CN116141786B - 用于太阳光和热辐射调节的热致变色结构 - Google Patents
用于太阳光和热辐射调节的热致变色结构 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种太阳光和热调节窗结构，其包含光学透明外壳框架；位于光学透明外壳框架中的可逆液体吸收材料层；具有高太阳光透射率和高热反射率的热反射层，其位于可逆液体吸收材料层上；液体，其在低于选择的转变温度下被吸收于可逆液体吸收材料层中，且在高于选择的转变温度下位于可逆液体吸收材料层上，使得当气温低于转变温度时，窗结构于白天通过太阳光透射促进室内太阳光加热，并于白天和黑夜通过热反射促进室内隔热保温，以及当气温高于转变温度时，窗结构通过热发射促进室内散热；以及光学膜，其对于太阳光和热辐射都具有高透射率，并将可逆液体吸收材料层、液体和热反射层密封于光学透明外壳框架中。窗结构实现不同气候中的被动全天热管理。
Description
相关申请的交互参考:
本申请要求2021年11月23日提交的临时专利申请第63/282668号的优先权，所述申请的公开内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种热致变色窗，且更明确地说，涉及一种超宽带热致变色窗，其可根据温度同时调节太阳光透射(或反射)和热反射(或发射)光谱。
背景技术
建筑物占我们总能耗的30％到40％，而大约一半的建筑物能量用于空间供暖和制冷。归因于窗户隔热不良，窗户被视为能量效率最低的建筑元件。因此，创造动态地适应于太阳照射和天气条件变化的智能窗对提高建筑物能效是至关重要的。
为了实现最优能量调节，应该考虑两种类型的辐射热流：来自太阳的太阳光辐射和来自物体的热辐射。理想的智能窗于寒冷季节期间应具有用于外部太阳能收集的高太阳光透射率和用于内部隔热保温的低热发射率。反之，该智能窗于炎热季节期间应具有用于外部太阳光阻断的低太阳光透射率和用于内部散热的高热发射率。特别地，归因于室内空间与周围环境之间的全天候热能交换，热发射调节在节能方面胜过太阳光调节。在夏季和冬季中，理想的热控窗的所估计的能量节省分别为理想的太阳光控制窗的2.5和9倍。此外，还可使用基于热、电、光或机械的响应刺激在不同状态之间切换的光学开关。其中，具有根据环境温度变化的光谱调节的热致变色窗的节能潜力最大。
然而，大多数当前可用的热致变色窗仅能够调节太阳光辐射。举例来说，二氧化钒(VO2)和水凝胶为用于热致变色窗的两种最广泛研究的材料。VO2在低温下的半导电状态是红外透明的，而在高温下的金属状态是红外反射的，因此可作为调节剂来实现热致变色窗的近红外线(NIR)调节，即太阳光辐射调节的一部分。尽管玻璃上的VO2涂层可实现长波长红外光谱中的热发射率调节，但此调节为负调节，这是因为其发射率在冷态中较高且热态中较低，而节能需要的是相反的光学行为。金属上的VO2涂层可具有逆转的光学行为来实现正向调节，但是这使得调节剂不透明并且不适合于窗户。因此，仅VO2的NIR调节通常用于热致变色窗。
水凝胶为用于智能窗的另一具前景的材料。由于水凝胶中的聚合物与水之间的折射率匹配，其在冷态下具有高太阳光透射率，而在热态中的相分离所产生的强内部散射会引致低太阳光透射率。因为其光谱调节包含可见光和NIR辐射，所以具有比VO2更强的太阳光调节，因而具有更大的节能潜力。然而，其相分离的机制至多仅可调整近红外区的入射光谱，因此无法实现跨越整个入射光谱的热辐射调节。
因此，在所属领域中需要可以同步调节太阳光和热辐射以增强内部建筑环境的能源效益的热致变色窗。本发明满足了此需要。
发明内容
本发明提供一种热致变色窗，其对于太阳光及热辐射都具有良好光谱调节，在所有天气条件下运行并且补偿日间及夜间条件。
热致变色窗为具有极佳室内温度调节的超宽带热致变色窗(STR智能窗)。通过吸收体-金属网复合膜实现太阳光和热辐射的同步调节。液体分子用作热调节剂，并且金属网的不同侧之间的定向转移由吸收体的疏水性-亲水性转变控制。液体移动提供热调节，且吸收体的相分离同时在不同温度状态下进行太阳光调节。基于此新机制，STR智能窗可操纵具有54.8％的极佳太阳光透射率调节和57.1％的热反射率(发射率)调节的超宽带光谱调节。此外，在所选择的实施例中，其高亮度透射率(78.3％)和低转变温度(τc＝31℃)使得其在商业应用中高效且可行。
太阳光和热调节的提供产生用于炎热和寒冷房间的室内温度调节。在寒冷房间中，STR智能窗具有用于在日间的室内太阳光加热的高太阳光透射率(T太阳光＝63.2％)和用于在日间和夜间的室内隔热保温的高热反射率(R热＝1-ε＝64.8％)。相反，对于炎热房间，STR智能窗具有用于在日间减缓室内太阳光加热的低太阳光透射率(T太阳光＝8.4％)和用于在日间和夜间促进室内散热的低热反射率(R热＝1-ε＝7.7％，或高热发射率(ε))。
在一个方面，本发明提供一种太阳光和热调节窗结构。所述结构包含光学透明外壳框架可逆液体吸收材料层，其位于所述光学透明外壳框架中；具有高太阳光透射率和高热反射率的热反射层，其位于所述可逆液体吸收材料层上；液体，其在低于选择的转变温度下被吸收于所述可逆液体吸收材料层中，且在高于所述选择的转变温度下位于所述可逆液体吸收材料层上，使得当气温低于所述选择的转变温度时，所述窗结构于日间通过太阳光透射促进室内太阳光加热，并于日间和夜间通过热反射促进室内隔热保温，以及当气温高于所述选择的转变温度时，所述窗结构通过热发射促进室内散热，其中所述选择的转变温度为20℃与50℃之间；以及光学膜，其对于太阳光和热辐射都具有高透射率，并用于将所述可逆液体吸收材料层、液体和热反射层密封于所述光学透明外壳框架中。
在另一方面，所述可逆液体吸收材料为水凝胶。
在另一方面，所述水凝胶为聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)。
在另一方面，吸收于所述可逆液体吸收材料层中的所述液体为水。
在另一方面，所述热反射层为金属网。
在另一方面，所述金属网为银纳米线网。
在另一方面，所述光学膜为聚乙烯膜。
在另一方面，所述可逆液体吸收材料层粘合到所述光学透明外壳框架。
在另一方面，在寒冷的天气中，所述窗结构具有至少大约50％的太阳光透射率以用于在日间的室内太阳光加热，至少大约50％的热反射率以用于在日间和夜间的室内隔热保温。
在另一方面，在炎热的天气中，所述窗结构具有小于大约50％的太阳光透射率以减缓室内太阳光加热，和小于大约30％的热反射率以促进室内散热。
在另一方面，所述选择的转变温度为31℃。
附图说明
在图式的参考附图中绘示示例性实施例。希望本文中所公开的实施例和图式被视为说明性的而非限制性的。
图1A-1B分别示出了处于冷态的STR窗的示意性结构(图1A)和对应的相片(图1B)；图1C-1D分别示出了处于热态的STR窗的示意性结构(图1C)和对应的相片(图1D)。
图2A-2B分别示出了处于冷态(图2A)和热态(图2B)的STR窗的光谱。
图3A-3B分别示出了处于冷态(图3A)和热态(图3B)的STR窗的太阳光和热辐射路径。
图4A-4B分别示出了处于冷态(图4A)和热态(图4B)的STR窗的可见光和红外相片。
图5A-5C分别示出了STR窗在不同温度下的光谱(图5A)、亮度透射率和太阳光透射率(图5B)和热反射率(图5C)。
图6A-6B分别示出了加热-冷却循环下的STR窗的亮度和太阳光性能(图6A)和热性能(图6B)的变化。
图7A-7E分别示出了通过包含普通玻璃、低-E、水凝胶和STR窗的不同窗在加热条件(图7A)、冬季日间条件(图7B)、夏季日间条件(图7C)、冬季夜间条件(图7D)和夏季夜间条件(图7E)下的室内温度调节。
图8A-8B分别示出了在无HVAC系统且使用不同窗的情况下北京某房1月(图8A)和7月(图8B)的模拟室内温度。北京不同窗与标准玻璃窗的月度节能的比较展示于图8C中。四个城市不同窗与标准玻璃窗的年度节能的比较展示于图8D中。
图9A示出了STR窗的制造工艺流程；图9B是在寒冷条件下的工作机制的示意图；
图9C是在寒冷条件下的横截面染蓝水分布的图像；图9D是在炎热条件下的工作机制的示意图；图9E是在炎热条件下的横截面染蓝水分布的图像。
具体实施方式
以下详细说明和规范旨在解释本发明中的权利要求书。足够详细地描述这些实施例以使得所属领域的技术人员能够实践本发明。在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下，可利用其它实施例，且可进行结构和材料改变。各种实施例不一定相互排斥，因为一些实施例可与一个或多个其它实施例组合以形成新实施例。
本发明提供一种热致变色窗，其提供太阳光透射率和热透射率的调节，以在寒冷季节期间收集和保留太阳能，且在炎热季节期间反射太阳能且散去室内热量。如本文所用，术语“太阳光透射率”是指允许穿过镶嵌玻璃系统的全太阳光波长范围(300到2,500纳米)中的总太阳能的量相对于落在所述镶嵌玻璃系统上的总太阳能的量的比率。“热透射率”为热传递穿过物质的比率且定义结构的元件在稳态条件下传热的能力。它是结构介入其间的个别环境的每单位温差下，单位时间内流过单位面积的热量数量的度量。热发射率表征表面将先前吸收的热量从自身重新发射出去的能力。
详细看图式，图1A-1D示意性地描绘可附接到玻璃的面板，充当用于分隔室内和室外环境的封闭空间的窗户。此面板可在冷态(100-图1A、1B)和热态(200-图1C、1D)下执行不同功能。
面板100包含吸收和解吸液体(例如，水)并且容纳于太阳光透明框架40中的吸收层10。热反射层20安置于吸收层10上，而光学膜50密封面板。
如图1A-1B中所见，在冷态下，液体被吸收层10吸收，产生富液体状态。热反射层20处于未弯曲状态，移接到粘合在太阳光透明框架40的吸收层10。
如图1C-1D中所见，在热态下，当吸收的液体30覆盖热反射层20时，吸收层10收缩。框架40充当固定边界以限制吸收层10的收缩方向。光学膜50为辐射透明且不透水的，因此其维持面板的光学性能和结构稳定性。
在热致变色面板中，液体用作热调节剂。当在冷态下液体由吸收层10吸收时，热反射层20未被覆盖且促成表面上的强热反射率。同时，富水吸收层10达到折射率匹配状态并且展现高太阳光透射率。因此，整个结构100在冷态下具有高太阳光透射率和强热反射率(图2A)。在图1C-1D的热态下，发生内部相分离，且液体解吸且在热反射层20上方形成液体层30。因为此液体是热吸收性的，所以原始热反射在顶表面上显著下降。此外，折射率匹配状态不再存在，且密度分布在吸收层10中变得不均匀；这产生较强的太阳光散射且显著地增加太阳光反射率。结果，面板在热态下展现低太阳光透射率和低热反射率(图2B)。因此，本发明在单一面板中的提供对温度响应的太阳光和热调节。此面板可以附接到普通玻璃，生产太阳光和热调节(STR)窗。
STR智能窗的示例性材料包含聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(pNIPAm)水凝胶膜10，其移接到聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)框架40和水凝胶膜上的太阳光透明但热反射银纳米线(AgNW)网20。当温度上升到高于转变温度时，pNIPAm经历温度触发的相分离并且从太阳光透明切换为不透明，通过内部散射提供太阳光调节。同时，由于相变诱导的pNIPAm网络的亲水性到疏水性转换，pNIPAm网络内的水分子被泵出并且覆盖AgNW网。因为水可以强烈地发射红外辐射，所以复合膜从热反射切换到热发射，從而实现热调节。
为了使窗可广泛地适用于多种气候，吸收层10的转变温度可跨越广泛温度范围调整；这确保液体吸收与非液体吸收之间的转变能对应于气候的保温或热反射需求。特别是，转变温度可通过适当的材料选择/自定义设计为可在大约20℃到50℃之间调整。在以下实例中阐述的特定实施例中，转变温度选择为31℃。
图9A中绘示STR智能窗的制造工艺。首先使PDMS托盘固化，且随后将二苯甲酮溶液[20重量％(wt％)于丙酮中]倾入到托盘中。二苯甲酮溶液扩散到PDMS网络中并且促成PDMS与pNIPAm之间的化学键。pNIPAm膜由N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAm)、N,N′-亚甲基双(丙烯酰胺)(BIS)和过硫酸铵(APS)引发剂的混合溶液通过自由基聚合在PDMS托盘内合成，其随后通过涂布AgNW的玻璃载片密封且存储于冰水浴中。聚合在紫外线(UV)响应器内暴露在340nm UV光下持续进行4小时，且接着在UV光关闭的状态下持续进行8小时。在聚合之后，形成pNIPAm水凝胶网络并且将其移接在PDMS托盘上。由此固定化的pNIPAm维持与原始pNIPAm相同的转变温度，这是因为自由基不影响pNIPAm聚合物链与水分子之间的疏水性和亲水性相互作用。由于NIPAm具有比玻璃更强的亲水性键并且亲水性AgNW浸没于NIPAm溶液中，因此在聚合过程期间AgNW网容易转移并包埋于水凝胶顶表面上。最后，在去除玻璃载片之后，我们用可见光和红外透明的聚乙烯(PE)膜围封PDMS托盘，该PE膜可由多种宽带透明光学薄片替换。
在低环境温度(T<τc)下，pNIPAm交联网络在水中通过分子间亲水性键(氢键)膨胀，并且水分子均匀分散在pNIPAm网络中(如图9C中的良好分散的染蓝水所绘示)。富水聚合物的折射率接近水的折射率，并由此水凝胶膜是太阳光透明的。沉积在水凝胶膜顶部上的AgNW网具有高太阳光透射率和高热反射率。在整合水凝胶和AgNW网之后，STR窗在低温下展现高太阳光透射率和热反射率(低发射率)(图9B)。当温度增加并且超出相变温度(T>τc)时，氢键减弱，并且水/pNIPAm连接结构被破坏，触发疏水性缔合并且挤出水分子。由于pNIPAm网络的五侧与PDMS托盘化学结合，因此仅pNIPAm的剩余自由侧可收缩，引起在AgNW网的顶部上的定向水运输和累积(如图9E中的自由侧上的染蓝水累积所绘示)。pNIPAm网络的相分离和收缩产生富聚合物和贫聚合物的微相，其产生光散射中心，使水凝胶变成白色，并且有效地反射日光。此外，当新形成的水层的厚度大于0.1mm时，其具有高的热发射率，且进而抑制底层AgNW网的热反射，从而提供显著的热调节(图9D)。此STR智能窗设计利用太阳光和热辐射的同步调节实现极佳热致变色功能。应注意，可以通过混合防冻剂以降低冰点并且维持冷区中的性能来添加抗冻能力。水蒸发可通过将高沸点溶剂与水混合以降低蒸发速率或使用具有低水蒸气渗透率的罩盖来保持水凝胶中的水而最小化。可通过使用刚性光学膜和网格封装来防止大型面板中的潜在水泄漏和分布不均匀。其它透明聚合物也可用作PDMS框架的替代物。此聚合物框架核心设计不仅有助于水的定向移动，而且有助于实现玻璃上的粘合衬底，其可容易地装配到现有窗户上。
STR窗的光学性能展示于图3中。在冷态下，太阳辐射可穿过窗且加热内部空间。同时，出于隔热目的，内部热辐射被窗反射。因此，内部空间可以有效地升温。在热态下，室外太阳辐射被反射以避免太阳光加热，同时，内部热辐射被吸收，以使得内部空间散热和冷却。不同于报告的热致变色窗，STR窗不仅在日间起作用，而且在夜间起作用。
实例
10×10cm STR窗被制造出来，且其在冷态(图4A)和热态(图4B)下的超宽带光学变换由可见光和红外图像展现。彩色标志(HKUST)可在冷态下穿过窗清楚地看到(图4A，左)，并且在热态下被完全阻挡(图4B，左)。来自手的热辐射在冷态下由窗反射(图4A，右)且在热态下被吸收(图4B，右)。
STR窗的热致变色特性通过光谱仪在不同温度下测量。当水凝胶温度低于31℃的转变温度(τc)时，太阳光透射率和热反射率较高，而发生相变之后下降到较低值(图5A)，引致大于55％的太阳光和热调节(图5B和C)。
通过超过500次循环的加热-冷却测试来研究STR窗的长期耐久性。每100次循环测量一次窗的光谱。T亮度、ΔT亮度和ΔT太阳光在500次循环之后展示了小于5％的减小(图6A)。R热和ΔR热的变化维持在10％内(图6B)。
通过将四个不同的窗(即，具有100mm×100mm×6mm尺寸的玻璃窗、低-E窗、水凝胶和STR窗)分开地安装到具有12cm×12cm×15cm尺寸的密闭腔室上，然后监测在不同环境条件下的室内温度历史，来测量室内温度管理能力。四个窗的光学和热特性在表S1中列出。低-E窗因为其可选择性地透射可见光且反射近红外光，而被广泛地用于建筑物和车辆节能。水凝胶窗因为其极佳的太阳光调节而吸引了巨大的关注。
通过监测室内温度相对于时间曲线来测量所测试窗的热响应行为。通过内部加热器(加热功率＝3W)加热初始温度为10℃的腔室，并且监测其温度(图7A)。在初始阶段，SRT窗处于冷态下且具有高的热反射率，从而提供最高的隔热保温能力。具体来说，由于水凝胶的热导率比玻璃低，SRT窗比低-E窗性能更好。在下一阶段，加热功率增加到5.2W，且腔室温度持续上升超过31℃，触发水凝胶相变。随后，SRT窗和水凝胶窗切换到热发射状态并且展示类似的散热能力。然而，低-E窗保持不变的高热反射率，且提供比SRT窗高1.8℃的过热。我们的SRT窗的智能温度响应行为在调节室内温度中展现适应性热反射率和发射率的优越性。此隔热保温和散热切换不仅可在应用中由内部热负荷(例如，人类、热产生器或机器)触发，亦可由外部热源(例如，日光)触发。
使用太阳光模拟器来控制环境温度以模拟冬季和夏季日间的天气条件和定量窗的热管理性能。在冬季日间，环境温度设置在5℃，并且打开太阳光模拟器(800W/m2)以照亮腔室(图7B)。与水凝胶窗相比较，STR窗具有较高的热反射率并且提供较好的隔热保温能力，这补偿了其由于较低的太阳光透射率而产生的较低的太阳能增益。因此，STR和水凝胶腔室的温度在40分钟达到30℃，而由于低-E腔室的低太阳光透射率(T太阳光＝38.6％)其温度比STR和水凝胶腔室的温度低6℃。在夏季日间，环境温度设置在28℃，并且太阳光模拟器功率为1000W/m2(图7C)。玻璃和低-E腔室的温度分别单调地增加到高于60℃和50℃。相比之下，水凝胶和STR腔室的温度展示了增加-减少的趋势，这是因为发生在约3分钟到4分钟处的相变阻碍了进一步的太阳光加热，并最终维持在45℃下。特别地，由于STR窗较快的相变和较低的太阳光透射率，STR腔室的温度比水凝胶腔室的温度低大约3℃。
除模拟日间的热管理测试之外，在模拟夜间情形下进一步测量温度响应。在腔室的背面上安装加热器(硅酮加热片)或冷却器(帕尔贴冷却器(Peltier cooler))以分别模拟冬季或夏季夜间的天气条件。在冬季夜间(环境温度为6℃)，STR腔室的温度在120分钟达到27.5℃，接着低-E腔室达到27℃(图7D)。水凝胶和玻璃腔室的温度分别比STR腔室的温度低1.5℃和2.7℃，这归因于高的热发射率并且由此而来的从内部到外部的高的散热。在夏季夜间(环境温度为30℃)，STR腔室的温度由于其极佳散热能力而实现最低水平，而低-E、水凝胶和玻璃腔室的温度高了1-2℃(图7E)。总的来说，归因于其从太阳光透明到不透明和从热反射(隔热保温)到发射(散热)的适应性和可逆切换，STR窗实现了对于所有天气条件，即冬季日间和夜间，以及夏季日间和夜间的极佳的智能室内温度调节。
在无HVAC系统的情况下实现智能室内温度调节对于实现建筑物碳中和是优选的。通过使用EnergyPlus模拟探索了STR窗的室内温度调节能力。由于其较大年度温度变化(在夏季温度高于30℃且在冬季低于-8℃)，选择了北京的天气数据。用四个不同窗获得单层房屋(8×8×3m)的能耗。在图8A和8B中标绘了在北京的1月和7月中的四个连续日中的温度。归因于超宽带光谱调节并由此而来的极佳温度调节能力，STR窗在1月内提供最高温度，而在7月内维持最低温度。
此外，执行通过HVAC系统将室内房间控制在26℃(美国DOE建议的经济温度)下的节能计算。就北京的月度节能而言，将额外两个窗(低-E和水凝胶窗)与STR窗进行比较(图8C)。低-E窗在炎热季节中产生正节能，而在寒冷季节中产生负节能(能耗)。水凝胶窗在炎热季节中节能并且在寒冷季节中没有影响。然而，STR窗在所有季节中，特别是，在冬季和夏季中实现正节能。量化上，在北京，来自STR窗的总节能分别是超过低-E和水凝胶窗6.8倍和2.1倍。计算额外三个城市：安克雷奇、香港和阿布扎比的年度节能(图8D)。应注意的是，STR窗安克雷奇中获得显著节能，而低-E和水凝胶窗因为其在寒冷天气中失去功能而提供接近零的节能。由于纬度从北京到阿布扎比下降，三个窗提供了增加的年度节能，其中STR窗性能最好。量化上，STR窗可在安克雷奇、北京(低-E窗的两倍)和香港节省超过100MJ/m2，且在阿布扎比可节省400MJ/m2，展示了其对于所有天气条件的极大节能能力。
通过窗的太阳光透射和热辐射的适应性控制对于减少建筑物能耗是关键的。然而，太阳光透射和热辐射的同步被动调节尚未集成到一个热致变色智能窗系统中。我们首次通过将热致变色液体吸收体和金属网整合成吸收体/金属复合材料，开发出太阳光和热调节热致变色窗(STR智能窗)以用于全天气应用。我们利用了迄今未探索的热发射率调节机制，其由源自吸收体相变的温度触发的液体捕获和释放行为产生，这同时动态地调节太阳光透射率。STR窗的极佳太阳光调节(ΔT太阳光＝54.8％)和热调节(Δε＝57.1％)在日间和夜间成功地调节室内温度。与市售低-E玻璃和水凝胶窗相比，STR窗户在寒冷房间中展示较低的热损耗，而在炎热房间中展示较高的热耗散。热致变色吸收体和金属网的此首次整合可提供对同时的太阳光和热调节的一些洞见。
Claims (10)
1.一种太阳光和热调节窗结构，其特征在于，包括：
光学透明外壳框架；
可逆液体吸收材料层，其位于所述光学透明外壳框架中；
具有高太阳光透射率和高热反射率的热反射层，其位于所述可逆液体吸收材料层上；
液体，其在低于选择的转变温度下被吸收于所述可逆液体吸收材料层中，且在高于所述选择的转变温度下位于所述可逆液体吸收材料层上，使得当气温低于所述选择的转变温度时，所述窗结构于日间通过太阳光透射促进室内太阳光加热，并于日间和夜间通过热反射促进室内隔热保温，以及当气温高于所述选择的转变温度时，所述窗结构通过热发射促进室内散热，其中所述选择的转变温度为20℃与50℃之间；以及
光学膜，其对于太阳光和热辐射都具有高透射率，并用于将所述可逆液体吸收材料层、液体和热反射层密封于所述光学透明外壳框架中；
其中，所述可逆液体吸收材料为水凝胶，在热态下，所述水凝胶发生内部相分离，且所述液体解吸在热反射层上方形成液体层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中所述水凝胶为聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中吸收于所述可逆液体吸收材料层中的所述液体为水。
4.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中所述热反射层为金属网。
5.根据权利要求4所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中所述金属网为银纳米线网。
6.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中所述光学膜为聚乙烯膜。
7.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中所述可逆液体吸收材料层粘合到所述光学透明外壳框架。
8.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中在寒冷的天气中，所述窗结构具有至少50％的太阳光透射率以用于在日间的室内太阳光加热，至少50％的热反射率以用于在日间和夜间的室内隔热保温。
9.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中在炎热的天气中，所述窗结构具有小于50％的太阳光透射率以减缓室内太阳光加热，和小于30％的热反射率以促进室内散热。
10.根据权利要求1所述的太阳光和热调节窗结构，其中所述选择的转变温度为31℃。
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