CN115978223A - Anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve and using method thereof - Google Patents
Anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve and using method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115978223A CN115978223A CN202310004949.8A CN202310004949A CN115978223A CN 115978223 A CN115978223 A CN 115978223A CN 202310004949 A CN202310004949 A CN 202310004949A CN 115978223 A CN115978223 A CN 115978223A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve which comprises a valve body, a pneumatic driver arranged at the top of the valve body, a middle body arranged in the valve body and a valve rod connected with the output end of the pneumatic driver, wherein a dustproof tile is embedded and connected at the top of the valve body, is of a hollow ring body structure and is wrapped and arranged on the surface of the valve rod. The valve rod is wrapped by the connecting sleeve, the valve rod is separated from the valve body, the valve rod is of a thick-upper and thin-lower structure, the diameter of the valve rod positioned in the connecting sleeve is thin, so that a gap between the valve rod and the connecting sleeve is increased, and the resistance of the corrosion of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve on the rotation of the valve rod is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ball valves, in particular to an anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve and a using method thereof.
Background
The pneumatic ball valve is a common type of ball valve, can be closed tightly only by using a pneumatic actuator to rotate 90 degrees by using an air source and a small rotating torque, has the characteristics of stable performance, firmness, durability, flexible use and the like, is mainly used for cutting off fast, distributing and changing the flow direction of a medium in a pipeline, and is generally provided with various accessories, such as an electromagnetic valve, an air source processing triple piece, a limit switch, a positioner, a control box and the like, so as to realize local control and remote centralized control, the valve can be controlled to be switched in a control room, manual control is not required to be carried out when the valve is moved to the site, so that the human resources and time are saved to a great extent, and the personal safety of workers is ensured.
The existing ball valve has the defects that:
1. patent document CN104879554A discloses a positioning device is opened to laser control pneumatic type ball valve, which comprises a valve body, a valve core and a valve rod, a valve turntable is arranged at the top of the valve rod, a positioning electromagnet and an electric brake are arranged on the valve turntable, a fixed disk and a valve rod turntable are arranged between the valve rod and the valve body, a photoelectric control cavity is arranged between the valve rod turntable and the valve body, a photosensitive element, a relay normally open contact and an infrared laser transmitter are arranged in the photoelectric control cavity, a control cylinder is further arranged, a control chamber connected with photoelectric control cavity signals is further arranged outside the valve body, a manual controller is arranged in the control chamber, a relay coil matched with the relay normally open contact and an inflation and exhaust control circuit used for inflating two ends of the control cylinder are arranged. The pneumatic full-lining ball valve has the advantages that the structure is simple, the control stability is good, the impact and the vibration of the valve rod can be effectively avoided, the control precision is high, the control stability and the reliability are strong, the accurate locking and positioning of the opening angle of the valve are realized, the applicability is good, and the practicability is strong;
2. patent document CN110792799A discloses a pneumatic track ball valve, including pneumatic mechanism, disk seat, valve rod, there is the spheroid in the bottom of valve rod through connecting pin fixed mounting, the spheroid includes hemisphere one and hemisphere two, the tip of hemisphere one is provided with sealed pad one, the dovetail has been seted up on the lateral wall of sealed pad one, the tip of hemisphere two is provided with sealed pad two. According to the invention, through the arrangement of the hemisphere I, the hemisphere II, the sealing gasket I and the sealing gasket II, the integrally formed sphere is split into the combined sphere, so that a buffer space is formed between the hemisphere I and the hemisphere II, the hemisphere I is in seamless connection with the hemisphere II by utilizing the matched extrusion of the sealing gasket I and the sealing gasket II, and the combined sphere has elastic deformation potential energy, so that when water pressure impacts the sphere, not only can the pressure be resisted through the strength of the sphere per se, but also a part of impact force can be converted into the elastic deformation of the sealing gasket I and the sealing gasket II, the loss of the sphere is reduced, and the service life of the sphere is prolonged;
3. patent document CN112112997A discloses a ball valve with function of filtering and intercepting impurities, which comprises a valve rod, a gland, a thrust pad, a reinforcing sleeve, a first filter screen, a fixing block, an adjusting rod, a baffle, a sealing ring, a ball body, a valve seat, a spring, a valve body shell, a connecting pipe, a filler, a sleeve, a clamping block, a scraper, a scraping strip, an intercepting box, a pushing plate, a limiting block and a second filter screen. The first filter screen and the second filter screen can carry out double filtration on water flow, so that impurity residues in the water flow are reduced, and the sealing ring and the spring can improve the sealing property inside the connecting pipe; the device is reasonable in structure, the scraper and the clamping block are beneficial to cleaning the surface of the first filter screen, the interception box and the pushing plate are beneficial to discharging sewage and collecting impurities, and the valve seat and the valve rod are beneficial to using the whole device; the limiting block can limit the rotation range of the adjusting rod, the baffle can adjust the water flow of the inner cavity of the shell of the valve body, the movement of the ball body is favorable for changing the water pressure in the connecting pipe, however, the ball valve of the above publication mainly considers how to reduce the impurity residue in the water flow, and the filter at the ball valve is inconvenient to replace, most of the filters of the existing pneumatic full-lining ball valves are arranged in the ball valve, when the blocked filter is replaced, the ball valve and the pipeline are usually required to be disassembled, and the replacing process is complicated;
4. the patent document CN115076404A discloses a high-temperature and high-pressure pneumatic ball valve, which comprises a valve body, a valve seat, a ball body and a valve rod, wherein a cavity is arranged in the valve body, the valve seat is arranged in the cavity, the ball body is arranged in the valve seat, one end of the valve rod is connected with the ball body, the other end of the valve rod penetrates through the valve body, a abdicating groove is formed in the inner wall of the cavity, and the valve seat is arranged in the abdicating groove in a sliding manner; a sealing groove is formed in the outer wall of the valve seat, and a combined sealing ring and a pressing ring are arranged in the sealing groove; the inside wall of the abdicating groove is provided with a plurality of mounting groove, a nickel-gold alloy spring is arranged in the mounting groove, one end of the nickel-gold alloy spring is abutted against the bottom wall of the mounting groove, the other end of the nickel-gold alloy spring is abutted against the press ring, and the press ring is driven by the nickel-gold alloy spring to be abutted against the combined type sealing ring. This application has the circumstances that blocks and lock appear between spheroid and the disk seat under the reduction high temperature high pressure environment, ensure that the ball valve can normal use's effect, however above-mentioned publication's ball valve is mainly considered and is guaranteed how to ensure that the valve still can switch steadily under high temperature high pressure operating mode, it takes place to be inconvenient for effectively to prevent the inside temperature of valve body and crosses the phenomenon of freezing excessively, current pneumatic full lining ball valve is in low temperature environment uses, if inside rivers are static for a long time, the phenomenon of freezing easily appears in inside surplus rivers, valve ball probably is frozen and is difficult to rotate under the severe conditions, and then the normal use of ball valve is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve and a using method thereof, so as to solve the technical problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve comprises a valve body, a pneumatic driver arranged at the top of the valve body, a middle body arranged in the valve body and a valve rod connected with the output end of the pneumatic driver, wherein a dustproof tile is embedded and connected to the top of the valve body, the dustproof tile is of a hollow ring structure and is wrapped and arranged on the surface of the valve rod, and the valve rod is of a structure with a thick upper part and a thin lower part by taking the joint with the dustproof tile as a boundary point;
the inner bottom wall of the dustproof tile is connected with a connecting sleeve in a penetrating mode, the inner top wall of the dustproof tile is connected with a top bearing of the connecting sleeve, the valve rod can drive the dustproof tile to rotate around the top end of the connecting sleeve by rotating, the top of the middle body is connected with a fixed pipe, the top end of the fixed pipe is in threaded connection with the bottom end of the connecting sleeve, a first sealing ring is installed at the joint of the fixed pipe and the connecting sleeve in a clamping mode, and the surface of the valve rod is attached to the inner wall of the first sealing ring and can rotate;
the inner wall of the connecting sleeve is provided with an annular groove body, the surface of the valve rod is connected with a partition tile, the partition tile is in a circular ring shape, the bottom of the partition tile is connected with an inner bottom wall bearing of the annular groove body, and the partition tile can rotate inside the annular groove body along with the valve rod.
Preferably, a through hole is formed in the surface, located inside the fixed pipe, of the middle body in a penetrating mode, and the bottom end of the valve rod penetrates through the through hole and can be fixedly connected with the valve ball made of ceramic materials.
Preferably, the controller is installed at the top of the pneumatic driver, the top of the controller is connected with the warning light, valve covers are installed on two sides of the valve body, one group of valve covers are connected with a screw rod through threads, the screw rod penetrates through the valve covers and is connected with the filter pipe through threads, one end of the screw rod, close to the filter pipe, is connected with a nut through threads, and the nut and the screw rod fasten the connection between the valve covers and the filter pipe together.
Preferably, the surface through connection that the filter tube is close to pneumatic actuator has water flow switch, and water flow switch and pneumatic actuator parallel mount, and the magnetic core of water flow switch input is located the inside of filter tube, and the magnetic core receives the impact force of rivers and can produce certain displacement, and the second sealing washer is installed with the junction centre gripping of filter tube to water flow switch.
Preferably, the connecting sleeve is in an inverted T-shaped structure, the inner wall of the connecting sleeve at the bottom end is provided with an annular gap,
the controller is connected with the pneumatic driver, the warning lamp and the water flow switch through leads, and the filter pipe is connected with a valve cover at the water inlet end of the valve body.
Preferably, the surface through connection that the filter tube is close to water flow switch has square pipe, square pipe's cross-section is the rectangle, and the longer limit of square pipe is unanimous with the internal diameter size of filter tube, the inner wall on the longer limit of square pipe is equipped with the open slot relatively, the inside movable mounting of filter tube has circular fixed frame, and the inner wall of circular fixed frame laminating filter tube is installed, circular fixed frame is cavity frame structure, and circular fixed frame runs through the surface that is close to square pipe and is equipped with the semi-arc through-hole, the inner wall symmetry that square pipe was kept away from to the filter tube is provided with the stopper, and circular fixed frame is arranged in between two sets of stoppers, the stopper can block circular fixed frame and appear the displacement along with the rivers impact, the inside movable mounting of circular fixed frame has the filter, and the filter can take out or install through the semi-arc through-hole.
Preferably, the surface symmetric connection of circular fixed frame has the gag lever post, the surperficial swing joint of gag lever post has the spacing ring, and the spacing ring can wind the gag lever post rotation, the same movable mounting of spacing ring and gag lever post is in the inside of open slot, the surface of two sets of spacing rings is connected with the handle jointly, and the handle is "U" shape structure of handstand, it can drive spacing ring and gag lever post and take out from the open slot top to carry the handle to go up to draw, the top of square pipe is connected with sealed lid through the pivot, sealed lid is installed square rubber circle along bottom edge portion, and square rubber circle fills the junction of sealed lid and square pipe, sealed lid and square pipe keep away from the same side surface of pivot and install the hasp.
Preferably, the output surface of valve body runs through and installs temperature sensor, and temperature sensor and pneumatic driver are installed side by side, and temperature sensor's input is located the inside of valve body, and the third sealing washer is installed to the junction gomphosis on temperature sensor and valve body surface, and pneumatic driver keeps away from one side of temperature sensor and installs automatic temperature control heater, and automatic temperature control heater and pneumatic driver are installed side by side, automatic temperature control heater and valve body through connection, and automatic temperature control heater's input is located the inside of valve body.
A method of using an anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve, comprising:
s1, when a ball valve channel is opened or closed, a pneumatic driver drives a valve rod to rotate, the valve rod drives a dustproof tile to rotate at the top of a connecting sleeve, a connecting section of the valve rod and a ball valve is wrapped by the connecting sleeve, the valve rod at the section is thin, and a large gap is reserved between the valve rod and the connecting sleeve, so that the oxidized surface of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve cannot generate resistance to the rotation of the valve rod, the bottom end of the valve rod is attached to the inner wall of a first sealing ring to rotate, the first sealing ring preliminarily blocks the water vapor in the middle body from rising, and the tail end of the bottom of the valve rod drives the valve ball to rotate on the inner wall of the middle body to communicate or block the water flow on the inner wall of the ball valve;
s2, when a ball valve channel is in a closed state, the controller controls a water flow switch to operate, a magnetic core at the bottom of the water flow switch is arranged inside water flow of a filter pipe, when the valve ball is seriously abraded and the water flow is not completely blocked, the water flow inside the filter pipe still flows to the inside of a valve body, the water flow pushes the magnetic core to generate displacement, the water flow switch outputs a 'on' signal to the controller, the controller receives an electric signal and controls a warning lamp to be turned on, so that a worker can timely replace the abraded valve ball during maintenance;
s3, when the filter is replaced, the sealing cover is turned upwards and removed from the top of the square pipe, the hook-shaped tool is used for hooking the lifting handle to lift upwards, the circular fixing frame is taken out of the interior of the filter pipe, the filter is taken down to be replaced, then the lifting handle is vertical, the limiting rings and the limiting rods are aligned to the open grooves on the two sides, the open grooves on the two sides limit downward moving paths of the circular fixing frame in the filter pipe through the limiting rings, the circular fixing frame is made to just fall between the two groups of limiting blocks, the circular fixing frame with the filter is placed into the filter pipe again, and therefore the filter is replaced under the condition that the filter pipe is not detached;
s4, when the ball valve channel is opened or closed, the controller controls the temperature sensor to operate, the temperature sensor monitors the water temperature inside the valve body, when the temperature sensor monitors that the water temperature is lower than a limit value, the temperature sensor transmits an electric signal to the controller, the controller receives the electric signal and controls the automatic temperature control heater to be heated, when the ball valve channel is closed, the heat of the output end of the automatic temperature control heater is conducted to the valve ball through water flow, the valve ball is made of ceramic materials and easy to conduct heat, the heat is transmitted to the other side of the valve ball, the phenomenon that the water flow inside the ball valve cannot be frozen is ensured, when the ball valve channel is opened, the automatic temperature control heater is installed on the input side of the valve body, the flowing water flow penetrates through the automatic temperature control heater to be heated, and the phenomenon that the interior of the ball valve is frozen under the low-temperature environment is reduced.
Preferably, the step S1 further includes the steps of:
s11, the thinner section of the valve rod drives a partition tile to rotate inside an annular groove body arranged on the connecting sleeve, the partition tile is clamped and installed in the middle of the connecting sleeve, water vapor in the connecting sleeve is blocked from rising, the corrosion rate of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve is reduced, the dustproof tile covers the upper portion of the connecting position of the valve rod and the valve body, and dust in the outside air is prevented from attaching to the connecting position of the valve rod and the valve body;
in step S2, the method further includes the steps of:
s21, when a ball valve channel is closed, the filter pipe is arranged on one side of the input end of the valve body, water flowing into the valve body is blocked and collected inside the filter pipe, the magnetic core is positioned in the section of water flow, and the blocking effect of the valve ball is observed by monitoring the state of the section of water flow;
in step S3, the method further includes the steps of:
s31, the two groups of limiting blocks clamp and fix the circular fixing frame in the middle part together, so that the filter is vertically arranged in the filter pipe, and water flowing in the filter pipe is filtered;
in step S4, the method further includes the steps of:
s41, setting a limiting temperature before the temperature sensor and the automatic temperature control heater work, setting the lowest temperature of the temperature sensor to be 5 ℃, and setting the heating temperature of the automatic temperature control heater to be not lower than 5 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, the dustproof tile, the connecting sleeve and the partition tile are installed, the dustproof tile is installed on the surface of the valve rod to prevent external dust from entering the valve body, the connecting sleeve is movably installed at the top of the middle body, the dustproof tile rotates at the top of the connecting sleeve to realize that the valve rod drives the valve ball to rotate, the connecting sleeve is used for wrapping the valve rod in the valve body, the valve rod is separated from the valve body, the valve rod is arranged into a coarse-upper structure and a fine-lower structure, the diameter of the valve rod in the connecting sleeve is arranged to be fine, so that the gap between the valve rod and the connecting sleeve is increased, the resistance of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve to the rotation of the valve rod is reduced, and the occurrence of the situation of the rotation clamping of the valve rod is reduced;
2. according to the invention, the warning lamp and the water flow switch are installed, the controller is simultaneously connected with the pneumatic driver and the water flow switch, when the controller controls the pneumatic driver to close the valve body channel, the water flow switch is synchronously controlled to operate, the water flow switch monitors the water flow state in the filter pipe under the closing state of the valve body channel, the blocking effect of the valve ball in the valve body is observed by monitoring the flowing state of the water flow, and the warning lamp is electrically connected with the controller to normally light as an external appearance object of valve ball abrasion, so that a maintainer can conveniently observe the flow blocking effect of the valve ball and timely replace the abraded valve ball;
3. according to the invention, the square pipe, the open slot and the limiting blocks are installed, the filter pipe is connected to the water inlet end of the valve body to filter water flow entering the valve body, the square pipe with the side length consistent with the inner diameter of the filter pipe is arranged at the top of the filter pipe, so that the circular fixing frame arranged in the filter pipe can be taken out from the inside of the filter pipe to replace the filter, the open slot is arranged on the inner wall of the longer side of the square pipe relatively, the installation path of the circular fixing frame is limited by the open slot through the limiting ring and the limiting rods, and the circular fixing frame can accurately fall between the two limiting blocks to be fixed, so that the mode of disassembling a pipeline and replacing the filter in the past is changed, and the convenience of replacing the filter is improved;
4. according to the invention, the temperature sensor and the automatic temperature control heater are arranged, the temperature sensor and the automatic temperature control heater are respectively arranged at the output end and the input end of the valve body, and are electrically connected with the controller together, so that the functions of monitoring and heating the temperature of water flow in the valve body are realized, and the phenomenon that the water temperature in the valve body is too low and freezes is effectively prevented.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an automatic temperature control heater mounting structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the filter mounting structure of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the dust tile of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the fixed tube structure of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a handle structure of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the sealing cap of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a partition tile installation structure of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a stop lever mounting structure of the present invention;
fig. 10 is a flow chart of the operation of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a valve body; 2. a pneumatic driver; 3. a middle body; 4. a valve stem; 5. a dust-proof tile; 6. connecting a sleeve; 7. fixing the tube; 8. a first seal ring; 9. an annular groove body; 10. a partition tile; 11. a controller; 12. a warning light; 13. a valve cover; 14. a screw; 15. a filter tube; 16. a nut; 17. a water flow switch; 18. a second seal ring; 19. a square tube; 20. an open slot; 21. a circular fixed frame; 22. a limiting block; 23. a filter; 24. a limiting rod; 25. a limiting ring; 26. a handle; 27. a sealing cover; 28. a square rubber ring; 29. locking; 30. a temperature sensor; 31. a third seal ring; 32. an automatic temperature control heater.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "both ends", "one end", "the other end", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplification of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured in a specific orientation, and operate, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "disposed," "connected," and the like are to be construed broadly, and for example, "connected" may be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 2, fig. 4, fig. 5, and fig. 8, an embodiment of the present invention: the utility model provides a pneumatic full lining ball valve of anti-sticking stopper, the valve rod 4 of being connected including the pneumatic driver 2 of 1, the 1 top installation of valve body, the well body 3 of 1 internally mounted of valve body and the 2 output of pneumatic driver, the top gomphosis of valve body 1 is connected with dustproof tile 5, dustproof tile 5 is hollow loop configuration to the parcel is installed on valve rod 4 surface, valve rod 4 uses and is the demarcation point with dustproof tile 5 junction, is thick thin structure down, the interior diapire through connection of dustproof tile 5 has connecting sleeve 6, the interior roof of dustproof tile 5 is connected with connecting sleeve 6's top bearing, valve rod 4 rotates and can drive dustproof tile 5 around connecting sleeve 6's top rotation, the top of well body 3 is connected with fixed pipe 7, and the top of fixed pipe 7 and connecting sleeve 6 bottom threaded connection, fixed pipe 7 is installed first sealing washer 8 with connecting sleeve 6's junction centre gripping, and valve rod 4 surface laminating first sealing washer 8's inner wall can rotate, connecting sleeve 6's inner wall is equipped with annular groove body 9, valve rod 4's surface is connected with wall 10, and the circular groove body is connected with the wall 10, and the valve rod 4 inner wall is equipped with the circular groove body through hole and can be equipped with the wall of fixed pipe body through the ceramic through-hole, and the valve rod is connected with the valve rod 4 inner wall of connecting sleeve 6 inner wall and can be equipped with the wall of connecting sleeve body through the wall and cut off along with the ceramic groove body 9.
Further, when closing the ball valve passageway, pneumatic driver 2 drives valve rod 4 and rotates, valve rod 4 drives dustproof tile 5 and rotates at the valve ball top, 6 bottoms of adapter sleeve are fixed with fixed 7 threaded connection of pipe, 8 centre gripping of first sealing washer are between the two, and the parcel is on the valve rod 4 surface, supplementary inside steam that blocks fixed pipe 7 rises, valve rod 4 drives dustproof tile 5 and rotates at adapter sleeve 6 top, valve rod 4 is the thin structure under thick, the diameter that valve rod 4 is located adapter sleeve 6 inside is less, and it is great to reserve the hole between adapter sleeve 6, effectively avoid the dead circumstances of corrosion card to take place between valve rod 4 and the adapter sleeve 6, the wall tile 10 of 4 bottom surface connections of valve rod rotates at 6 inner walls of adapter sleeve, supplementary blocking the inside steam ascending route of adapter sleeve 6, in order to slow down bearing oxidation corrosion rate between adapter sleeve 6 and the dustproof tile 5.
Referring to fig. 1, 2 and 7, a controller 11 is installed at the top of a pneumatic driver 2, a warning light 12 is connected to the top of the controller 11, valve covers 13 are installed at two sides of a valve body 1, a group of valve covers 13 are connected with a screw rod 14 through threads, the screw rod 14 is connected with a filter pipe 15 through threads of the valve covers 13, one end of the screw rod 14 close to the filter pipe 15 is connected with a screw cap 16 through threads, the screw cap 16 and the screw rod 14 are used for fastening the connection between the valve covers 13 and the filter pipe 15 together, a water flow switch 17 penetrates through the surface of the filter pipe 15 close to the pneumatic driver 2, the water flow switch 17 and the pneumatic driver 2 are installed in parallel, a magnetic core at the input end of the water flow switch 17 is located inside the filter pipe 15, a certain displacement can be generated when the magnetic core is impacted by water flow, a second sealing ring 18 is installed at the connection position of the water flow switch 17 and the filter pipe 15 in a clamping manner, the connection sleeve 6 is in an inverted "T" structure, an annular gap is formed in the inner wall of the connection sleeve 6 at the bottom end, the controller 11 is connected with the pneumatic driver 2, the warning light 12 and the water flow switch 17 through conducting wires, and the valve covers 13 at the valve body 1.
Further, when the ball valve inner passage was in the complete closure, the operation of controller 11 control water flow switch 17, water flow switch 17 monitors the mobile state of the inside water of filter tube 15, when the inside rivers of filter tube 15 appeared flowing, the magnetic core of water flow switch 17 bottom was promoted by the rivers and is produced the displacement, make water flow switch 17 output "expert" signal to controller 11, 11 received signal of controller, 11 operation lights of controller control warning light 12, in order to remind maintainer valve ball wearing and tearing, the condition of rivers is blocked completely to 1 inner passage of valve body.
Referring to fig. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 9, a square tube 19 is penetratingly connected to the surface of the filtering tube 15 near the water flow switch 17, the cross-section of the square tube 19 is rectangular, the longer side of the square tube 19 is identical to the inner diameter of the filtering tube 15, an open slot 20 is oppositely formed on the inner wall of the longer side of the square tube 19, a circular fixing frame 21 is movably installed inside the filtering tube 15, the circular fixing frame 21 is attached to the inner wall of the filtering tube 15 for installation, the circular fixing frame 21 is a hollow frame structure, a semi-arc through hole is penetratingly formed on the surface of the circular fixing frame 21 near the square tube 19, limiting blocks 22 are symmetrically arranged on the inner wall of the filtering tube 15 far from the square tube 19, the circular fixing frame 21 is disposed between two sets of limiting blocks 22, the limiting blocks 22 can prevent the circular fixing frame 21 from displacement caused by water flow impact, a filter 23 is movably installed inside the circular fixing frame 21, and the filter 23 can be taken out or installed through a semi-arc through hole, the surface of the circular fixing frame 21 is symmetrically connected with a limiting rod 24, the surface of the limiting rod 24 is movably connected with a limiting ring 25, the limiting ring 25 can rotate around the limiting rod 24, the limiting ring 25 and the limiting rod 24 are movably installed inside the open slot 20 together, the surfaces of the two sets of limiting rings 25 are connected with a handle 26 together, the handle 26 is in an inverted U-shaped structure, the handle 26 is lifted upwards to drive the limiting ring 25 and the limiting rod 24 to be taken out from the top of the open slot 20, the top of the square tube 19 is connected with a sealing cover 27 through a rotating shaft, the sealing cover 27 is provided with a square rubber ring 28 along the edge part of the bottom, the square rubber ring 28 fills the joint of the sealing cover 27 and the square tube 19, and the locking buckle 29 is installed on the same side surface of the sealing cover 27 and the square tube 19, which is far away from the rotating shaft.
Further, when the filter 23 in the ball valve is replaced, the sealing cover 27 is opened, the hook-shaped tool is used for hooking the lifting handle 26 to lift upwards, the lifting handle 26 drives the circular fixing frame 21 to be taken out from the inside of the filter pipe 15, the original filter 23 of the circular fixing frame 21 is taken down and replaced, the limiting ring 25 is aligned to the sliding groove again, the circular fixing frame 21 provided with the filter 23 is placed into the filter pipe 15 again, the limiting blocks 22 arranged inside the filter pipe 15 are connected with the surface of the circular fixing frame 21 in a clamping mode, the two groups of limiting blocks 22 fix the installation angle position of the circular fixing frame 21 together, the filter 23 is vertically installed inside the filter pipe 15, and the sealing cover 27 is closed to complete replacement of the filter 23.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, a temperature sensor 30 is installed on the surface of the output end of the valve body 1 in a penetrating manner, the temperature sensor 30 and the pneumatic driver 2 are installed in parallel, the input end of the temperature sensor 30 is located inside the valve body 1, a third sealing ring 31 is installed at the joint of the temperature sensor 30 and the surface of the valve body 1 in a embedding manner, an automatic temperature control heater 32 is installed on one side of the pneumatic driver 2 away from the temperature sensor 30, the automatic temperature control heater 32 and the pneumatic driver 2 are installed in parallel, the automatic temperature control heater 32 is connected with the valve body 1 in a penetrating manner, and the input end of the automatic temperature control heater 32 is located inside the valve body 1.
Further, when the ball valve channel is closed or opened, the controller 11 controls the temperature sensor 30 to operate, the lowest limit temperature of the temperature sensor 30 is set to be 5 ℃, the temperature sensor 30 monitors the water temperature inside the valve body 1, when the water temperature inside the valve body is lower than the limit temperature, the temperature sensor 30 transmits an electric signal to the controller 11, the controller 11 receives the electric signal to control the automatic temperature control heater 32, the automatic temperature control heater 32 generates heat to heat the water flow inside the valve body 1, the valve ball has good heat-conducting property for a ceramic structure under the closed state of the ball valve channel, so that the water flow on two sides of the valve ball can be heated, the water flow passes through the valve ball and flows out of the valve body 1 channel after being heated by the automatic temperature control heater 32 under the opened state of the ball valve channel, the water temperature inside the valve body 1 is at an appropriate temperature, the freezing phenomenon inside the valve body 1 is prevented, and the normal use of the valve body 1 is influenced.
A method of using an anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve, comprising:
s1, when a ball valve channel is opened or closed, a pneumatic driver 2 drives a valve rod 4 to rotate, the valve rod 4 drives a dustproof tile 5 to rotate at the top of a connecting sleeve 6, the connecting section of the valve rod 4 and a ball valve is wrapped by the connecting sleeve 6, the valve rod 4 is thin in the section and a large gap is reserved between the connecting sleeve 6 and the valve rod 4, so that resistance cannot be generated to rotation of the valve rod 4 by the oxidized surface of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve 6, the bottom end of the valve rod 4 is attached to the inner wall of a first sealing ring 8 to rotate, the first sealing ring 8 primarily blocks water vapor in a middle body 3 from rising, and the tail end of the bottom of the valve rod 4 drives a valve ball to rotate on the inner wall of the middle body 3 to communicate or block water flow in the inner wall of the ball valve;
s2, when a ball valve channel is in a closed state, the controller 11 controls the water flow switch 17 to operate, a magnetic core at the bottom of the water flow switch 17 is located inside water flow of the filter pipe 15, when the valve ball is seriously abraded and the water flow is not completely blocked, the water flow inside the filter pipe 15 still flows towards the inside of the valve body 1, the water flow pushes the magnetic core to generate displacement, the water flow switch 17 outputs a 'on' signal to the controller 11, the controller 11 receives an electric signal and controls the warning lamp 12 to be turned on, so that a worker can replace the abraded valve ball in time during maintenance;
s3, when the filter 23 is replaced, the sealing cover 27 is turned upwards to be removed from the top of the square tube 19, the hook-shaped tool is used for hooking the lifting handle 26 to lift upwards, the circular fixing frame 21 is taken out of the interior of the filter tube 15, the filter 23 is taken down to be replaced, the lifting handle 26 is vertical, the limiting ring 25 and the limiting rod 24 are aligned to the open grooves 20 on the two sides, the open grooves 20 on the two sides limit the downward movement path of the circular fixing frame 21 in the filter tube 15 through the limiting ring 25, the circular fixing frame 21 is just located between the two limiting blocks 22, the circular fixing frame 21 with the filter 23 is placed in the filter tube 15 again, and therefore the filter 23 is replaced under the condition that the filter tube 15 is not detached;
s4, when the ball valve channel is opened or closed, the controller 11 controls the temperature sensor 30 to operate, the temperature sensor 30 monitors the water temperature inside the valve body 1, when the temperature sensor 30 monitors that the water temperature is lower than a limit value, the temperature sensor 30 transmits an electric signal to the controller 11, the controller 11 receives the electric signal and controls the automatic temperature control heater 32 to start heating, when the ball valve channel is closed, the heat at the output end of the automatic temperature control heater 32 is conducted to the valve ball through water flow, the valve ball is made of ceramic materials and easy to conduct heat, the heat is transmitted to the other side of the valve ball, the phenomenon that the water flow inside the ball valve cannot freeze is ensured, when the ball valve channel is opened, the automatic temperature control heater 32 is installed on the input side of the valve body 1, the flowing water flow penetrates through the automatic temperature control heater 32 to heat, and the phenomenon that the interior of the ball valve freezes under the low-temperature environment is reduced.
In step S1, the method further includes the steps of:
s11, the thinner section of the valve rod 4 drives a partition tile 10 to rotate inside an annular groove body 9 arranged on a connecting sleeve 6, the partition tile 10 is installed in the middle of the connecting sleeve 6 in a clamping mode, water vapor in the connecting sleeve 6 is blocked from rising, the corrosion rate of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve 6 is reduced, a dustproof tile 5 covers the upper portion of the connecting position of the valve rod 4 and the valve body 1, and dust in the outside air is prevented from attaching to the connecting position of the valve rod 4 and the valve body 1;
in step S2, the method further includes the steps of:
s21, when a ball valve channel is closed, the filter pipe 15 is installed on one side of the input end of the valve body 1, water flowing into the valve body 1 is blocked and collected in the filter pipe 15, the magnetic core is located in the section of water, and the blocking effect of the valve ball is observed by monitoring the state of the section of water;
in step S3, the method further includes the steps of:
s31, the two groups of limiting blocks 22 clamp and fix the middle circular fixing frame 21 together, so that the filter 23 is vertically arranged in the filter pipe 15, and water flowing in the filter pipe 15 is filtered;
in step S4, the method further includes the steps of:
s41, the temperature sensor 30 and the automatic temperature control heater 32 are firstly set to a limited temperature before working, the lowest temperature of the temperature sensor 30 is set to be 5 ℃, and the heating temperature of the automatic temperature control heater 32 is set to be not lower than 5 ℃.
The working principle is that when a filter 23 in a ball valve is replaced, a ball valve channel needs to be closed, a pneumatic driver 2 drives a valve rod 4 to rotate, the valve rod 4 drives a dustproof tile 5 to rotate at the top of the valve ball, the bottom end of a connecting sleeve 6 is fixedly connected with a fixed pipe 7 through threads, a first sealing ring 8 is clamped between the valve rod 4 and the fixed pipe 7 and wraps the surface of the valve rod 4 to assist in blocking water vapor in the fixed pipe 7 from rising, the valve rod 4 drives the dustproof tile 5 to rotate at the top of the connecting sleeve 6, the valve rod 4 is of a coarse-upper-fine-lower structure, the diameter of the valve rod 4 in the connecting sleeve 6 is smaller, a larger hole is reserved between the valve rod 4 and the connecting sleeve 6, the situation that the valve rod 4 and the connecting sleeve 6 are rusted and clamped is effectively avoided, a partition tile 10 connected to the bottom end surface of the valve rod 4 rotates on the inner wall of the connecting sleeve 6 to assist in blocking a water vapor rising path in the connecting sleeve 6, so as to slow down the oxidation and corrosion rate of the bearing between the connecting sleeve 6 and the dustproof tile 5, when the internal channel of the ball valve is completely closed, the controller 11 controls the water flow switch 17 to operate, the water flow switch 17 monitors the flowing state of the water in the filter pipe 15, when the water flow in the filter pipe 15 flows, the magnetic core at the bottom end of the water flow switch 17 is pushed by the water flow to generate displacement, so that the water flow switch 17 outputs a 'on' signal to the controller 11, the controller 11 receives the signal, the controller 11 controls the warning lamp 12 to operate and light up to remind a maintainer of valve ball abrasion, under the condition that the internal channel of the valve body 1 does not completely block the water flow, when the filter 23 is replaced, the sealing cover 27 is opened, the hook-shaped tool is used to hook the handle 26 to lift upwards, the handle 26 drives the circular fixing frame 21 to be taken out from the inside of the filter pipe 15, and the original filter 23 of the circular fixing frame 21 is taken out and replaced, the limiting ring 25 is aligned to the sliding groove again, the circular fixing frame 21 provided with the filter 23 is placed inside the filter pipe 15 again, the limiting blocks 22 arranged inside the filter pipe 15 are connected with the surface of the circular fixing frame 21 in a clamping mode, the two groups of limiting blocks 22 fix the installation angle position of the circular fixing frame 21 together, the filter 23 is vertically installed inside the filter pipe 15, the sealing cover 27 is closed to complete replacement of the filter 23, in the process of replacing the filter 23, the temperature sensor 30 runs under the control of the controller 11 to monitor the water temperature inside the valve body 1, when the internal water temperature is lower than a limited temperature, the temperature sensor 30 transmits an electric signal to the controller 11, the controller 11 receives the electric signal to control the automatic temperature control heater 32, the automatic temperature control heater 32 generates heat to heat the water flow inside the valve body 1, the valve ball channel is closed, the valve ball is of a ceramic structure and has good heat conduction performance, water flows on two sides of the valve ball can be heated, when the ball channel is opened, the water flow passes through the valve ball after being heated by the automatic temperature control heater 32 and flows out of the channel of the valve body 1, so that the water temperature inside the valve body 1 is at a proper temperature, and normal use phenomenon inside the valve body 1 is prevented.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a pneumatic full lining ball valve of anti-sticking stopper, includes pneumatic driver (2) of valve body (1), valve body (1) top installation, well body (3) of valve body (1) internally mounted and valve rod (4) that pneumatic driver (2) output is connected, its characterized in that: the top of the valve body (1) is connected with a dustproof tile (5) in an embedded mode, the dustproof tile (5) is of a hollow ring structure and is wrapped and installed on the surface of the valve rod (4), and the valve rod (4) is of a structure with the upper portion being thick and the lower portion being thin by taking the joint of the valve rod and the dustproof tile (5) as a boundary point;
the inner bottom wall of the dustproof tile (5) is connected with a connecting sleeve (6) in a penetrating mode, the inner top wall of the dustproof tile (5) is connected with a top bearing of the connecting sleeve (6), the valve rod (4) rotates to drive the dustproof tile (5) to rotate around the top end of the connecting sleeve (6), the top of the middle body (3) is connected with a fixed pipe (7), the top end of the fixed pipe (7) is in threaded connection with the bottom end of the connecting sleeve (6), a first sealing ring (8) is clamped and mounted at the joint of the fixed pipe (7) and the connecting sleeve (6), and the surface of the valve rod (4) is attached to the inner wall of the first sealing ring (8) and can rotate;
the inner wall of connecting sleeve (6) is equipped with annular cell body (9), the surface of valve rod (4) is connected with cuts off tile (10), and cuts off tile (10) and be the ring form, cut off tile (10) bottom and be connected with the interior diapire bearing of annular cell body (9), and cut off tile (10) and can follow valve rod (4) and rotate in annular cell body (9) inside.
2. The anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve of claim 1, wherein: the surface of the middle body (3) inside the fixing pipe (7) is provided with a through hole in a penetrating mode, and the bottom end of the valve rod (4) penetrates through the through hole and can be fixedly connected with a valve ball made of ceramic materials.
3. The anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve of claim 2, wherein: controller (11) are installed at pneumatic driver (2) top, the top of controller (11) is connected with warning light (12), valve gap (13) are installed to the both sides of valve body (1), one of them group valve gap (13) have screw rod (14) through threaded connection, valve gap (13) threaded connection is passed in screw rod (14) has filter tube (15), one end threaded connection that screw rod (14) are close to filter tube (15) has nut (16), nut (16) together fasten being connected of valve gap (13) and filter tube (15) with screw rod (14).
4. An anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve according to claim 3, wherein: the surface through connection that filter tube (15) are close to pneumatic driver (2) has water flow switch (17), and water flow switch (17) and pneumatic driver (2) parallel mount, and the magnetic core of water flow switch (17) input is located the inside of filter tube (15), and the magnetic core receives the impact force of rivers can produce certain displacement, and second sealing washer (18) are installed to the junction centre gripping of water flow switch (17) and filter tube (15).
5. An anti-seize pneumatic full-lining ball valve according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: the connecting sleeve (6) is in an inverted T-shaped structure, an annular gap is arranged on the inner wall of the bottom end of the connecting sleeve (6),
the controller (11) is connected with the pneumatic driver (2), the warning lamp (12) and the water flow switch (17) through leads, and the filter pipe (15) is connected with the valve cover (13) at the water inlet end of the valve body (1).
6. The anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve of claim 4, wherein: the utility model discloses a filter, including filter tube (15), filter tube (15) and circular fixed frame (21), the surface through connection who is close to water flow switch (17) has square pipe (19), the cross-section of square pipe (19) is the rectangle, and the internal diameter size of the longer limit of square pipe (19) is unanimous with filter tube (15), the inner wall on the longer limit of square pipe (19) is equipped with open slot (20) relatively, the inside movable mounting of filter tube (15) has circular fixed frame (21), and the inner wall of circular fixed frame (21) laminating filter tube (15) is installed, circular fixed frame (21) are the hollow frame structure, and the surface that circular fixed frame (21) are close to square pipe (19) is run through and is equipped with the semiarc through-hole, the inner wall symmetry that square pipe (19) was kept away from in filter tube (15) is provided with stopper (22), and circular fixed frame (21) are arranged in between two sets of stopper (22), stopper (22) can block circular fixed frame (21) and appear the displacement along with the rivers impact, the inside movable mounting of circular fixed frame (21) has filter (23), and filter (23) can take out or install through the semiarc through-hole.
7. The anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve of claim 6, wherein: the surface symmetry of circular fixed frame (21) is connected with gag lever post (24), the surface activity of gag lever post (24) is connected with spacing ring (25), and spacing ring (25) can wind gag lever post (24) rotation, the inside in open slot (20) is together movably mounted in spacing ring (25) and gag lever post (24), the surface of two sets of spacing ring (25) is connected with handle (26) jointly, and handle (26) are "U" shape structure of handstand, it can drive spacing ring (25) and gag lever post (24) to take out from open slot (20) top to draw up, the top of square pipe (19) is connected with sealed lid (27) through the pivot, sealed lid (27) are installed square rubber circle (28) along bottom edge portion, and square rubber circle (28) fill the junction of sealed lid (27) and square pipe (19), sealed lid (27) and square pipe (19) keep away from the same side surface of pivot and install hasp (29).
8. The anti-seize pneumatic full-liner ball valve of claim 2, wherein: the utility model discloses a valve body, including valve body (1), the output surface of valve body (1) runs through and installs temperature sensor (30), temperature sensor (30) and pneumatic driver (2) are installed in parallel, and the input of temperature sensor (30) is located the inside of valve body (1), third sealing washer (31) are installed with the junction gomphosis on valve body (1) surface in temperature sensor (30), pneumatic driver (2) are kept away from one side of temperature sensor (30) and are installed automatic temperature control heater (32), and install with pneumatic driver (2) in parallel automatic temperature control heater (32) and valve body (1) through connection, and the input of automatic temperature control heater (32) is located the inside of valve body (1).
9. A method for using an anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve, which is suitable for the anti-blocking pneumatic full-lining ball valve of any one of claims 1 to 8, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, when a ball valve channel is opened or closed, a pneumatic driver (2) drives a valve rod (4) to rotate, the valve rod (4) drives a dustproof tile (5) to rotate at the top of a connecting sleeve (6), the connecting section of the valve rod (4) and a ball valve is wrapped by the connecting sleeve (6), the valve rod (4) is thin, a large gap is reserved between the valve rod (4) and the connecting sleeve (6), the oxidized surface of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve (6) cannot generate resistance to the rotation of the valve rod (4), the bottom end of the valve rod (4) is attached to the inner wall of a first sealing ring (8) to rotate, the first sealing ring (8) preliminarily blocks water vapor in a middle body (3) to ascend, the tail end of the bottom of the valve rod (4) drives the valve ball to rotate on the inner wall of the middle body (3), and water flow on the inner wall of the ball valve is communicated or blocked;
s2, when a ball valve channel is in a closed state, the controller (11) controls a water flow switch (17) to operate, a magnetic core at the bottom of the water flow switch (17) is positioned inside water flow of a filter pipe (15), when the valve ball is seriously abraded and the water flow is not completely blocked, the water flow inside the filter pipe (15) still flows to the inside of the valve body (1), the water flow pushes the magnetic core to generate displacement, the water flow switch (17) outputs a 'on' signal to the controller (11), the controller (11) receives an electric signal and controls a warning lamp (12) to be turned on, so that a worker can replace the abraded valve ball in time during maintenance;
s3, when the filter (23) is replaced, the sealing cover (27) is turned upwards and removed from the top of the square pipe (19), the hook-shaped tool is used for hooking the handle (26) to lift upwards, the circular fixing frame (21) is taken out of the interior of the filter pipe (15), the filter (23) is taken down for replacement, the handle (26) is erected, the limiting ring (25) and the limiting rod (24) are aligned to the open grooves (20) in the two sides, the open grooves (20) in the two sides limit the downward moving path of the circular fixing frame (21) in the interior of the filter pipe (15) through the limiting ring (25), so that the circular fixing frame (21) just falls between the two groups of limiting blocks (22), the circular fixing frame (21) provided with the filter (23) is placed in the filter pipe (15) again, and the filter (23) is replaced under the condition that the filter pipe (15) is not detached;
s4, when a ball valve channel is opened or closed, the controller (11) controls the temperature sensor (30) to operate, the temperature sensor (30) monitors the water temperature inside the valve body (1), when the temperature sensor (30) monitors that the water temperature is lower than a limit value, the temperature sensor (30) transmits an electric signal to the controller (11), the controller (11) receives the electric signal and controls the automatic temperature control heater (32) to be started and heated, when the ball valve channel is closed, the heat at the output end of the automatic temperature control heater (32) is conducted to the valve ball through water flow, the valve ball is made of ceramic materials and easy to conduct heat, the heat is transmitted to the other side of the valve ball, the phenomenon that the water flow inside the ball valve is frozen is avoided, when the ball valve channel is opened, the automatic temperature control heater (32) is installed on the input side of the valve body (1), and the flowing water flow passes through the automatic temperature control heater (32) to be heated, so that the phenomenon that the interior of the ball valve is frozen in a low-temperature environment is reduced.
10. The method for using the anti-jamming pneumatic full-lining ball valve according to claim 9, wherein in the step S1, the method further comprises the following steps:
s11, the thinner section of the valve rod (4) drives a partition tile (10) to rotate inside an annular groove body (9) formed in a connecting sleeve (6), the partition tile (10) is clamped and installed in the middle of the connecting sleeve (6), water vapor in the connecting sleeve (6) is blocked from rising, the corrosion rate of the inner wall of the connecting sleeve (6) is reduced, a dustproof tile (5) covers the upper portion of the connecting position of the valve rod (4) and a valve body (1), and dust in the outside air is prevented from attaching to the connecting position of the valve rod (4) and the valve body (1);
in step S2, the method further includes the steps of:
s21, when a ball valve channel is closed, the filter pipe (15) is installed on one side of the input end of the valve body (1), water flowing into the valve body (1) is blocked and collected in the filter pipe (15), the magnetic core is located in the section of water flow, and the blocking effect of the valve ball is observed by monitoring the state of the section of water flow;
in step S3, the method further includes the steps of:
s31, the two groups of limiting blocks (22) clamp and fix the circular fixing frame (21) in the middle part together, so that the filter (23) is vertically arranged in the filter pipe (15) to filter water flowing in the filter pipe (15);
in step S4, the method further includes the steps of:
s41, the temperature sensor (30) and the automatic temperature control heater (32) are firstly set to a limited temperature before working, the lowest temperature of the temperature sensor (30) is set to be 5 ℃, and the heating temperature of the automatic temperature control heater (32) is set to be not lower than 5 ℃.
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| CN117515169A (en) * | 2024-01-05 | 2024-02-06 | 四川中油乐仪能源装备制造股份有限公司 | Double-acting throttle stop valve sealing structure and valve |
| CN118009097A (en) * | 2024-04-10 | 2024-05-10 | 蓝帕控制阀门(江苏)有限公司 | Multistage pressure reducing regulating valve |
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| CN115978223B (en) | 2023-10-13 |
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