CN115513524A - Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same - Google Patents

Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115513524A
CN115513524A CN202211218765.3A CN202211218765A CN115513524A CN 115513524 A CN115513524 A CN 115513524A CN 202211218765 A CN202211218765 A CN 202211218765A CN 115513524 A CN115513524 A CN 115513524A
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electrolyte
lithium
lithium ion
ion battery
additive
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Inventor
欧霜辉
王霹霹
毛冲
黄秋洁
王晓强
戴晓兵
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Zhuhai Smoothway Electronic Materials Co Ltd
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Zhuhai Smoothway Electronic Materials Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses an electrolyte and a lithium ion battery containing the same, wherein the electrolyte comprises lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, and the additive is selected from at least one of compounds shown in a structural formula I:
Figure DDA0003874328120000011
wherein R is 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 unsaturated hydrocarbon group, and a halogen. The electrolyte can well improve the high-temperature cycle performance, the high-temperature storage performance and the low-temperature performance of the battery.

Description

Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, and particularly relates to an electrolyte and a lithium ion battery containing the same.
Background
The lithium ion battery has the advantages of high specific energy, no memory effect, long cycle life and the like, and is widely applied to the fields of 3C digital products, electric tools, aerospace, energy storage, power automobiles and the like. The nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary positive electrode material (NCM material) is a preferred material for the positive electrode active material of the lithium ion battery due to good safety and low price, but the electrical performance requirement of the lithium ion battery is higher and higher with the development and popularization of the lithium ion battery with a higher voltage system.
At present, the ternary cathode material is easy to generate irreversible phase change of H2-H3 under high voltage and high temperature, so that oxygen is separated out, the interface of an electrolyte and an electrode is unstable, and the battery faces the problems of poor high-temperature storage and serious cycle gas generation. Meanwhile, the conventional electrolyte containing carboxylic ester has high conductivity, but is oxidized and decomposed on the surface of the battery anode at a high voltage of 4.4V, and particularly under a high-temperature condition, the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte is accelerated, and the deterioration reaction of the anode material is promoted.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electrolyte capable of withstanding a high voltage of 4.4V, so as to achieve an excellent performance of the electrical performance of the lithium ion battery, and to solve the problems of the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an electrolyte, which can enable a lithium ion battery to have better high-temperature storage and cycle performance under high voltage (such as 4.4V) and better low-temperature performance.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion battery containing the electrolyte, which has better high-temperature storage and cycle performance at high voltage (such as 4.4V) and better low-temperature performance.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive selected from at least one of compounds represented by structural formula I:
Figure BDA0003874328110000021
wherein，R 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 unsaturated hydrocarbon group.
Compared with the prior art, in the electrolyte, the additive is at least one selected from the compounds shown in the structural formula I, and the additive is a positive electrode protection additive, specifically, the compound shown in the structural formula I contains cyclic unsaturated double bonds, and is reduced into a tough interfacial film (SEI film) at the positive electrode/electrolyte interface, and the SEI film has good conductive lithium ion channels, so that collapse of the lithium ion channels is avoided in the circulation process, and the high-temperature circulation and low-temperature performance of the battery can be well improved. Particularly, at least 2 oxygen elements and C = O bonds are introduced into the annular structure, so that the components of an electrode/electrolyte interface film are enriched, the lithium ion conduction performance of the interface film is further improved, and the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery is improved.
Wherein C1-C12 alkyl represents alkyl having 1-12 carbon atoms, the alkyl may be chain alkyl or cycloalkyl, hydrogen on the ring of the cycloalkyl may be substituted by alkyl, and the alkyl preferably has 1-6 carbon atoms, and specific examples of the alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and cyclohexyl.
Wherein the C1-C12 unsaturated hydrocarbon group represents a hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbon atoms. Preferably, it may be, but not limited to, an ethylene group, a propylene group, etc.
Wherein, the halogen can be, but not limited to, F, cl, br.
Preferably, the compound shown in the structural formula I is selected from at least one of a compound 1 to a compound 6:
Figure BDA0003874328110000031
preferably, the mass of the additive accounts for 0.1-5% of the total mass of the electrolyte, and specifically, but not limited to, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.2%, 4.5%, 4.8%, 5%. Furthermore, the mass of the additive accounts for 0.2-3% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
Preferably, the lithium salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) 6 ) Lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) Lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF) 4 ) Lithium methanesulfonate (LiCH) 3 SO 3 ) Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF) 3 SO 3 ) Lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonyl imide (LiN (CF) 3 SO 2 ) 2 ) Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (C) 4 BLiO 8 ) Lithium difluorooxalato borate (C) 2 BF 2 LiO 4 ) Lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO) 2 F 2 ) Lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate (LiDFBP), lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), and lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI).
Preferably, the amount of the lithium salt is 5 to 25% by mass of the total mass of the electrolyte, and specifically, may be 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, but is not limited to the enumerated values, and other non-enumerated values within the numerical range are also applicable. Further, the mass of the lithium salt accounts for 6-20% of the total mass of the electrolyte.
Preferably, the organic solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of chain carbonates, cyclic carbonates, carboxylic acid esters, ethers, and heterocyclic compounds. More specifically, the organic solvent of the present invention may be selected from at least one of Ethylene Carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), propylene Carbonate (PC), butyl acetate (n-Ba), γ -butyrolactone (γ -Bt), propyl propionate (n-PP), ethyl Propionate (EP) and ethyl butyrate (Eb). Further, the mass of the organic solvent is 60% or more, preferably 70% or more, more preferably 75% or more, of the total mass of the electrolyte, and may be, for example, but not limited to, 78%, 80%, 82%, 85%, and the like.
Preferably, the electrolyte of the present invention further comprises an auxiliary agent selected from at least one of Vinylene Carbonate (VC), vinylene vinyl carbonate (VEC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene Sulfite (ES), 1,3 Propane Sultone (PS), and vinyl sulfate (DTD). The mass of the auxiliary agent accounts for 0.1-6.0% of the total mass of the electrolyte, and specifically, but not limited to, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6.0%. The addition of the auxiliary agent can further improve the cycle performance and the high-temperature storage performance of the lithium ion battery.
Correspondingly, the invention also provides a lithium ion battery which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode and the electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode is made of a nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide material. The lithium ion battery adopts the electrolyte, and can still realize better high and low temperature discharge performance when the highest charging voltage is 4.4V, and the cycle life of the battery is obviously prolonged.
Preferably, the nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide material adopts high nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide, liNi x Co y Mn (1-x-y) M z O 2 Wherein x is more than or equal to 0.6<0.9，x+y<1，0≤z<0.08, M is at least one of Al, mg, zr and Ti.
Preferably, the negative electrode of the present invention is made of a carbon negative electrode material, a silicon negative electrode material or a silicon-carbon negative electrode material. The negative electrode is preferably a silicon carbon negative electrode material, wherein the mass ratio of carbon to silicon is 90.
Detailed Description
To better illustrate the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, the present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples. It should be noted that the following implementation of the method is to further explain the invention, and should not be construed as a limitation of the invention.
Example 1
(1) Preparing an electrolyte:
ethylene Carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) were mixed at a mass ratio of EC: DEC: EMC =1 6 ) After the lithium salt was completely dissolved, 1g of Vinylene Carbonate (VC), 5g of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and 0.5g of positive electrode protection additive compound 1 were added.
(2) Preparing a positive plate:
LiNi prepared from nickel cobalt lithium manganate ternary material 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 Zr 0.03 O 2 The conductive agent SuperP, the adhesive PVDF and the Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) are uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 97.5.
(3) Preparing a negative plate:
mixing artificial graphite and silicon according to a mass ratio of 90 to 10, preparing slurry with a conductive agent SuperP, a thickening agent CMC and a binder SBR (styrene butadiene rubber emulsion) according to a mass ratio of 95.5.
(4) Preparing a lithium ion battery:
and preparing a square battery cell from the positive electrode, the diaphragm and the negative electrode in a lamination mode, packaging by adopting a polymer, filling the prepared non-aqueous electrolyte of the lithium ion battery, and preparing the lithium ion battery with the capacity of 1000mAh through the working procedures of formation, capacity grading and the like.
The electrolyte compositions of examples 2 to 8 and comparative example 1 are shown in table 1, and the procedure for preparing the electrolyte and the lithium ion battery was the same as in example 1.
TABLE 1 electrolyte composition of examples and comparative examples
Figure BDA0003874328110000051
Figure BDA0003874328110000061
The lithium ion batteries prepared in examples 1 to 8 and comparative example 1 were subjected to a normal temperature cycle test, a high temperature storage test, and a low temperature discharge test, respectively, under the following test conditions, and the test results are shown in table 2.
Normal temperature cycle test：
Under the condition of normal temperature (25 ℃), the lithium ion battery is charged and discharged at 1.0C/1.0C once (the battery discharge capacity is C) 0 ) The upper limit voltage was 4.4V, and then 1.0C/1.0C charge and discharge were carried out at normal temperature for 500 weeks (the cell discharge capacity was C) 1 )；
Capacity retention rate = (C) 1 /C 0 )*100％
High temperature cycle test：
Under the condition of over high temperature (45 ℃), the lithium ion battery is charged and discharged at 1.0C/1.0C once (the battery discharge capacity is C) 0 ) The upper limit voltage was 4.4V, and then 1.0C/1.0C charging and discharging were performed under normal temperature conditions for 300 weeks (the battery discharge capacity was C) 1 )；
Capacity retention ratio = (C) 1 /C 0 )*100％
High temperature storage test：
The lithium ion battery was charged and discharged at one time at normal temperature (25 ℃) at 0.3C/0.3C (battery discharge capacity is recorded as C) 0 ) The upper limit voltage is 4.4V; placing the battery in a 60 ℃ oven for 15 days, taking out the battery, placing the battery in an environment at 25 ℃, discharging at 0.3 ℃ and recording the discharge capacity as C 1 (ii) a Then, the lithium ion battery was charged and discharged once at 0.3C/0.3C (the battery discharge capacity was recorded as C) 2 )；
Capacity retention ratio = (C) 1 /C 0 )*100％
Capacity recovery rate = (C) 2 /C 0 )*100％
Low temperature discharge test：
Under the condition of normal temperature (25 ℃), the lithium ion battery is charged and discharged once at 0.3C/0.3C (the discharge capacity of the battery is recorded as C) 0 ) The upper limit voltage is 4.4V; placing the battery in an oven at-20 deg.C for 4h, discharging the battery at 0.3C, and recording the discharge capacity as C 1 The cut-off voltage is 3.0V,
capacity retention ratio = (C) 1 /C 0 )*100％
Table 2 results of performance test of lithium ion batteries of examples and comparative examples
Figure BDA0003874328110000071
As can be seen from table 2, the batteries manufactured using the electrolyte of the present invention have significantly improved normal temperature cycle, high temperature storage performance, high temperature cycle performance, and low temperature discharge performance, as compared to comparative example 1. The reason is that the compound shown in the structural formula I contains cyclic unsaturated double bonds, and is reduced into a tougher interfacial film (SEI film) at the interface of a positive electrode/electrolyte, and the SEI film has good lithium ion conduction channels, so that the collapse of the lithium ion channels is avoided in the circulation process, and the high-temperature circulation and low-temperature performance of the battery can be well improved. Particularly, at least 2 oxygen elements and C = O bonds are introduced into the annular structure, so that the components of an electrode/electrolyte interface film are enriched, the lithium ion conduction performance of the interface film is further improved, and the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery is improved.
The data in example 1 show that the low-temperature discharge performance of the lithium ion battery is very excellent, and the SEI formed by the compound 1 containing the symmetric side chain has relatively high lithium ion shuttling rate, and SEI channels are not easy to condense at low temperature, so that the low-temperature performance of the battery is better improved.
It can be further known from the data of example 3 that, by using the compound 3 as an additive, the high temperature performance of the battery is advantageous, and it may be that two C = C double bonds of the compound 3 undergo stepwise polymerization to form a complete SEI, which effectively isolates the direct contact between the electrolyte and the electrode material and inhibits the further generation of side reactions of the electrolyte, and the SEI formed by the C = C double bonds has relatively excellent stability under the high-voltage and high-temperature conditions, so that the high temperature performance of the battery can be effectively improved.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. An electrolyte comprising a lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formula I:
Figure FDA0003874328100000011
wherein R is 1 ～R 3 Each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 unsaturated hydrocarbon group, and a halogen.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula I is selected from at least one of compounds 1 to 6:
Figure FDA0003874328100000012
3. the electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises 0.1% to 5% by mass of the total mass of the electrolyte.
4. The electrolyte of claim 3, wherein the additive is present in an amount of 0.2 to 3% by mass based on the total mass of the electrolyte.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is selected from at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium methanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide, lithium dioxalate borate, lithium difluorooxalate borate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium difluorobisoxalato phosphate, lithium difluorosulfonimide, and lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt is present in an amount of 5 to 25% by mass based on the total mass of the electrolyte.
7. The electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is at least one selected from the group consisting of chain carbonates, cyclic carbonates, carboxylic esters, and ethers.
8. The electrolyte of claim 1, further comprising an auxiliary agent selected from at least one of vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene sulfite, 1,3 propane sultone, and vinyl sulfate.
9. A lithium ion battery comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode, characterized by further comprising the electrolyte of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the positive electrode is made of a nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide material.
10. The lithium ion battery of claim 9, wherein the nickel cobalt manganese oxide material is LiNi x Co y Mn (1-x-y) M z O 2 Wherein x is more than or equal to 0.6<0.9，x+y<1，0≤z<0.08, M is at least one of Al, mg, zr and Ti.
CN202211218765.3A 2022-09-30 2022-09-30 Electrolyte and lithium ion battery containing same Pending CN115513524A (en)

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