CN116053528B - Anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method and system - Google Patents
Anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method and system Download PDFInfo
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- CN116053528B CN116053528B CN202310042601.8A CN202310042601A CN116053528B CN 116053528 B CN116053528 B CN 116053528B CN 202310042601 A CN202310042601 A CN 202310042601A CN 116053528 B CN116053528 B CN 116053528B
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Abstract
The embodiment of the invention provides a method and a system for measuring the hydrogen concentration of an anode loop, and relates to the field of detection of the hydrogen concentration of a galvanic pile. The problem that high-humidity water drops in an anode loop interfere with hydrogen concentration detection can be solved. The anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method comprises the following steps: acquiring the total gas pressure of an anode outlet; acquiring the gas temperature of an electric pile outlet; acquiring a main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by an anode pipeline in a reference time period; obtaining a main reflection time difference according to the transmitting time and the receiving time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse; and obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature. The anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system includes a controller that performs the above-described method. The ultrasonic pulse reflected by other interfering substances is filtered and then calculated, so that the interference problem of the other interfering substances on ultrasonic pulse signals can be improved, the anode hydrogen concentration can be accurately and reliably detected, and the running reliability and economy of the fuel cell system can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of pile hydrogen concentration detection, in particular to a method and a system for measuring the hydrogen concentration of an anode loop.
Background
In the anode hydrogen path circulation of the fuel cell, the hydrogen concentration of the anode has great influence on the reliable and stable operation of the fuel cell. In order to obtain the hydrogen concentration of the anode, a hydrogen concentration sensor may be installed in the anode hydrogen path of the fuel cell system to detect the hydrogen concentration of the anode. However, the conventional hydrogen concentration sensor is difficult to stably and reliably work for a long time and has high cost under the severe environments of high hydrogen concentration, high humidity and liquid water of the anode.
Therefore, during the engineering use, the hydrogen concentration sensor is rarely used at the anode, and more, the hydrogen concentration of the anode is estimated by a model method. Such as: one widely used method is the Equivalent Q Value (EQV) method. When the equivalent Q value is higher than the target level, the anode performs a purge operation to increase the hydrogen concentration. However, the equivalent Q value method is an indirect method for maintaining the hydrogen concentration in a certain interval, and is greatly influenced by environmental conditions and driving conditions. In order to cope with these uncertainties, a great deal of work needs to be done to correct the weighting factors in the equivalent Q-value method, which leads to complex calculation and still cannot solve the accuracy problem under the actual working conditions well.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the present invention includes, for example, providing an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method capable of improving the problem that high humidity water droplets in an anode loop interfere with hydrogen concentration detection.
The invention also aims to provide an anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring system which can solve the problem that high-humidity water drops in an anode loop interfere with hydrogen concentration detection.
Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as follows:
the embodiment of the invention provides a method for measuring the hydrogen concentration of an anode loop, which comprises the following steps:
acquiring the total gas pressure of an anode outlet;
acquiring the gas temperature of an electric pile outlet;
acquiring a main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by an anode pipeline in a reference time period;
obtaining a main reflection time difference according to the transmitting time and the receiving time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse;
and obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature.
The method can filter the interference of water drops brought by high humidity in the anode pipeline on the ultrasonic signal transmission, accurately and reliably realize the detection of the hydrogen concentration, and can improve the reliability and the economy of the operation of the fuel cell system.
In addition, the anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method provided by the embodiment of the invention can also have the following additional technical characteristics:
optionally, the anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method further includes:
obtaining a reference hydrogen concentration of an anode loop;
acquiring the total pressure of reference gas at an anode outlet;
acquiring a reference gas temperature of an electric pile outlet;
obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature;
and obtaining the reference time period according to the reference reflection time difference.
According to calculation of the reference reflection time difference, by combining with the actual main reflection time difference, double verification can divide the ultrasonic pulse reflection time period more accurately, namely the corresponding main reflection ultrasonic pulse can be selected more accurately, the obtained main reflection time difference is more accurate, and the accuracy of the final calculated hydrogen concentration can be further improved.
Optionally, the step of obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature includes:
obtaining a reference water vapor partial pressure according to the reference gas temperature;
Obtaining a reference hydrogen partial pressure according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference water vapor partial pressure;
obtaining a reference nitrogen partial pressure according to the reference gas total pressure, the reference water vapor partial pressure and the reference hydrogen partial pressure;
obtaining a reference average molecular weight of the anode mixture according to the reference water vapor partial pressure, the reference hydrogen partial pressure and the reference nitrogen partial pressure;
obtaining the reference reflected sound velocity according to the reference average molecular weight and the reference gas temperature;
the reference time period is obtained from the reference reflected sound velocity and the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting portion to the reflecting portion.
And the reverse process of the reference time period can obtain the accurate reference time period.
Optionally, the calculating method for obtaining the reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature includes:
according to the formula: p1_h2o=f (T1), resulting in the reference water vapor partial pressure; wherein P1_H2O is the reference steam partial pressure, and T1 is the reference gas temperature;
according to the formula: h1 =p1_h2/P1; h2 =p1_h2/(p1—p1_h2o), yielding the reference hydrogen partial pressure; wherein h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode cycle, and h2 is the reference dry hydrogen concentration; p1_h2o is the reference water vapor partial pressure; p1 is the total pressure of the reference gas; p1_h2 is the reference hydrogen partial pressure;
According to the formula: p1=p1_h2+p1_n2+p1_h2o, resulting in the reference nitrogen partial pressure; wherein P1 is the total pressure of the reference gas, P1_H2 is the partial pressure of the reference hydrogen, P1_N2 is the partial pressure of the reference nitrogen, and P1_H2O is the partial pressure of the reference steam;
according to the formula: mgas 1= (p1_h2×2+p1_n2×28+p1_h2o×18)/P1, yielding the reference average molecular weight; wherein P1_H2 is the reference hydrogen partial pressure, P1_N2 is the reference nitrogen partial pressure, P1_H2O is the reference water vapor partial pressure, mgas1 is the reference average molecular weight;
according to the formula: c1 =sqrt (κ1r1t11000/Mgas 1), yielding the reference reflected sound velocity; wherein SQRT is open square; k1 is the isentropic index (for the composition of the anode gas, κ can be calculated from 1.4); r1 is an ideal gas constant; t1 is the reference gas temperature, mgas1 is the reference average molecular weight, and C1 is the reference reflected sound velocity;
according to the formula: c1 =2l1/Δt1, resulting in the reference time period; wherein C1 is a reference reflected sound velocity, L1 is a distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting portion to the reflecting portion, and Δt1 is a reference period.
And a specific calculation step of the reference reflection time difference can obtain an accurate reference reflection time difference.
Optionally, the step of obtaining the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop includes:
Acquiring the flow of a discharge valve;
judging the actual discharge component of the discharge valve according to the discharge valve flow;
and in the case that the actual exhaust components comprise gases, calculating the pressure of each gas at an anode outlet, and calculating the concentration of each gas according to the pressure of each gas at the anode outlet and the total pressure of the anode outlet to obtain the reference hydrogen concentration.
The accuracy of the final hydrogen concentration can be improved by using the hydrogen concentration obtained in other ways as the reference hydrogen concentration and then estimating the reference time period.
Alternatively, according to the formula: p3=p3_h2+p3_n2+p3_h2o, dm_dv=dm_dv_h2×sqrt (MH 2/Mgas 3), and Mgas 3= (p3_h2×2+p3_n2×28+p3_h2o×18)/P3, the pressures of hydrogen and nitrogen at the anode outlet were calculated; wherein P3 is the total pressure of the anode outlet, P3_H2 is the pressure of hydrogen at the anode outlet, P3_N2 is the pressure of nitrogen at the anode outlet, P3_H2O is the saturated vapor pressure of water at the gas temperature of the discharge valve, dM_DV is the discharge valve flow, dM_DV_H2 is the hydrogen volume flow when the gas discharged by the discharge valve is pure hydrogen, SQRT is the square of opening, MH2 is the molecular weight of hydrogen, mgas3 is the average molecular weight of the actual discharged components; according to the formula: h1 =p3_h2/P3; obtaining a reference hydrogen concentration; where h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration for the anode cycle. Reference to a calculation method of hydrogen concentration.
Optionally, the step of obtaining the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop includes:
obtaining a basic value V3-H2 of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop, obtaining a minimum value V3-H2 min=V 3-H2-A of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop, and obtaining a maximum value V3-H2 max=V 3-H2 +A of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop; wherein, V3H 2min and V3H 2max are both larger than 0 and smaller than 1, A% is a deviation range value;
the step of obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature includes:
obtaining a base value TOF_base of a reference reflection time difference according to the base value V3_H2 of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas; obtaining a maximum value TOF_max of a reference reflection time difference according to the minimum value V3_H2min of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas; obtaining a minimum value TOF_min of a reference reflection time difference according to the maximum value V3_H2max of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas;
the step of obtaining the reference time period according to the reference reflection time difference comprises the following steps:
And filtering out time periods above the maximum value TOF_max of the reference reflection time difference and below the minimum value TOF_min of the reference reflection time difference to obtain the reference time period.
Filtering pulse signals which are not in TOF_max and TOF_min time windows; a reasonable main reflected pulse signal can be obtained within the time window.
Optionally, the step of obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature includes:
obtaining a main reflection sound velocity according to the main reflection time difference and the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting part to the reflecting part;
obtaining the average molecular weight of the anode mixed gas according to the main reflection sound velocity and the gas temperature;
obtaining the partial pressure of water vapor according to the gas temperature;
obtaining hydrogen partial pressure and nitrogen partial pressure according to the total gas pressure, the average molecular weight and the water vapor partial pressure;
and obtaining the hydrogen concentration according to the hydrogen partial pressure and the total gas pressure.
The actual hydrogen concentration calculation process is strict in logic, and the calculated value can accurately reflect the hydrogen concentration.
Optionally, the calculation method for obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature includes:
According to the formula: c= 2*L/Δt, the main reflected sound velocity; wherein C is the main reflection sound velocity, L is the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting part to the reflecting part, and Deltat is the main reflection time difference;
according to the formula: c=sqrt (κrχ1000/Mgas), yielding the average molecular weight of the anode mixture; where SQRT is open square and kappa is the isentropic index (kappa can be calculated by taking 1.4 for the composition of the anode gas); r is an ideal gas constant, T is a gas temperature, and Mgas is an average molecular weight;
according to the formula: p_h2o=f (T), resulting in a partial pressure of water vapor; wherein P_H2O is the partial pressure of water vapor, and T is the gas temperature;
according to the formula: p=p_h2+p_n2+p_h2o;
and mgas= (p_h2×2+p_n2×28+p_h2o×18)/P, obtaining hydrogen partial pressure and nitrogen partial pressure; wherein Mgas is the average molecular weight, P_H2 is the partial pressure of hydrogen, P_N2 is the partial pressure of nitrogen, and P_H2O is the partial pressure of water vapor; p is the total pressure of the gas;
according to the formula: h1 =p_h2/P; h2 =p_h2/(P-p_h2o), resulting in hydrogen concentration; wherein H1 is the hydrogen concentration of the anode circulation, H2 is the dry hydrogen concentration, P_H2 is the hydrogen partial pressure, and P is the total gas pressure.
The accurate actual hydrogen concentration can be obtained in the specific calculation process of the actual hydrogen concentration.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a system for measuring the hydrogen concentration of the anode loop. The system comprises a water separator pipeline, an anode pipeline, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, an ultrasonic sensor and a controller, wherein the water separator pipeline is connected with a pile outlet, the anode pipeline is connected with the water separator pipeline, the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor are arranged on the water separator pipeline, the pressure sensor is used for detecting and obtaining the total gas pressure representing the anode outlet, and the temperature sensor is used for detecting and obtaining the gas temperature representing the pile outlet; the ultrasonic sensor is arranged on the anode pipeline, and an ultrasonic transmitting part of the ultrasonic sensor is used for transmitting ultrasonic pulses to a reflecting part on the anode pipeline; the pressure sensor, the temperature sensor and the ultrasonic sensor are electrically connected with the control, and the controller is used for executing the anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method.
The anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method and system provided by the embodiment of the invention have the beneficial effects that:
an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method comprising: acquiring the total gas pressure of an anode outlet; acquiring the gas temperature of an electric pile outlet; acquiring a main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by an anode pipeline in a reference time period; obtaining a main reflection time difference according to the transmitting time and the receiving time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse; and obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature.
The ultrasonic pulse reflected by the water drops is filtered and then calculated, so that the problem of interference of other interference substances, such as water drops under high humidity, on ultrasonic pulse signals can be solved, and the anode hydrogen concentration can be accurately and reliably detected. The method is simple and easy to implement, and can accurately and reliably identify the anode hydrogen concentration and improve the running reliability and economy of the fuel cell system.
The anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring system comprises a controller for executing the anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method, and can improve the problem that high-humidity water drops in the anode loop interfere with hydrogen concentration detection.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and other related drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an arrangement mode of an anode pipeline ultrasonic sensor in an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of ultrasonic pulse emission and reflection emitted by an ultrasonic sensor in an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing steps of a method for measuring hydrogen concentration in an anode loop according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a block diagram of steps for obtaining a reference time period in the anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Icon: 10-an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system; 100-pile; 200-a water separator; 210-a diverter line; 300-anode piping; 310-an ultrasonic sensor; 311-an ultrasonic wave emitting part; 312-a reflecting portion; 400-drain valve; 500-exhaust valve; 600-hydrogen supply valve; 700-water drops; 800-a controller; 900-pressure sensor; 910-temperature sensor.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments of the present invention. The components of the embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, as presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
It should be noted that: like reference numerals and letters denote like items in the following figures, and thus once an item is defined in one figure, no further definition or explanation thereof is necessary in the following figures.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, if the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", and the like indicate an azimuth or a positional relationship based on the azimuth or the positional relationship shown in the drawings, or the azimuth or the positional relationship in which the inventive product is conventionally put in use, it is merely for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and it is not indicated or implied that the apparatus or element referred to must have a specific azimuth, be configured and operated in a specific azimuth, and thus it should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, if any, are used merely for distinguishing between descriptions and not for indicating or implying a relative importance.
It should be noted that the features of the embodiments of the present invention may be combined with each other without conflict.
The anode circuit hydrogen concentration measurement method provided in this embodiment is described in detail below with reference to fig. 1 to 5.
Referring to fig. 1 to 4, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for measuring a hydrogen concentration of an anode loop, including:
step a1, acquiring the total gas pressure of an anode outlet;
step a2, acquiring the gas temperature at the outlet of the electric pile 100;
step a3, obtaining the main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by the anode pipeline 300 in the reference time period;
step a4, obtaining a main reflection time difference according to the transmitting time and the receiving time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse;
and a5, obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature.
Referring to fig. 1, 2 and 3, the total gas pressure is detected by a pressure sensor 900 at the anode outlet. The gas temperature is detected by a temperature sensor 910 at the outlet of the stack 100. The anode line 300 is provided with an ultrasonic sensor 310, and the ultrasonic sensor 310 is configured to transmit ultrasonic pulses into the anode line 300 and then receive main reflected ultrasonic pulses reflected by the anode line 300.
Referring to fig. 1, in the present embodiment, an ultrasonic sensor 310 includes an ultrasonic transmitting portion 311 and a reflecting portion 312. The ultrasonic wave emitting portion 311 and the reflecting portion 312 are provided on the wall of the anode line 300, respectively, and the ultrasonic wave emitting portion 311 and the reflecting portion 312 are provided at intervals in the diameter direction of the anode line 300. The ultrasonic wave transmitting unit 311 of the ultrasonic sensor 310 transmits an ultrasonic wave pulse to the reflecting unit 312 on the anode line 300, and the reflecting unit 312 reflects the main reflected ultrasonic wave pulse.
The "disposed on the wall of the anode line 300" may be disposed on the outer wall of the anode line 300 or may be disposed on the inner wall of the anode line 300.
The distance from the ultrasonic wave emitting portion 311 to the reflecting portion 312 may be equal to or different from the diameter of the anode line 300. In the present embodiment, the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting portion 311 to the reflecting portion 312 is equal to the diameter of the anode line 300.
When the high humidity gas in the anode line 300 generates water droplets 700 in the flowing gas, because the ultrasonic waves are reflected at the gas-liquid interface of the water droplets 700, and the spatial position of the water droplets 700 is dispersed in the gas loop, especially those reflected by the water droplets 700 nearer to the ultrasonic sensor 310, will reach the receiver of the ultrasonic sensor 310 much earlier than the ultrasonic signals reflected by the reflecting surface opposite to the line; if the hydrogen concentration calculation is carried out according to the reflection signal moment reached in advance, the hydrogen concentration detection value is inaccurate due to the reflection time difference; in addition, the randomness of the positions of the water drops 700 in the flowing gas is added, and the specific moment of reflection also has certain randomness, so that the jitter of the hydrogen concentration detection value is further brought; the higher and jumping hydrogen concentration detection value can have a great negative effect on subsequent hydrogen concentration use.
The main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by the anode line 300 in the reference period is acquired, the ultrasonic pulse is generated to the anode line 300, and then a plurality of ultrasonic reflected pulses are received, wherein the reflected pulses of the water drops 700, the reflected pulses of the anode line 300 and the reflected pulses of other impurities in the anode line 300 are included. By means of the reference time period, pulse signals which are not in the reference time period can be filtered, and reasonable reflected pulse signals in the reference time period can be obtained. That is, the signal within the reference time period will still contain some water droplet 700 interfering signals because the size of the water droplet 700 is small and the reflectivity of the surface of the water droplet 700 is lower than the reflectivity of the reflective surface of the anode line 300, the signal strength reflected by the water droplet 700 will be lower than the signal strength reflected by the reflective surface of the anode line 300, which will be reflected as the difference in the amplitude of the reflected signal pulses in the receiver of the ultrasonic sensor 310. By overall analysis of the signals in the reference time period, the signals with concentrated signals and maximum amplitude can be screened, and the signals can truly reflect the signals reflected by the reflecting surface of the actual anode pipeline 300, namely, the main reflected ultrasonic pulse is obtained.
The "reference reflection time difference" may be obtained by calculation in the embodiment described below, or may be obtained by other methods for detecting the hydrogen concentration, for example, by using a hydrogen concentration detection model.
The main reflection time difference is obtained by acquiring the transmission time and the reflection time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse. That is, the reflection time difference is obtained from the transmission time t1 of the main transmission ultrasonic pulse to the reception time t2 of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse. And after the main reflection time difference is obtained, combining the total gas pressure and the gas temperature to obtain the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop. An accurate hydrogen concentration detection value can be obtained.
By processing the signal received by the ultrasonic sensor 310, the deviation of the hydrogen concentration detection caused by the interference of the water drop 700 in the high humidity environment of the anode on the ultrasonic signal can be eliminated, and the accurate detection of the hydrogen concentration of the anode can be realized.
In this embodiment, step a1, obtaining the gas pressure at the anode outlet includes: the gas pressure measured by the pressure sensor 900 provided on the water separator line 210 is acquired.
In this embodiment, step a2, obtaining the temperature of the outlet of the electric pile 100 includes: the temperature measured by the temperature sensor 910 provided on the water separator line 210 is acquired.
In this embodiment, step a5, obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature, includes:
step a51 of obtaining a main reflection sound velocity according to the main reflection time difference and the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting part 311 to the reflecting part 312;
specifically, according to the formula: c= 2*L/Δt, the main reflected sound velocity; wherein, C is the main reflection sound velocity, L is the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting part 311 to the reflecting part 312, and Δt is the main reflection time difference;
step a52, obtaining the average molecular weight of the anode mixed gas according to the main reflection sound velocity and the gas temperature;
specifically, according to the formula: c=sqrt (κrχ1000/Mgas), yielding the average molecular weight of the anode mixture; where SQRT is open square and kappa is the isentropic index (kappa can be calculated by taking 1.4 for the composition of the anode gas); r is an ideal gas constant, T is a gas temperature, and Mgas is an average molecular weight;
step a53, obtaining the partial pressure of water vapor according to the gas temperature;
specifically, according to the formula: p_h2o=f (T), resulting in a partial pressure of water vapor; wherein P_H2O is the partial pressure of water vapor, and T is the gas temperature;
step a54, obtaining hydrogen partial pressure and nitrogen partial pressure according to the total gas pressure, the average molecular weight and the water vapor partial pressure;
Specifically, according to the formula: p=p_h2+p_n2+p_h2o;
and mgas= (p_h2×2+p_n2×28+p_h2o×18)/P, obtaining hydrogen partial pressure and nitrogen partial pressure; wherein Mgas is the average molecular weight, P_H2 is the partial pressure of hydrogen, P_N2 is the partial pressure of nitrogen, and P_H2O is the partial pressure of water vapor; p is the total pressure of the gas;
step a55, obtaining the hydrogen concentration according to the hydrogen partial pressure and the total gas pressure.
Specifically, according to the formula: h1 =p_h2/P; h2 =p_h2/(P-p_h2o), resulting in hydrogen concentration; wherein H1 is the hydrogen concentration of the anode circulation, H2 is the dry hydrogen concentration, P_H2 is the hydrogen partial pressure, and P is the total gas pressure.
Referring to fig. 5, in this embodiment, the step of obtaining the reference reflection time difference includes:
step b1, obtaining the reference hydrogen concentration of an anode loop;
step b2, obtaining the total pressure of reference gas at an anode outlet;
step b3, obtaining a reference gas temperature at an outlet of the electric pile 100;
and b4, obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature.
The "reference hydrogen concentration" is obtained by other hydrogen concentration detection methods, and can also be a numerical value deduced by a simulation model. The "reference gas total pressure" may be the same value as the above-mentioned gas total pressure, or a pressure value obtained by re-measuring the pressure by the pressure sensor 900, or a pressure value obtained by other models, as long as the pressure value corresponding to the "reference hydrogen concentration" can be reflected. Similarly, the "reference gas temperature" may be the same value as the gas temperature mentioned above, or a new temperature value detected by the temperature sensor 910, or a temperature capable of reacting to the "reference hydrogen concentration" state may be obtained in other ways. Finally, calculating to obtain the reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature.
In this embodiment, step b4 is a calculation method for obtaining the reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature, and a calculation method for obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the gas total pressure and the gas temperature in step a 5.
From step a5, the hydrogen concentration can be calculated. In order to determine the reference time period, in this embodiment, a reference hydrogen concentration is adopted, and a time period is obtained by back-pushing in the calculation mode of the step a5, and is used as the reference time period; and then selecting the ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude in the reference time period as a main reflection ultrasonic pulse, obtaining a main reflection time difference according to the transmitting time and the receiving time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse, and calculating by utilizing the step a5 to obtain the hydrogen concentration.
In this embodiment, step b4, obtaining the reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature, includes:
step b41, obtaining a reference water vapor partial pressure according to the reference gas temperature;
specifically, according to the formula: p1_h2o=f (T1), yielding a reference water vapor partial pressure; wherein P1_H2O is the reference steam partial pressure, and T1 is the reference gas temperature;
Step b42, obtaining a reference hydrogen partial pressure according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference water vapor partial pressure;
specifically, according to the formula: h1 =p1_h2/P1; h2 =p1_h2/(p1—p1_h2o), yielding a reference hydrogen partial pressure; wherein h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode circulation, h2 is the reference dry hydrogen concentration, h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration used under the condition of water content, and h2 is the reference hydrogen concentration used under the condition of no water content; p1_h2o is the reference water vapor partial pressure; p1 is the total pressure of the reference gas; p1_h2 is the reference hydrogen partial pressure.
Step b43, obtaining a reference nitrogen partial pressure according to the reference gas total pressure, the reference water vapor partial pressure and the reference hydrogen partial pressure;
specifically, according to the formula: p1=p1_h2+p1_n2+p1_h2o, resulting in a reference nitrogen partial pressure; wherein P1 is the total pressure of the reference gas, P1_H2 is the partial pressure of the reference hydrogen, P1_N2 is the partial pressure of the reference nitrogen, and P1_H2O is the partial pressure of the reference steam;
step b44, obtaining a reference average molecular weight of the anode mixture according to the reference water vapor partial pressure, the reference hydrogen partial pressure and the reference nitrogen partial pressure;
specifically, according to the formula: mgas 1= (p1_h2×2+p1_n2×28+p1_h2o×18)/P1, giving a reference average molecular weight; wherein P1_H2 is the reference hydrogen partial pressure, P1_N2 is the reference nitrogen partial pressure, P1_H2O is the reference water vapor partial pressure, mgas1 is the reference average molecular weight;
Step b45, obtaining a reference reflected sound velocity according to the reference average molecular weight and the reference gas temperature;
specifically, according to the formula: c1 SQRT (κ1r1t11000/Mgas 1), a reference reflected sound velocity is obtained; wherein SQRT is open square; k1 is the isentropic index (for the composition of the anode gas, κ can be calculated from 1.4); r1 is an ideal gas constant; t1 is the reference gas temperature, mgas1 is the reference average molecular weight, and C1 is the reference reflected sound velocity;
step b46, obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference reflection sound velocity and the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting portion 311 to the reflecting portion 312.
Specifically, according to the formula: c1 =2l1/Δt1, resulting in a reference reflection time difference; where C1 is the reference reflected sound velocity, L1 is the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting portion 311 to the reflecting portion 312, and Δt1 is the reference reflected time difference.
In this embodiment, step b1, obtaining the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop includes:
acquiring the flow of a discharge valve;
judging the actual discharge component of the discharge valve according to the flow of the discharge valve;
in the case where the actual exhaust components include the gases, the pressures of the respective gases at the anode outlets are calculated, and the concentrations of the respective gases are calculated from the pressures of the respective gases at the anode outlets and the total pressure at the anode outlets, to obtain the reference hydrogen concentration.
Specifically, the step of calculating the pressure of each gas at the anode outlet:
according to the formula: p3=p3_h2+p3_n2+p3_h2o,
dM_DV = dM_DV_H2×SQRT(MH2/Mgas3)，
and Mgas 3= (p3_h2×2+p3_n2×28+p3_h2o×18)/P3, the pressures of hydrogen and nitrogen at the anode outlet were calculated; wherein P3 is the total pressure of the anode outlet, P3_H2 is the pressure of hydrogen at the anode outlet, P3_N2 is the pressure of nitrogen at the anode outlet, P3_H2O is the saturated vapor pressure of water at the gas temperature of the discharge valve, dM_DV is the discharge valve flow, dM_DV_H2 is the hydrogen volume flow when the gas discharged by the discharge valve is pure hydrogen, SQRT is the square of opening, MH2 is the molecular weight of hydrogen, and Mgas3 is the average molecular weight of the actual discharged components.
According to the formula: h1 =p3_h2/P3; h2 =p3_h2/(p3—p3_h2o), the reference hydrogen concentration is obtained. h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode cycle, h2 is the reference dry hydrogen concentration, h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration used under aqueous conditions, and h2 is the reference hydrogen concentration used under non-aqueous conditions.
The procedure for obtaining the reference time period is set forth below.
The step of obtaining a reference hydrogen concentration for the anode loop includes: obtaining a basic value V3-H2 of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop, obtaining a minimum value V3-H2 min=V 3-H2-A of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop, and obtaining a maximum value V3-H2 max=V 3-H2 +A of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop; wherein, V3H 2min and V3H 2max are both larger than 0 and smaller than 1, A% is a deviation range value; v3_h2min must not be less than 0, v3_h2max must not be greater than 1;
The step of obtaining a reference reflection time difference based on the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure, and the reference gas temperature includes: obtaining a base value TOF_base of a reference reflection time difference according to the base value V3-H2 of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas; obtaining a maximum value TOF_max of the reference reflection time difference according to the minimum value V3_H2min of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas; obtaining a minimum value TOF_min of the reference reflection time difference according to the maximum value V3_H2max of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas;
the step of obtaining the reference time period according to the reference reflection time difference comprises the following steps: and filtering out time periods above the maximum value TOF_max of the reference reflection time difference and below the minimum value TOF_min of the reference reflection time difference to obtain a reference time period.
Obtaining corresponding TOF_base, TOF_min and TOF_max according to the V3_H2, the V3_H2max and the V3_H2min, filtering reflected ultrasonic pulses above the TOF_max and below the TOF_min, and obtaining main reflected ultrasonic pulses; wherein TOF_base is the base value of the reference reflection time difference, TOF_max is the maximum value of the reference reflection time difference, and TOF_min is the minimum value of the reference reflection time difference.
And c, substituting the reference value of the H2 concentration and reasonable upper and lower limits into the step b4 to obtain three corresponding reference time periods according to the reference values of the V3H 2, V3H 2max and V3H 2min, wherein the reference time periods are respectively a base value TOF_base of the reference reflection time difference obtained by V3H 2, a minimum value TOF_min of the reference reflection time difference obtained by V3H 2max, and a maximum value TOF_max of the reference reflection time difference obtained by V3H 2 min. With TOF_max and TOF_min, the pulse signals above TOF_max and below TOF_min filtered out remain between TOFmin and TOF_max, i.e. the pulse signals not in the TOF_max and TOF_min time windows are filtered out (refer to FIG. 3); a reasonable main reflected pulse signal within the reference time period can be obtained.
According to the anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method provided by the embodiment, the working principle of the anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method is as follows: the main reflection ultrasonic pulse reflected by the water drop 700 in the reference time period is obtained by screening out the ultrasonic pulse reflected by the water drop 700, and then the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop is calculated according to the main reflection time difference of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse, and the actual hydrogen concentration can more accurately reflect the hydrogen concentration in the anode pipeline 300, so that the detection accuracy can be improved.
The anode loop hydrogen concentration measuring method provided by the embodiment has at least the following advantages:
the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop is calculated by adopting the transmitting time and the receiving time corresponding to the main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by the anode pipeline 300 in the reference time period and combining the total gas pressure and the gas temperature, the ultrasonic pulse reflected by the water drop 700 is filtered, and then the calculation is carried out, so that the interference problem of the water drop 700 on the ultrasonic pulse signal under high humidity can be improved, and the anode hydrogen concentration can be accurately and reliably detected. The method is simple and easy to implement, and can accurately and reliably identify the anode hydrogen concentration and improve the running reliability and economy of the fuel cell system.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, an embodiment of the present invention also provides an anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system 10. The system comprises a water separator pipeline 210, an anode pipeline 300, a pressure sensor 900, a temperature sensor 910, an ultrasonic sensor 310 and a controller 800, wherein the water separator pipeline 210 is connected with an outlet of the electric pile 100, the anode pipeline 300 is connected with the water separator pipeline 210, the pressure sensor 900 and the temperature sensor 910 are arranged on the water separator pipeline 210, the pressure sensor 900 is used for detecting and obtaining the total pressure of gas representing the outlet of the anode, and the temperature sensor 910 is used for detecting and obtaining the temperature of the gas representing the outlet of the electric pile 100; an ultrasonic sensor 310 is provided on the anode line 300, and an ultrasonic transmitting portion 311 of the ultrasonic sensor 310 is configured to transmit an ultrasonic pulse to a reflecting portion 312 on the anode line 300; the pressure sensor 900, the temperature sensor 910, and the ultrasonic sensor 310 are all electrically connected to a control, and the controller 800 is configured to perform the anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method described above.
Specifically, the water separator 200 is provided on the water separator line 210, and the anode line 300 is connected to the water separator 200. The anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system 10 further includes a stack 100, a hydrogen supply valve 600, an exhaust valve 500, and a drain valve 400. The diverter line 210 is connected to the outlet of the stack 100.
Specifically, the ultrasonic sensor 310 includes an ultrasonic wave emitting portion 311 and a reflecting portion 312. The ultrasonic wave emitting portion 311 and the reflecting portion 312 are provided on the wall of the anode line 300. The transmitting and receiving directions of the ultrasonic sensor 310 are perpendicular to the gas flowing direction in the anode line 300; the reflecting portion 312 installed opposite to the ultrasonic wave emitting portion 311 is parallel to the gas flow direction. In other embodiments, the wall surface of the piping of the anode circuit may be directly used as the reflecting portion 312 by selecting an appropriate piping material.
Specifically, pressure sensor 900 and temperature sensor 910 are disposed at a location downstream of diverter line 210. The pressure sensor 900 is used to detect the gas pressure at the anode outlet, and the temperature sensor 910 is used to detect the temperature at the outlet of the stack 100.
Real-time detection of the anode hydrogen concentration can be achieved by the ultrasonic sensor 310 mounted on the anode line 300. Further, the anode hydrogen concentration can be subjected to closed-loop control according to the method, for example, when the hydrogen concentration is identified to be higher than the target value, the opening degree of the discharge valve can be timely reduced, the excessive discharge of waste hydrogen is avoided, and the tail gas hydrogen concentration can be reduced; the risk of operating the stack 100 that may be caused by the anode hydrogen concentration deviating more from the target value can also be avoided.
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily understood by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the invention is subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (8)
1. An anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method, comprising:
acquiring the total gas pressure of an anode outlet;
acquiring the gas temperature at the outlet of the galvanic pile (100);
acquiring a main reflected ultrasonic pulse with the largest amplitude reflected by an anode pipeline (300) in a reference time period;
obtaining a main reflection time difference according to the transmitting time and the receiving time of the main reflection ultrasonic pulse;
obtaining the actual hydrogen concentration of the anode loop according to the main reflection time difference, the total gas pressure and the gas temperature, wherein the calculation mode comprises the following steps:
according to the formula: c= 2*L/Δt, the main reflected sound velocity; wherein C is the main reflection sound velocity, L is the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting part (311) to the reflecting part (312), and Deltat is the main reflection time difference;
according to the formula: c=sqrt (κrχ1000/Mgas), yielding the average molecular weight of the anode mixture; wherein SQRT is open square, kappa is isentropic index, and kappa is calculated by taking 1.4 for the components of the anode gas; r is an ideal gas constant, T is a gas temperature, and Mgas is an average molecular weight;
According to the formula: p_h2o=f (T), resulting in a partial pressure of water vapor; wherein P_H2O is the partial pressure of water vapor, and T is the gas temperature;
according to the formula: p=p_h2+p_n2+p_h2o;
and mgas= (p_h2×2+p_n2×28+p_h2o×18)/P, obtaining hydrogen partial pressure and nitrogen partial pressure; wherein Mgas is the average molecular weight, P_H2 is the partial pressure of hydrogen, P_N2 is the partial pressure of nitrogen, and P_H2O is the partial pressure of water vapor; p is the total pressure of the gas;
according to the formula: h1 =p_h2/P; h2 =p_h2/(P-p_h2o), resulting in hydrogen concentration; wherein H1 is the hydrogen concentration of the anode circulation, H2 is the dry hydrogen concentration, P_H2 is the hydrogen partial pressure, and P is the total gas pressure.
2. The anode-loop hydrogen concentration measurement method according to claim 1, characterized in that the anode-loop hydrogen concentration measurement method further comprises:
obtaining a reference hydrogen concentration of an anode loop;
acquiring the total pressure of reference gas at an anode outlet;
acquiring a reference gas temperature at an outlet of the galvanic pile (100);
obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature;
and obtaining the reference time period according to the reference reflection time difference.
3. The anode-loop hydrogen concentration measurement method according to claim 2, wherein the step of obtaining a reference reflection time difference from the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure, and the reference gas temperature includes:
Obtaining a reference water vapor partial pressure according to the reference gas temperature;
obtaining a reference hydrogen partial pressure according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference water vapor partial pressure;
obtaining a reference nitrogen partial pressure according to the reference gas total pressure, the reference water vapor partial pressure and the reference hydrogen partial pressure;
obtaining a reference average molecular weight of the anode mixture according to the reference water vapor partial pressure, the reference hydrogen partial pressure and the reference nitrogen partial pressure;
obtaining a reference reflected sound velocity according to the reference average molecular weight and the reference gas temperature;
the reference reflection time difference is obtained from the reference reflection sound velocity and the distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting section (311) to the reflecting section (312).
4. The anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method according to claim 3, wherein the calculation means for obtaining a reference reflection time difference based on the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure, and the reference gas temperature includes:
according to the formula: p1_h2o=f (T1), resulting in the reference water vapor partial pressure; wherein P1_H2O is the reference steam partial pressure, and T1 is the reference gas temperature;
According to the formula: h1 =p1_h2/P1; h2 =p1_h2/(p1—p1_h2o), yielding the reference hydrogen partial pressure; wherein h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode cycle, and h2 is the reference dry hydrogen concentration; p1_h2o is the reference water vapor partial pressure; p1 is the total pressure of the reference gas; p1_h2 is the reference hydrogen partial pressure;
according to the formula: p1=p1_h2+p1_n2+p1_h2o, resulting in the reference nitrogen partial pressure; wherein P1 is the total pressure of the reference gas, P1_H2 is the partial pressure of the reference hydrogen, P1_N2 is the partial pressure of the reference nitrogen, and P1_H2O is the partial pressure of the reference steam;
according to the formula: mgas 1= (p1_h2×2+p1_n2×28+p1_h2o×18)/P1, yielding the reference average molecular weight; wherein P1_H2 is the reference hydrogen partial pressure, P1_N2 is the reference nitrogen partial pressure, P1_H2O is the reference water vapor partial pressure, mgas1 is the reference average molecular weight;
according to the formula: c1 =sqrt (κ1r1t11000/Mgas 1), yielding the reference reflected sound velocity; wherein SQRT is open square; k1 is an isentropic index, and for the composition of the anode gas, κ is calculated to be 1.4; r1 is an ideal gas constant; t1 is the reference gas temperature, mgas1 is the reference average molecular weight, and C1 is the reference reflected sound velocity;
according to the formula: c1 =2l1/Δt1, resulting in the reference time period; wherein C1 is a reference reflected sound velocity, L1 is a distance from the ultrasonic wave transmitting portion (311) to the reflecting portion (312), and Δt1 is a reference period.
5. The anode-loop hydrogen concentration measurement method according to claim 2, wherein the step of obtaining the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop includes:
acquiring the flow of a discharge valve;
judging the actual discharge component of the discharge valve according to the discharge valve flow;
and in the case that the actual exhaust components comprise gases, calculating the pressure of each gas at an anode outlet, and calculating the concentration of each gas according to the pressure of each gas at the anode outlet and the total pressure of the anode outlet to obtain the reference hydrogen concentration.
6. The anode circuit hydrogen concentration measurement method according to claim 5, characterized in that: according to the formula: p3=p3_h2+p3_n2+p3_h2o, dm_dv=dm_dv_h2×sqrt (MH 2/Mgas 3), and Mgas 3= (p3_h2×2+p3_n2×28+p3_h2o×18)/P3, the pressures of hydrogen and nitrogen at the anode outlet were calculated; wherein P3 is the total pressure of the anode outlet, P3_H2 is the pressure of hydrogen at the anode outlet, P3_N2 is the pressure of nitrogen at the anode outlet, P3_H2O is the saturated vapor pressure of water at the gas temperature of the discharge valve, dM_DV is the discharge valve flow, dM_DV_H2 is the hydrogen volume flow when the gas discharged by the discharge valve is pure hydrogen, SQRT is the square of opening, MH2 is the molecular weight of hydrogen, mgas3 is the average molecular weight of the actual discharged components;
According to the formula: h1 =p3_h2/P3; obtaining a reference hydrogen concentration; where h1 is the reference hydrogen concentration for the anode cycle.
7. The anode circuit hydrogen concentration measurement method according to claim 2, characterized in that:
the step of obtaining the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop includes:
obtaining a basic value V3-H2 of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop, obtaining a minimum value V3-H2 min=V 3-H2-A of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop, and obtaining a maximum value V3-H2 max=V 3-H2 +A of the reference hydrogen concentration of the anode loop; wherein, V3H 2min and V3H 2max are both larger than 0 and smaller than 1, A% is a deviation range value;
the step of obtaining a reference reflection time difference according to the reference hydrogen concentration, the reference gas total pressure and the reference gas temperature includes:
obtaining a base value TOF_base of a reference reflection time difference according to the base value V3_H2 of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas; obtaining a maximum value TOF_max of a reference reflection time difference according to the minimum value V3_H2min of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas; obtaining a minimum value TOF_min of a reference reflection time difference according to the maximum value V3_H2max of the reference hydrogen concentration, the total pressure of the reference gas and the temperature of the reference gas;
The step of obtaining the reference time period according to the reference reflection time difference comprises the following steps:
and filtering out time periods above the maximum value TOF_max of the reference reflection time difference and below the minimum value TOF_min of the reference reflection time difference to obtain the reference time period.
8. An anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement system, characterized by comprising a water separator pipeline (210), an anode pipeline (300), a pressure sensor (900), a temperature sensor (910), an ultrasonic sensor (310) and a controller (800), wherein the water separator pipeline (210) is connected with an outlet of a galvanic pile (100), the anode pipeline (300) is connected with the water separator pipeline (210), the pressure sensor (900) and the temperature sensor (910) are arranged on the water separator pipeline (210), the pressure sensor (900) is used for detecting and obtaining the total gas pressure representing the outlet of the anode, and the temperature sensor (910) is used for detecting and obtaining the gas temperature representing the outlet of the galvanic pile (100); the ultrasonic sensor (310) is arranged on the anode pipeline (300), and an ultrasonic transmitting part (311) of the ultrasonic sensor (310) is used for transmitting ultrasonic pulses to a reflecting part (312) on the anode pipeline (300); the pressure sensor (900), the temperature sensor (910) and the ultrasonic sensor (310) are all electrically connected to the control, the controller (800) being adapted to perform the anode loop hydrogen concentration measurement method of any one of claims 1-7.
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| JPH06288993A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-18 | Japan Tobacco Inc | Ultrasonic multicomponent concentration meter |
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| JP3882667B2 (en) * | 2002-04-19 | 2007-02-21 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Fuel cell system and control method |
| JP2005315801A (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2005-11-10 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Ultrasonic fluid measurement method and measurement apparatus |
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| KR101925502B1 (en) * | 2017-01-12 | 2019-02-27 | 서강대학교산학협력단 | Method for determining concentration and pressure of respective gas of multi-gas |
| JP6909697B2 (en) * | 2017-10-04 | 2021-07-28 | 上田日本無線株式会社 | Propagation time measuring device, gas concentration measuring device, and propagation time measuring program |
| DE102019218339A1 (en) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-05-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for determining the anode gas composition |
| CN111063919B (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-10-27 | 清华大学 | Fuel cell anode state monitoring method |
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