CN115977696A - Soft rock tunnel intersection supporting construction method - Google Patents
Soft rock tunnel intersection supporting construction method Download PDFInfo
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- CN115977696A CN115977696A CN202310102891.0A CN202310102891A CN115977696A CN 115977696 A CN115977696 A CN 115977696A CN 202310102891 A CN202310102891 A CN 202310102891A CN 115977696 A CN115977696 A CN 115977696A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a soft rock tunnel intersection support construction method which comprises civil engineering excavation and supporting arch frame support which are mutually connected, wherein the civil engineering excavation comprises branch tunnel excavation, pilot tunnel excavation and main tunnel excavation; the branch holes are designed and arranged on the side surface of the main hole to form an intersection, and an excavation pilot tunnel is designed above the main hole of the intersection; according to the construction method, in the process of excavating and supporting the intersection, the steel support portal frame is connected with the main tunnel steel support to form an effective primary support closed loop, the pilot tunnel is constructed from the tail end of the pilot tunnel, the main tunnel is supported by the combination of the pilot tunnel steel support frame and the steel support portal frame, and when large machinery cannot enter the tunnel for construction, the effective primary support closed loop is formed in advance for the supporting construction of the intersection, so that the problems that the excavating and supporting are difficult due to poor geological conditions in the excavating process, blocks fall, collapse, deformation and the like frequently occur in the construction process are solved, the phenomenon that the construction progress is slow due to site and space limitations is overcome, and the construction quality on site is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of water conservancy and hydropower construction, particularly belongs to the technical field of water conservancy and hydropower tunnel excavation construction, relates to excavation support construction of a tunnel intersection of a water conservancy project, and particularly relates to a soft rock tunnel intersection support structure and a construction method thereof.
Background
Excavation at tunnel intersections is often encountered in hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering. At present, the conventional intersection excavation support is mainly constructed by integrally excavating branch holes into a main hole and then expanding excavation from the branch holes to the main hole. The problems exist that in the excavation process from the branch tunnel to the main tunnel, if the part with poor surrounding rock is encountered, the phenomena of block falling, slipping, deformation and the like are easy to occur in the excavation supporting process, and the safety of constructors cannot be ensured. Meanwhile, the excavation supporting speed is seriously lagged, the excavation face cannot be timely supported and constructed, the excavation construction progress of the main tunnel is influenced by the operation space in the tunnel and the construction platform, the construction period progress and the construction quality are influenced, and meanwhile, great potential safety hazards exist. Under the condition, the excavation and support construction of the tunnel intersection is quickly and safely carried out, so that the construction process is particularly critical, and the safety and the efficiency become important problems influencing the engineering construction progress.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a soft rock tunnel intersection supporting structure and a construction method thereof. The method can effectively solve the problem of inclined shaft construction safety in soft rock tunnel intersection supporting construction, and improves construction efficiency.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a soft rock tunnel intersection supporting construction method is characterized in that: the construction method comprises civil excavation and supporting arch frame supporting which are mutually connected, wherein the civil excavation comprises branch tunnel excavation, pilot tunnel excavation and main tunnel excavation; the branch holes are designed and arranged on the side surface of the main hole to form an intersection, and an excavation pilot tunnel is designed above the main hole of the intersection; the method comprises the following steps:
firstly, excavating and supporting a branch tunnel, excavating and supporting the branch tunnel to the intersection of the branch tunnel and a main tunnel, mounting a rectangular steel support portal frame at the intersection, excavating and supporting a pilot tunnel after the construction of the steel support portal frame is finished, excavating and supporting the pilot tunnel, excavating and supporting the main tunnel at a pilot tunnel section after the pilot tunnel is finished, then dismantling a side wall support at one side of the pilot tunnel to form an excavating tunnel face at one side of the main tunnel, excavating and supporting the side wall support at the other side of the pilot tunnel after the excavating of the tunnel face at one side of the main tunnel meets the space requirement, forming upper and lower working tunnel faces of the main tunnel, excavating and supporting below a roof arch of the main tunnel after the main tunnel is excavated space meets the requirement;
the branch tunnel support and the main tunnel support adopt steel arch frame support structures;
the steel support portal frame arranged at the intersection is supported by a portal frame upright post, a bottom cross brace and a portal frame cross brace to form a rectangular frame support structure; two portal upright columns are respectively fixed on the side walls at two sides of the intersection, a bottom cross brace is fixedly arranged between the bottoms of the two portal upright columns, and a portal cross brace is fixedly arranged between the tops of the two portal upright columns; a plurality of portal reinforcing upright posts are fixedly arranged between the portal cross brace and a top beam of the branch hole support at intervals, and the portal cross brace is connected, supported and fixed with a main hole steel support extension beam at the top of the main hole;
the pilot tunnel support is composed of a plurality of groups of pilot tunnel steel support frames which are supported along with excavation along the pilot tunnel excavation direction, and each group of pilot tunnel steel support frames comprise a pilot tunnel support left side upright post, a pilot tunnel support right side upright post and a pilot tunnel top cross brace support fixed between the tops of the two upright posts; the pilot tunnel top cross brace is arranged below a pre-made advanced grouting small guide pipe of the main tunnel and is fixed with a main tunnel steel support welding support brace at the top of the main tunnel;
and after the side walls and the vault of the branch tunnel, the pilot tunnel and the main tunnel are all formed by excavation, concrete face protection is sprayed through the hanging net.
In the construction method, the supporting upright posts of the side walls of the branch tunnel, the pilot tunnel and the main tunnel are anchored by the locking anchor pipes anchored on the rock mass.
In the construction method, the net hanging and concrete spraying protective surface is formed by hanging reinforcing mesh arranged on each excavation surface and concrete solidified by spraying; wherein, hang the reinforcing bar net and pass through steel shotcrete tie bar and corresponding position stand welded fastening.
In the construction method, after side wall supports on two sides of the pilot tunnel are removed to form an upper working face and a lower working face of the main tunnel, the main tunnel of the pilot tunnel section is divided into the rest part of the top of the main tunnel, a step in the main tunnel and a step below the main tunnel, and the main tunnel is excavated through the two working faces.
The construction method has the beneficial effects that: in the process of excavation and supporting of the intersection, the steel support portal is connected with the main tunnel steel support to form an effective primary closed loop, the pilot tunnel is constructed from the tail end of the pilot tunnel, the main tunnel is supported by the combination of the pilot tunnel steel support frame and the steel support portal, and when large machinery cannot enter the tunnel, the effective closed loop is formed in advance for the support construction of the intersection.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an intersection in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the position relationship between the main tunnel and the branch tunnel and the pilot tunnel according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an intersection steel support portal configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a steel support frame for a pilot tunnel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals: the steel support portal is 1, the portal upright is 2, the branch hole steel support is 3, the portal reinforcing upright is 4, the main hole steel support is 5, the bottom cross brace is 6, the portal cross brace is 7, the guide hole is 8, the guide hole steel support frame is 9, the guide hole support left side upright is 10, the guide hole support right side upright is 11, the advanced grouting small guide pipe is 12, the locking anchor pipe is 13, the guide hole top cross brace is 14, the steel support connecting rib is 15, the steel bar hanging net is 16, the concrete spraying is 17, the rest part of the main hole top is 18, the step in the main hole is 19, the step under the main hole is 20, the branch hole backfill road is 21, the branch hole is 22, and the main hole is 23.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with the following detailed description, which is intended to further illustrate the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention in any way, but is equivalent or analogous to the present invention without departing from its scope.
With reference to the attached drawings.
The soft rock tunnel intersection supporting construction method comprises civil engineering excavation and supporting arch frame supporting which are mutually connected, wherein the civil engineering excavation comprises branch tunnel 22 excavation, pilot tunnel 8 excavation and main tunnel 23 excavation; the branch holes 22 are designed and arranged on the side face of the main hole 23 to form an intersection, and an excavation pilot tunnel 8 is designed above the intersection main hole 23.
When the branch tunnel 22 is excavated to the intersection with the main tunnel 23, the tunnel face supporting construction at the intersection is completed, and a rectangular steel supporting portal frame 1 is installed at the tail end of the branch tunnel 22 at the intersection and used for a primary-branch closed loop at the intersection of the subsequent main tunnel 23. And after the supporting of the branch tunnel 22 and the main tunnel 23 section is finished, excavating and supporting the pilot tunnel 8, installing the main tunnel support of the subsequent pilot tunnel section by using the pilot tunnel 8 as an operation space, wherein one side of the bottom of the intersection main tunnel steel support 5 is connected to the bottom plate of the main tunnel 23 along a designed excavation line, and the other side of the bottom of the branch tunnel 22 is connected to the upper part of the steel support portal frame 1 at the tail end of the branch tunnel 22, and the main tunnel 23 support is connected to the upper part of the steel support portal frame 1 to form a complete supporting closed loop after being connected to the upper part of the steel support portal frame 1 due to the fact that the steel support portal frame 1 is grounded in advance. In addition, all steel supports and portal frames in the supporting structure are connected into a whole by adopting connecting ribs, all the steel supports and the bottoms of the portal frames are fixed by adopting a foot-locking anchor pipe 13, and a protective shell is formed by adopting net hanging reinforcing steel bars 16, concrete spraying 17, system anchor rods and a small advanced grouting guide pipe 12 to ensure the construction safety of the subsequent tunnel face.
During construction: firstly, excavating and supporting a branch tunnel 22 to a cross part with a main tunnel 23, installing a rectangular steel support portal frame 1 at the cross part (tail end of the branch tunnel), excavating and supporting a pilot tunnel 8 after the construction of the steel support portal frame 1 is finished, excavating the pilot tunnel 8 to be rectangular, excavating the pilot tunnel 8 to meet the mechanical construction requirement, finishing the supporting construction of the pilot tunnel section main tunnel 23 after the excavating and supporting of the pilot tunnel section main tunnel 8 is finished, dismantling the supporting measures of the single side wall of the pilot tunnel 23 according to the field condition to form an excavating and supporting tunnel face of the main tunnel 23, continuously dismantling the side wall of the pilot tunnel section main tunnel 23 at the other side after the excavating and supporting of the main tunnel 23 to a certain range to form the upper and lower double working faces of the main tunnel 23, and continuously excavating the lower arch of the main tunnel 23 after the excavating space of the main tunnel 23 is met.
The steel support portal 1 comprises a portal cross brace 7, a portal upright post 2, a bottom plate cross brace 6 and a portal reinforcing upright post 4; the portal cross brace 7 is located the portal topmost position and forms effectual connection with follow-up and main hole steel shotcrete 5: the portal stand column 2 is located the steel shotcrete portal 1 both sides and is used for forming effectual support closed loop after follow-up main hole steel shotcrete 5 is connected with portal top stull 7: the portal reinforcing upright post 4 is positioned above the steel support arched beam of the branch hole 22 below the portal cross brace 7 and is used for reinforcing the strength of the portal cross brace 7 at the top of the steel support portal 1; the bottom plate cross brace 6 is located the bottom of the steel support portal 1 and used for supporting two sides of the portal upright post 2 and ensuring that the portal upright posts 2 on two sides cannot displace after being stressed.
The pilot tunnel 8 is arranged on the upper portion of the intersection main tunnel 23 and is rectangular, workers can directly install the main tunnel steel support 5 below the supported pilot tunnel 8 by means of the pilot tunnel 8, the pilot tunnel 8 is excavated from the tail end of the branch tunnel 22, and the main tunnel steel support 5 of the pilot tunnel section can be directly and effectively connected with the steel support portal 1 at the tail end of the branch tunnel 22 through the pilot tunnel 8.
With reference to fig. 1 to 4, the following is a preferred embodiment of a construction procedure and a supporting method, and is used to specifically describe the soft rock tunnel intersection supporting construction method of the present invention.
The intersection of the branch tunnel and the main tunnel in certain water delivery project construction is oblique crossing, the oblique crossing angle is 42.65 degrees, and the oblique crossing width is 13.136m.
As shown in figures 1 and 2, the total length 582.23m of the branch tunnel is the arrangement of an inclined shaft, the slope ratio of the inclined shaft is 1.47, the inclined shaft is inclined downwards by 22.03 degrees, the section type of the inclined shaft is an urban portal shape, the section after lining is 6.5 multiplied by 6m, the section of a non-lining is 7.5 multiplied by 7m, and the lining thickness is 50cm.
The main hole has a horseshoe-shaped cross section, and has a cross section size of 9.20m × 9.20m after lining and a thick lining0.4 m-0.7 m, designed tunnel flow rate 125m 3 S, bottom slope i =1/4200.
The lithology of the stratum at the intersection section is (T3 ba) strongly weathered silty mudstone and calcareous mudstone, and the included lamellar silty sandstone and argillaceous sandstone are poor in breaking-integrity of the rock mass and have risks of deformation, collapse and block falling.
Aiming at the excavation supporting requirement of the intersection of the water delivery project, the soft rock tunnel intersection supporting structure and the construction method designed by the invention are adopted, and the supporting structure comprises: the system comprises a steel support portal 1, a main tunnel steel support 5, a pilot tunnel steel support 9, a small advanced grouting guide pipe 12, a foot-locking anchor pipe 13, steel support tie bars 15, a hanging reinforcing mesh 16 and sprayed concrete 17.
The steel support portal 1 is composed of a portal upright 2, a branch tunnel steel support 3, a portal reinforcing upright 4, a bottom cross brace 6, a portal cross brace 7, a foot locking anchor pipe 13, steel support tie bars 15, a hanging steel bar mesh 16 and sprayed concrete 17. And (3) connecting the primary support to the tunnel bottom plate at the junction of the branch tunnel 22 and the main tunnel 23 in advance, and creating conditions for forming a support closed loop of the main tunnel 23 subsequently. Wherein, portal reinforced column 4 can effectual enhancement portal bending strength, and supporting construction satisfies the requirement when ensureing that follow-up main hole steel shotcrete 5 is connected to steel shotcrete portal 1.
The main tunnel steel support 5 is connected with the steel support portal 1 to form a complete supporting closed loop of the intersection, an intersection protective shell is formed by the advanced grouting small guide pipe 12, the foot locking anchor pipe 13, the pilot tunnel top cross brace 14, the steel support tie bars 15, the hanging reinforcing mesh 16 and the concrete spraying 17, and a complete supporting type is formed with the intersection supporting closed loop.
The excavation supporting of the branch tunnel 22 consists of a steel support portal frame 1 and a branch tunnel backfill road 21. The steel support portal 1 is arranged at the junction of the branch hole 22 and the main hole 23 and is connected with the main hole steel support 5 to form a main hole 11 supporting closed loop. And the pilot tunnel 8 is constructed by taking a branch tunnel backfill road 21 as a construction channel.
The excavation of the pilot tunnel 8 consists of a pilot tunnel steel support 9, a pilot tunnel support left side upright post 10, a pilot tunnel support right side upright post 11, a small advanced grouting guide pipe 12, a foot-locking anchor pipe 13, a pilot tunnel top cross brace 14, steel support tie bars 15, a hanging reinforcing mesh 16 and sprayed concrete 17. The excavation of the pilot tunnel 8 provides a working face for the supporting construction of the subsequent main tunnel 23, meanwhile, the reinforcing support is performed in advance during the construction of the pilot tunnel 8, the excavated working face can be timely supported in the construction process of the subsequent main tunnel 23, and particularly, the situation that surrounding rocks are deformed due to overlong exposure time of the surrounding rocks and large excavation sections after the main tunnel 23 is excavated under the complex geological conditions can be effectively avoided. Meanwhile, the main tunnel steel support 5 is constructed on the premise that excavation and supporting of the pilot tunnel 8 are completed, and safety of site construction personnel is guaranteed to the maximum extent.
In the main-tunnel 23 excavation support, firstly, after the excavation support of the rest part 18 of the top of the main tunnel is completed, the left upright post 10 of the pilot tunnel support is dismantled, after the dismantling, the tunnel face excavation support of the main tunnel 23 is immediately carried out, after the tunnel face construction of the main tunnel 23 is carried out to a certain range, the right upright post 11 of the pilot tunnel support is dismantled, and after the dismantling, the tunnel face excavation support is immediately carried out, so that double working faces are formed. After the upstream and downstream working faces are opened, excavation and supporting construction can be carried out on the main tunnel middle step 19 and the main tunnel lower step 20 according to actual situations on site.
During construction, firstly, the branch tunnel 22 is opened to be supported to the side wall position of the main tunnel 23, namely the position of the steel support portal frame 1 intersected with the branch tunnel, the steel support portal frame 1 is installed immediately after meeting installation conditions, the guide tunnel 8 is excavated after the steel support portal frame 1 is installed, the steel support 5 of the main tunnel is constructed after the guide tunnel 8 is constructed, one side of the steel support 5 of the main tunnel is sequentially connected to the bottom of the main tunnel 23 according to the original design excavation line of the main tunnel 23, and the other side of the steel support is connected with the portal cross brace 7, and a supporting closed loop of an intersection is formed by the advanced grouting small guide pipe 12, the foot locking anchor pipe 13, the steel support connecting rib 15, the hanging reinforcing mesh 16 and the concrete spraying 17. After the construction is finished, the excavation supporting construction of the main tunnel 23 is carried out, the excavation supporting of the main tunnel 23 firstly removes the upright post 11 on the right side of the pilot tunnel support, and after the removal, the tunnel face excavation supporting is carried out immediately so as to form double working faces. And excavating and supporting construction of the step 19 in the main tunnel and the lower step 20 of the main tunnel according to actual conditions on site, and excavating and removing the branch tunnel backfill road 21. And finishing the construction of the intersection.
Specifically, the soft rock tunnel intersection supporting structure and the construction method are constructed by adopting the following steps:
A. and excavating the branch tunnel 22 to support the side wall of the main tunnel 23 by adopting a full-section and step method.
B. And a steel support portal frame 1 is arranged at the side wall position of a main hole 23 at the end of the branch hole 22. And after the steel support portal 1 is installed, excavating and supporting the pilot tunnel 8.
C. And (5) after the excavation and supporting of the pilot tunnel 8 are finished, implementing the supporting construction of the main tunnel of the pilot tunnel section.
D. And after the main tunnel support of the pilot tunnel section is finished, excavating support construction of a main tunnel 23 is carried out, and excavating and removing of a branch tunnel backfill road 21 are carried out when a lower step 20 of the main tunnel at the intersection is constructed.
E. And (5) finishing the construction of the intersection, and normally excavating and supporting the upstream and downstream of the main tunnel 23.
Comparison of engineering examples:
the intersection of the branch tunnel and the main tunnel in the construction of the water delivery project is oblique crossing, the oblique crossing angle is 42.65 degrees, and the oblique crossing width is 13.136m. The cross section of the branch tunnel is in an urban portal shape, the cross section after lining is 6.5 multiplied by 6m, the non-lining cross section is 7.5 multiplied by 7m, and the lining thickness is 50cm. The section of the main tunnel is in a horseshoe shape, the size of the section after lining is 9.20m multiplied by 9.20m, the lining thickness is 0.4m to 0.7m, and the design flow of the tunnel is 125m 3 /s, bottom slope i =1/4200. And the lithology of the stratum at the intersection section is (T3 ba) strongly weathered silty mudstone and calcareous mudstone, and the interlayer silty sandstone and the argillaceous sandstone are clamped, so that the rock is broken to have poor integrity, and the risk of deformation, collapse and block falling exists. If the support is directly excavated from the branch tunnel to enter the main tunnel according to the prior art, the excavation has certain risks, if the branch tunnel meets the poor part of the surrounding rock in the excavation process of the main tunnel, the phenomena of block falling, slipping, collapsing, deformation and the like easily occur in the excavation support process, and the safety of constructors cannot be ensured. Meanwhile, the excavation supporting speed is seriously lagged, so that the excavation face cannot be timely supported and constructed, the excavation construction progress of the main tunnel is influenced by the operation space and the construction platform in the tunnel, the construction period progress and the construction quality are influenced, and meanwhile, great potential safety hazards exist. After the soft rock tunnel intersection supporting structure and the construction method are used, the operation space meets the construction conditions in the supporting process of a constructor, the excavation supporting quality is improved, and the intersection supporting strength is improved. Therefore, the construction efficiency and the construction quality are improved, and the construction safety of the intersection of the soft rock tunnel is improved.
Claims (4)
1. The utility model provides a soft rock tunnel intersection support construction method which characterized in that: the construction method comprises civil excavation and supporting arch frame supporting which are mutually connected, wherein the civil excavation comprises branch tunnel excavation, pilot tunnel excavation and main tunnel excavation; the branch holes are designed and arranged on the side surface of the main hole to form an intersection, and an excavation pilot tunnel is designed above the main hole of the intersection; the method comprises the following steps:
firstly, excavating and supporting a branch tunnel, excavating and supporting the branch tunnel to the intersection of the branch tunnel and a main tunnel, mounting a rectangular steel support portal frame at the intersection, excavating and supporting a pilot tunnel after the construction of the steel support portal frame is finished, excavating and supporting the pilot tunnel, excavating and supporting the main tunnel at a pilot tunnel section after the pilot tunnel is finished, then dismantling a side wall support at one side of the pilot tunnel to form an excavating tunnel face at one side of the main tunnel, excavating and supporting the side wall support at the other side of the pilot tunnel after the excavating of the tunnel face at one side of the main tunnel meets the space requirement, forming upper and lower working tunnel faces of the main tunnel, excavating and supporting below a roof arch of the main tunnel after the main tunnel is excavated space meets the requirement;
the branch tunnel support and the main tunnel support adopt steel arch frame support structures;
the steel support portal frame arranged at the intersection is supported by a portal frame upright post, a bottom cross brace and a portal frame cross brace to form a rectangular frame support structure; two portal upright columns are respectively fixed on the side walls at two sides of the intersection, a bottom cross brace is fixedly arranged between the bottoms of the two portal upright columns, and a portal cross brace is fixedly arranged between the tops of the two portal upright columns; a plurality of portal reinforcing upright posts are fixedly arranged between the portal cross brace and a top beam of the branch hole support at intervals, and the portal cross brace is connected, supported and fixed with a main hole steel support extension beam at the top of the main hole;
the pilot tunnel support is composed of a plurality of groups of pilot tunnel steel support frames which are supported along with excavation along the pilot tunnel excavation direction, and each group of pilot tunnel steel support frames comprise a pilot tunnel support left side upright post, a pilot tunnel support right side upright post and a pilot tunnel top cross brace support fixed between the tops of the two upright posts; the transverse support at the top of the pilot tunnel is arranged below the advanced grouting small guide pipe prefabricated in the main tunnel and is fixed with the main tunnel steel support welding support at the top of the main tunnel;
and after the side walls and the vault of the branch tunnel, the pilot tunnel and the main tunnel are all formed by excavation, concrete face protection is sprayed through the hanging net.
2. The soft rock tunnel intersection support construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and the supporting upright columns of the side walls of the branch tunnel, the pilot tunnel and the main tunnel are anchored through locking pin anchor pipes anchored on the rock body.
3. The soft rock tunnel intersection support construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the net hanging and concrete spraying protection surface is formed by net hanging reinforcing steel bars arranged on the excavation surfaces and concrete solidified through spraying; wherein, hang the reinforcing bar net and pass through steel shotcrete tie bar and corresponding position stand welded fastening.
4. The soft rock tunnel intersection support construction method according to claim 1, characterized in that: after side wall supports on two sides of the pilot tunnel are removed to form an upper working face and a lower working face of the main tunnel, the main tunnel of the pilot tunnel section is divided into the remaining part of the top of the main tunnel, a middle step of the main tunnel and a lower step of the main tunnel, and the main tunnel is excavated through the two working faces.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116357353A (en) * | 2023-05-30 | 2023-06-30 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | High-strength control system for crossing roadway and construction method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116357353A (en) * | 2023-05-30 | 2023-06-30 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | High-strength control system for crossing roadway and construction method |
| CN116357353B (en) * | 2023-05-30 | 2023-07-28 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | High-strength control system for crossing roadway and construction method |
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