy the SEI film position, so that the phosphorus-containing compound is prevented from forming an excessive SEI film, the SEI film thickness is uniform, and the lithium ion transmission distance is shortened. Therefore, the high-temperature storage, circulation and low-temperature performance of the high-nickel ternary positive electrode material system battery under high voltage (more than or equal to 4.35V) can be improved through the two functions.
As one embodiment of the present invention, R 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, C2-C3 alkynyl, trialkylsilyl, R 4 、R 7 Each independently selected from C1-C3 alkyl, perfluoro C1-C3 alkyl, trialkylsilyl, C1-C3 alkyl ketone group, R 5 、R 6 Each independently selected from hydrogen or fluorine.
As an embodiment of the present invention, compound a is at least one selected from the group consisting of compound one to compound nine.
Figure BDA0004209170960000031
As an embodiment of the present invention, the compound B is at least one selected from the group consisting of the compounds ten to fifteen.
Figure BDA0004209170960000041
As a technical scheme of the invention, the compound A accounts for 0.1-5.0% of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive. As an example, the proportion of compound a to the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt, and the additive may be, but is not limited to, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%.
As a technical scheme of the invention, the compound B accounts for 0.1-5.0% of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive. As an example, the proportion of compound B to the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt, and the additive may be, but is not limited to, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%.
As a technical scheme of the invention, the electrolyte salt accounts for 6-15% of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive. Preferably, the electrolyte salt is 8-15%. As an example, the electrolyte salt may be 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% in ratio, but is not limited to. The electrolyte salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) 6 ) Lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF) 4 ) Lithium triflate (LiCF) 3 SO 3 ) Lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiN (CF) 3 SO 2 ) 2 ) Lithium dioxalate borate (C) 4 BLiO 8 ) Lithium difluorooxalato borate (C) 2 BF 2 LiO 4 ) Lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO) 2 F 2 ) At least one of lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate (LiDFBP), lithium difluorosulfonimide (LiFSI), and lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide (LiTFSI).
As an embodiment of the present invention, the nonaqueous organic solvent is at least one of a chain carbonate, a cyclic carbonate and a carboxylic acid ester. Preferably, the nonaqueous organic solvent is a mixture of a chain carbonate and a cyclic carbonate. As an example, the nonaqueous organic solvent is selected from at least one of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), propylene Carbonate (PC), butyl acetate (n-Ba), γ -butyrolactone (γ -Bt), propyl propionate (n-Pp), ethyl Propionate (EP), and ethyl butyrate (Eb). The non-aqueous organic solvent accounts for more than or equal to 80 percent, preferably more than or equal to 85 percent of the sum of the mass of the non-aqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive. By way of example, the nonaqueous organic solvent may be, but is not limited to, 80% > or more, 81% > or more, 82% > or more, 83% > or more, 84% > or more, 85% > or more, 86% > or more, 87% > or more, 88% > or more, 89% > or more, 90% or more, based on the sum of the nonaqueous organic solvent, electrolyte salt, and additive mass.
As an embodiment of the present invention, the additive further comprises a compound C. The compound C is at least one selected from Vinylene Carbonate (VC), ethylene carbonate (VEC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene Sulfite (ES), 1, 3-Propane Sultone (PS) and ethylene sulfate (DTD). The compound C accounts for 0.1 to 10.0 percent of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive. Preferably, the compound C accounts for 0.1 to 6.0% of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive. As an example, the proportion of compound C to the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, electrolyte salt, and additive may be, but is not limited to, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, 10.0%.
The second aspect of the present invention provides a lithium ion battery comprising a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The lithium ion battery has better cycle life and high-temperature storage performance, and is favorable for further industrialized development of the lithium ion battery.
As a technical scheme of the invention, the positive electrode material is nickel cobalt manganese oxide material. The chemical formula of the nickel cobalt manganese oxide material is LiNi x Co y Mn (1-x-y) M z O 2 ，0.6≤x≤0.9，x+y<1，0≤z<0.08, M is one of Al, mg, zr and Ti. Preferably x=0.6, y=0.2, m is Zr, z=0.03, or x=0.8, y=0.1, m is Zr, z=0.02.
As an aspect of the present invention, the anode material is selected from at least one of a carbon-based anode material, a titanium-based oxide anode material, and a silicon-based anode material.
As an aspect of the present invention, the negative electrode material may be selected from artificial graphite, natural graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium titanate, si material, silicon oxygen material, or silicon carbon material (10 wt.% Si).
Detailed Description
For a better description of the objects, technical solutions and advantageous effects of the present invention, the present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples. It should be noted that the following implementation of the method is a further explanation of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the present invention.
Wherein, the specific conditions are not noted in the examples, and the method can be carried out according to the conventional conditions or the conditions suggested by manufacturers. The reagents or apparatus used were conventional products available commercially without the manufacturer's attention.
Example 1
(1) Preparation of nonaqueous electrolyte: preparing an electrolyte in a vacuum glove box with the moisture content less than 1ppm under the argon atmosphere, mixing Ethylene Carbonate (EC), propylene Carbonate (PC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) according to the weight ratio of EC to PC to EMC to DEC=2 to 1 to 5 to 2 in the glove box with the dry argon atmosphere, adding a compound I, dissolving and fully stirring, adding lithium hexafluorophosphate, and uniformly mixing to obtain the electrolyte.
(2) Preparation of positive electrode: liNi is added to 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 Zr 0.03 O 2 Uniformly mixing the adhesive PVDF and the conductive agent SuperP according to the mass ratio of 97:1:2 to prepare lithium ion battery anode slurry with certain viscosity, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of an aluminum foil, and drying and rolling to obtain the anode plate.
(3) Preparation of the negative electrode: preparing a silicon-carbon anode material (10 wt.% Si), a conductive agent SuperP, a thickener CMC and an adhesive SBR (styrene butadiene rubber emulsion) into slurry according to the mass ratio of 96:1:1:2, uniformly mixing, coating the mixed slurry on two sides of a copper foil, and drying and rolling to obtain the anode sheet.
(4) Preparation of a lithium ion battery: and (3) preparing the positive plate, the diaphragm and the negative plate into square battery cells in a lamination mode, packaging by adopting polymers, filling the prepared lithium ion battery nonaqueous electrolyte, and preparing the lithium ion battery with the capacity of 1400mAh through the procedures of formation, capacity division and the like.
The electrolyte formulations of examples 1 to 22 and comparative examples 1 to 9 are shown in Table 1, and the procedure for preparing the electrolytes and preparing the batteries of examples 2 to 22 and comparative examples 1 to 9 are the same as in example 1.
Table 1 electrolyte components of examples and comparative examples
Figure BDA0004209170960000071
Figure BDA0004209170960000081
The lithium ion batteries manufactured in examples 1 to 22 and comparative examples 1 to 9 were subjected to a normal temperature cycle test, a high temperature storage test, and a low temperature discharge test, respectively, under the following specific test conditions, and the test results are shown in table 2.
(1) Normal temperature cycle test
Lithium ion batteries were charged and discharged at 1.0C/1.0C at normal temperature (25 ℃) at an upper limit voltage of 4.35V (battery discharge capacity: C0), and then charged and discharged at 1.0C/1.0C at normal temperature for 500 weeks (battery discharge capacity: C1).
Capacity retention= (C1/C0) ×100%.
(2) High temperature cycle test of lithium ion battery
Charging and discharging the lithium ion battery at 1.0C/1.0C (the discharge capacity of the battery is C0) at an excessively high temperature (45 ℃) with an upper limit voltage of 4.35V, then charging and discharging the lithium ion battery at 1.0C/1.0C for 300 weeks (the discharge capacity of the battery is C1) at normal temperature,
capacity retention = (C1/C0) ×100%
(3) High temperature storage test
The lithium ion battery was charged and discharged once at 0.5C/0.5C (discharge capacity is noted as C0) under normal temperature (25 ℃) condition, the upper limit voltage was 4.35V, then the battery was charged to 4.35V under 0.5C constant current constant voltage condition, and the battery thickness d0 was measured. The lithium ion battery is placed in a high-temperature box at 60 ℃ for 30d, the thickness d1 of the battery is taken out and measured, 0.5C discharge (the discharge capacity is marked as C1) is carried out at 25 ℃, the lithium ion battery is continuously charged and discharged at the normal temperature (25 ℃) at 0.5C/0.5C (the discharge capacity is marked as C2), and the upper limit voltage is 4.35V. The capacity retention rate, capacity recovery rate, and thickness expansion rate of the lithium ion battery were calculated using the following formulas.
Capacity retention = C1/C0 x 100%
Capacity recovery = C2/C0 x 100%
Thickness expansion ratio=d1/d0×100%
Low temperature discharge test
At normal temperature (25 ℃) the lithium ion battery is charged and discharged once at 0.5C/0.5 (the cut-off voltage of the battery is 3.0V, the discharge capacity is C0), and the upper limit voltage is 4.35V (the cut-off current is 0.05C). Then, after the battery was fully charged to 4.35V (off-current 0.05C) at normal temperature (25 ℃ C.) at 0.5C, the battery was transferred to a condition of-20 ℃ C. And left to stand for 4 hours, and the 0.5C was discharged to 3.0V with a discharge capacity of C1.
Capacity retention= (C 1 /C 0 )*100％
Table 2 lithium ion battery performance test results
Figure BDA0004209170960000091
Figure BDA0004209170960000101
From the results of Table 2, it is understood that examples 1 to 22 of the present invention, based on comparative examples 1 to 9, can improve the high-temperature storage, cycle and low-temperature performance of the high-nickel ternary cathode material system battery at high voltage (. Gtoreq.4.35V) in combination with the compound B (carboxylate compound) on the basis of the compound A (unsaturated phosphorus-containing compound).
As is clear from comparative examples 5 to 7, when compound B is compound thirteen, the performance of the battery is better, which may be related to the fact that compound thirteen contains more fluorine.
As is clear from comparative examples 8 to 16, when the substituent in the compound A contains an unsaturated double bond or an unsaturated triple bond, the resulting battery has a good high-temperature performance.
As is clear from comparative examples 3 and 17 to 22, when compound C such as VC, FEC, PS, DTD is further blended with compound a and compound B, the battery performance is improved. This is probably because p=s of the compound a is easily oxidized, and an interface containing sulfur and phosphorus is easily formed, but the SEI interface may be dense, the lithium ion transport resistance of the cyclic species is large, and the improvement in the cyclic performance is not significant. And the compound B contains an ether structure, so that the wettability of the electrolyte can be improved, meanwhile, the compound B can form thinner fluorine-containing SEI, and the interface impedance can be reduced, but the improvement of the storage performance is not obvious. By introducing VC, FEC, PS, DTD and other additives, a complete SEI can be formed at the battery interface, the protection effect on the electrode surface is more sufficient, the side reaction of battery materials and electrolyte in the circulation process is greatly reduced, and the battery performance is improved.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting the scope of the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be modified or substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous organic solvent, electrolyte salt and an additive, and is characterized in that the additive comprises a compound A shown in a structural formula I and a compound B shown in a structural formula II,
Figure FDA0004209170950000011
wherein R is 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 hydrocarbyl, alkylsilyl, R 4 、R 7 Each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 hydrocarbyl, silyl, alkanonyl, R 5 、R 6 Each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 hydrocarbyl.
2. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein R 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from C1-C3 alkyl, C2-C3 alkenyl, C2-C3 alkynyl, trialkylsilyl, R 4 、R 7 Each independently selected from C1-C3 alkyl, perfluorinated C1-C3 alkyl, trialkylSilicon-based, C1-C3 alkyl ketone group, R 5 、R 6 Each independently selected from hydrogen or fluorine.
3. The nonaqueous electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the compound A is at least one selected from the group consisting of compound one to compound nine,
Figure FDA0004209170950000012
Figure FDA0004209170950000021
4. the nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the compound B is at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound ten to a compound fifteen,
Figure FDA0004209170950000022
5. the nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the compound a is 0.1 to 5.0% of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive.
6. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the compound B is 0.1 to 5.0% of the sum of the mass of the nonaqueous organic solvent, the electrolyte salt and the additive.
7. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte salt is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium trifluoromethylsulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide, lithium dioxaborate, lithium difluorooxalato borate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorobisoxalato phosphate, lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide, and lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide.
8. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the nonaqueous organic solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of a chain carbonate, a cyclic carbonate and a carboxylic acid ester.
9. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to claim 1, wherein the additive further comprises a compound C selected from at least one of vinylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, 1, 3-propane sultone, and ethylene sulfate.
10. A lithium ion battery comprising a positive electrode material, a negative electrode material, and the nonaqueous electrolytic solution according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
CN202310487983.5A 2023-05-04 2023-05-04 Nonaqueous electrolyte and lithium ion battery Pending CN116315106A (en)

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